[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W766721012", "doi": null, "title": "A Model System to Simulate Urban Freight Choices", "year": 2007, "publication_date": "2007-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesco Russo", "Antonio Comi" ], "first_author": "Francesco Russo", "venue": "11th World Conference on Transport ResearchWorld Conference on Transport Research Society", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In order to describe the freight trip chain in urban and metropolitan areas, a model system is proposed. It allows to join end-consumers (assumed to be families) and retailer choices. In the last years, in Italy, a specific study has been developed to define, specify and calibrate a multi-step model to analyze urban freight transport and logistics. The proposed model system considers two levels: models that concern calculation of the demand by freight type, by o-d consumption pair and d-w restocking pair starting from socioeconomic data; models that concern determination of the service, used vehicle, time as well as the route chosen for restocking sales outlets; the freight transport multi-step model used concerns a medium-size city and considers a disaggregated approach for each decisional level.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Order (exchange)", "Consumption (sociology)", "Service (business)", "Computer science", "Business", "Operations research", "Geography", "Engineering", "Finance", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/876782" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3041004082", "doi": "10.1049/iet-its.2019.0681", "title": "Modelling and simulation of a new urban freight distribution system based on automatic van platooning and fixed split up locations", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-07-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marino Lupi", "Antonio Pratelli", "Alessandro Farina" ], "first_author": "Marino Lupi", "venue": "IET Intelligent Transport Systems", "publisher": "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "abstract": "A new freight delivery system based on automated vans is presented. Vans travel in platoons, whose first vehicle is driven and the others are driverless, during large part of their delivery routes. Each platoon moves from the Urban Distribution Centre (UDC) to a dedicated location close to the city centre, where the platoon is split up. At the split up location, the driver gets off the first van and each van of the platoon, independently from the others, carries out the last part of its delivery route moving without any driver. Meanwhile, the driver moves to another split up location or to the UDC, where a driver is needed. After completing their deliveries, vans return to the same split up location and gather again in a platoon; a driver accesses the first vehicle, then the platoon returns to the UDC. A methodology to design the proposed transport system has been developed. The methodology comprises two routing algorithms to optimise: platoon routes from the UDC to split up locations; single van routes from split up locations to receivers and return; and a microsimulator to assess, heuristically, the number of vehicles needed to operate the system and the schedule of driver activities.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "City logistics", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/92661" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W841885856", "doi": null, "title": "URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS: AN ACQUISITION MODEL", "year": 2003, "publication_date": "2003-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesco Russo", "Antonio Comi" ], "first_author": "Francesco Russo", "venue": "Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University)", "publisher": "University of Rome Tor Vergata", "abstract": "Today the European transport system must solve several major difficulties: • unequal growth in the different transportation modes; road haulage now makes up 44% of the goods transport market compared with 41% for short sea shipping, 8% for rail and 4% for inland waterways (White Paper, 2001); • congestion on the main road and rail routes, in towns, and at airports; • harmful effects on the environment and public health, and the heavy toll of road accidents (White Paper, 2001). Demand models are a key component in transportatio n planning at the strategic, tactical and operational levels. Public agencies seek to forecast future transport needs for both people and commodities in order to provide the infrastructure and human resources that make such movement possible. The private sector needs forecasts of demand for transportation services in order to anticipate, among other things, future financial commitments, equipment acquisition and labour requirements. In many European countries transport models are available and many of these are developed for passengers at National or European scale and only two model systems were developed to analyse freight explicitly: the Italian strategic DSS and the European Streams model. Both models estimate the freight matrices from regional economic approaches and use freight data for calibration and validation (Lundqvist and Mattsson, 2001). The Italian strategic DSS is an integrated system for transport analysis and concerns both passengers and freight. It combines spatial input-output models with random utility mode and path choice (Cascetta et alii, 1996; Russo, 2001). Multi-regional input-output models produce region to region flow matrices for each economic sector. These outputs are expressed in monetary terms and then they are transformed in freight quantities. The following step contains an aggregate statistic-descriptive model that splits the od matrices. Recent studies have developed the discrete choice model: consignment for consumer goods and logistics for capital goods. Recent work has been carried out to develop an international modal choice model based on a behavioural approach (Nuzzolo and Russo 1997; Cascetta, 2001). To analyse the passenger and freight movements within European countries another model called Streams was developed. It has these main characteristics: the passengers and freight have independent components; it", "keywords": [ "Haulage", "White paper", "Transport engineering", "Order (exchange)", "Toll", "Public transport", "Truck", "Business", "Strategic planning", "Finance", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2108/50240" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3002477205", "doi": "10.1504/ijdss.2019.10026314", "title": "Traffic flow forecasting for city logistics: a literature review and evaluation", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos", "Georgios Α. Papadopoulos", "Evripidis P. Kechagias", "Sotiris P. Gayialis" ], "first_author": "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos", "venue": "International Journal of Decision Support Systems", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "This article presents a thorough literature review and evaluation of road traffic forecasting methods. More specifically, the literature review concerns the study of scientific articles, in order to draw conclusions on the best-applied methods and future directions of their implementation in city logistics. The algorithms (methods), through which the traffic forecast is carried out, are categorised and analysed, focusing on their potential implementation in freight transportation systems. It is beyond dispute that the proper use of traffic congestion information can significantly improve public confidence in road networks and reduce traffic congestion as well as its harmful environmental and social impacts. This analysis and the knowledge gained will be used in an on-going research project in order to support the application of traffic forecasting algorithms in the functionality of a vehicle routing and scheduling information system. This review is a useful tool for academia's and practitioners who study the adoption of traffic forecasting algorithms in IT solutions in order to schedule deliveries and routes in city logistics environment effectively.", "keywords": [ "Traffic congestion", "Computer science", "Schedule", "Order (exchange)", "Transport engineering", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "City logistics", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Operations research", "Traffic management", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijdss.2019.10026314" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2132037083", "doi": "10.1109/icicta.2009.570", "title": "A Model for Urban Distribution System under Disruptions of Vehicle Travel Time Delay", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zheng Wang", "Jia Chuan Shi" ], "first_author": "Zheng Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "During the process of urban distribution, travel time delay of a route will often lead to the infeasibility of the initial distribution schedule. Focused on this problem, disruption management methodology is applied, and a disruption measurement method is presented, which takes customer unsatisfied index, deviation from the original transport network, and transport cost into considerations. In order to deal with the disruption events, such as traffic jams, accidents, and alterations of road conditions, that occurs in vehicle routing problems with time windows and prevents the initial schedule from being successfully executed, a mathematic model is constructed along with its genetic algorithm. The validity of the model and its genetic algorithm is proved by experiments. Results of the experiments show that the model's multiple objectives can be met simultaneously according to the disruption evaluation criterions.", "keywords": [ "Schedule", "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Process (computing)", "Travel time", "Operations research", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Mathematical optimization", "Transport engineering", "Real-time computing" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2009.570" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1532796003", "doi": "10.1109/ictis.2015.7232166", "title": "Interactive multi-objective vehicle routing via GA-based dynamic programming", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-06-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raza Saleem Khan", "Jianbo Yang", "Julia Handl" ], "first_author": "Raza Saleem Khan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This research is focused on dealing with multiple conflicting objectives in vehicle scheduling problem in an urban delivery context. The distinctive feature of this research is that an interactive reference point approach is applied to support the trade-off analysis of multiple conflicting objectives, including the minimization of total time, distance and CO2 emissions in the context of time-varying congestion data, derived as time-dependent historical average travel speed data from the UK road network. Due to congestion, average travel speeds on different roads change throughout the day and optimal routes may differ across time slots. Because of the conflict among the objectives, a solution that is optimal for one objective may or may not be optimal for other objectives. A hybrid algorithm mixing dynamic programming with an evolutionary algorithm is first developed to generate sets of efficient solutions. The proposed interactive approach is then described, which alternates between solution generation and preference elicitation from a decision maker. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated using a case study that combines synthetic demand data for a company with the actual road and congestion information in the UK. The results obtained using the proposed interactive approach are compared to those obtained when a single objective is optimised.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Minification", "Context (archaeology)", "Traffic congestion", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Dynamic programming", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ictis.2015.7232166" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407567848", "doi": "10.5937/straman2400018b", "title": "Designing efficient algorithms for logistics management: Optimizing time-constrained vehicle routing", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Karlo Bala", "Dejan Brcanov", "Martin Fale", "Nebojša Gvozdenović", "Tomaž Kramberger" ], "first_author": "Karlo Bala", "venue": "Strategic Management", "publisher": "Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak", "abstract": "Background: City logistics is a critical component of urban economic development, as it optimizes supply chains, enhances customer satisfaction through reliable deliveries, and minimizes environmental impacts in densely populated areas. This field addresses various challenges, including traffic congestion, environmental concerns, noise pollution, and the crucial need for timely deliveries. Routing and scheduling are central to logistics operations, with modern software integrating time windows to meet precise scheduling demands driven by detailed customer requirements and operational efficiencies. Furthermore, advanced vehicle routing models now effectively simulate real-world factors such as traffic congestion, stochastic travel times, and dynamic product demands. Purpose: This paper aims to develop an algorithm that addresses the routing decisions. Our approach extends to the time dimension, considering travel times and customer service times within predefined time windows. Study design/methodology/approach: The proposed algorithm is structured to execute in iterative phases, aiming to optimize key logistical objectives. In order to generate competitive solutions, we seek to minimize the number of vehicles utilized and overall travel costs. The evaluation of solution space was conducted via Simulated Annealing. Findings/conclusions: The performance of the proposed algorithm, evaluated using the Gehring and Homberger benchmark instances for 200 customers, demonstrates its effectiveness. The algorithm successfully meets the target number of vehicles required, and the associated travel costs are on average within 1% of the best solutions reported in the relevant literature. Limitations/future research: Given the ongoing need for timely solutions from decision-makers, future research endeavors will focus on enhancing the computational efficiency of the algorithm. Additionally, incorporating more time-related features, such as stochastic travel times, could further improve the algorithm's real-time applicability.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Fleet management", "Routing algorithm", "Algorithm", "Computer network", "Routing protocol", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/1821-3448/8888/1821-34488800083B.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1964284468", "doi": "10.1049/cp.2009.0646", "title": "Urban distribution networks - some general planning observations", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-01-01", "type": "conference-abstract", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert John Millar", "Markku Hyvärinen", "Matti Lehtonen", "Pekka Kalevi Hämäläinen" ], "first_author": "Robert John Millar", "venue": "IET Conference Publications", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Efficiency and performance targets are nowadays being tangibly addressed by the regulation authorities. Customer demands on distribution networks, both qualitative and quantitative, are increasing. Whilst most urban distribution network development occurs in the context of existing and ageing developed networks, it is legitimate to highlight some general planning targets showing the cost implications of various medium voltage planning philosophies, such as voltage levels, the use of parallel conductors in congested and heavily loaded regions, and full or economically optimal backup connections and switch placement. This paper uses a new automatic network routing algorithm to show the topographical impact of these considerations on a realistic network, serving to both demonstrate some aspects of the algorithm and highlight planning concerns going into the future. It is the authors' wish to illustrate the new algorithm, because it directly addresses a comprehensive range of actual planning requirements in real distribution networks, both urban and rural, although it is the former that forms the focus of this paper. (4 pages)", "keywords": [ "Backup", "Computer science", "Context (archaeology)", "Network planning and design", "Operations research", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Urban planning", "Telecommunications", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.0646" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3023164895", "doi": "10.1109/cieec47146.2019.cieec-2019421", "title": "Research on planning strategy to achieve high reliability for urban distribution systems", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-09-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xianing Jin", "Yi Song", "Weihong Yang", "Yangyang Lv", "Zhanjun Li" ], "first_author": "Xianing Jin", "venue": "2019 IEEE 3rd International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Reliability is a direct evaluation index of the power supply capacity and service level. With the improvement of power grid infrastructure, the focus of power planning and design has changed to the advancement of reliability management. The average reliability of Beijing in 2018 is 99.993% compared to 99.9999% of Singapore. At present, faced with a series of international high-standard events such as the winter Olympics in 2022, how to make efficient use of investment and improve the reliability of the distribution network is a difficult problem. For the effective planning of high-reliability urban distribution network, an accurate and efficient planning strategy of the first-class urban distribution network is put forward in this paper. Firstly, the current status of municipal distribution network reliability level is deeply analyzed. Secondly, the key factors influencing the power supply reliability are put forward. Thirdly, the sensitivity analysis of reliability influence factors is carried out based on CYME. And finally, the requirements and technical routes for planning and construction of high-reliability distribution network are proposed.", "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Beijing", "Reliability engineering", "Network planning and design", "Computer science", "Grid", "Power (physics)", "Engineering", "Telecommunications", "China" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/cieec47146.2019.cieec-2019421" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3112985398", "doi": "10.4236/ojapps.2020.1012054", "title": "Improvements of City Logistics Methods in Thriasio Area, Greece", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sotiria Michael", "Michail G. Papoutsidakis", "George Priniotakis" ], "first_author": "Sotiria Michael", "venue": "Open Journal of Applied Sciences", "publisher": "Scientific Research Publishing", "abstract": "Urban freight transport is a very important part of the logistics chain. Creating the right conditions for the economic and commercial development of urban transport is extremely important. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of city logistics while presenting the situation in Greece, a country lagging in the implementation of good practices, and some suggestions for improving the existing reality of urban transport. In order to achieve the objectives of the present work, a review of the relevant literature and primary research, was conducted through personal interviews for the implementation of urban freight transport. The results, according to the literature, have shown that designing the right way and organizing an appropriate route for the product increases the quantities produced that are shipped for sale, either directly from the producers, through traders, suppliers, or logistics companies, which simply carry the products. Wrong design, on the other hand, leads to a complex system with significant losses, both in cost and quality. Also, according to primary research, businesses now active in the Thriasio area report the importance and positive impact they have had on the wider local community, as well as that urban shopping centers play a very important role, organizing and coordinating freight transport in the city centers. Moreover, the establishment of businesses in the center of Thriasio gives a positive impact on their establishment as their business has evolved and increased.", "keywords": [ "Lagging", "Business", "Order (exchange)", "Product (mathematics)", "Work (physics)", "Quality (philosophy)", "Marketing", "Transport engineering", "Industrial organization", "Engineering", "Finance" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojapps_2020121015370219.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1762315044", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.021", "title": "Cooperative Traffic Control Management for City Logistic Routing", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Felix Köster", "Marlin Wolf Ulmer", "Dirk Christian Mattfeld" ], "first_author": "Felix Köster", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "In city logistics, courier express and parcel services (CEP) deal with last mile deliveries in an urban environment. CEP route vehicles to deliver parcels to costumers distributed in the cities area. Customers expect fast and reliable services to reasonable prices. As a result, CEP have to plan and execute their routing efficiently. In a city logistic environment, CEP faces several challenges. Especially, travel times between customers are not deterministic but uncertain and differ during the day regarding traffic volumes and stochastic events like congestion. Further, city traffic flows are controlled by traffic control management (TM). TM decisions additionally impact travel times for CEP. This paper shows the impact of TM decisions to travel times and emphasizes the benefit of cooperational planning between CEP and TM.", "keywords": [ "Control (management)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 20, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.021" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3176451266", "doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/1952/4/042003", "title": "Planning of Vehicle Routing with Mixed Time Windows Based on the Improved Genetic Algorithm (IGA)", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-06-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yueyang Jiang" ], "first_author": "Yueyang Jiang", "venue": "Journal of Physics Conference Series", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract In recent years, the rapid expansion of urban distribution business and the increase use of traditional fuel logistics trucks have resulted in a lot of environmental, traffic and resource problems. “Green logistics” has become the direction of urban distribution transformation, and replacing fuel vehicles with pure electric logistics vehicles has become a way to meet the requirements of urban end distribution. In this paper, the characteristics of electric logistics vehicles are combined with the constraints of cargo capacity to meet the demand for sufficient power and driving range in the distribution process. Charging operations are carried out using charging piles at fixed locations when necessary, and the time windows of customers at each node are considered and penalty factors are set so that the distribution path of electric logistics vehicles can be well planned, which makes the total logistics cost lowest.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Genetic algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Algorithm", "Computer network", "Machine learning" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1952/4/042003/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3129664950", "doi": "10.1109/time-e47986.2019.9353311", "title": "Assignment First Routing Second (AFRS) Algorithm for City Logistics", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-11-13", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Titi Iswari", "Fran Setiawan" ], "first_author": "Titi Iswari", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Transport of goods is one of the critical elements for supporting economic development in an urban area. There are several issues related to the transportation of goods in the city, e.g. environmental and energy issue. With the problems of transportation of products in the urban area, the concept of city logistics was introduced. One of the city logistics solutions is the use of various types of vehicles to transport products, including small vehicles. This study develops an assignment first routing second (AFRS) algorithm to solve the heterogeneous vehicle routing problems in the context of city logistics. The algorithm is divided into two mathematical models; i.e. assignment problem and travelling salesman problem. The branch-and-bound method is used for solving those problems. In this research, there are many types of vehicles used to deliver goods to consumers in the urban area. The algorithm considers the level of congestion in the customer area. The main purpose of the algorithm is to make the right assignments, so the small vehicles can be optimally assigned to serve customers, especially in congested areas, but do not exceed their vehicle capacity. Then, this research determines the most optimal route with the objective function is to minimize the total distance travelled by each vehicle. This study used hypothetical data to test and verify the algorithm. Seven data instances are developed with the number of customers are ranged from 20 to 80 customers, also with various type and amount of vehicles for each case. From the computational results, the algorithm successfully found the optimal assignments strategy for six datasets. In that strategy, the small vehicles are optimally assigned to serve as many customers as possible, especially for customers in congested areas. The optimal route for each vehicle is also found with the travelling salesman problem (TSP) model.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Travelling salesman problem", "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/time-e47986.2019.9353311" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168386846", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2026.04.098", "title": "Innovations in modelling city logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eiichi Taniguchi", "Russell George Thompson", "Ali Gul Qureshi" ], "first_author": "Eiichi Taniguchi", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This review paper presents recent innovations in modelling city logistics. It covers important advancements in modelling urban freight transport using emerging technologies. We discuss big data, multi-agent simulation with machine learning, integrated platforms, digital twins, parcel lockers, micro consolidation centres, crowdshipping, modelling multi-modal freight transport, dynamic vehicle routing problem (VRP) and the location of micro hubs. We highlight innovative models to replicate the behaviour of stakeholders and properly evaluate policy measures. These models can be incorporated in hyperconnected city logistics to enhance productivity, sustainability and resilience in urban freight transport.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Sustainability", "Consolidation (business)", "Traffic management", "Big data", "Resilience (materials science)", "Vehicle routing problem" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146526003595/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3199148599", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-87672-2_21", "title": "A Learning and Optimization Framework for Collaborative Urban Delivery Problems with Alliances", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jingfeng Yang", "Hoong Chuin Lau" ], "first_author": "Jingfeng Yang", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Human–computer interaction", "Artificial intelligence", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87672-2_21" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391822915", "doi": "10.1117/12.3024076", "title": "Improving graph convolutional networks with reinforcement learning for pure electric logistics vehicle routing", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wenying Zhu", "Ruixue Yan" ], "first_author": "Wenying Zhu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Electric logistics vehicle route planning plays a crucial role in the operations of urban distribution service providers. By optimizing vehicle routes, not only can significant reductions in operating costs be achieved, but also enhanced customer satisfaction. However, the vehicle path problem is a classic NP-hard problem in the field of combinatorial optimization. Therefore, finding an efficient and accurate solution holds great practical significance. In response to the real-time operational requirements, this paper proposes a novel approach that improves the graph convolutional neural network model with reinforcement learning. This approach aims to learn effective strategies for generating vehicle route schedules. Through comprehensive experiments conducted on real geographic data, several key findings have been obtained: 1) Explicitly considering edge features within the model is essential; 2) Employing a joint learning strategy can expedite training convergence and improve solution quality, and 3) Comparative evaluations against existing algorithms in the literature demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed model.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Graph", "Convergence (economics)", "Key (lock)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Customer satisfaction", "Convolutional neural network", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematical optimization", "Theoretical computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3024076" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2970681898", "doi": "10.1061/9780784482575.033", "title": "Towards a Smart Urban Freight Plan", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-08-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maggie Chuoyan Dong", "Varanesh Singh", "Diniece Peters", "Charles K Ukegbu", "Rosanna Collars", "Joseph Dack", "Lian Duan" ], "first_author": "Maggie Chuoyan Dong", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Technological advancements in the transportation industry are changing the way planners envision, plan, and manage transportation systems. In the domain of urban freight planning, recently available real-time vehicle data and new analytical tools have opened up new opportunities for planners to enhance understanding and embrace a smarter and more rigorous policy-making process. In late 2016, the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) started a SMART Truck Management Plan as a key initiative to address the challenges of freight management and achieve the freight goals identified in NYCDOT’s 2016 Strategic Plan. A notable feature of the plan is its keen commitment to the use of new data and tools throughout the development process. This paper provides a detailed description of this data-driven planning process. Specifically, it presents how planners leveraged truck activity data to (1) measure truck movement efficiency, (2) explore the environmental factors behind off-route driving behavior, and (3) identify and prioritize projects and strategies. Through these practices, the paper seeks to initiate a conversation on how today’s cities can capitalize on new data and models to expand the capacity of their freight management systems and adopt a more robust, informed, and integrated planning process.", "keywords": [ "Plan (archaeology)", "Process (computing)", "Truck", "Transportation planning", "Strategic planning", "Key (lock)", "Process management", "Transport engineering", "Traffic management", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482575.033" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2810050988", "doi": "10.1002/9781119425519.ch18", "title": "A Vehicle Routing Model Considering the Environment and Safety in the Vicinity of Sensitive Urban Facilities", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-05-30", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ali Gul Qureshi", "Eiichi Taniguchi", "Go Iwase" ], "first_author": "Ali Gul Qureshi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight transport activities are related to some typical problems such as traffic congestion, idling and environmental emissions in urban areas. Freight carriers usually look for cost minimization, whereas other city logistics stakeholders aim at improvement of safety and environment. This research extends the definition of the classical vehicle routing problem to explicitly include safety and environmental concerns in the vicinity of sensitive urban facilities (SF) such as hospitals, schools and old-age homes. This chapter uses a combination of Dijkstra's algorithm and a genetic algorithm (GA) to determine optimized solutions for the the vehicle routing and scheduling problem with soft time windows considering the SF (VRPSTW-SF). It presents a novel extension of the classical VRPSTW by utilizing detailed mesh data. The VRPSTW-SF optimized the cost for the delivery routes simultaneously considering the environment and safety in the vicinity of sensitive urban facilities.", "keywords": [ "Dijkstra's algorithm", "Vehicle routing problem", "Transport engineering", "Minification", "City logistics", "Genetic algorithm", "Traffic congestion", "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/9781119425519.ch18" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W650467247", "doi": null, "title": "A Simulation Based Decision Support System for City Logistics Applications", "year": 2008, "publication_date": "2008-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jaime Barceló", "Hanna Grzybowska", "Jesús Arturo Orozco" ], "first_author": "Jaime Barceló", "venue": "15th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems and ITS America's 2008 Annual MeetingITS AmericaERTICOITS JapanTransCore", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper proposes a method of fleet management in urban areas that is based on an integrated framework in which all components could work together. The urban logistics model must account for vehicle routing applications and fleet management models that include the dynamic aspects of the underlying road network, particularly when Information-Communications Technologies (ICT) applications are taken into account. The authors describe their method based on an integration of vehicle routing models and dynamic traffic simulation models that emulate the actual traffic conditions. At each time interval, the model provides estimates of the traffic state on each link of the road network. This is the information that will be used by a real-time fleet management system to determine the optimal dynamic routing and scheduling of the vehicle. The basic assumption is that there is a fleet management center that has access to real-time traffic information and that all vehicles are equipped with the corresponding technology that allows real-time communication between the fleet manager and the vehicle. A set of 5 replications for each scenario was simulated, using Aimsun as a decision support platform.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Fleet management", "Decision support system", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Traffic simulation", "Advanced Traffic Management System", "Work (physics)", "Transport engineering", "Intelligent transportation system" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/892151" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2599189896", "doi": "10.15396/lares_2013_858-1006-1-sm", "title": "The Aspects of the Urban Distribution in a Megacity: A Comparison Between São Paulo’s and Boston’s Urban Deliveries", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nathalia de Castro Zambuzi", "Cláudio Barbieri da Cunha", "Edgar Blanco", "Hugo Tsugunobu Yoshida Yoshizaki", "Carla Deguirmendjian Rosa Carvalho" ], "first_author": "Nathalia de Castro Zambuzi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The paper aims to describe some of the aspects that characterize the logistic uniqueness of a megacity located in a developing country, through the comparison between the urban distribution operations that take place in São Paulo, a perfect example of a megacity in an emerging economy like Brazil, and a city like Boston, dense by U.S. standards. More specifically, we detail the results of two research workshops conducted in Boston-Cambridge and in São Paulo in 2012, addressing some of the main observations and reflections related to the \"last mile\" distribution in terms of critical points and operational differences between these two cities. These results are based on an extensive information and data collection process, from the observation of several delivery operations at different areas of the two cities and the shadowing of some delivery routes from companies of different sectors. Some aspects are discussed, like traffic regulations and enforcement, drivers' behavior, loading/unloading zones and relationship practices between companies, drivers and customers.", "keywords": [ "Megacity", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Enforcement", "Last mile (transportation)", "Geography", "Regional science", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Economic geography", "Economy", "Engineering", "Mile" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://lares.architexturez.net/system/files/LARES_2013_858-1006-1-SM.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W632736580", "doi": null, "title": "City Logistics: Freight Management with Time-Dependent Travel Times and Application to Large-Scale Networks", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lan Jiang", "Hani S. Mahmassani" ], "first_author": "Lan Jiang", "venue": "Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual MeetingTransportation Research Board", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this paper, the authors address freight management in large, congested urban settings. Congestion creates a substantial variation in travel time (speeds) during morning peak and evening peak periods. Urban route designs that ignore these significant variations are often found to be inefficient or even infeasible within a congested traffic environment. This limitation may lead to delays, higher operational costs, and inferior customer service. To take account of the dynamics of traffic conditions, the proposed modeling framework includes an underlying dynamic network traffic simulation-assignment (DTA) model which is able to compute time-dependent shortest paths (TDSP) and simulate individual vehicles on a more realistic representation of the urban road network elements, including signalization, ramp metering, and other operational controls. An intuitive and efficient heuristic solution algorithm is proposed, which combines the classical k-opt exchanges to improve the solution and a procedure to reduce the number of vehicles out for service. No parameter tuning is required and no random choice is made. The integrated modeling framework is capable of addressing time-dependent vehicle routing problems (TDVRP) of practical sizes on a real world urban network, demonstrated here on the Chicago area network, with problem instances of up to 500 customers with TDSP updated at 10-minute intervals.", "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Traffic congestion", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Scale (ratio)", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/1241757" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1982331220", "doi": "10.4304/jsw.6.6.1103-1109", "title": "Urban Delivery Distribution Routing Optimizing Key Technology Based on Web GIS", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-06-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yongchang Ren", "Tao Xing", "Haijun Song", "Xiaoji Chen" ], "first_author": "Yongchang Ren", "venue": "Journal of Software", "publisher": "Academy Publisher", "abstract": "Development of information technology, can provide efficient, safe, convenient support platform to logistics and distribution companies, improve logistics and distribution of economic benefits. The problem of the lack of geographic information and the actual line with the calculation of line, distribution routing optimizing, the introduction of Web GIS, and research key technologies. First, given a graphical Web GIS which based on distribution routing optimizing; secondly, study distribution routing optimizing algorithm, including model representation and reverse dynamic programming algorithm; again, study spatial data representation and data structure, including vector and raster data structure; then, study the structure of Web application framework, in the description based on the MVC framework, Spring MVC framework focuses on the component structure; finally, realize the Web GIS technologies, including Java Applet major technical analysis and implementation techniques.  The results show that Web GIS technology will be combined with optimization algorithm on the city line distribution routing optimizing, is technically feasible, has some theoretical and practical prospects, an important future research direction.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Key (lock)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer network", "World Wide Web", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4304/jsw.6.6.1103-1109" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403229044", "doi": "10.3390/math12193140", "title": "Optimizing Maintenance of Energy Supply Systems in City Logistics with Heuristics and Reinforcement Learning", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Antoni Guerrero", "Angel Alejandro Juan", "Álvaro García Sánchez", "Luis Pita-Romero" ], "first_author": "Antoni Guerrero", "venue": "Mathematics", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In urban logistics, effective maintenance is crucial for maintaining the reliability and efficiency of energy supply systems, impacting both asset performance and operational stability. This paper addresses the scheduling and routing plans for maintenance of power generation assets over a multi-period horizon. We model this problem as a multi-period team orienteering problem. To address this multi-period challenge, we propose a dual approach: a novel reinforcement learning (RL) framework and a biased-randomized heuristic algorithm. The RL-based method dynamically learns from real-time operational data and evolving asset conditions, adapting to changes in asset health and failure probabilities to optimize decision making. In addition, we develop and apply a biased-randomized heuristic algorithm designed to provide effective solutions within practical computational limits. Our approach is validated through a series of computational experiments comparing the RL model and the heuristic algorithm. The results demonstrate that, when properly trained, the RL-based model is able to offer equivalent or even superior performance compared to the heuristic algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Reinforcement learning", "Computer science", "Energy (signal processing)", "Reinforcement", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics", "Structural engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/19/3140/pdf?version=1728457544" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W792391163", "doi": null, "title": "Improved algorithms for routing urban delivery vehicles", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-09-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nicolás Rincón-García", "Anthony Velazquez Abad", "Ben J. Waterson", "Tom Cherrett" ], "first_author": "Nicolás Rincón-García", "venue": "ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)", "publisher": "University of Southampton", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Algorithm", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/378365/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_personalfiles_users_bjw3_mydesktop_LRN%2520Rincon-Garcia%25202015%2520Reference%2520list.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2141306961", "doi": "10.1504/ijism.2007.012628", "title": "Towards a dynamic real-time vehicle management system for urban distribution", "year": 2007, "publication_date": "2007-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vasileios Zeimpekis", "George M. Giaglis", "A. Tatarakis", "Ioannis E. Minis" ], "first_author": "Vasileios Zeimpekis", "venue": "International Journal of Integrated Supply Management", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "Urban distribution plans are typically designed a priori and are static in nature. Hence, they cannot cope with unexpected events that might occur during the plan execution, such as adverse traffic conditions or vehicle failures, thus leading to delays, higher costs and inferior customer service. This paper discusses the design considerations for a dynamic real-time Vehicle Management System (VMS) that aims at supporting logistics managers by monitoring the status of deliveries in real time and suggesting optimal re-routing strategies whenever needed due to uncontrollable external events. We present system requirements as elicited through a survey of 73 logistics companies in Greece. Drawing on these requirements, we define the architecture of the proposed system and formulate the scenarios addressed by the vehicle re-routing sub-system, which monitors distribution vehicles, detects deviations from the delivery schedule and adjusts the plan accordingly. The paper also discusses the technical implementation considerations for the implementation of the VMS in a real-life setting.", "keywords": [ "Business", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Distribution management system", "Marketing", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijism.2007.012628" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2473701816", "doi": null, "title": "City Logistics Terminal Location Selection Using Combined Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Analysis", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Snežana Radoman Tadić", "Slobodan Zečević", "Mladen Dragan Krstić" ], "first_author": "Snežana Radoman Tadić", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "City logistics terminal (CLT) location selection affects logistics costs, transportation routes, overall city traffic, planning and development of the city. When selecting a CLT location, conflicting goals and interests of all stakeholders (residents, shippers and recipients, transport operators and municipal administration) have to be taken into account. A vast number of economical, infrastructural, socio-political, natural and ecological criteria arise from these different goals and interests, and it is necessary to include them in the CLT location selection process. Because of the restricted resources (time, costs, data bases), the majority of these criteria are assessed with linguistic statements, which is not suitable for the application of the conventional methods of multi-criteria decision making. Considering that, in this paper a fuzzy extension of the conventional methods of multi-criteria decision making are used for CLT location selection. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to determine the relative weights of the evaluation criteria, and after that fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is applied to rank the potential CLT locations. The usability of these methods is tested on the example of locating CLT in the city of Belgrade.", "keywords": [ "TOPSIS", "Analytic hierarchy process", "Operations research", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Fuzzy logic", "Computer science", "Ideal solution", "Multiple-criteria decision analysis", "Rank (graph theory)", "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/1403917" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W321908044", "doi": "10.1108/9780080473222-003", "title": "Transport demand, transport and traffic flow - Key elements of city logistics", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-07-22", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raluca Raicu", "Şerban Raicu" ], "first_author": "Raluca Raicu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The misuse of the terms transport demand, transport flow and traffic flow have prompted the writing of this paper. The paper will attempt to make a complex and interconnected description of transport demand transport and traffic flow. Transport demand is physically characterized by transport links, value and temporal characteristics. On the other hand, transport demand is commercially characterized by reliance on the quality of service, the level and structure of the transport system load, reliance on the mode split and route choice in the conditions of a unique, multimode transport market, with interchangeable, complementary or independent services.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Transport system", "Key (lock)", "Flow (mathematics)", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Mode (computer interface)", "Service (business)", "On demand", "Transport network", "Road transport", "Computer science", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/9780080473222-003" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387087085", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejor.2023.09.031", "title": "Multi-attribute two-echelon location routing: Formulation and dynamic discretization discovery approach", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Escobar-Vargas", "Teodor Gabriel Crainic" ], "first_author": "David Escobar-Vargas", "venue": "European Journal of Operational Research", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Transshipment (information security)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Discretization", "Integer programming", "Operations research", "Synchronization (alternating current)", "Job shop scheduling", "Mathematical optimization", "Distributed computing" ], "cited_by_count": 17, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.09.031" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285579087", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-64018-7_16", "title": "City Logistics", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-12-09", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Teodor Gabriel Crainic", "Guido Perboli", "Nicoletta Ricciardi" ], "first_author": "Teodor Gabriel Crainic", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Business", "Synchronization (alternating current)", "Integrated logistics support", "Consolidation (business)", "Network planning and design", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Process management", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64018-7_16" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1855610405", "doi": "10.1109/iccet.2010.5485380", "title": "Notice of Retraction: A routing optimization algorithm in city logistics distribution", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-04-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuming Chen" ], "first_author": "Yuming Chen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Retracted.", "keywords": [ "Notice", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Algorithm design", "Routing algorithm", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": true, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iccet.2010.5485380" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2804687287", "doi": null, "title": "Single-tier City Logistics Model for Multi Products", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-04-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nova Indah Saragih", "Senator Nur Bahagia", "Suprayogi Suprayogi", "Ibnu Syabri" ], "first_author": "Nova Indah Saragih", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Single-tier city logistics system consists of three entities which are suppliers, UCCs (urban consolidation centers), and retailers. This paper develops a model for single-tier city logistics system with multi products that has never been developed before. This paper also considers traffic congestion in the model so it more represents the real system in a city. Demands of the products follow a normal distribution. The problems that will be answered in this paper are how to determine the location of suppliers, to allocate retailers to opened UCCs, to assign suppliers to opened UCCs, to control inventory in the three entities involved, and to determine the route of the vehicles from opened UCCs to retailers. All the decisions will be simultaneously optimized. The model is solved using LINGO 12. Three numerical examples with different values of parameters are conducted to test the proposed model. All numerical examples show that the proposed model results logical solution.", "keywords": [ "Consolidation (business)", "City logistics", "Computer science", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ojs.excelingtech.co.uk/index.php/IJSCM/article/download/1857/1039" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3012470152", "doi": "10.3934/jimo.2020045", "title": "Adaptive large neighborhood search Algorithm for route planning of freight buses with pickup and delivery", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-03-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zheng Chang", "Haoxun Chen", "Farouk Yalaoui", "Bo Dai" ], "first_author": "Zheng Chang", "venue": "Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization", "publisher": "American Institute of Mathematical Sciences", "abstract": "Freight bus is a new public transportation means for city logistics, and each freight bus can deliver and pick up goods at each customer/supplier location it passes. In this paper, we study the route planning problem of freight buses in an urban distribution system. Since each freight bus makes a tour visiting a set of pickup/delivery locations once at every given time interval in each day following a fixed route, the route planning problem can be considered a new variant of periodic vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery. In order to solve the problem, a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is formulated and an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm is developed. The development of our algorithm takes into consideration specific characteristics of this problem, such as fixed route for each freight bus, possibly serving a demand in a later period but with a late service penalty, etc. The relevance of the mathematical model and the effectiveness of the proposed ALNS algorithm are proved by numerical experiments.", "keywords": [ "Pickup", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Route planning", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Service (business)", "Integer programming", "Interval (graph theory)", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Set (abstract data type)" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3934/jimo.2020045" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2521945276", "doi": null, "title": "Sustainable Last-mile Solutions:Urban Freight Consolidation and Eco-routing Strategies", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-06-20", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qin Chen (44010)" ], "first_author": "Qin Chen (44010)", "venue": "Figshare", "publisher": "Figshare (United Kingdom)", "abstract": "“Last-mile” concerns the delivery process from the warehouse to the final consumers in metropolitan areas. Most urban areas have witnessed higher frequency of deliveries and larger quantities of freight shipments coming from, bound to or transiting through the regions. Increase in urban freight traffic significantly contributes to congestion and environmental problems (e.g., emissions and noise). There is a strong need for studying and implementing\\nviable urban freight strategies to minimize truck traffic in congested areas.\\n \\nThis research work examines the effectiveness of urban freight solutions jointly in terms of air \\npollutant emissions, energy use, and logistics costs at different decision levels. Specifically, \\ntwo types of urban freight strategies are considered in this research, i.e. urban freight consolidation and vehicle routing. The former represents a tactical level investigation and the latter an operational level one. An analytical framework is developed to quantifies the effects of conflicting factors and trade-offs among various objectives intended for in urban consolidation schemes, which is especially suited for analyses with limited data in freight and logistics studies.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Mile", "Transport engineering", "Consolidation (business)", "Last mile (transportation)", "Business", "Engineering", "Geography", "Finance" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Sustainable_Last-mile_Solutions_Urban_Freight_Consolidation_and_Eco-routing_Strategies/10883471" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4367178036", "doi": "10.4324/9781003241478-19", "title": "Multi-echelon Urban Distribution Networks", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-04-27", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Imen Ben Mohamed", "Olivier Labarthe", "Yann Bouchery", "Walid Klibi", "Gautier Stauffer" ], "first_author": "Imen Ben Mohamed", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter presents two-echelon location and routing models and discusses their characteristics and solvability. It describes new paradigms in urban logistics and their challenges related to governance, green logistics, smart cities, and hyperconnected logistics. Designing distribution networks has critical impacts for city logistics stakeholders on cost, revenue and service levels to the city citizens. Using mathematical models to design the optimal distribution network is particularly constrained by the characterization of the operating environment and multiple factors such as demand, product portfolio, inventory levels, response time and returnability. The chapter focuses on the routing approaches dedicated to cargo bikes as this one is among the fastest-growing delivery modes in urban areas. A special emerging problem that challenges urban distribution and fits into the two-echelon setting is omnichannel retailing. The major challenge for cities and operators lies in the positioning of the transshipment and the resulting logistics organization: upstream for their supply, and downstream for delivery to customers.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Geography", "Environmental science", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003241478-19" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3126214777", "doi": "10.1155/2021/6665610", "title": "In‐Depth Learning Layout and Path Optimization of Energy Service Urban Distribution Sites under e‐Commerce Environment", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kun Wang", "Ki-Hyung Bae" ], "first_author": "Kun Wang", "venue": "Complexity", "publisher": "Hindawi Publishing Corporation", "abstract": "This article uses a research method that combines theoretical research and empirical analysis. It first introduces the relevant theories of energy service city distribution sites in the context of e‐commerce and then the types of energy service city distribution sites and the composition of energy service city distribution systems. The network layout of the service city distribution site and the location objectives, principles, and processes of the model is studied to determine the network layout plan of the energy service city distribution system in this paper. This paper fully considers the characteristics of the network operation mode of the energy service city distribution site and establishes an optimization model for the location selection and vehicle routing of the distribution center with the lowest total system cost under the simultaneous delivery service mode; based on the hierarchical solution strategy, a combination of deep learning is designed. Algorithms mainly include two‐stage hybrid heuristic algorithm of cluster analysis, maximum coverage and genetic algorithm; simulation analysis is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the model and algorithm by data simulation, finally get the integrated optimization plan of distribution center location and routing, and put forward the operation strategy through the result expansion analysis. This paper studies the planning model based on the network layout planning of the energy service city distribution system under the e‐commerce environment, aiming to promote the breakthrough development of urban smart logistics and prove the importance of the energy service city distribution station network layout planning. The purpose and results of the research are to reduce traffic and environmental pressures, achieve joint direct distribution, improve the efficiency of urban logistics and distribution, and solve the problem of the last mile of the city.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Plan (archaeology)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Network planning and design", "Genetic algorithm", "Mode (computer interface)", "Context (archaeology)", "Operations research", "Heuristic", "Transport engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6665610.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392658359", "doi": "10.1080/00207543.2024.2324054", "title": "Delivery routing for a mixed fleet of conventional and electric vehicles with road restrictions", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hongguang Ma", "Rongchao Yang", "Xiang Li" ], "first_author": "Hongguang Ma", "venue": "International Journal of Production Research", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "The enforcement of stringent regulations capping carbon emissions has prompted city logistics enterprises to substitute electric vehicles (EVs) for conventional vehicles (CVs). For city logistics enterprises with a mixed fleet of CVs and EVs, this study investigates the delivery routing problem with road restrictions (DRPRR) for accessible time windows and bearing weight. We formulate the DRPRR as a mixed integer programming model to minimise the total operations cost. The model consists of the set-up cost of CVs and EVs, the diesel cost of CVs, the electricity cost of EVs, the carbon tax cost, and the penalty cost of vehicles waiting for roads to be accessible. To effectively solve the model, an adaptive large neighbourhood search (ALNS) algorithm is developed that consists of tailored destroy and repair operators with two alternative solution acceptance criteria. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model and ALNS algorithm. In small-scale instances, the ALNS with the Metropolis criterion finds the best solutions for 41 of 48 instances while maintaining a deviation of less than 2.5% from CPLEX in the remaining 7 instances, and its running time is significantly shorter than CPLEX. In large-scale instances, the ALNS with the Metropolis criterion has stronger solving ability and better stability than benchmark algorithms (i.e. GA-LS, LNS, and ALNS with a threshold acceptance criterion). We also address a real-world case and conduct a sensitivity analysis to provide useful managerial insights. Specifically, implementing road restrictions on accessible time windows and the carbon tax policy simultaneously is more appropriate from the comprehensive perspective of market activity and carbon emissions.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Total cost", "Benchmark (surveying)", "City logistics", "Greenhouse gas", "Operations management", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2024.2324054" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W564090226", "doi": null, "title": "EX-POST IMPLICATIONS OF EX-ANTE DATA ACQUISITION STRATEGIES IN MULTIAGENT-TYPE URBAN FREIGHT POLICY EVALUATION", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Valerio Gatta", "Edoardo Marcucci" ], "first_author": "Valerio Gatta", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Data quality plays a relevant role in policy evaluation. Data quality is also strictly linked to questionnaire development and administration strategies. Willingness to pay estimates might be influenced by the data acquisition method adopted if an ex-post sophisticated modelling cannot compensate for the low quality data acquired. We test this hypothesis by comparing agent-generic vs. agent-specific data acquisition. This methodologically relevant question is investigated with respect to urban freight transport policy evaluation. In this field, in fact, heterogeneity among stakeholders' (i.e. retailers and transport providers) preferences is allegedly important since retailers, demanding freight transportation services, and transport providers, offering them, are characterised by, structurally and functionally motivated, differences in preferences. Results indicate that agent-specific data acquisition should be adopted. The analyst ought to take the longer data acquisition route when a strong and well rooted a priori knowledge suggests different agent-types' preferences are at work. This reflections are particularly valuable given ex-post agent-specific modelling cannot compensate for ex-ante agent-generic data acquisition procedure. Once perpetrated, the original sin cannot be redeemed.", "keywords": [ "Ex-ante", "Quality (philosophy)", "Test (biology)", "Data quality", "Data collection", "Computer science", "Business", "Economics", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://host.uniroma3.it/centri/crei/pubblicazioni/workingpapers2013/CREI_06_2013.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412703315", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2025.111405", "title": "Transforming urban freight transportation: Service network design for synergy with passenger transportation in transit systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jie Lin", "Fangni Zhang" ], "first_author": "Jie Lin", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Transit (satellite)", "Service (business)", "Passenger transport", "Urban transit", "Business", "Public transport", "Engineering", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2025.111405" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2108292337", "doi": "10.5555/2675983.2676236", "title": "A simulation-based algorithm for the integrated location and routing problem in urban logistics", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-12-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Angel Alejandro Juan", "José Cáceres-Cruz" ], "first_author": "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "venue": "RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya", "abstract": "In most medium and large sized cities around the world, freight transportation operations might have a noticeable impact on urban traffic mobility as well as on city commercial activities. In order to reduce both traffic congestion and pollution levels, several initiatives have been traditionally implemented. One of the most common strategies concerns the allocation of urban distribution warehouses near the city center in order to consolidate freight delivery services. This paper considers the integrated problem of locating distribution centers in urban areas and the corresponding freight distribution (vehicle routing). The combined problem is solved by using a hybrid algorithm which employs Monte Carlo simulation to induce biased randomness into several stages of the optimization procedure. The approach is then validated using real-life data and comparing our results with results from other works already available in the existing literature.", "keywords": [ "Randomness", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Traffic congestion", "Transport engineering", "Order (exchange)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Monte Carlo method", "Traffic management", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10609/91510" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2184870986", "doi": null, "title": "Goods distribution management in city logistics environment: A systemic approach", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vasileios Zeimpekis" ], "first_author": "Vasileios Zeimpekis", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "The routing plan of a delivery fleet is usually developed a priori and provides an optimal (or near optimal) way of serving customers by taking into account certain constraints, such as vehicle capacity and delivery time windows. However, such plans may not cope adequately in a city logistics environment, in which unexpected events often occur during delivery execution (e.g. adverse traffic conditions). These events may lead to delays, higher costs, and inferior customer service. This paper presents the development and evaluation of a real-time fleet management system that handles such unforeseen events by using advanced traffic forecasting techniques and rerouting strategies coupled with telematic technology. The system monitors the delivery vehicles in real time, detects deviations from the initial distribution plan, and adjusts the schedule accordingly, by suggesting effective rerouting strategies. The system has been tested in real-life cases and the results show that delivery performance is enhanced significantly and customer satisfaction is improved accordingly.", "keywords": [ "Telematics", "Vehicle routing problem", "Schedule", "Computer science", "Plan (archaeology)", "Service (business)", "Business", "Traffic management", "Service level", "Operations research", "City logistics", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/AMAE%2fVol%201_1_7.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4233797808", "doi": "10.1109/wsc.2013.6721581", "title": "A simulation-based algorithm for the integrated location and routing problem in urban logistics", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Angel Alejandro Juan", "José Cáceres-Cruz" ], "first_author": "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In most medium and large sized cities around the world, freight transportation operations might have a noticeable impact on urban traffic mobility as well as on city commercial activities. In order to reduce both traffic congestion and pollution levels, several initiatives have been traditionally implemented. One of the most common strategies concerns the allocation of urban distribution warehouses near the city center in order to consolidate freight delivery services. This paper considers the integrated problem of locating distribution centers in urban areas and the corresponding freight distribution (vehicle routing). The combined problem is solved by using a hybrid algorithm which employs Monte Carlo simulation to induce biased randomness into several stages of the optimization procedure. The approach is then validated using real-life data and comparing our results with results from other works already available in the existing literature.", "keywords": [ "Randomness", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Traffic congestion", "Transport engineering", "Order (exchange)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Traffic management", "Monte Carlo method", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://openaccess.uoc.edu/items/af80157d-934c-4ab3-95bf-2f3eb6b928a4?locale=en" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131660961", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2026.111939", "title": "Urban delivery network location–routing problem under a metro–truck intermodal transportation mode", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhen Di", "Yuhang Zhou", "Jianguo Qi" ], "first_author": "Zhen Di", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Iterated local search", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Heuristic", "Mode (computer interface)", "Total cost", "City logistics", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Metro station", "Minification" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2026.111939" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W560769711", "doi": null, "title": "On the Characterization of Urban Freight Transport", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Julio Comendador", "María Francisca Yáñez", "María Eugenia López Lambas", "Andrés Monzón de Cáceres" ], "first_author": "Julio Comendador", "venue": "Transportation Research Board 90th Annual MeetingTransportation Research Board", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The current life in urban centers has led to increasing and demanding freight requirements, and manufactures, retailers and other urban agents have thus tended towards more frequent and smaller deliveries, which result in a growing use of light freight vehicles (<3.5 ton). In this paper the authors characterize and analyse urban freight mobility. Based on a 2-city case, which gathers data from global positioning systems (GPS) and complementary interviews, the authors first propose a categorization of urban freight movement, after which the authors carry out a speed analysis. Finally, this multi-factor study allows us to link dangerous behavior (out-of-limit-speed) with movement characteristics. The authors confirm that routine movements lead to safer driving behavior, while the lack of patterns and of previous route planning promote higher and, even worse, out-of-limit speeds. The results of this research could make an important contribution for setting appropriate and more specific safety policies.", "keywords": [ "SAFER", "Transport engineering", "Speed limit", "Categorization", "Global Positioning System", "Business", "Computer science", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Engineering", "Computer security", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/1092610" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386476145", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2023.109593", "title": "A branch-and-price method for a two-echelon location routing problem with recommended satellites", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xi-Dan Tian", "Zhi‐Hua Hu" ], "first_author": "Xi-Dan Tian", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mathematical optimization", "Column generation", "Solver", "Relay", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Shortest path problem", "Integer programming", "Computer network", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109593" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2106590872", "doi": null, "title": "AN ANALYSIS OF LOCAL AUTHORITY VIEWS AND TREATMENT OF URBAN FREIGHT IN THE UK", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Greg R Marsden", "Eef Ballantyne", "A E Whiteing" ], "first_author": "Greg R Marsden", "venue": "White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)", "publisher": "White Rose University Consortium", "abstract": "Freight transport is critical in sustaining and growing the urban economy. For the efficient and effective distribution of goods a balanced set of policies that meets the needs of all stakeholders and all users of the urban road network, including residents, businesses and suppliers is crucial. The European Commission (2009) predicts that the proportion of the European population residing in urban areas will continue to grow for the foreseeable future, and hence the demand for goods and services in those areas continues to rise. Despite these predictions, there remains a strong impression that the requirements of freight distribution and logistics operations are often neglected in urban transport policies and strategies drawn up by local authorities. This paper presents an analysis of some of the findings from eleven in-depth qualitative interviews with representatives from local transport authorities across the UK. The research finds that whilst local authorities acknowledge the importance of urban freight to the local economy they know surprisingly little about it. Only half of the authorities interviewed held detailed information on freight and, on further analysis this tends to be about major freight generators and heavily used routes rather than being an understanding of freight movements across the area. Coupled with a relatively limited level of engagement with freight operators through formal partnerships and consultation processes, the mechanisms for including freight issues in the planning process remain unclear. Further work will consider the problem from the perspective of the freight operators.", "keywords": [ "Business", "Work (physics)", "Commission", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Traffic management", "Goods and services", "Population", "Process (computing)", "Transport engineering", "Regional science", "Economy", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/79065/1/An%20analysis%20of%20local%20authority%20views%20and%20treatment%20of%20urban%20freight%20in%20the%20UK.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4295837756", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-16579-5_19", "title": "Integrating Clustering Methodologies and Routing Optimization Algorithms for Last-Mile Parcel Delivery", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Angie Ramírez-Villamil", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Anicia Jaegler", "Juan M. Cuevas-Torres", "David L. Cortés-Murcia", "William J. Guerrero" ], "first_author": "Angie Ramírez-Villamil", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Cluster analysis", "Heuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Context (archaeology)", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16579-5_19" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W103885400", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-06160-3_9", "title": "Environmental Sustainable Fleet Planning in B2C e-Commerce Urban Distribution Networks", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesco Carrabs", "Raffaele Cerulli", "Anna Franca Sciomachen" ], "first_author": "Francesco Carrabs", "venue": "Progress in IS", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Context (archaeology)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Programming paradigm", "Homogeneous", "Government (linguistics)", "Heuristic", "Smart city", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06160-3_9" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3198947273", "doi": "10.1155/2021/8871952", "title": "Multigraph Modeling for Urban Distribution of Emergency Commodities with Semisoft Time Windows under Uncertainty", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-09-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hamid Tikani", "Mostafa Setak", "Darya Abbasi" ], "first_author": "Hamid Tikani", "venue": "Journal of Advanced Transportation", "publisher": "Hindawi Publishing Corporation", "abstract": "In this paper, we studied a stochastic bi-objective mathematical model for effective and reliable rescue operations in multigraph network. The problem is addressed by a two-stage stochastic nonlinear mixed-integer program where the reliability of routes is explicitly traded-off with total weighted completion time. The underlying transportation network is able to keep a group of multiattribute parallel arcs between every pair of nodes. By this, the proposed model should consider the routing decision in logistic planning along with the path selection in an uncertain condition. The first stage of the model concerns with the vehicle routing decisions which is not involved with random parameters; besides, the second stage of the model involves with the departure time at each demand node and path finding decisions after observation of random vectors in the first stage considering a finite number of scenarios. To efficiently solve the presented model, an enhanced nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is proposed. The effectiveness of the introduced method is then evaluated by conducting several numerical examples. The results implied the high performance of our method in comparison to the standard NSGA-II. In further analyses, we investigated the beneficiary of using multigraph setting and showed the applicability of the proposed model using a real transportation case.", "keywords": [ "Multigraph", "Mathematical optimization", "Sorting", "Node (physics)", "Computer science", "Genetic algorithm", "Path (computing)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Flow network", "Vehicle routing problem" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jat/2021/8871952.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2302298156", "doi": "10.1007/s10479-015-2001-7", "title": "Multi-trip pickup and delivery problem with time windows and synchronization", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-03-17", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Phuong Khanh Nguyen", "Teodor Gabriel Crainic", "Michel Toulouse" ], "first_author": "Phuong Khanh Nguyen", "venue": "Annals of Operations Research", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Tabu search", "Computer science", "Pickup", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Operations research", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Job shop scheduling", "Synchronization (alternating current)", "Mathematical optimization", "Theory of computation" ], "cited_by_count": 43, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-015-2001-7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283695239", "doi": "10.1093/imaman/dpac006", "title": "Last mile logistics: Research trends and needs", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Emrah Demir", "Aris A Syntetos", "Tom Van Woensel" ], "first_author": "Emrah Demir", "venue": "IMA Journal of Management Mathematics", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "abstract": "Abstract Aspiring green agendas in conjunction with tremendous economic pressures are resulting in an increased attention to the environment and technological innovations for improving existing logistics systems. Last mile logistics, in particular, are becoming much more than a consumer convenience necessity and a transportation optimization exercise. Rather, this area presents a true opportunity to foster both financial and environmental sustainability. This paper investigates recent technological advancements and pending needs related to business and social innovations, emphasizing green logistics and city logistics concepts. We discuss various pertinent aspects, including drones, delivery robots, truck platooning, collection and pickup points, collaborative logistics, integrated transportation, decarbonization and advanced transport analytics. From a mathematical perspective, we focus on the basic features of the vehicle routing problem and some of its variants. We provide recommendations around strategies that may facilitate the adoption of new effective technologies and innovations.", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Drone", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Truck", "Sustainability", "Business", "Analytics", "Supply chain", "City logistics", "Mile", "Computer science", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 78, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://academic.oup.com/imaman/article-pdf/33/4/549/45047530/dpac006.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171431462", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.105106", "title": "Bi-objective electric vehicle routing with charging–swapping replenishment and location-dependent waiting time", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xi Zhang", "Jiantong Zhang", "Tingting Chen" ], "first_author": "Xi Zhang", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Electric vehicle", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle tracking system", "Fuel efficiency" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.105106" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4389393170", "doi": "10.1049/rpg2.12845", "title": "A two‐stage scheduling model for urban distribution network resilience enhancement in ice storms", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuheng Zhao", "Can Wan", "Chong Bo Wang", "Naiyu Wang", "Ruilong Deng", "Binbin Li" ], "first_author": "Yuheng Zhao", "venue": "IET Renewable Power Generation", "publisher": "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "abstract": "Abstract This paper proposes a two‐stage stochastic scheduling model for urban distribution network resilience enhancement against ice storms, which coordinates mobile deicing equipment routing and distributed energy resources dispatching. An improved line ice thickness prediction model and a photovoltaic power generation prediction method in accordance with conditional generative adversarial networks are proposed to provide data boundaries for scheduling strategy. Facing the uncertainty of line failure, a two‐stage scenario‐based distribution network optimization model is established. At first stage, the mobile deicing equipment routing strategy is decided to mitigate the impact caused by ice storms. The Monte‐Carlo simulation method is introduced to describe the uncertainty of line failure due to ice acceleration. For the second stage, based on the results of photovoltaic forecasting and possible distribution line failure scenario generated by Monte‐Carlo simulation method, the optimal distributed energy resources dispatching strategy can be obtained through the mixed integer programming. The proposed model is simplified to a mixed integer linear programming model that can be solved by a commercial solver. The test results on the modified IEEE 33‐node system and modified 69‐node system demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the resilience performance of urban distribution network under ice storms.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Integer programming", "Solver", "Monte Carlo method", "Mathematical optimization", "Distributed computing", "Algorithm", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12845" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416441668", "doi": "10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.103917", "title": "Urban spatial attributes and sustainability: Operational efficiency in urban freight delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrii Galkin", "Teresa Gajewska", "Mariia Olkhova", "Joris Beckers" ], "first_author": "Andrii Galkin", "venue": "Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Urban sustainability", "Sustainable transport", "Performance indicator", "City logistics", "Index (typography)", "Urban planning", "Urban policy", "Resilience (materials science)" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.103917" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4389692562", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.329", "title": "Analysis of contemporary scientific achievements in the field of Urban Freight Transport in terms of the use of knowledge-based management", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stanisław Iwan", "Mariusz Jedliński", "Katarzyna Sosik", "Oleksandra Osypchuk", "Mariusz Nürnberg" ], "first_author": "Stanisław Iwan", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "One of the most important city logistics problem is the lack of knowledge resources related to the freight flows and routes at the city area. In recent years some works related to these issues have been realized. Nevertheless, it seems that problem is still not solved on the appropriate level. Due to that the assessment of the past and present city logistics projects and activities related to that is an important objective of research work. The paper is focused on the results of state-of-the-art analysis made as a first stage of project GRASS-NEXT, realized under Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2019. The analysis was realized in the context of knowledge management specificity, with the special attention on data analysis, including data mining processes related to the freight traffic in the cities as well as the routing problems of city logistics fleets.", "keywords": [ "Traffic management", "City logistics", "Context (archaeology)", "Work (physics)", "Transport engineering", "Norwegian", "Business", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.329" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410987870", "doi": "10.1109/iscait64916.2025.11010309", "title": "Smart City Logistics: Leveraging AI for Last-Mile Delivery Efficiency", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Junbo Wang" ], "first_author": "Junbo Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban environments face significant challenges in last-mile delivery, which is a crucial component of logistics. To address these challenges, we introduce a framework called Smart City Logistics, utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance delivery efficiency. The framework optimizes routing and improves resource allocation by analyzing real-time data from multiple sources, including traffic patterns and user preferences. The system employs machine learning algorithms for predictive analytics, enabling it to adjust in response to evolving demand. Furthermore, we investigate the integration of AI with advanced infrastructure, such as smart traffic signals and autonomous delivery drones, fostering a more agile delivery network. Case studies across various cities reveal substantial improvements in both delivery speed and operational costs, showcasing AI’s transformative impact on logistics and its potential for sustainable urban delivery solutions.", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Mile", "Computer science", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iscait64916.2025.11010309" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4226125435", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4060911", "title": "Rich Arc Routing Problem in City Logistics: Models and Solution Algorithms Using a Fluid Queue-Based Time-Dependent Travel Time Representation", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jiawei Lu", "Qinghui Nie", "Monirehalsadat Mahmoudi", "Jishun Ou", "Chongnan Li", "Xuesong Zhou" ], "first_author": "Jiawei Lu", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Arc routing", "Queue", "Arc (geometry)", "Representation (politics)", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Algorithm", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics", "Computer network", "Geometry" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4060911" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4290190600", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4183322", "title": "How to Improve Urban Delivery Routes' Efficiency Considering Cruising for Parking Delays", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Klaas Fiete Krutein", "d giacomo", "Todor Dimitrov", "Anne Goodchild" ], "first_author": "Klaas Fiete Krutein", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Business", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4183322" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3160770372", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202105.0170.v1", "title": "Fuel Cell Drive for Urban Freight Transport in Comparison to Diesel and Battery Electric Drives – a Case Study of the Food Retailing Industry in Berlin", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-10", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "John Kenneth Winkler", "Alexander Grahle", "Anne Magdalene Syré", "Kai Martins-Turner", "Dietmar Göhlich" ], "first_author": "John Kenneth Winkler", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The option of decarbonizing urban freight transport using Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) seems promising.However, there is currently a strong debate whether Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) might be the bettersolution. The question arises as to how a fleet of FCEV influences the operating cost, the Greenhouse Gas(GHG) emissions and primary energy demand in comparison to BEVs and to Internal Combustion EngineVehicle (ICEV). To investigate this, we simulate the urban food retailing as a representative share of urbanfreight transport using a multi-agent transport simulation software. Synthetic routes as well as fleet size andcomposition are determined by solving a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). We compute the operating costsusing a total cost of ownership (Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)) analysis and the use phase emissions as wellas primary energy demand using the Well To Wheel (WTW) approach. While a change to BEV results in 17 -23% higher costs compared to ICEV, using FCEVs leads to 22 - 57% higher costs. Assuming today’s electricitymix, we show a GHG emission reduction of 25% compared to the ICEV base case when using BEV. Currenthydrogen production leads to a GHG reduction of 33% when using FCEV which however cannot be scaled tolarger fleets. Using current electricity in electrolysis will increase GHG emission by 60% compared to the basecase. Assuming 100% renewable electricity for charging and hydrogen production, the reduction from FCEVsrises to 73% and from BEV to 92%. The primary energy requirement for BEV is in all cases lower and forhigher compared to the base case. We conclude that while FCEV have a slightly higher GHG savings potentialwith current hydrogen, BEV are the favored technology for urban freight transport from an economic andecological point of view, considering the increasing shares of renewable energies in the grid mix.", "keywords": [ "Greenhouse gas", "Electric vehicle", "Battery electric vehicle", "Battery (electricity)", "Electricity", "Automotive engineering", "Renewable energy", "Sustainable transport", "Total cost of ownership", "Diesel fuel", "Environmental economics", "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202105.0170/v1/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2556902565", "doi": "10.1109/iscbi.2016.7743262", "title": "Traffic condition estimation for delivery planning in city logistics", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-09-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Teng Suyan", "Zhengjie Li", "Liu Shubin" ], "first_author": "Teng Suyan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In classical Vehicle Routing Problem, algorithms are developed based on travel distance or travel time estimated from an assumed constant travel speed. However, in city logistics, due to a growing amount of traffic and a limited capacity of the road network, travel speed between two locations no longer remains a constant but location and time dependent. In this paper, we propose a framework to visualize the traffic condition at different times and different locations of Singapore through estimating the travel speed between any two locations based on Google traffic data. We first divide Singapore into zones according to the Postal Code System. Then travel speeds within and between zones are estimated by randomly sampling pairs of locations and calculating the travel speed between them. The sample size, estimation accuracy, relationship between average and standard deviation of travel speed and travel distance are studied in details.", "keywords": [ "Travel time", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Standard deviation", "Estimation", "Sample (material)", "City logistics", "Statistics", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iscbi.2016.7743262" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4246685061", "doi": "10.1504/ijlsm.2019.10025134", "title": "Collaborative last-mile delivery and pick-up in city logistics", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Taebok Kim", "Aishwary Bhasker", "Sarada Prasad Sarmah" ], "first_author": "Taebok Kim", "venue": "International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "Collaborative strategy helps city planner and logistics companies to plan for last-mile delivery and pick-up strategy such that it reduces fuel consumption and thus pollution within the city. This paper proposes a mathematical model to evaluate fuel consumption for a routing plan in last-mile delivery (or pick-up) for non-collaborative (or traditional) and collaborative strategy. Comparing both the scenario for last-mile delivery and pick-up, the latter strategy outperforms the former with 19.02% reduction in fuel consumption. Results are also analysed in terms of total carbon emission caused by vehicles of individual companies. Sharing of surplus among the companies due to collaborative strategy is also presented in this study. Furthermore, the paper assesses the implementation of an electric fleet of vehicles in the context of collaborative urban transportation of goods and determines corresponding energy consumption. The results exhibit an improvement of 24.16% in electric vehicles (EVs) in a collaborative scenario compared to diesel vehicles.", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Planner", "Context (archaeology)", "City logistics", "Fuel efficiency", "Plan (archaeology)", "Business", "Mile", "Transport engineering", "Energy consumption", "Consumption (sociology)", "Vehicle routing problem" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijlsm.2019.10025134" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4251420096", "doi": "10.1177/0361198106196400113", "title": "Modeling Impact of Technological Changes on Urban Commercial Trips by Commercial Activity Routing Type", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Miguel Figliozzi" ], "first_author": "Miguel Figliozzi", "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Several noteworthy developments in logistics practice have taken place without an equivalent and comprehensive development in urban freight transportation modeling. Part of the problem is the lack of deep understanding of the workings of distribution processes in relation to the generation of truck traffic. This study emphasizes the role and importance that distribution network size and information and communications technology have on the truck traffic flows that materialize as the supply chain flows over the public infrastructure. A concept is developed of commercial activity routing types that characterize the interplay between transportation demand requests and routing characteristics. This research contributes to the field by proposing a novel and detailed characterization of truck flows in a supply chain context. With well-known, yet simple, models and formulas from vehicle routing, operations research, and management science literature, behavioral insights are derived about distributors’ and carriers’ routing and order-sizing decisions, since routing constraints and second-order effects are important drivers of truck flows. The main contribution is to bring a new commercial activity-routing perspective and a deeper level of operational decision-making analysis to cope with the intricacies of freight transportation modeling.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Context (archaeology)", "Supply chain", "Computer science", "Traffic management", "Demand management", "Order (exchange)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198106196400113" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407129694", "doi": "10.1109/imcom64595.2025.10857539", "title": "Optimizing 3D Flight Paths for Multiple UAVs with Connectivity Management in Urban Delivery Systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yeongmin Lee", "Raihan Muhammad Syahran", "Mael Spangenberger", "Huigyu Yang", "Jiyong Oh", "Hyunseung Choo" ], "first_author": "Yeongmin Lee", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The dynamic deployment of aerial vehicles in urban delivery scenarios demands precise route planning, reliable data links, and efficient use of network infrastructure. Although prior efforts have explored various aspects of unmanned navigation or communication optimization, existing approaches often overlook the combined impact of three-dimensional path selection and robust connectivity maintenance. To address this gap, this paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning framework employing Independent Proximal Policy Optimization (IPPO) to steer the flight paths of unmanned vehicles while curtailing needless interactions with base stations (BSs). By incorporating communication-specific metrics, Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), the proposed system adapts to urban conditions and upholds resilient network links. Comprehensive performance evaluations reveal the potential of the framework to reduce excessive BS connections by up to 82.24%, preserve RSRP levels above -80 dBm, and balance handover frequencies across flight trajectories. These findings affirm the scalability and effectiveness of the method for achieving efficient aerial navigation and consistent communication in urban delivery services.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom64595.2025.10857539" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3092220218", "doi": "10.2112/jcr-si104-061.1", "title": "A Location-Routing Problem with Market Competition for Designing Inland Port Urban Delivery Network", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-10-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xuefeng Wang", "Fang Chun Yang" ], "first_author": "Xuefeng Wang", "venue": "Journal of Coastal Research", "publisher": "Coastal Education and Research Foundation", "abstract": "Wang, X.F. and Yang, F., 2020. A location-routing problem with market competition for designing inland port urban delivery network. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 333–338. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.To effectively design an inland port urban delivery network for a logistics company, a nonlinear integer programming model for the location-routing problem with market competition (LRPMC) is presented. This problem seeks to construct an efficient logistics network to provide flexible and high quality delivery service for customers, so as to minimize operation cost, and maximize market shares. The logistics company can simultaneously provide two flexible delivery services: home delivery and customer pickup, and its market shares captured can be deduced from the patron behavior in competitive market. To solve the model, a hybrid heuristic algorithm combining genetic algorithm and local search is proposed. Based on the computational performances of real-world instance, the results show the proposed model formulation and heuristic approach are effective.", "keywords": [ "Port (circuit theory)", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Competition (biology)", "Heuristic", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2112/jcr-si104-061.1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388596637", "doi": "10.1007/s10732-023-09520-z", "title": "A hybrid variable neighborhood search heuristic for the sustainable time-dependent truck-drone routing problem with rendezvous locations", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-11-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ebrahim Teimoury", "Reza Rashid" ], "first_author": "Ebrahim Teimoury", "venue": "Journal of Heuristics", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Travelling salesman problem", "Rendezvous", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Heuristic", "Vehicle routing problem", "Variable (mathematics)", "Variable neighborhood search", "Operations research", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-023-09520-z" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2094120448", "doi": "10.4018/ijoris.2013100101", "title": "Real-Time Fleet Management and Rerouting in City Logistics", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-10-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vasileios Zeimpekis", "Ioannis E. Minis", "George M. Giaglis", "K. Mamassis" ], "first_author": "Vasileios Zeimpekis", "venue": "International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems", "publisher": "IGI Global", "abstract": "The urban freight distribution is highly susceptible to unexpected events that often occur during delivery, such as delays at customer locations or due to traffic conditions. Such events may lead to inferior customer service, or higher costs, areas in which intelligent real-time fleet management may prove beneficial. In this paper, the authors present such a system that incorporates methods to estimate the expected travel time of a delivery vehicle, combining AVL-based real-time and historical data, with algorithms for efficient vehicle re-routings. The system continuously monitors the delivery process, detects possible delays in real-time, and adjusts the delivery schedule accordingly by suggesting effective re-routing strategies. The authors report results from testing the system via simulation and in a case study, and illustrate the extent of delivery performance improvements that may be achieved through such an approach.", "keywords": [ "Schedule", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Process (computing)", "Service (business)", "Real-time computing", "Fleet management", "Transport engineering", "Travel time", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/ijoris.2013100101" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412883803", "doi": "10.1038/s44333-025-00054-4", "title": "Optimization of a hierarchical hub and satellite network for urban freight on transit", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Meijing Zhang", "Lynette W. Cheah" ], "first_author": "Meijing Zhang", "venue": "npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Growing urban populations drive the demand for urban goods movement, prompting interest in innovative urban logistics solutions. This study explores integrating passenger and freight transport by using public transport—the urban rail network—for parcel deliveries. We propose a three-echelon transit-based freight transport system. Parcels are initially transported by trucks from warehouses to hubs located at train stations. They are then transferred by rail to satellite stations, where smaller vehicles complete final deliveries to end destinations. The research focuses on strategic decisions pertaining to hub and satellite locations and tactical planning for vehicle routing and parcel assignments. To identify optimal satellite locations that minimize vehicle kilometers traveled, we develop an iterative heuristic algorithm. Furthermore, we assess the viability of the approach using real-world parcel delivery and rail network data in Singapore. Findings indicate that leveraging transit can significantly reduce vehicle kilometers traveled, thereby promoting sustainable urban logistics.", "keywords": [ "Transit (satellite)", "Satellite", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Geography", "Engineering", "Public transport", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44333-025-00054-4.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W188318629", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-04630-3_10", "title": "An Environmental Approach to Optimize Urban Freight Transport Systems", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Juan P. Romero", "Juan José Benavente", "José Luis Moura", "Ángel Ibeas", "Borja Alonso" ], "first_author": "Juan P. Romero", "venue": "Advances in intelligent systems and computing", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04630-3_10" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396838761", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-1503-9_4", "title": "Potential of Alternative Technology for Urban Freight—A Case of Dehradun", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bhutani Supriya", "Vaidya Karan", "Prabakaran Dhivya", "Kondapalli Anjana", "Gupta Naina", "Solanki Ghosh", "Sai Sesidhar Vullapu" ], "first_author": "Bhutani Supriya", "venue": "Sustainable civil infrastructures", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1503-9_4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2888126348", "doi": "10.1051/matecconf/201819504010", "title": "Evaluation of urban freight transport operations in Surakarta city", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Budi Yulianto" ], "first_author": "Budi Yulianto", "venue": "MATEC Web of Conferences", "publisher": "EDP Sciences", "abstract": "In an effort to monitor and control the urban freight transport, the Municipal Government of Surakarta City issue a dispensation license for freight vehicles through the inner-city road. Nevertheless, the facts indicate that traffic violations by freight vehicles against the provisions of existing regulations are relatively high and thus have the potential to decrease the level of safety, road service and environmental sustainability. This is due to the weakness of the system of monitoring and the control of urban freight transport is low both in terms of technicality and legality. The research’s aims are to evaluate and improve the current system of monitoring and control of urban freight transport related to the provision of the dispensation license for freight vehicles through the inner-city road in Surakarta City. The analysis results indicate that the percentage of unlicensed urban freight transport is significant in number, and no clarity is associated with licensing dispensation for urban freight transport weighing > 9,000 kg, a significant number of traffic violations, road bearing capacity of freight transport routes do not correspond to the vehicle weight. Various recommendations are proposed for improving the current system of monitoring and of the control of urban freight transport.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "License", "Traffic management", "Business", "Control (management)", "Sustainability", "Service (business)", "Transport system", "Principle of legality", "Enforcement", "Government (linguistics)", "CLARITY" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2018/54/matecconf_icrmce2018_04010.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2889682966", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-13-2396-6_12", "title": "Network Sharing Based Two-Tier Vehicle Routing Optimization of Urban Joint Distribution Under Online Shopping", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Longxiao Li", "Xu Wang", "Yun Jung Lin", "Kaipeng Liu", "Yingjia Tang" ], "first_author": "Longxiao Li", "venue": "Communications in computer and information science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Receipt", "Vehicle routing problem", "Robustness (evolution)", "Joint (building)", "Bike sharing", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Context (archaeology)", "Heuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2396-6_12" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W237302878", "doi": "10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.147", "title": "Non-Collaborative versus Collaborative Last-Mile Delivery in Urban Systems with Stochastic Demands", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Carlos Alberto Vega-Mejía" ], "first_author": "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "venue": "Procedia CIRP", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This paper proposes an approach based on mathematical modeling for tactical and operational decision-making in urban distribution of goods. Collaborative and non-collaborative scenarios are compared using real-data from the city of Bogota, Colombia. Both scenarios are modeled as capacitated vehicle routing problems (CVRP). Results highlight the quantitative benefits that can be achieved when collaborative logistics operations are implemented, represented in transportation costs reduction and service level increase when final demand is uncertain. Although these results might not be surprising, the contribution of this paper is centered in the fact that the impacts of collaboration in urban logistics have not yet been quantified and well understood. This work opens new directions for further research in this field.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Work (physics)", "Last mile (transportation)", "Service (business)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Field (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Mile" ], "cited_by_count": 58, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827115004606/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2514423803", "doi": "10.5821/dissertation-2117-96051", "title": "Improving urban deliveries via collaboration", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-12-22", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mireia Roca-Riu" ], "first_author": "Mireia Roca-Riu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Distribution of goods is essential for the economic development of cities but at the same time it entails several problems to the urban systems and different stakeholders. Carriers spend a significant portion of their cost in the last-mile distribution due to traffic congestion and lack of available loading/unloading facilities. In turn, citizens undergo environmental effects like pollution, noise or space competition. Collaborative transportation is currently one of the major trends in transportation research due to its potential benefits with little need for big infrastructure or costly investments. This thesis deals with three different situations that appear repeatedly in the urban context, which can be improved by means of collaboration among private companies and/or public authorities. The first part of the thesis studies a little-disruptive collaboration approach, which is based on sharing loading/unloading urban facilities via an in-advance booking system, managed by local public authorities. In this context, the Parking Slot Assignment Problem is the mathematical problem that finds assignments of carriers to parking places that satisfy their time windows requests. We propose a feasibility model first, and then four other models with various objective functions that penalize in different ways the deviation from the requested time windows. We propose and compare two different formulations: one with time as a continuous variable and a second one with time discretization. Finally, we evaluate and compare the different proposals with extensive computational experiments in a set of test instances. An intermediate level of collaboration among carriers is studied in the second part of this thesis. Urban areas have high customers density and usually there are shared customers (customers with demand from different carriers in the same time horizon). We propose an innovative problem: the Shared Customer Collaboration Vehicle Routing Problem, where several carriers are willing to collaborate transferring part of the demand of their shared customers, if the overall transportation cost is reduced. A vehicle-based and a load-based formulation are studied, and experimented over a specifically generated instance set. The highest level of collaboration in urban deliveries resorts to Urban Consolidation Centers, which are normally led by public authorities but need the collaboration of carriers for a successful implementation. Urban Consolidation Centers are urban terminals where the load from different carriers is consolidated and then, a unique neutral carrier performs last-mile deliveries. In the third part of the thesis we propose continuous models that analyze the improvement in efficiency of urban distribution with the use of Urban Consolidation Centers under different assumptions. Continuous approximation models are known to produce robust solutions, which are useful to provide guidelines for general cases through sensitive analysis. In the three parts of the thesis, innovative models and approaches are proposed and validated on experiments that use data from real scenarios. La distribució urbana de mercaderies és una activitat essencial pel desenvolupament de les ciutats. Al mateix temps, però, comporta diversos problemes als nuclis urbans i als diferents actors involucrats. Els costos de la distribució urbana resulten una part molt significativa dels costos dels transportistes, especialment a causa de la congestió i la manca de zones de càrrega i descàrrega. Per altre banda, els ciutadans pateixen els efectes de la pol¢lució, el soroll o la competició per l’espai públic. El transport col¢laboratiu és actualment una de les principals tendències de recerca en transport, doncs ofereix beneficis atractius amb poca inversió. Aquesta tesi tracta tres situacions que trobem repetidament en el context urbà, situacions on diverses formes de col¢laboració poden representar una millora, i que consideren tant col¢laboració entre empreses privades com la col·laboració conjunta d’empreses privades amb les administracions. La primera part de la tesi estudia un nivell de col·laboració baix, basat en compartir les zones de càrrega i descàrrega gràcies a un sistema de reserves gestionat per l’administració. En aquest context, sorgeix el Parking Slot Assignment Problem (Problema d’assignació de places de parking), com el problemamatemàtic que assigna transportistes a places de parking satisfent els seus requeriments a través de finestres temporals. En primer lloc proposem un model de factibilitat, i després proposem quatremodelsamb funcions objectius desiguals que penalitzen la desviació de les finestres temporals de formes diferents. Es proposen i comparen dues formulacions: una amb el temps com una variable contínua, i la segona amb discretització temporal. Finalment, s’avaluen i es comparen les diferents propostes a través d’uns extensos experiments computacionals en un conjunt de test basat en dades reals. Un nivell intermedi de col¢laboració entre transportistes s’analitza en la segona part d’aquesta tesi. Les àrees urbanes presenten una alta densitat de clients i és comú trobar clients compartits (és a dir, clients que reben mercaderies a través de diferents transportistes en el mateix interval temporal). Proposem un problema innovador: el Shared Customer Collaboration Vehicle Routing Problem (Problema de rutes de vehicles amb col·laboració de clients compartits), on diferents transportistes estan disposats a col¢laborar transferint part de la demanda dels seus clients compartits, si el cost total de transport es redueix. S’estudien dues formulacions: una basada en els vehicles i una altra basada en la càrrega, i s’experimenta en un conjunt d’instàncies generades. El màxim nivell de col¢laboració en distribució urbana de mercaderies és l’ús de centres de consolidació urbana. Aquests centres estan normalment liderats per l’administració pública però necessiten l’activa col·laboració dels transportistes ", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Competition (biology)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Set (abstract data type)", "Public transport", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Business", "Engineering", "Geography", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/2117/96051/1/TMRR1de1.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2472415461", "doi": null, "title": "Locating City logistics terminal using fuzzy AHP analysis: Case of Belgrade", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Snežana Radoman Tadić", "Slobodan Zečević", "Mladen Dragan Krstić" ], "first_author": "Snežana Radoman Tadić", "venue": "Tehnika", "publisher": "Savez inženjera i tehničara Srbije", "abstract": "City logistics terminal (CLT) location selection affects logistics costs, transportation routes, overall city traffic, planning and development of the city. When selecting CLT location, conflicting goals and interests of all stakeholders (residents, shippers and recipients, transport operators and municipal administration) have to be taken into account. A vast number of economical, infrastructural, socio­political, natural and ecological criteria arise from these different goals and interests, and it is necessary to include them in the CLT location selection process. Because of the restricted resources (time, costs, data bases), majority of these criteria are assessed with linguistic statements, which is not suitable for application of the conventional methods of multi-criteria decision making. Considering that, in this paper a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), as a fuzzy extension of the conventional method of multi-criteria decision making, is used for CLT location selection. The usability of this method is tested on the example of locating CLT in the city of Belgrade.", "keywords": [ "Analytic hierarchy process", "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Fuzzy logic", "City logistics", "Process (computing)", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=0040-21761304707T" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415424785", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2025.111624", "title": "Deep reinforcement learning for drone-assisted truck delivery route optimization in a time-dependent network with time windows", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yong Peng", "Jing Huang", "Dennis Z. Yu", "Ajinkya N. Tanksale", "Pengfei Gu" ], "first_author": "Yong Peng", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Truck", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Traffic congestion", "Markov decision process", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Drone", "Variable neighborhood search" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2025.111624" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285410600", "doi": "10.24200/sci.2022.57342.5191", "title": "A multi-product multi-layer urban freight distribution problem solved using a hybrid metaheuristic procedure", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cristian Giovanny Gómez-Marín", "Conrado Augusto Serna-Urán", "Julián Andrés Zapata-Cortés", "Martín Darío Arango Serna" ], "first_author": "Cristian Giovanny Gómez-Marín", "venue": "Scientia Iranica", "publisher": "Sharif University of Technology", "abstract": "The pick-up and delivery routing problem has received special attention thanks to its application to urban freight distribution processes. However, due to the multiple levels involved in those processes, modeling and analyzing urban distribution networks in urban contexts are complex tasks. As a result, efficient and robust solution methods should be proposed according to the dynamic and uncertain conditions that characterize this type of problems. This article presents a new formulation for the pick-up and delivery problem in a logistics distribution network composed of 3 levels: n: 1: m (n suppliers, 1 urban consolidation center, and m customers). In addition, an algorithm based on GRASP heuristic and 2-opt algorithm was implemented here to find solutions to problem, which were compared with the results of the same algorithm for a two-layer vehicle routing problem in several instances. Thus, the proposed procedure achieved a 22% improvement over such algorithm.", "keywords": [ "GRASP", "City logistics", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Metaheuristic", "Mathematical optimization", "Heuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Transport engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_22681_ea7ab17e3160e60d4e82d744c20a12bf.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3162939322", "doi": "10.3390/su13105357", "title": "The Growth of E-Commerce Due to COVID-19 and the Need for Urban Logistics Centers Using Electric Vehicles: Bratislava Case Study", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tomáš Settey", "Jozef Gnap", "Dominika Beňová", "Michal Pavličko", "Oľga Blažeková" ], "first_author": "Tomáš Settey", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Before the COVID-19 pandemic there had already been an increase in individual shipment transportation including inner-city areas. During the pandemic and implementation of adopted preventive measures, it has increased by more than 100% in some cities. This presents an unsustainable development, particularly in terms of urban environment. The above-mentioned development has accelerated the research related to optimal allocation of logistics centres considering the last-mile distribution. Unfortunately, the theoretical mathematical model that finds an optimal urban logistics centre location based on the matrix of distance, number, and weight of shipments is not applicable in most cities. Therefore, the following research methodology was chosen in accordance with the approved territorial plan. The authors considered those locations in Bratislava—the capital of Slovak Republic—which are designated, or suitable for building up of an urban logistics centre. These localities were afterwards evaluated in a real-world case study employing methods of mathematical programming (linear programming), the nearest neighbour method, and the Clarke-Wright method. The presented methodology can be applied not only when deciding on the appropriate location of the city logistics centre, but also at optimizing the vehicle routing problem. Taking into account the urban logistics sustainability and the e-commerce growth, it was analysed whether the suggested location of urban logistics centre is feasible to provision examined facilities using electric vehicles. The range of considered electric vehicles of N2 category present in the market tends to be at the limits of distribution routes length for the given case study. Therefore, the article also deals with the fast-charging possibilities of vehicles during handling operations and the use of hybrid freight vehicles in city logistics.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Sustainability", "Plan (archaeology)", "Business", "Facility location problem", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Last mile (transportation)", "Operations research", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 66, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/10/5357/pdf?version=1620732230" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3108210269", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2011.14430", "title": "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Crowdsourced Urban Delivery: System States Characterization, Heuristics-guided Action Choice, and Rule-Interposing Integration", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-11-29", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tanvir Ahamed", "Bo Zou", "Nahid Parvez Farazi", "Theja Tulabandhula" ], "first_author": "Tanvir Ahamed", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "This paper investigates the problem of assigning shipping requests to ad hoc couriers in the context of crowdsourced urban delivery. The shipping requests are spatially distributed each with a limited time window between the earliest time for pickup and latest time for delivery. The ad hoc couriers, termed crowdsourcees, also have limited time availability and carrying capacity. We propose a new deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based approach to tackling this assignment problem. A deep Q network (DQN) algorithm is trained which entails two salient features of experience replay and target network that enhance the efficiency, convergence, and stability of DRL training. More importantly, this paper makes three methodological contributions: 1) presenting a comprehensive and novel characterization of crowdshipping system states that encompasses spatial-temporal and capacity information of crowdsourcees and requests; 2) embedding heuristics that leverage the information offered by the state representation and are based on intuitive reasoning to guide specific actions to take, to preserve tractability and enhance efficiency of training; and 3) integrating rule-interposing to prevent repeated visiting of the same routes and node sequences during routing improvement, thereby further enhancing the training efficiency by accelerating learning. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through extensive numerical analysis. The results show the benefits brought by the heuristics-guided action choice and rule-interposing in DRL training, and the superiority of the proposed approach over existing heuristics in both solution quality, time, and scalability. Besides the potential to improve the efficiency of crowdshipping operation planning, the proposed approach also provides a new avenue and generic framework for other problems in the vehicle routing context.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Reinforcement learning", "Action (physics)", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence", "Reinforcement", "Machine learning", "Psychology", "Social psychology" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.14430" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3004584102", "doi": "10.1145/3373724.3373739", "title": "Mobile Robot Routing with Energy Consumption Optimization", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-11-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shudong Liu", "Xiaoli Li", "Shili Xiang", "Min Wu" ], "first_author": "Shudong Liu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "We consider scheduling mobile robots which are used to carry materials for intelligent manufacturing. Battery-powered mobile robots transport materials from warehouse to a set of demand points, and their power varies during a trip as the weight of loads varies whenever unloading some materials at a demand point. In most of literature about vehicle routing problems, researchers only consider minimizing travel distance, without explicitly considering the effect of different loads on the energy consumption, which is critical for many real world applications. To address this problem, we develop an innovative mixed integer linear programming model for scheduling robots with energy consumption optimization. Numerical results show that our model can significantly reduce energy consumption with slightly increased traveling distance, comparing with the traditional routing models which just minimize the total travel distance. The model can also accurately predict the energy consumption of trips in serving demand points, hence increasing the reliability of scheduling and reducing the times of charging. The results demonstrate the importance of considering energy consumption in some scheduling problems where the weight variation of loads cannot be ignored. This optimization model can also be used in other areas, such as city logistics where vehicles are used to deliver goods to customers at different locations in a city.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Energy consumption", "Computer science", "Robot", "Mathematical optimization", "Job shop scheduling", "Mobile robot", "Linear programming", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3373724.3373739" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W334966575", "doi": "10.6092/polito/porto/2596359", "title": "Stochastic programming for City Logistics: new models and methods", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Luca Gobbato" ], "first_author": "Luca Gobbato", "venue": "PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino)", "publisher": "Politecnico di Torino", "abstract": "The need for mobility that emerged in the last decades led to an impressive increase in the number of vehicles as well as to a saturation of transportation infrastructures. Consequently, traffic congestion, accidents, transportation delays, and polluting emissions are some of the most recurrent concerns transportation and city managers have to deal with. However, just building new infrastructures might be not sustainable because of their cost, the land usage, which usually lacks in metropolitan regions, and their negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a different way of improving the performance of transportation systems while enhancing travel safety has to be found in order to make people and good transportation operations more efficient and support their key role in the economic development of either a city or a whole country. The concept of City Logistics (CL) is being developed to answer to this need. Indeed, CL focus on reducing the number of vehicles operating in the city, controlling their dimension and characteristics. CL solutions do not only improve the transportation system but the whole logistics system within an urban area, trying to integrate interests of the several. This global view challenges researchers to develop planning models, methods and decision support tools for the optimization of the structures and the activities of the transportation system. In particular, this leads researchers to the definition of strategic and tactical problems belonging to well-known problem classes, including network design problem, vehicle routing problem (VRP), traveling salesman problem (TSP), bin packing problem (BPP), which typically act as sub-problems of the overall CL system optimization. When long planning horizons are involved, these problems become stochastic and, thus, must explicitly take into account the different sources of uncertainty that can affect the transportation system. Due to these reasons and the large-scale of CL systems, the optimization problems arising in the urban context are very challenging. Their solution requires investigations in mathematical and combinatorial optimization methods as well as the implementation of efficient exact and heuristic algorithms. However, contributions answering these challenges are still limited number. This work contributes in filling this gap in the literature in terms of both modeling framework for new planning problems in CL context and developing new and effective heuristic solving methods for the two-stage formulation of these problems. Three stochastic problems are proposed in the context of CL: the stochastic variable cost and size bin packing problem (SVCSBPP), the multi-handler knapsack problem under uncertainty (MHKPu) and the multi-path traveling salesman problem with stochastic travel times (mpTSPs). The SVCSBPP arises in supply-chain management, in which companies outsource the logistics activities to a third-party logistic firm (3PL). The procurement of sufficient capacity, expressed in terms of vehicles, containers or space in a warehouse for varying periods of time to satisfy the demand plays a crucial role. The SVCSBPP focuses on the relation between a company and its logistics capacity provider and the tactical-planning problem of determining the quantity of capacity units to secure for the next period of activity. The SVCSBPP is the first attempt to introduce a stochastic variant of the variable cost and size bin packing problem (VCSBPP) considering not only the uncertainty on the demand to deliver, but also on the renting cost of the different bins and their availability. A large number of real-life situations can be satisfactorily modeled as a MHKPu, in particular in the last mile delivery. Last mile delivery may involve different sequences of consolidation operations, each handled by different workers with different skill levels and reliability. The improper management of consolidation operations can cause delay in the operations reducing the overall profit of the deliveries. Thus, given a set of potential logistics handlers and a set of items to deliver, characterized by volume and random profit, the MHKPu consists in finding a subset of items which maximizes the expected total profit. The profit is given by the sum of a deterministic profit and a stochastic profit oscillation, with unknown probability distribution, due to the random handling costs of the handlers.The mpTSPs arises mainly in City Logistics applications. Cities offer several services, such as garbage collection, periodic delivery of goods in urban grocery distribution and bike sharing services. These services require the planning of fixed and periodic tours that will be used from one to several weeks. However, the enlarged time horizon as well as strong dynamic changes in travel times due to traffic congestion and other nuisances typical of the urban transportation induce the presence of multiple paths with stochastic travel times. Given a graph characterized by a set of nodes connected by arcs, mpTSPs considers that, for every pair of nodes, multiple paths between the two nodes are present. Each path is characterized by a random travel time. Similarly to the standard TSP, the aim of the problem is to define the Hamiltonian cycle minimizing the expected total cost. These planning problems have been formulated as two-stage integer stochastic programs with recourse. Discretization methods are usually applied to approximate the probability distribution of the random parameters. The resulting approximated program becomes a deterministic linear program with integer decision variables of generally very large dimensions, beyond the reach of exact methods. Therefore, heuristics are required. For the MHKPu, we apply the extreme value theory and derive a deterministic approximation, while for the SVCSBPP and the mpTSPs we introduce effective and accurate heuristics based on the progressive hedging (PH) ideas. The PH mitigates the computation", "keywords": [ "Stochastic programming", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://porto.polito.it/2596359/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394627581", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2024.3381933", "title": "Truck-Drone Hybrid Delivery Routing: A Mathematical Model and Micro- Evolutionary Algorithm", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jiang Bian", "Rui Song", "Shiwei He", "Jushang Chi" ], "first_author": "Jiang Bian", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "This study investigates a Feasibility-assured Mothership System (FAMS) model for truck-drone hybrid delivery. As a mothership system variant, it is considered to be able to bring benefits by using drones for low-cost short distance transportation. Besides, it depicts a scenario aligning closely with the current features of urban delivery services and adopts methods to increase drone utilization. Most importantly, the model addresses potential infeasibility resulting from assumptions in existing relevant literature. In this study, the FAMS is formulated as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model and micro-evolutionary algorithm (MEA), a population-based algorithm that captures the structural characteristics of individuals in order to find high-quality solutions more efficiently, is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The performance of the two proposed crossover operators is analyzed as well. Furthermore, the cost efficiency of the FAMS under numerous situations including different truck-drone unit travel cost ratios and various combinations of drone technical features is confirmed.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Algorithm", "Computer network", "Aerospace engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3381933" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1972731897", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejor.2014.03.003", "title": "The Share-a-Ride Problem: People and parcels sharing taxis", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-03-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Baoxiang Li", "Dmitry Krushinsky", "Hajo Alexander Reijers", "Tom Van Woensel" ], "first_author": "Baoxiang Li", "venue": "European Journal of Operational Research", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Operations research", "Commodity", "Traffic congestion", "Perspective (graphical)", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Marketing", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 277, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/2caa2560-be3d-41b9-9b67-fc665b908d62" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4220828853", "doi": "10.1109/reepe53907.2022.9731380", "title": "Application of the genetic algorithm in urban distribution networks tracking", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "В. А. Агеев", "Konstantin A. Dushutin", "Dmitriy S. Repyev", "Tatiana Yu. Brostilova" ], "first_author": "В. А. Агеев", "venue": "2022 4th International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "An approach to the automated determination of the location of the routes of power transmission lines of urban distribution networks is proposed. The possibility of using the genetic algorithm for solving the problem location adjusting, taking into account bypassing natural and artificial obstacles, is shown. The algorithm is implemented in a software package developed by the authors. On the example of a real city block, the calculation and subsequent adjustment of routes' location of 10 kV power transmission lines were made. It is concluded that the proposed approach can be applied in the design of new and reconstruction of existing urban distribution networks.", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Electric power transmission", "Computer science", "Block (permutation group theory)", "Transmission (telecommunications)", "Software", "Tracking (education)", "Power (physics)", "Algorithm", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Transmission network", "Real-time computing" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/reepe53907.2022.9731380" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2382055843", "doi": null, "title": "City logistics distribution path optimization based on LINGO", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "XU Li-ru" ], "first_author": "XU Li-ru", "venue": "Electronic Design Engineering", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In order to improve the efficiency of city logistics distribution, lower the cost of distribution, to the minimum cost of distribution as the objective, the mathematical model of logistics distribution path optimization problems is established.Because LINGO software can quickly obtain optimal solution for linear programming problem, the optimization LINGO program code to solve the distribution routing problem is written. By the examples, the optimal solution of this problem can quickly and effectively obtain.", "keywords": [ "Mathematical optimization", "Path (computing)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Linear programming", "Software", "Code (set theory)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Order (exchange)", "Mathematics", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GWDZ201322018.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2770017933", "doi": "10.1088/1757-899x/245/1/012015", "title": "Single-tier city logistics model for single product", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-11-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nova Indah Saragih", "Senator Nur Bahagia", "Suprayogi Suprayogi", "Ibnu Syabri" ], "first_author": "Nova Indah Saragih", "venue": "IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "This research develops single-tier city logistics model which consists of suppliers, UCCs, and retailers. The problem that will be answered in this research is how to determine the location of UCCs, to allocate retailers to opened UCCs, to assign suppliers to opened UCCs, to control inventory in the three entities involved, and to determine the route of the vehicles from opened UCCs to retailers. This model has never been developed before. All the decisions will be simultaneously optimized. Characteristic of the demand is probabilistic following a normal distribution, and the number of product is single.", "keywords": [ "Product (mathematics)", "Business", "Computer science", "Process management", "Operations management", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/245/1/012015/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3157438253", "doi": "10.1109/aeees51875.2021.9403218", "title": "Urban Distribution Network Planning Considering Block Loads", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-26", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhen Fang", "Mingqiang Wang", "Jianying Li", "Zhixin Wang" ], "first_author": "Zhen Fang", "venue": "2021 3rd Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban distribution network planning is an important distribution network planning problem which needs to consider the street layout and block loads. Traditionally, the load within a block area is taken as a single load point. In this paper, a new urban distribution network planning model is proposed. The location and sizing of substations, and the routing and capacity of distribution power lines are simultaneously optimized. The load in a block is distributed to the surrounding segments, and then distributed to the adjacent junctions of the segments. The model belongs to a mixed integer linear programming problem and it can be solved by state-of-art commercial solver. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed model are illustrated by case studies.", "keywords": [ "Solver", "Block (permutation group theory)", "Sizing", "Computer science", "Integer programming", "Network planning and design", "Mathematical optimization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Linear programming", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Distributed computing", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/aeees51875.2021.9403218" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2973295073", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-31140-7_1", "title": "Developments in City Logistics - The Path Between Expectations and Reality", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Joachim R. Daduna" ], "first_author": "Joachim R. Daduna", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Computer science", "Context (archaeology)", "Order (exchange)", "Adaptation (eye)", "Service (business)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "City logistics", "Operations research", "Traffic congestion", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31140-7_1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399380189", "doi": "10.1007/s40430-024-05003-9", "title": "Seasonal energy efficiency: a case study of an urban distribution battery electric truck operating in Brazil", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "E. Lima", "Crhistian Raffaelo Baldo", "Calebe Paiva Gomes de Souza" ], "first_author": "E. Lima", "venue": "Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Battery (electricity)", "Automotive engineering", "Environmental science", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Energy (signal processing)", "Engineering", "Power (physics)", "Mathematics", "Statistics", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-024-05003-9" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3115462740", "doi": "10.1080/00207543.2020.1859635", "title": "Ridesharing in urban areas: multi-objective optimisation approach for ride-matching and routeing with commuters’ dynamic mode choice", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-12-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lei Guan", "Jun Feng Pei", "Xinbao Liu", "Zhiping Zhou", "Pãnos M. Pardalos" ], "first_author": "Lei Guan", "venue": "International Journal of Production Research", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "The daily home-office commute of millions of people in crowded cities strains air quality and increases travel time, which motivates the generation of ridesharing. Ridesharing offers many benefits, such as reducing travel costs, congestion, and pollution. Commuter ridesharing is an important theme of urban transportation. This paper studies a ridesharing problem aiming at enlarging the ridesharing market at a limited cost, which enlighten the decision-making problem in city logistics. We establish a novel multi-objective optimisation model based on cumulative prospect theory (CPT) to address the preferred travel mode of commuters. The commuters’ perceived value influences their choice of travel mode. Meanwhile, the perceived value changes with the commuters’ experience of travel mode choice. We give the NP-hardness proof of the ridesharing scheduling problem and develop a heuristic algorithm to solve it in a small-scale scenario. For large-scale problems, a hybrid VNS-NSGAII algorithm combining variable neighbourhood search (VNS) with NSGAII (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) is proposed to generate an approximate optimal Pareto front. A series of computational experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm based on the actual traffic data in Beijing, China.", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Beijing", "Transport engineering", "Pareto principle", "Heuristic", "Operations research", "Variable neighborhood search", "Mode choice", "Mode (computer interface)", "Multi-objective optimization", "Sorting" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1859635" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3040584873", "doi": null, "title": "MyPolisLive.net: A Tool and a Methodology for Optimizing Urban Freight Mobility through Crowdsourcing", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-06-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fotis K. Liotopoulos", "Apostolos Georgiadis", "Vassilis Kalaitzis", "Ann‐Marie Nienaber", "Andrée Woodcock" ], "first_author": "Fotis K. Liotopoulos", "venue": "Pure (Coventry University)", "publisher": "Coventry University", "abstract": "This paper presents a methodology and results from a pilot demonstration for monitoring and optimizing combined citizen and freight mobility in urban envi-ronments through crowdsourcing. The pilot was conducted in the city of Kala-maria (Thessaloniki, Greece), within the H2020/CIVITAS/SUITS project using the web platform MyPolisLive.net; an innovative tool for data collection, pro-cessing, and visualization of urban mobility. The proposed methodology aims to support mobility transformation and deci-sion making through the gathering and processing of crowdsourced floating car data (FCD) of citizen and freight mobility, from which integrated transport plan-ning can take place. The Kalamaria pilot demonstrated that, with proper incentivization, citizens, taxis and logistics companies can provide accurate and adequate data for monitor-ing real-time traffic conditions of a city’s entire road network. By segregating various traffic sources, freight traffic can be inter-correlated with other urban mo-bility patterns. This will enable city authorities tio effectively evaluate the impact of temporary or permanent mobility measures related to freight, e.g. route chang-es, delivery timeframes, loading/unloading zones, reduction of the number of freight trucks delivering within congested areas, etc., thereby resulting in the overall reduction of driven distances and travelling time, as well as improving ur-ban accessibility and speed of distribution of goods.", "keywords": [ "Crowdsourcing", "Transport engineering", "Net (polyhedron)", "Business", "Computer science", "Engineering", "World Wide Web", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/8754e1d8-487b-4186-bb55-6e1d768f30f2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408155680", "doi": "10.47760/ijcsmc.2025.v14i02.008", "title": "Revolutionizing Route Optimization Systems with Artificial Intelligence for a Smarter, Sustainable Logistics Ecosystem", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Khursheed Hussain" ], "first_author": "Khursheed Hussain", "venue": "International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analytics are transforming the logistics industry, enabling more innovative, more efficient, and sustainable transportation solutions. Traditional logistics systems face significant challenges, including inefficient order consolidation, underutilized vehicle capacity, static route planning, and a high environmental impact. These inefficiencies increase operational costs, delivery delays, and elevated carbon emissions, undermining sustainability goals. This study presents a novel AI-driven approach to optimizing route planning and logistics management through reinforcement learning and cloud-based data platforms. The proposed system integrates real-time data from IoT-enabled devices, GPS tracking, traffic analysis, and weather forecasts to dynamically optimize delivery routes. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, the system can anticipate disruptions and make real-time adjustments, leading to a 98% on-time delivery rate and significant reductions in fuel consumption. One of the key innovations of this approach is multi-segment optimization, which allows vehicles to manage multiple deliveries within a single route. This optimization reduces empty truck mileage, improves vehicle utilization and enhances cost efficiency. Additionally, predictive and prescriptive analytics enhance decision-making by forecasting potential delivery delays, enabling proactive interventions. The system's architecture is built on a scalable cloud-native platform, ensuring seamless data integration and high processing capacity for large-scale logistics operations. Interactive dashboards and digital twin technology provide logistics teams with real-time insights and scenario-based simulations, further improving decision-making and operational efficiency. The implementation of AI-driven logistics optimization has demonstrated measurable improvements, including reduction in delivery times, decrease in fuel consumption, and substantial cost savings across operations. Beyond operational efficiency, the proposed AI-powered system significantly contributes to sustainability efforts. By minimizing fuel consumption and optimizing vehicle utilization, it directly supports carbon footprint reduction initiatives in the logistics industry. The adaptability of this system makes it suitable for various logistics networks, from urban delivery fleets to long-haul transportation, enhancing overall supply chain resilience. This research underscores the transformative potential of AI and reinforcement learning in modern logistics. The findings establish a new benchmark for AI-driven logistics operations and open avenues for future enhancements, such as deeper IoT integration, the adoption of autonomous delivery models, and the exploration of quantum computing for further optimization. The study demonstrates that intelligent automation and data-driven decision-making are key to achieving smarter, more sustainable logistics operations in the future.", "keywords": [ "Ecosystem", "Computer science", "Environmental resource management", "Business", "Environmental science", "Ecology", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2025.v14i02.008" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4323906670", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-23721-8_106", "title": "Anticipation of New and Emerging Trends for Sustainable Last-Mile Urban Distribution", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vasco Silva", "António Amaral", "Tânia Fontes" ], "first_author": "Vasco Silva", "venue": "Lecture notes in intelligent transportation and infrastructure", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Anticipation (artificial intelligence)", "Context (archaeology)", "Analytics", "Emerging technologies", "Supply chain", "Crowdsourcing", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering", "Mile" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23721-8_106" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2380107054", "doi": null, "title": "Adaptability of the City Logistics Development Planning in Medium or Small Cities", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wei Li", "Jinkai Wang" ], "first_author": "Wei Li", "venue": "Journal of Tongji University", "publisher": "Science Press", "abstract": "Based on the practice of Taixing city's logistics planning,a modification of planning technique flow is made,which gives prominence to the system exterior uncertainties and strategic route choices.Finally,the targets and some commercial plans based on Scenic Planning ideas are brought forward to balance the government purpose and practical situation.", "keywords": [ "Adaptability", "Balance (ability)", "Business", "Government (linguistics)", "Process management", "Urban planning", "Strategic planning", "Environmental planning", "Comprehensive planning", "Engineering management", "Operations management", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-TJDZ200606008.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414800634", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejor.2025.08.016", "title": "A two-step large neighborhood search for a collaborative two-tier city logistics system", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Johannes Gückel", "Teodor Gabriel Crainic", "Pirmin Fontaine" ], "first_author": "Johannes Gückel", "venue": "European Journal of Operational Research", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The rapid transport of freight is an essential feature of modern societies and an enabling factor for economic trade and growth. Nevertheless, the negative impact of freight transportation in urban areas poses challenges for Logistics Service Providers (LSPs) as well as for municipalities. In this context, a centrally coordinated Two-Tier City Logistics System (2T-CLS), in which LSPs voluntarily agree to collaborate with each other, has the potential to reduce both economic and environmental impact costs. In order to plan such a system, it is important not only to make efficient use of the resources provided but also to have a mechanism that allocates the costs incurred to the individual LSPs. We introduce a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) formulation for the tactical planning of a 2T-CLS involving multiple LSPs that share their resources and customer demands. This MILP comprises a service network design formulation on the first tier and a vehicle routing problem formulation on the second tier, which are connected with each other. To address larger instances, we introduce an Integrative Two-Step Large Neighborhood Search with adaptive components that integrates first and second-tier decisions. In order not only to minimize the costs incurred but also to distribute them fairly, we investigate different problem-specific proportional methods, as well as more advanced game theoretical methods. Numerical experiments show that collaboration leads to average cost savings of 26.91%, which primarily stems from first-tier collaboration.", "keywords": [ "Order (exchange)", "Service (business)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Plan (archaeology)", "Network planning and design", "City logistics", "Vehicle routing problem", "Service provider", "Humanitarian Logistics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2025.08.016" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4298001168", "doi": "10.22306/al.v9i3.316", "title": "IMPACT ANALYSIS OF URBAN FREIGHT TRIPS GENERATED FROM WHOLESALE MARKET, AHMEDABAD", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jignesh Chaudhari", "Rena N. Shukla", "Chetan R. Patel" ], "first_author": "Jignesh Chaudhari", "venue": "Acta Logistica", "publisher": "4S go, s.r.o.", "abstract": "Freight transport plays an important role in meeting the domestic needs of the city's inhabitants. But when freight vehicles come into contact with city traffic, it has a negative impact on urban routes, such as extra traffic congestion, noise pollution, air pollution, etc. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of freight transport on the overall traffic of the city. A case study of the wholesale market of Ahmedabad has been considered as a study area. The freight trip models based on the trips attracted and produced by the market are developed on the basis of data collected from establishment surveys and freight vehicle driver surveys. Both the models developed in this study, FTA (Freight Trip Attraction) and FTP (Freight Trip Production), have R Square values of 0.799 and 0.715, respectively. The volume of freight vehicles contributing to the overall traffic flow is also measured by the traffic volume study. Through the data analysis and identification of the impact of freight transportation on city traffic, remedial measures are discussed to reduce the impact of freight transportation.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Truck", "TRIPS architecture", "Traffic management", "Trip generation", "Traffic volume", "Business", "Traffic congestion", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Noise pollution", "Engineering", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.22306/al.v9i3.316" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2112244030", "doi": "10.1007/s12544-011-0051-8", "title": "Assessing the value of information for retail distribution of perishable goods", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-05-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marta Flamini", "Marialisa Nigro", "Dario Pacciarelli" ], "first_author": "Marta Flamini", "venue": "European Transport Research Review", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "This paper addresses quantitative methods for estimating the value of information from ITS in urban freight distribution. A real-life application on the retail distribution of perishable goods is considered. The problem is formulated as a vehicle routing problem with soft time windows and time-dependent travel times, and solved by using information affected by different degrees of detail and reliability. The practical performance of these solutions is then evaluated by simulation, to assess the joint benefit of using more reliable and detailed information with different solution algorithms.", "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Value (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Travel time", "Value of information", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 25, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://etrr.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s12544-011-0051-8" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127158530", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.104723", "title": "The logistics vehicle charging station location selection and routing problem with partial recharging and shared fleets", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yong Wang", "Shiqi Zhang", "Jing Liu", "Yuanhan Wei", "Haizhong Wang" ], "first_author": "Yong Wang", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Charging station", "Cluster analysis", "Particle swarm optimization", "Electric vehicle", "Genetic algorithm", "Energy consumption", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Sorting", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 12, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.104723" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W92342786", "doi": null, "title": "Stakeholder requirements affecting urban freight transportation to and from construction sites in the city", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maria Landqvist", "Anna Rowland" ], "first_author": "Maria Landqvist", "venue": "Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)", "publisher": "Chalmers University of Technology", "abstract": "Due to the great urbanization during the last centuries urban freight transportation has become increasingly important in order to solve the complexities arising when performing construction work in densified cities. When building in urban areas different types of stakeholders express a wide variety of requirements due to the urban freight transportation. A common transformation of modern cities has been coastal areas developing from heavy industrial focus into residential, livable cities. Thereby, urban areas are adapting due to sustainable premises such as in Västra Hamnen in Malmö, Norra Djurgårdsstaden and Hammarby Sjöstad in Stockholm, but also in RegionCity, belonging to the future project Älvstaden in Gothenburg.\\nHence it is necessary to support the urban development and manage the enhanced population in the cities where accessibility and transport conditions are restricted. Therefore, the purpose of this master’s thesis is to identify stakeholders and their respective requirements related to construction projects in residential areas. When mapping the stakeholders and requirements relating to urban freight transportation to and from the construction site, it might be possible to facilitate logistical transport solutions in the densified city. Thereby, the number of stakeholder requirements appearing too late in the construction process might be minimized.\\nBy combining theoretical findings within urban freight transportation and choosing interview respondents belonging to the different categories of academia, governmental as well as business, it was possible to take different objectives and agendas into account. Due to the different interviewee segments, it became clear that each category had different insights and viewpoints. The academia emphasized research relating to for example efficient route planning, the governmental respondents highlighted social benefits enabling livable urban areas for the entire society and the interviewees belonging to the business segment most often had an agenda relating to monetary goals.\\nWhen identifying the different stakeholders associated to urban freight transportation at the construction site as well as their respective requirements belonging to the three pillars of sustainability, different matrices were established with the help of an analysis model. Thereby, the stakeholders identified as shipper, freight transport operator, customer, authorities as well as additional stakeholders were clearly stated, with most of the actors belonging to the shipper or authority segment. When further segmenting the different stakeholder requirements according to when these appear during the construction process, most of the demands appear during the actual construction process. However, the authorities might state their requirements already during the pre-construction phase, while the customers on the other hand state their requirements during the post-construction-phase.", "keywords": [ "Stakeholder", "Viewpoints", "Urbanization", "Environmental planning", "Work (physics)", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Urban planning", "Population", "Process (computing)", "Civil engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://studentarbeten.chalmers.se/publication/205741-stakeholder-requirements-affecting-urban-freight-transportation-to-and-from-construction-sites-in-th" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4214720713", "doi": "10.1002/net.22093", "title": "Preface: Special issue on the future of city logistics and urban mobility", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-26", "type": "editorial", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mor Kaspi", "Tal Raviv", "Marlin Wolf Ulmer" ], "first_author": "Mor Kaspi", "venue": "Networks", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "This special issue of Networks focuses on recent and forthcoming trends in city logistics and urban mobility. Specifically, new business models and services are enabled due to technological advancements in information technology, vehicle autonomy and connectivity, vehicle electrification, payment methodologies, and clearing solutions. Notable trending topics include: drones and autonomous ground vehicles, physical internet for parcel and cargo delivery, electric vehicles and micromobility, ride-sharing and ride-hailing, crowd shipping and the gig economy, same-day delivery of goods and meals, collaborated transportation, and brokering. We have invited and received a broad range of operational research papers that study these topics for this special issue. In what follows, we briefly describe the seven research papers included in this issue, covering a wide range of trending topics. To these papers, we have added a survey paper that provides an overview of future directions for research in urban mobility and city logistics 4. In particular, the survey focuses on three main developments: vehicle autonomy, crowdsourced logistics, and urban micro-consolidation centers. Abbaas and Ventura 1 study the continuous deviation-flow refueling station location problem on a general network that arises in the context of alternative fuels. They propose an exact algorithm that determines the endpoints of all refueling segments on each edge of the network that cover the corresponding origin-destination flows. This set of endpoints is used in a set covering model to locate multiple refueling stations under the assumption that every vehicle only refuels once on each way of its round trip. A numerical experiment illustrates the performance of the proposed methodology. Arrieta–Prieto et al. 2 formulate the last-mile delivery problem assisted by urban micro-consolidation centers as a mixed-integer quadratically-constrained program (MIQCP) and develop a greedy heuristic solution, inspired by decomposition algorithms for large-scale optimization. Simulation results and a case study in Manhattan (NY, USA) demonstrate that the proposed heuristic can provide good results with respect to the exact solution and can be used for freight-efficient urban design and policy planning. Haferkamp and Ehmke 3 study demand and fulfillment control policies in ride-sharing systems. They classify the existing policies in the literature and explore the effectiveness of such policies under varying conditions in order to identify benefits and risks for ride-sharing systems. For this purpose, the authors define policies that differ in the optimization of demand and/or fulfillment control through the exploitation of either confirmed or complete information. Experimental results demonstrate that demand and fulfillment control have different effects on ride-sharing systems' performance and service quality. Le et al. 5 analyze the impact of optimized coordination between autonomous vehicles and traffic-light controlled intersections. To this end, they develop a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model based on a microscopic traffic model with centrally controlled autonomous vehicles and they incorporate traffic-light switching regulations. Their model allows an estimation of the maximum performance gains due to improved communication and serves as a benchmark for decentralized approaches. An evaluation of the numerical results with a traffic simulation tool shows that performance indicators such as time, energy, and emissions can be reduced significantly compared to simulated real-world traffic. In addition, the authors evaluate the performance of a moving horizon approach which exposes the trade-off between performance and real-time feasibility. Ostermeier et al. 6 present an approach to cost-optimal routing of a truck-and-robot system for last-mile deliveries with time windows. Their solution algorithm is based on a combination of a neighborhood search with cost-specific priority rules and search operators for the truck routing. An exact solution approach and a heuristic approach are proposed for the robot scheduling sub-problem. The numerical experiments show that the approach can reduce last-mile delivery costs significantly. In particular, a case study indicates that the truck-and-robot concept reduces last-mile costs by up to 68%, compared to truck-only delivery. Finally, a sensitivity analysis provides managerial insights regarding the setting in which truck-and-robot deliveries can efficiently be used in the delivery industry. Rosenfeld 7 studies a retrieval problem arising in puzzle-based storage systems. The problem consists of a general number of loads to be retrieved and arbitrary numbers of I/O points and empty locations on a two-dimensional lattice graph. The author analyzes the theoretical characteristics of the problem and proposes a set of graph search algorithms to tackle these characteristics. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can optimally solve moderate-sized puzzle-based storage problems using a limited amount of memory and in a reasonable amount of time. Voigt and Kuhn 8 consider a parcel delivery service that ships parcels from pickup to delivery points using regular drivers and occasional drivers where drivers can hand over or collect parcels at predefined transshipment points. The company seeks to minimize the overall costs that arise from the total distance traveled by regular drivers and the compensation paid to occasional drivers. The authors model the pickup and delivery problem with transshipments and occasional drivers (PDPTOD) as a mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem. They develop a specialized heuristic approach based on an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS). The numerical study reveals the impact of the number and location of transshipment points on the cost advantages achieved by integrating occasional drivers into the delivery process. It also shows that the cos", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Payment", "The Internet", "Engineering", "Geography", "World Wide Web" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/net.22093" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2021119385", "doi": "10.3141/2049-19", "title": "Collecting Commercial Vehicle Tour Data with Passive Global Positioning System Technology", "year": 2008, "publication_date": "2008-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stephen P. Greaves", "Miguel Figliozzi" ], "first_author": "Stephen P. Greaves", "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "The assessment of strategies designed to manage the continued growth in road-based freight and associated externalities has been hampered by a paucity of disaggregate data on commercial vehicle movements. When disaggregated data are available, the analysis of commercial vehicle route and trip chain structure can provide insightful information about urban commercial vehicle tours, travel patterns, and congestion levels. Over the past 15 years, the ability to collect detailed travel information has been expanded by developments in global positioning system (GPS) technology. In mid-2006, a GPS survey of commercial vehicles was piloted in Melbourne, Australia, to support a major update of freight data and modeling capabilities in the metropolitan region. The survey used passive GPS methods in which the truck driver's involvement in the data collection effort was minimal. The contributions of this research to the field of urban freight data collection were fourfold: (a) describing implementation issues with the data collection, (b) detailing the algorithms used to process the raw GPS data into meaningful travel and trip information, (c) presenting a discussion of pilot survey data tour results, and (d) discussing potential uses and limitations of GPS technology in urban freight modeling and planning. Despite processing challenges, GPS provides an appealing method to enrich commercial vehicle data collection and enhance our understanding of on-road behavior. Because increasing numbers of commercial vehicles become equipped with GPS receivers, only privacy concerns remain as a major barrier to gathering and using such data on a widespread basis in the future.", "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Data collection", "Transport engineering", "Truck", "Metropolitan area", "Computer science", "Raw data", "Engineering", "Geography", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 97, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3141/2049-19" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400654970", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2024.03.054", "title": "Electrifying an urban delivery fleet: a case study", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cayla Janse van Rensburg", "Johan W. Joubert" ], "first_author": "Cayla Janse van Rensburg", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "When carriers consider electrifying their delivery fleets, it is not only a societal and moral obligation, given road traffic's impact on emissions. It has also become an economic consideration as sustainability metrics can result in investment, and the life-cycle cost of electric vehicles is becoming more attractive. In this paper, we report on an actual case of a South African pharmaceutical company considering replacing and electrifying its current delivery fleet. The paper uses an agent-based simulation approach that models each delivery vehicle on an existing road network. Each vehicle's emissions characteristics are known, and its spatiotemporal movement results from solving a variant of the well-known routing problem. Vehicle movements are coupled with a detailed database of emissions factors to estimate the total emissions per vehicle per link, which can then be aggregated to any required level. The results show that electrifying an entire fleet may not be viable initially, suggesting a hybrid fleet as a more practical intervention in the foreseeable future.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2024.03.054" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2951988872", "doi": "10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch004", "title": "Considerations on Set Partitioning and Set Covering Models for Solving the 2E-CVRP in City Logistics", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gonzalez-Feliu, Jesus" ], "first_author": "Gonzalez-Feliu, Jesus", "venue": "Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series", "publisher": "Routledge", "abstract": "This chapter proposes a position viewpoint, discussion, and analysis of various aspects of solving 2E-CVRP problems via exact methods, more precisely the use of set partitioning formulations (and consequently set covering ones), as well as column generation to produce bounds and feed branch-and-prize approaches. After an overview of the main exact methods used to solve 2E-CVRP approaches, the author defines the main notions and variables to model the problem via set covering and set partitioning models. Then the paper presents two methods to generate bounds via column generation: the first is a decomposition approach in which first-echelon and second-echelon routes are generated separately, without any relation, and the second generate sets of linked first-echelon and second-echelon routes. The main implications and considerations of those methods are addressed. Finally, main issues regarding the suitability of exact methods for vehicle routing in city logistics are presented.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Set (abstract data type)", "Column generation", "Decomposition", "Position (finance)", "Mathematical optimization", "Column (typography)", "Computer science", "Relation (database)", "Mathematics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch004" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4362474220", "doi": "10.3390/futuretransp3020024", "title": "Last-Mile Logistics Network Design under E-Cargo Bikes", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-03-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eleni Papaioannou", "Christina A. Iliopoulou", "Konstantinos L. Kepaptsoglou" ], "first_author": "Eleni Papaioannou", "venue": "Future Transportation", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "E-cargo bikes, i.e., electric bicycles equipped with baskets for transporting goods, are perceived as an advantageous solution for urban last-mile logistics. Particularly for short distances and low volumes of goods, the use of e-cargo bikes is ideal in urban areas where access of conventional cars may be prohibited. In this context, this study presents an e-cargo bike routing model for urban deliveries. The problem is formulated as a Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP), which takes several aspects into account, such as restrictions on bicycle capacity, road grade and workload balancing. A mathematical model is constructed to solve the problem, and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied. Results on a case study in Athens, Greece are presented and analyzed, highlighting the applicability of the model in real-world operations, yielding reasonable results in short computational times.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Last mile (transportation)", "City logistics", "Context (archaeology)", "Transport engineering", "Workload", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Mile", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 34, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7590/3/2/24/pdf?version=1680256008" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416822771", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2025.104541", "title": "Strategic design of parcel locker networks for urban delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ali Sabzevari Zadeh", "Iman Dayarian", "Mahdi Bashiri" ], "first_author": "Ali Sabzevari Zadeh", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Network planning and design", "Context (archaeology)", "Software deployment", "Strategic planning", "Variable (mathematics)", "Service (business)", "Strategic design", "Operational planning", "Flow network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/235532/1/Parcel_Locker_LRP.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2565707879", "doi": "10.2172/1311404", "title": "Plug-In Hybrid Urban Delivery Truck Technology Demonstration", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-07-31", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Matt Miyasato", "Joseph Impllitti", "Pascal Amar" ], "first_author": "Matt Miyasato", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The I-710 and CA-60 highways are key transportation corridors in the Southern California region that are heavily used on a daily basis by heavy duty drayage trucks that transport the cargo from the ports to the inland transportation terminals. These terminals, which include store/warehouses, inland-railways, are anywhere from 5 to 50 miles in distance from the ports. The concentrated operation of these drayage vehicles in these corridors has had and will continue to have a significant impact on the air quality in this region whereby significantly impacting the quality of life in the communities surrounding these corridors. To reduce these negative impacts it is critical that zero and near-zero emission technologies be developed and deployed in the region. A potential local market size of up to 46,000 trucks exists in the South Coast Air Basin, based on near- dock drayage trucks and trucks operating on the I-710 freeway. The South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) — the agencies responsible for preparing the State Implementation Plan required under the federal Clean Air Act — have stated that to attain federal air quality standards the region will need to transition to broad use of zero and near zero emission energy sources in cars, trucks and other equipment (Southern California Association of Governments et al, 2011). SCAQMD partnered with Volvo Trucks to develop, build and demonstrate a prototype Class 8 heavy-duty plug-in hybrid drayage truck with significantly reduced emissions and fuel use. Volvo’s approach leveraged the group’s global knowledge and experience in designing and deploying electromobility products. The proprietary hybrid driveline selected for this proof of concept was integrated with multiple enhancements to the complete vehicle in order to maximize the emission and energy impact of electrification. A detailed review of all technologies included in the demonstrator is presented in this report. The project was completed in July 2015 with a final demonstration of the concept vehicle on a simulated drayage route around Volvo’s North American headquarters in Greensboro, NC. The route included all traffic conditions typical of drayage operation in Southern California as well as geofences defined to showcase the zero emission capabilities of the truck. The demonstrator successfully completed four consecutive trips with a gross combined vehicle weight of 44,000 lb., covering approximately 2 miles out of a total distance of 9 miles per trip in the Zero Emission (ZE) geofence. This vehicle is expected to use approximately 30% less fuel than a typical drayage truck in daily operation, and it is designed to allow full electric operation whenever operating in a marine terminal in the ports of Los Angeles / Long Beach. A paper study on the feasibility of expanding the capabilities of the plug-in hybrid concept developed as part of this project was also delivered as an addendum to the regular progress reports.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Air quality index", "Transport engineering", "Heavy duty", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Geography", "Meteorology", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1311404" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2467555928", "doi": null, "title": "Urban freight distribution: Assessing time efficiency of daily activities for future development of medium-duty electric vehicles", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anders Levandi", "Jimmy Mårdberg" ], "first_author": "Anders Levandi", "venue": "Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)", "publisher": "Chalmers University of Technology", "abstract": "The increasing amount of goods required by the intense urbanization has triggered\\na considerable growth of urban distribution. To meet the increased demand, this\\nMaster’s thesis seeks to map and quantify the duration of activities that take place\\nin a typical urban distribution tour for medium-duty trucks, and identify potential\\nactions to enhance the time efficiency of these activities. Thereafter, the aforementioned\\nfindings are combined with a research in the advancements of all-electric\\nvehicles to see if their characteristics fit with the existing demands in urban freight\\ndistribution.\\nThe methods used for data collection involved both field and desk research. Primary\\ndata was collected through a time study with Company X’s truck drivers. The time\\nstudy was supplemented by distribution route tracking and interviews with 17 different\\nparticipants. The interviewees consisted of operational and managerial level\\nparticipants from Company X, and experts in the electric driveline technology. Additionally,\\nsecondary data was gathered through a revision of Volvo Group Truck\\nTechnology’s internal documents.\\n31 work related activities for truck drivers were identified and classified into six\\ncategories. The categorization was based on the location where the activity took\\nplace. Observations envisage that there are notable time differences among the activities.\\nDriving and breaks accounted for the vast majority of the truck driver’s\\ntime consumption (44.5 percent). 15 improvement initiatives were proposed to enhance\\ntruck drivers’ safety and increase time efficiency in urban distribution. In\\naddition, the average driving distance was 63.9 km. The research revealed that\\nexisting electric powertrain technology is able to address the transport operators’\\ndistribution demands in the Gothenburg area. As of today, no major infrastructural\\nchanges are necessary to utilize all-electric fleets.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Powertrain", "Fuel efficiency", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Desk", "Work (physics)", "Urbanization", "Consumption (sociology)", "Engineering", "Business", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://studentarbeten.chalmers.se/publication/238964-urban-freight-distribution-assessing-time-efficiency-of-daily-activities-for-future-development-of-m" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4311043374", "doi": "10.31098/cset.v2i2.586", "title": "Optimization Modeling of Urban Freight Transportation Network by Using a Metaheuristic Approach, Genetic Local Search Procedure", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-11-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "I Made Suraharta", "I Made Suartika", "Ade Sjafruddin", "Russ Bona Frazila" ], "first_author": "I Made Suraharta", "venue": "RSF Conference Series Engineering and Technology", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Creating a transportation network that reduces the cost of urban freight is highly challenging. Freight route is determined by the amount of congestion generated by the vehicle type. Furthermore, it must compete with other users to locate the optimal path for their traffic on the city's restricted road network infrastructure system. Freight network routing begins with identifying and determining the optimum route. The freight network is optimized by introducing a heavy traffic restriction mechanism in metropolitan areas, and an attempt is made to propose a set of routes as a set of freight traffic modes. The primary goal of freight routing in this research is making a freight network model optimization to find a set of freight routing by optimizing (efficiency) trip prices due to limited road infrastructure and the difficulties of constructing road infrastructure in metropolitan areas. Therefore, selecting a group of routes as the journey of the commodities is a realistic alternative to minimizing costs. The problem of route selection is one of combinatorial optimization. The challenge is to narrow the pool of action options to a set of recommended actions. Due to vehicle characteristics and traffic flow, route selection carefully considers vehicle behavior. A two-level mathematical model that was created by formulating route options served as the framework for the research. The combination of chosen routes is maximized using a genetic algorithm such as a Genetic Local Search. The model is examined via its application to a fictitious network. The result converges to the target value of 246,311.9 IDR. It shows that the model satisfies the convergence condition of producing in 0.76 seconds. As a result, a model with a genetic local search technique that can search more effectively in the city's freight network's ideal path is created. The GLS combinatorial optimization model shows us it could find the best set of urban freight networks with the best performance. This is consistent with Yamada et al. GLS methods perform well in solving combinatorial problems.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Genetic algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Flow network", "Set (abstract data type)", "Metaheuristic", "Traffic congestion", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Path (computing)", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://proceeding.researchsynergypress.com/index.php/cset/article/download/586/703" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3017223603", "doi": "10.1063/5.0000623", "title": "Literature review of city logistics: Classification of studies and dominant factors in developing countries", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ary Arvianto", "Bertha Maya Sopha", "Anna Maria Sri Asih", "Muhammad Ali Imron" ], "first_author": "Ary Arvianto", "venue": "AIP conference proceedings", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "abstract": "Developed countries dominate the city logistics literature, which discusses the real cases that occur, and the numbers of cases have significantly increased over time. One hand, it is argued that the city characteristics in developed countries differ from those in developing countries. Different characteristics generate different problems and also a different approach to problem-solving. This paper provides practices of city logistics in developing countries. The purpose of the present study is to identify typical city logistics problems and the dominant factors of city logistics practices in developing countries. This paper describes literature-based research that has sought to understand the practices of city logistics in developing countries. The literature review process used a bibliometric analysis and followed by a systematic literature review to organize 132 papers relating to the concept and the practice of city logistics. We identify the typical problems or subjects of city logistics that emerged in developing countries are related to transportation networks, routing, loading and unloading systems, and collaborative planning. Meanwhile, several factors that are often considered in city logistics in developing countries are transportation network, dense of the urban area, the scale of distribution, service level, and the mission of administrator.", "keywords": [ "Developing country", "City logistics", "Business", "Service (business)", "Process (computing)", "Developed country", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Traffic management", "Transport engineering", "Vehicle routing problem", "Regional science", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000623" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413393136", "doi": "10.1109/isbdas64762.2025.11116813", "title": "Bayesian Optimization for Adaptive Network Reconfiguration in Urban Delivery Systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Junbo Wang" ], "first_author": "Junbo Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban delivery systems face numerous challenges due to fluctuating demand and dynamic traffic conditions, necessitating efficient route management for improved performance. We introduce a Bayesian Optimization framework designed for adaptive network reconfiguration in such environments. The method leverages Bayesian inference to model complex interactions within urban settings, allowing for real-time updates to delivery network configurations as conditions change. By integrating real-time data, this framework optimizes delivery routes, enhancing both efficiency and reliability. Experiments conducted in simulated urban delivery scenarios demonstrate notable advancements in performance metrics, highlighting improved time efficiency and resource utilization. The study showcases the potential of Bayesian optimization in making informed, effective decisions in real-world delivery logistics, paving the way for progress in smart urban transport systems.", "keywords": [ "Control reconfiguration", "Computer science", "Bayesian network", "Bayesian optimization", "Bayesian probability", "Distributed computing", "Artificial intelligence", "Embedded system" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/isbdas64762.2025.11116813" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3110085676", "doi": "10.1109/fists46898.2020.9264848", "title": "A Contemporary Approach for Visualizing Temporal and Spatial Urban Freight Movement by Leveraging Mobility Portal Data", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-11-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eren Yuksel", "Robert L. Bertini", "Nikhil Menon", "Seckin Ozkul", "Brian M. Staes" ], "first_author": "Eren Yuksel", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Analyzing and visualizing traffic data in order to better understand congestion trends, safety concerns, goods movement and capacity needs is a pressing need. Broadly speaking, there is a large amount of traffic data available today, including volume, lane occupancy, speed, and travel time, which can be used to manage transportation networks, provide traveler information and produce performance measures. This broadly disseminated data almost always treats all vehicles alike, without discriminating between trucks and passenger cars. Since trucks are critical and growing components of freeway traffic, monitoring and tracking their dynamics can reveal the impacts of freight movement on current freeway operations and over time will uncover trends useful for future planning and management. This study takes advantage of a unique data stream available for the freeway network of Portland, Oregon, USA. In addition to providing continuous vehicle count, speed and lane occupancies at 20-second intervals at more than 500 stations (1,300 individual detectors), the Portland system reports volume bins at 4 length-based classifications. (60 ft). Given that most vehicle classification studies are done over very short time intervals at an extremely limited number of locations, this nonstop data stream enables unprecedented insight into where and when trucks are traveling on Portland's freeways and a wealth of opportunities for performance measurement and diagnosis of their impacts. The objective of this paper is to exploit this new data stream and explore new visualization techniques that depict truck volume, truck percentage and volume-weighted average vehicle speeds along Portland's Interstate 5 corridor, an important north-south freight route between the Canada and Mexico borders. Results confirm the merit in analyzing and tracking truck volumes, proportions, and other dynamics for traffic management, information and modeling. The results of this study and the techniques employed here can be used to better understand and visualize freight movement dynamics on a continuous basis.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Real-time data", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/fists46898.2020.9264848" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2954407244", "doi": "10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch003", "title": "Two-Echelon Location-Routing and Vehicle Routing Problems in City Logistics", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gonzalez-Feliu, Jesus" ], "first_author": "Gonzalez-Feliu, Jesus", "venue": "Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series", "publisher": "Routledge", "abstract": "This chapter presents the main notions of two-echelon vehicle routing (2E-VRP) in relation to city logistics. After introducing vehicle routing and the main single-echelon problems and variants, the two-echelon version is presented and two different models proposed: one based on commodity flow and the other on vehicle flow modelling). Several instances are solved with those models and the results are compared and discussed. That comparison illustrates the difficulty of using this type of models to obtain results to that problem, and motivates the need of developing suitable algorithms. For that reason, an overview of heuristic methods to solve two-echelon vehicle routing problems is made, as well as an introduction of other related problems which are similar and interesting, relating in all cases the presented methods and problems to city logistics needs and goals.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "City logistics", "Relation (database)", "Mathematical optimization", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch003" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400853290", "doi": "10.24200/sci.2024.60734.6963", "title": "Time-dependent sustainable vehicle routing problem in city logistics", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mehrdad Mirzabaghi", "Fariborz Jolai", "Jafar Razmi", "Reza R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam" ], "first_author": "Mehrdad Mirzabaghi", "venue": "Scientia Iranica", "publisher": "Sharif University of Technology", "abstract": "In this paper the time-dependent sustainable vehicle routing problem is introduced as one of the less studied areas of VRP. Different challenges in city logistics including traffic congestion, path flexibility, and heterogeneous vehicles are also considered. The purpose of the problem is designing the service routes and determining optimal departure time from depot in a way that on the one hand, the amount of fuel consumed is minimized, and on the other hand, the workload of different drivers is balanced for more job satisfaction. Fuel consumption is a function of travelled distance, speed, load, and vehicle characteristics. The problem is formulated as a bi-objective MILP model and solved using augmented epsilon constraint method. To solve large-sized instances, two meta-heuristic algorithms based on genetic and fireworks algorithms are developed. In order to increase the efficiency of these algorithms, a clustering based heuristic method is proposed to generate good initial solutions. Numerical tests represent a better performance of the fireworks algorithm. Results show that striking workload balance among drivers has negligible effects on increment of fuel consumption. Also, optimization of departure time and stopping at the depot during rush hours has a considerable impact on the total fuel consumed.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Business", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/sci.2024.60734.6963" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3196387838", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-68655-0_27", "title": "A Drone System for Detecting, Classifying and Monitoring Solid Wastes Using Computer Vision Techniques in the Context of a Smart Cities Logistics Systems", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Adrian Ramirez-Lopez", "Alberto Cortes-González", "Gilberto Ochoa‐Ruiz", "Alberto Ochoa", "Lina María Aguilar-Lobo", "Diego Moreno-Jacobo", "Christian Mata" ], "first_author": "Adrian Ramirez-Lopez", "venue": "Lecture notes in intelligent transportation and infrastructure", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Context (archaeology)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer security", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68655-0_27" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127999426", "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2026.105237", "title": "Impact of electric vehicle subsidies on a mixed urban delivery fleet", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yongling Gao", "Qiao Yuan", "Meng Xu", "Yan Jiang", "Taesu Cheong", "Chi Xie" ], "first_author": "Yongling Gao", "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Subsidy", "Electrification", "Electric vehicle", "Welfare", "Battery electric vehicle", "Social Welfare", "Greenhouse gas", "Government (linguistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2026.105237" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408286485", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5172825", "title": "Incorporating Compatibility Constraints in the Vehicle Routing Problem for Urban Freight Operations", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cláudio Barbieri da Cunha", "Harol Mauricio Gámez Albán", "Christopher Mejía‐Argueta", "Cassiano Augusto Isler" ], "first_author": "Cláudio Barbieri da Cunha", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Compatibility (geochemistry)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Traffic management", "Operations research", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Business", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5172825" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2810714674", "doi": "10.1002/9781119425526.ch10", "title": "Multi‐agent Simulation with Reinforcement Learning for Evaluating a Combination of City Logistics Policy Measures", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-05-30", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eiichi Taniguchi", "Ali Gul Qureshi", "Kyosuke Konda" ], "first_author": "Eiichi Taniguchi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter presents a multi-agent simulation model that replicates the behavior of stakeholders, including shippers, freight carriers, administrators, customers and Urban Consolidation Centre (UCC) operators, who are involved in city logistics using reinforcement learning. It applies these multi-agent models to realistic road networks in Osaka and Motomachi, Japan, for evaluating the effects of implementing a combination of city logistics policy measures, including joint delivery systems, green route policy and parking management. The results indicate that a combination of policy measures can achieve a well-balanced performance of policy measures in terms of profits and costs for freight carriers and shippers as well as the reduction of negative environmental impacts. Social cost-benefit analyses can monetarize the environmental and social costs, which will be useful to assess the net benefits of city logistics policy measures. Further research is needed to validate the results of multi-agent simulation with real data from the implementation of city logistics measures.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Consolidation (business)", "Reinforcement learning", "Environmental economics", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Business", "Computer science", "Economics", "Engineering", "Finance" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119425526.ch10" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2591919552", "doi": null, "title": "An ALNS for a two echelon vehicle routing problem arising in city logistics", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-11-09", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Philippe Grangier", "Michel Gendreau", "Fabien Lehuédé", "Louis-Martin Rousseau" ], "first_author": "Philippe Grangier", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "International audience", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Business", "Operations research", "Operations management", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-01082954" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3174320929", "doi": "10.37394/23201.2021.20.13", "title": "A Multicriteria, Bat Algorithm Approach for Computing the Range Limited Routing Problem for Electric Trucks", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-06-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Julian Scott Yeomans" ], "first_author": "Julian Scott Yeomans", "venue": "WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems archive", "publisher": null, "abstract": "As a result of increasing urban intensification, civic planners have devoted additional resources to more sustainability-focused logistics planning. Electric vehicles have proved to be both a lower cost alternative and more environmentally friendly than the more ubiquitous internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the predominant decision-making approaches employed by businesses and municipalities are not necessarily computationally conducive for the optimization and evaluation of urban transportation systems involving electric vehicles. An innovative modelling and planning approach is proposed to enable urban planners to more readily evaluate the contribution of electric vehicles in city logistics and to support the decision-making process. Specifically, this paper provides a multicriteria modelling-to-generate-alternatives (MGA) decision-support procedure that employs the Bat Algorithm (BA) metaheuristic for generating sets of alternatives for electric vehicle planning in urban transshipment problems. The efficacy of this multicriteria, BA-driven MGA approach for creating planning alternatives is demonstrated on an urban transshipment problem involving electric trucks.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Computer science", "Transshipment (information security)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Process (computing)", "Range (aeronautics)", "Metaheuristic", "Sustainability", "Analytic hierarchy process", "Operations research", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2021.20.13" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2796523422", "doi": "10.1109/itec-india.2017.8333856", "title": "Route to electrification for trucks & busses in India", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Martin Ackerl", "Michael Kordon", "Heimo Schreier", "Heinz Petutschnig", "Matthias Huetter" ], "first_author": "Martin Ackerl", "venue": "2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The legislation worldwide drives the demand for pure electrically driven trucks and busses for urban distribution. To fulfill such legislative requirements, cost effective measures must be taken into account for commercial vehicles' powertrain electrification. These measures could be to use electric components from passenger car suppliers and adapt them to commercial vehicle demands like increased durability. Hence, this publication will present solutions, to ensure product reliability over the entire use of the vehicle also under hot climate conditions based on passenger car components.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Electrification", "Automotive engineering", "Powertrain", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering", "Electricity", "Electrical engineering", "Power (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/itec-india.2017.8333856" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2913773429", "doi": null, "title": "A two-echelon vehicle routing problem with unmanned ground vehicles for city logistics", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-07-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jakob Puchinger", "Shaohua Yu" ], "first_author": "Jakob Puchinger", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "International audience", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-01992980" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2070431182", "doi": "10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.959", "title": "Routing Optimization of City Distribution Considering Access Restriction", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xin Jin", "Yang Tang", "Qi Xu" ], "first_author": "Xin Jin", "venue": "Applied Mechanics and Materials", "publisher": "Trans Tech Publications", "abstract": "Nowadays, urban freight transport has become one of the most significant contributors to congestion and pollution. To combat these negative impacts, local authorities implement some restrictive regulations imposed on logistic enterprises about the time and area to which their vehicles can access. Under this circumstance, this paper constructed a city distribution routing optimization model considering access restriction. A Genetic Algorithm was proposed to solve the model. Numerical experiments based on the Solomons benchmark problems proved the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithms.", "keywords": [ "Benchmark (surveying)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Mathematical optimization", "Vehicle routing problem", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.959" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7116701459", "doi": "10.1007/s10696-025-09648-z", "title": "Combining multiple delivery systems for urban logistics by ALNS-based route planning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Barbara Himstedt", "Frank Meisel" ], "first_author": "Barbara Himstedt", "venue": "Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract Diesel-powered delivery vans still dominate the parcel delivery sector. However, due to their negative environmental impact, delivery service providers are urged to switch to more innovative and eco-friendly delivery vehicles like cargo bikes, delivery robots, or drones. Unfortunately, relying on only one type of delivery system is not always feasible, either because the customer’s site lacks the requirements or because the parcel size is too large. A possible solution is to combine multiple such delivery systems. In this context, this paper focuses on a problem in city logistics based on the two-echelon vehicle routing problem. To accommodate a diverse range of delivery vehicles, it involves deploying various vehicle types in the second echelon, direct delivery by first-echelon vehicles, transfer of second-echelon vehicles and parcels at satellite locations, and preference constraints for customers and vehicle types. To solve the problem, we propose an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) heuristic that features problem-specific local search and destroy operators. Experiments are conducted for an urban delivery area in Hamburg, Germany. They show that the ALNS can handle various fleet compositions and instance sizes. Our findings indicate that the combination of delivery systems can lead to significant cost savings compared to traditional van delivery and that customer preferences heavily influence the optimal fleet composition.", "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristic", "Service delivery framework", "Delivery Performance", "Service (business)", "Delivery system" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10696-025-09648-z.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2178752720", "doi": "10.1061/jhtrcq.0000462", "title": "Bilevel Programming Model for City Logistics Distribution Optimization under Time Restriction Caused by Traffic Organization", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiaofeng Ji", "Yongming Pu", "Feiwen Liang", "Wenwen Qin" ], "first_author": "Xiaofeng Ji", "venue": "Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition)", "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers", "abstract": "For the optimization of city logistics distribution under time restriction caused by traffic organization, a bilevel programming model considering the distribution cost, environment cost, and distribution time of enterprises is developed. The primary function of this upper-level model is to minimize the general cost of distribution enterprises and determine the scheme to optimize city logistics distribution. The lower-level model is the urban traffic equilibrium distribution model for analyzing the distribution route determined by choice behavior for the optimization scheme of city logistics distribution given by the upper-level model. Results indicate that the distribution time, distribution cost, and environment cost of distribution enterprises increased significantly, and that the income of distribution enterprises was reduced because of the traffic organization time window in the process of city logistics distribution. When a distribution task was required to be completed within the formulary time window, the distribution time increased from 5.91% to 7.32%, the distribution cost increased from 7.6% to 13.5%, and the environment cost increased slightly. During the traffic organization period, the distribution cost in the second time-restricted scene increased to 26.85% because of the two-fold impacts of the average freight charge and the traffic demand. When the change in network traffic demand was equal to the basic scene, the environment cost and the distribution time in the first time-restricted scene increased slightly. However, when comparing the restriction time under traffic organization and the total distribution time, the incremental quantities of the former distribution time and distribution cost were always more than the latter.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Bilevel optimization", "Transport engineering", "Total cost", "Computer science", "Traffic management", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Optimization problem", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000462" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404679690", "doi": null, "title": "The Multi-objective C2P Collaborative Network Vehicle Routing Problem for Urban Deliveries", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Edgar Ricardo Silva Russi", "Nacima Labadie", "Caroline Prodhon" ], "first_author": "Edgar Ricardo Silva Russi", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "International audience", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-04801699" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7132123915", "doi": null, "title": "A Novel Model for Vehicle Routing Problem With Minimizing CO2 Emissions in Urban Delivery", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-12-12", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pinar Kirci" ], "first_author": "Pinar Kirci", "venue": "Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Minification", "Key (lock)", "Job shop scheduling" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/publication/details/38ab0dae-dcab-4d8b-9691-acc729a694e3/oai" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4306654451", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2022.103915", "title": "Assessing the impacts of last mile delivery strategies on delivery vehicles and traffic network performance", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-10-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Juan E. Muriel", "Lele Zhang", "Jan C. Fransoo", "Roberto Pérez-Franco" ], "first_author": "Juan E. Muriel", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Transport engineering", "Food delivery", "Delivery system", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Business", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 55, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/2285ee7b-0482-4f8e-849b-1c32a0c472d4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4298004852", "doi": "10.3390/su141912247", "title": "Sustainable Logistics for E-Commerce: A Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "José Alejandro Cano", "Abraham Allec Londoño Pineda", "Carolina Rodas" ], "first_author": "José Alejandro Cano", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This study aims to present a bibliometric analysis and literature review and to identify publications, main topics, and trends in recent years about the sustainability of logistics operations in e-commerce environments. For this, we considered 99 documents from Scopus published in 2021 and 2022 that address logistics, e-commerce, and sustainability. The bibliometric analysis shows that authors from Italy and India stand out for generating the largest number of publications, and correspondingly, institutional affiliations from these countries present the largest scientific production. It is established that journals such as Sustainability, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, and Sustainable Cities and Society lead both in the number of published articles and the number of articles with the highest citations. Within the main topics are the sustainability of e-commerce logistics, last-mile logistics and delivery logistics, urban and city logistics, environmental impact, urban transport, packing and packaging, traffic and congestion, supply chains, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, China and cross-border e-commerce, vehicle routing, optimization methods, and decision-making techniques in operations for cost and energy efficiency. Similarly, this study identifies the main research trends related to multiple dimensions of sustainability; technological developments including electric vehicles and specialized software; crowdshipping; operation modes such as collection and delivery points, parcel lockers, and micro-depots; and policymaking.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "City logistics", "Scopus", "Business", "Supply chain", "China", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Reverse logistics", "Environmental economics", "Transport engineering", "Marketing", "Industrial organization" ], "cited_by_count": 90, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/19/12247/pdf?version=1664275433" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402233819", "doi": "10.1080/21681015.2024.2395524", "title": "Modeling two-echelon city logistics system to support electric light commercial vehicles for distributing grocery products", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rambabu Juvvala", "Sarada Prasad Sarmah" ], "first_author": "Rambabu Juvvala", "venue": "Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Due to the rise in e-commerce demand and the increase in urban population growth, the complexity of grocery product distribution has increased, leading to adverse effects on city inhabitants. To address these issues, we propose a two-echelon city logistics system that incorporates urban consolidation center located outside the city. This system aims to restrict the entry of heavy commercial vehicles during shopping hours while promoting the use of electric light commercial vehicles. We develop a two-echelon location routing problem model to minimize total costs and reduce carbon emissions while determining the optimal composition of vehicle fleets and routes. The model was solved using the particle swarm optimization with differential evolution method. Our findings indicate that a combination of heavy and electric light commercial vehicles is most effective in minimizing economic and environmental impacts. This research contributes a novel approach to urban logistics, providing integrated solutions for economic and environmental sustainability.", "keywords": [ "Business", "Grocery store", "Grocery shopping", "City logistics", "Electric vehicle", "Operations management", "Computer science", "Commerce", "Marketing", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2024.2395524" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413046155", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2025.104343", "title": "Warehouse-distribution integration routing problem under real-world transport conditions with multiple time windows and variable loading efficiency", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yinying Liu", "Xin Shi", "Jianmeng Liu", "Pengjie Qin", "Cheng Tang" ], "first_author": "Yinying Liu", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The growing trend of e-commerce enterprises establishing their own warehouses has significantly enhanced operational efficiency in urban delivery. This has given rise to the Warehouse-Distribution Integration Routing Problem (WDIRP), a variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). However, this type of problem under real-world transport conditions, especially considering multiple time windows and variable loading efficiency, has been insufficiently studied in the existing literature. This research addresses these characteristics to more accurately reflect real-world urban delivery challenges. To solve the problem, we propose a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for the WDIRP with a novel methodological approach to formulate multiple time windows, which can be efficiently solved using IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio (CPLEX). Additionally, we develop a two-stage heuristic algorithm that incorporates a multi-greedy method and a Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) method, featuring new problem-specific neighborhood structures. The computational experiments encompass 20 randomly generated small-scale instances, 20 benchmark instances, and 18 realistic instances derived from diverse geographical areas and periods in Chongqing, China. Eighteen larger-scale extended instances are also developed to further test scalability, involving up to 50 warehouses and 500 customers. The realistic instances incorporate real-world transport conditions, including road topology, traffic performance, node distribution, and customer demand, with their corresponding parameters extracted or predicted using big data technologies. Our results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms common formulations in computational performance, and the two-stage heuristic algorithm is superior to alternative approaches in solving the WDIRP. In addition to presenting results for various instances, we implement a mountainous city simulation model to achieve the 3D simulation of the delivery scheme. The findings provide valuable insights for logistics enterprises aiming to optimize urban delivery operations.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Warehouse", "Variable (mathematics)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2025.104343" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3113360774", "doi": "10.1061/9780784483053.408", "title": "Research on Vehicle Routing Problem in Urban Distribution Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-12-09", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tao Li", "Wen-Yin Yang", "Meng-Qing Shen", "Hang Liu" ], "first_author": "Tao Li", "venue": "CICTP 2020", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In recent years, unmanned technology for logistics has gradually developed from the concept of laboratory to application. Unmanned transport equipment, represented by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), has entered the public vision with the development and test by many well-known logistics enterprises such as UPS and DHL. Compared with traditional vehicle distribution, UAV distribution is flexible and low-cost, while avoiding the last kilometer delivery problem caused by road traffic congestion or vehicle restrictions. In this paper, UAV is used as an auxiliary tool of the traditional distribution vehicle. The artificial vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles routing problem (AVUAVRP) is proposed, and a two-phase hybrid heuristic algorithm is applied to solve the problem. The effectiveness of the model and the algorithm is verified by a simulation example. The results show that UAV can effectively reduce transportation costs when it is used as an auxiliary tool in urban distribution under certain conditions.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristic", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic congestion", "Distribution (mathematics)", "City logistics", "Drone", "Transport engineering", "Real-time computing", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483053.408" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2046744595", "doi": "10.1007/s10732-013-9229-7", "title": "Less-Than-Truckload carrier collaboration problem: modeling framework and solution approach", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-07-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Selvaprabu Nadarajah", "James H. Bookbinder" ], "first_author": "Selvaprabu Nadarajah", "venue": "Journal of Heuristics", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Local search (optimization)", "Transshipment (information security)", "Integer programming", "Heuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Mathematical optimization", "Truck", "Integer (computer science)", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 29, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-013-9229-7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386955255", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2023.109629", "title": "Analyzing the benefits of a city hub: An inventory and routing perspective", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Titi Iswari", "An Caris", "Kris Braekers" ], "first_author": "Titi Iswari", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "City logistics", "Vehicle routing problem", "Context (archaeology)", "Operations research", "Consolidation (business)", "Transport engineering", "Metaheuristic", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Baseline (sea)", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109629" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4307923482", "doi": "10.1287/trsc.2022.1183", "title": "Machine Learning–Based Feasibility Checks for Dynamic Time Slot Management", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-11-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Liana van der Hagen", "Niels A.H. Agatz", "Remy Spliet", "Thomas R. Visser", "Leendert Kok" ], "first_author": "Liana van der Hagen", "venue": "Transportation Science", "publisher": "Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences", "abstract": "Online grocers typically let customers choose a delivery time slot to receive their goods. To ensure reliable service, the retailer may want to close time slots as capacity fills up. The number of customers that can be served per slot largely depends on the specific order sizes and delivery locations. Conceptually, checking whether it is possible to serve a certain customer in a certain time slot given a set of already accepted customer orders involves solving a vehicle routing problem with time windows. This is challenging in practice as there is little time available and not all relevant information is known in advance. We explore the use of machine learning to support time slot decisions in this context. Our results on realistic instances using a commercial route solver suggest that machine learning can be a promising way to assess the feasibility of customer insertions. On large-scale routing problems it performs better than insertion heuristics. History: This paper has been accepted for the Transportation Science Special Issue on Machine Learning Methods and Applications in Large-Scale Route Planning Problems. Funding: This research was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research under the City Logistics Living Laboratory project [Grant 439.18.424].", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Solver", "Set (abstract data type)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Context (archaeology)", "Service (business)", "Operations research", "Scale (ratio)", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 26, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/9a90a1a2-fbbe-471c-a876-94931329e952" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134563659", "doi": null, "title": "Urban freight transportation : heterogeneous fleet vehicle routing problem with three-dimensional loading constraints", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-12-02", "type": "dissertation", "language": "fr", "authors": [ "Youssef Meliani" ], "first_author": "Youssef Meliani", "venue": "theses.fr (ABES)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche sur la logistique urbaine, financé partiellement par le programme PHC Toubkal. Le projet comporte deux thèses complémentaires sur la logistique urbaine. Le premier vise un plan stratégique en traitant le positionnement des centres de distribution urbains (plateformes mutualisées). Tandis que le deuxième s’inscrit sous la thématique de la mutualisation de Transport de Marchandises en Ville (TMV). En effet, ce dernier se focalise sur la partie dimensionnent de la flotte de véhicules nécessaire au bon fonctionnement d’un centre de distribution urbain sur une période bien définie ainsi que son acheminement. Le présent travail traite cette deuxième thématique. :::/:::La logistique urbaine concerne la gestion des flux qui entrent et sortent dans une ville, dans les meilleures conditions environnementales, sociales et économiques. Elle regroupe plusieurs réalités interdépendantes, à savoir, l’organisation de flux générés par les établissements commerciaux, industriels ou tertiaires du secteur marchand ; les déplacements des particuliers dans leur vie de tous les jours (travail, courses, promenades, etc.) ; les flux englobant divers transport (transports de déchets, transports public...) et mobilité urbaine. :::/:::Il convient également de noter que le concept de logistique urbaine a été élaboré en tenant compte des effets du Transport de Marchandises en Ville (TMV) qui représente 20% des véhicules-kilomètres parcourus en ville (Lindholm & Behrends, 2012). La ville étant un lieu majeur d’échanges et de consommation, on y observe une croissance importante du nombre des livraisons. Le TMV est essentiel aux activités économiques et sociales car il constitue une source majeure d'emplois et relie les fournisseurs aux clients dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement. Toutefois, il est également à l'origine d'une grande partie de certains polluants par rapport au transport interurbain, en raison d'une consommation de carburant plus élevée par unité de distance parcourue (le dernier kilomètre) (Kin et al., 2017).", "keywords": [ "Passenger transport", "Urban planning", "Rail transportation", "Quantitative methodology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080071/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404610676", "doi": "10.1007/s10732-024-09541-2", "title": "Two-echelon van-robot routing problem with sharing-curbside satellites", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hongqi Li", "Feilong Wang", "Hanxi Xiong", "Zhiqi Wang" ], "first_author": "Hongqi Li", "venue": "Journal of Heuristics", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Robot", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-024-09541-2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2388944311", "doi": null, "title": "Study on Urban Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem Based on Stochastic T ime Restraints", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xinfeng Yang" ], "first_author": "Xinfeng Yang", "venue": "Logistics Technology", "publisher": "China Logistics Productivity", "abstract": "Considering the delay of road crosses in urban delivery,the pape r puts forward a chance-constraint model in a certain confidence level.The gene tic algorithm is used to come to a solution and the instance proves that the mod el and algorithm are workable.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Constraint (computer-aided design)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Routing algorithm", "Mathematics", "Computer network", "Routing protocol" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-WLJS200509023.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3003242413", "doi": "10.5267/j.uscm.2019.12.001", "title": "Assessing the economic and environmental benefits of horizontal cooperation in delivery: Performance and scenario analysis", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hanan Ouhader", "Malika El Kyal" ], "first_author": "Hanan Ouhader", "venue": "Uncertain Supply Chain Management", "publisher": "Growing Science", "abstract": "The growing environmental and economic concerns oblige logistics operations managers to look for simple solutions to optimize their processes and to corporate sustainability in logistics networks.Logistics collaboration is one of the management practices to foster the sustainability of freight transport.This paper presents an 'ex ante' decision support tool to evaluate the economic and ecologic impacts of shippers' horizontal collaboration in urban freight delivery.Optimization model as a two-echelon location routing problem (2E-LRP) is exploited to demonstrate the benefits of joining facility location and vehicle routing decisions under multi-objective optimization approach.Numerical instances reproducing the real urban network are regenerated to test the proposed mechanism.Scenario analysis is conducted to analyze and discuss the effect of parameters' changes in generated gains..", "keywords": [ "Environmental economics", "Computer science", "Business", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 37, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2019.12.001" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402199870", "doi": "10.3934/jimo.2024120", "title": "Integrated location and routing optimization for the application of electric vehicles in on-demand delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shuzhu Zhang", "Haojie Zheng", "Jinyue Tian" ], "first_author": "Shuzhu Zhang", "venue": "Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization", "publisher": "American Institute of Mathematical Sciences", "abstract": "Recently, electric vehicles have been utilized more often in city logistics for on-demand delivery due to either the financial subsidies from the government or the restrictions of some environmental policies. Among the various types of electric vehicles, electric mopeds play a significant role in the last-mile delivery of city logistics, especially for meal delivery scenarios. However, the limited driving range due to the small battery capacity complicates the application and scheduling of electric mopeds. In this research, we propose a battery-swapping station location-routing problem for the application of electric mopeds in meal delivery scenarios. The purpose is to determine the optimal deployment for battery-swapping stations and the routes for each rider simultaneously. Moreover, the scales of battery-swapping stations are also considered in terms of the number of available batteries. An improved adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm is devised to solve this problem, in which several customized operators are designed to facilitate the convergence of the searching process. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the commercial solver Gurobi over small-scale instances in terms of the solving time and has a relatively dominant performance over the other two metaheuristic approaches for solving large instances. Furthermore, extensive sensitivity analysis is conducted regarding the cost settings of battery-swapping stations, the driving range of electric mopeds, and customer demand levels so as to provide practical and valuable managerial insights for city logistics enterprises.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "On demand", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "City logistics", "Computer network", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3934/jimo.2024120" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161945748", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.104951", "title": "Physical internet drone logistics model: Optimizing cost and energy efficiency for urban delivery systems", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Murugaiyan Pachayappan", "Tanmoy Kundu", "Rohit Kapoor", "R. Sundar" ], "first_author": "Murugaiyan Pachayappan", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Efficient energy use", "The Internet", "Operational efficiency", "Economic efficiency", "Cost efficiency" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.104951" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4308881804", "doi": "10.1504/ijstl.2023.10051978", "title": "Stochastic two-echelon vehicle routing problem with time windows: city logistics case study", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-11-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yosimar Diaz", "Anicia Jaegler", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Angie Ramirez Villamil" ], "first_author": "Yosimar Diaz", "venue": "International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "City logistics", "Business", "Operations management", "Transport engineering", "Computer network", "Economics", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijstl.2023.10051978" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2593638504", "doi": null, "title": "An adaptive large neighborhood search for a two echelon vehicle routing problem arising in city logistics", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-05-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Philippe Grangier", "Michel Gendreau", "Fabien Lehuédé", "Louis-Martin Rousseau" ], "first_author": "Philippe Grangier", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "International audience", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Local search (optimization)", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-01082939" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2360882008", "doi": null, "title": "Development Route and Strategic Choice of Logistics in Suzhou", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xie Wu-jie" ], "first_author": "Xie Wu-jie", "venue": "Shijie dili yanjiu", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The development of the city economy has made city logistics from only considering transportation and storage, etc. to taking one thing with another and led ciuy logistics develop in to the direction systematically, homogenizingly and synthetically. Furthermore, city logistics have become the high point of urban sustainable development. This paper presents a case study of Suzhou and analyzes Suzhou city′s logistics development status quo from a few respects involving locational superiority, economic base, economic structure, logistics resources and so on. It applys hub-and-spoke theory to construct Suzhou′s one hub-and-five spoke logistics spatial system and studies logistics development experience and course in the world. It discusses also the route choice for Suzhou′s logistics development and finally, puts forward Suzhou′s specialization and logistics development pattern in order to boost Suzhou in logistics industrial progress and advanced degree in the Yangtze Delta.", "keywords": [ "Status quo", "City logistics", "Business", "Order (exchange)", "Sustainable development", "Traffic management", "Transport engineering", "Operations management", "Regional science", "Industrial organization", "Economics", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SJDJ200502008.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403677946", "doi": "10.1109/case59546.2024.10711407", "title": "A Solution Based on Hub Selection and Robot Routing Optimization for Last-mile Delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maria del Cacho Estil-les", "Wasim A. Ali", "Maria Pia Fanti", "Mario Binetti", "Agostino Marcello Mangini" ], "first_author": "Maria del Cacho Estil-les", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper addresses the challenges in last-mile delivery by proposing an innovative solution employing Hub-and-Robots routing, strategically utilizing park-and-ride facilities as central hubs to optimize urban delivery operations. The increasing demand for rapid and efficient deliveries has necessitated a reevaluation of traditional delivery methodologies. The study focuses on optimizing last-mile delivery operations, minimizing the total distance of the routes traveled by robots, while satisfying customer requirements. Hub selection, leveraging existing infrastructure, and the potential use of park-and-ride facilities emerge as key considerations. The optimization model is applied to a case study involving two districts of the center of Bari (a city of Southern Italy) and a simulation validates the obtained results.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Robot", "Computer network", "Artificial intelligence", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/case59546.2024.10711407" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4253833354", "doi": "10.5325/transportationj.53.3.0376", "title": "Green Logistics: Improving the Environmental Sustainability of Logistics", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Benjamin Thomas Hazen" ], "first_author": "Benjamin Thomas Hazen", "venue": "Transportation Journal", "publisher": "Penn State University Press", "abstract": "As businesses are increasingly pressured to adopt more sustainable practices, reducing the environmental footprint of logistics operations is one topic that gains ever-greater attention. For instance, freight transport, warehousing, and material handling activities have been estimated to account for roughly 10 percent of worldwide CO2 emissions (p. 4). However, making substantive reductions in logistics-related pollution will require more than changing out old warehouse light bulbs! Indeed, the area of green logistics is expansive and growing in scope and importance. Unfortunately, firms sometimes struggle to keep up with new sustainability-focused logistics standards and regulations, and developing and implementing cost-effective programs remains elusive. This book provides a broad survey of the topic of green logistics and investigates ways that firms can balance economic, environmental, and social objectives.This edited compilation of 17 chapters includes contributions from 24 notable logistics scholars, and is divided into five parts. Part 1 is devoted to assessing environmental impact beginning with an introduction to the concept of environmental sustainability from the logistics perspective. It sets the stage for more in-depth analysis of external impacts of freight transport, carbon footprinting, and costing schemes for internalizing the environmental costs of logistics. Although some of the topics covered in this first part may go beyond the scope of logistics (e.g., instituting a carbon auditing process), the authors relate the relevance of each to logistics and transportation. Ample case studies and examples based on the authors' research help frame where and how logistics activities play a role in organization-wide sustainability initiatives.Part 2 centers upon a strategic perspective of green logistics, including the topics of redesigning road freight networks to optimize green objectives and mitigate risks, transferring freight to greener modes, developing green transport vehicles, and reducing the environmental impact of warehousing. This part highlights what executives and logistics professionals need to consider now in order to ensure that their sustainability programs will progress in future decades. For instance, the authors note that the investment-cycle of aircraft used for freight transport can top 55 years, which includes design, manufacture, and lifespan of the aircraft (p. 159). Considerations include fuel efficiencies, carrying capacities, and network structures that must be projected far in advance and have long-term implications.Turning to operational issues in part 3, one finds actions that firms can take in the near- and medium-term to enhance sustainability of logistics operations, including improved vehicle utilization and optimized vehicle routing for environmental impacts, as well as ways for improving highway fuel efficiency via vehicle design, maintenance, driver training, and other management activities, and the management of waste via reverse logistics practices.The chapters in part 4 each address a current hot topic in green logistics. The debate over benefits and costs of using alternative fuels is discussed bringing to light current and future uses of alternative fuels, and whether or not their use is worthwhile and sustainable. The food-miles debate is discussed, which emphasizes a more holistic view than what is traditionally held (i.e., closer and seasonal food purchases must be better). Another chapter devoted to city logistics focuses on urban freight transport issues, including policy, public and private collaboration, and environmental zones. A final chapter on ebusiness and elogistics describes the role of the Internet and ecommerce on supply chain sustainability.Part 5 is but a single chapter discussing government's role in green logistics that integrates ideas from previous chapters to craft a “call to action” of sorts for overseeing and promoting green logistics.At first blush, this book might appear to be focused more toward the logistics scholar than practitioner. Each chapter draws on a rich history of research, and most chapters highlight gaps in knowledge that leave the reader with a clearer understanding of current and future research needs. Therefore, this book is a must-read for graduate students or junior scholars considering researching green logistics. An experienced researcher will find it a valuable desk reference and, given the scope of topics, likely learn something new that can be used to advance his or her research agenda. Finally, educators can use the book to inform graduate or even undergraduate course design when integrating topics of sustainability into logistics and supply-chain courses.Although obviously useful for university faculty and students, this book can also serve as a valuable resource for those business and logistics professionals seeking ways to green their processes. Indeed, for the practitioner, the topics covered in this book are very much relevant to today's sustainably minded business setting. Most chapters are written with sufficient explanation of any advanced topics and techniques that readers of all educational and professional backgrounds can find value. Traveling executives might skim this book on a flight, and then perhaps identify a few areas of interest for their organizations to subsequently pursue. Logistics and transportation professionals will want to thoroughly peruse the book in order to survey the state of green logistics and provide ideas for their own operations.In sum, this book balances depth with breadth to provide a relevant state-of-the-art survey of green logistics. Sustainability will continue to grow in importance, and given both the actual and perceived environmental impact of transportation and logistics activities, those concerned with their organization's logistics practices need to be at the forefront of this emerging area.", "keywords": [ "Green logistics", "Carbon footprint", "Sustainability", "Traffic management", "Scope (computer science)", "Business", "Reverse logistics", "Ecological footprint", "Environmental impact assessment", "Greenhouse gas", "Environmental economics", "Supply chain" ], "cited_by_count": 229, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.53.3.0376" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3092075604", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-60884-2_22", "title": "A Genetic Algorithm Approach for a Truck and Trailer Routing Problem in a Loading/Unloading Bays Application", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ana Bricia Galindo-Muro", "Jaime Mora‐Vargas", "Miguel Gastón Cedillo‐Campos", "Fabiola Regis-Hernández" ], "first_author": "Ana Bricia Galindo-Muro", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Trailer", "Computer science", "Genetic algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Integer programming", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Computer network", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60884-2_22" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3135506028", "doi": null, "title": "A capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with pickups, time windows and packing constraints in the context of city logistics: presentation", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-14", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Emeline Leloup", "Célia Paquay", "Thierry Pironet" ], "first_author": "Emeline Leloup", "venue": "ORBi (University of Liège)", "publisher": "University of Liège", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Context (archaeology)", "Presentation (obstetrics)", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Business", "Operations management", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/257661" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4225696190", "doi": "10.1109/aeees54426.2022.9759617", "title": "Optimization of the Tie Lines in Urban Distribution Network Based on Two-Tie Connection Mode", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Huazhong Sun", "Zongxuan Li", "Zhen Fang", "Mingqiang Wang", "Juan Cui" ], "first_author": "Huazhong Sun", "venue": "2022 4th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban distribution network planning is a combinatorial optimization issue that requires consideration of many actual factors to make the planning more practical. It is difficult and time-consuming to artificially determine the feeder routing for a new urban area. In this paper, the tie line optimization model for urban distribution network based on the two-tie connection mode is researched. Firstly, we analysis the commonly used connection mode in current urban distribution network, and then present the planning strategy considering street layout to realize the optimization of tie lines in distribution network based on the two-tie connection mode units. Finally, we develop a mixed integer linear programming model for the optimization of tie lines which can be solved analytically. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed model are illustrated on a real 39-block district distribution system.", "keywords": [ "Connection (principal bundle)", "Mode (computer interface)", "Computer science", "Integer programming", "Network planning and design", "Mathematical optimization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Linear programming", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Line (geometry)", "Tie line", "Block (permutation group theory)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/aeees54426.2022.9759617" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408408487", "doi": "10.7307/ptt.v37i2.634", "title": "Location-Route Planning for VTOL Airport and UAV Urban Logistics Network – A Case Study of Tianjin", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hong JIANG", "Jiaxue WANG", "Xinhui Ren" ], "first_author": "Hong JIANG", "venue": "PROMET - Traffic&Transportation", "publisher": "University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences", "abstract": "With the potential for fast, contactless and environmentally friendly delivery, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained increasing attention and application due to their cost-effectiveness and convenient and rapid delivery operations. In future cities, a multi-level airport that supports vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) of UAVs and forming a delivery network is necessary to improve delivery efficiency and provide a competitive advantage. This paper proposes a multi-level airport location-routing problem for UAVs that considers UAV flight energy consumption and operational costs. The goal is to minimise the number of locations and minimise delivery path planning while meeting delivery demands within the service range. Based on the traditional distribution centre site-path problem, the UAV distribution network is constructed to solve the problem of airport location and flight path planning, and the two-layer genetic algorithm is used to solve it. Based on this, the validity of the model and algorithm is verified using the urban area of Tianjin as an example. The experimental results show that the constructed model can be used for UAV airport layout planning, which is applicable to large-scale, multi-aircraft-type and multi-level airport layout planning. Data analysis results indicate that when the location layout of the vertical hub airport is on the edge of the VTOL points, both the flight distance and the total cost of the delivery network relatively increase. Increasing the payload capacity will reduce the number of UAV operations, but the total cost shows a decreasing-then-increasing trend. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the selection of airport sites and UAV types in future UAV urban delivery networks.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "City logistics", "Route planning", "Environmental planning", "Business", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v37i2.634" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2594876825", "doi": null, "title": "Routing of Electric Vehicles: Case Study of City Distribution in Copenhagen", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Esben Linde", "Allan Larsen", "Anders Vedsted Nørrelund", "Stefan Røpke", "Min Wen" ], "first_author": "Esben Linde", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In Copenhagen, Denmark, the preliminary steps of introducing an Urban Consolidation Centre (UCC) in the perimeter of the city centre has been taken. By implementing a UCC, interests of customers and distributors, as well as improvement of the local urban environment are sought considered [1]. The UCC service aims to consolidate urban freight, as well as implement additional aspects such as off-peak delivery and utilisation of alternatively fuelled vehicles. In the specific case of Copenhagen, a comprehensive traffic survey was conducted in May 2011. The aim of the survey was to estimate freight magnitude and the distribution of goods in the old city centre. Based on the survey, analysis of possible UCC locations was carried out using simulation. Distribution from the UCC is assumed to be conducted with electric vehicles (EVs) as they are considered suitable for the overall aim. However, compared to conventional distribution vehicles they have a limited driving range and a limited freight capacity. In this work, an Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRPTW) is addressed. The EVs are allowed to recharge at certain customers or replenishment stations in order to continue a tour. Furthermore, intelligent location of these recharging points is considered. The objective is to find a least cost plan for routing and recharging the vehicles so that each customer is serviced by exactly one vehicle within its time windows and the vehicle capacity and driving range constraints are satisfied. The EVRPTW is a new problem that only has received little attention in the literature; see for example [2] and [3]. The costs are compared to distribution conducted by conventional vehicles. A heuristic method is developed and tested on the data generated on the basis of real-life collected data. References [1] T. van Rooijen and H. Quak, “Local impacts of a new urban consolidation centre – the case of Binnenstadservice.nl,” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 5967–5979, Jan. 2010. [2] S. Erdogan and E. Miller-Hooks, “A Green Vehicle Routing Problem,” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 100–114, Jan. 2012. [3] M. Schneider, A. Stenger, and D. Goeke, “The Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Recharging Stations,” 2012.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Business", "Environmental science", "Telecommunications", "Geography", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/routing-of-electric-vehicles-case-study-of-city-distribution-in-c" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203836670", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7317319", "title": "The Two-echelon Load-dependent Electric Vehicle Routing Problem", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Fengchen Xia", "Yanfei Chen", "Zhiguo Wu", "Yi Ren" ], "first_author": "Fengchen Xia", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Energy consumption", "Solver", "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristic", "Electric vehicle", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computation", "Energy (signal processing)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7317319" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2296436623", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-24474-7_18", "title": "A Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows for Attended Home Distribution", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yi Qu", "Feng Wu", "Wei Zong" ], "first_author": "Yi Qu", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Telematics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "City logistics", "Last mile (transportation)", "Genetic algorithm", "Operations research", "Service (business)", "Computer network", "Transport engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24474-7_18" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4234875472", "doi": "10.4018/978-1-4666-2038-4.ch053", "title": "Multi Depot Probabilistic Vehicle Routing Problems with a Time Window", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-09-20", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sutapa Samanta", "Manoj K. Jha" ], "first_author": "Sutapa Samanta", "venue": "IGI Global eBooks", "publisher": "IGI Global", "abstract": "Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) are prevalent in all large pick up and delivery logistics systems and are critical to city logistics operations. Of notable significance are three key extensions to classical VRPs: (1) multi-depot scenario; (2) probabilistic demand; and (3) time-window constraints, which are considered simultaneously with VRPs in this paper. The issue then becomes a Multi Depot Probabilistic Vehicle Routing Problem with a Time Window (MDPVRPTW). The underlying complexities of MDPVRPTW are analyzed and a heuristic approach is presented to solve the problem. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are found to be capable of providing an efficient solution to the so-called MDPVRPTW. Within the GAs, two modification operators namely, crossover and mutation, are designed specially to solve the MDPVRPTW. Three numerical examples with 14, 25, and 51 nodes are presented to test the efficiency of the algorithm as the problem size grows. The proposed algorithms perform satisfactorily and the limiting case solutions are in agreement with the constraints. Additional work is needed to test the robustness and efficiency of the algorithms as the problem size grows.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Crossover", "Probabilistic logic", "Mathematical optimization", "Robustness (evolution)", "Heuristic", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2038-4.ch053" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1999492424", "doi": "10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.121", "title": "GPS Data Analysis for Understanding Urban Goods Movement", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pascal Pluvinet", "Jesús González-Feliu", "Christian Ambrosini" ], "first_author": "Pascal Pluvinet", "venue": "Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This paper aims to investigate the contribution of GPS survey techniques for urban goods movement characterization and diagnosis, more precisely the implementation and application issues related to the introduction of real-time data transmission procedures and phone tools with integrated GPS devices. We propose a GPS-based data collection method for urban freight route characterization using a Smartphone application. After testing and calibrating the data processing tool, we analyze the main results on a baseline of about 900 rounds, with the R software. This analysis allows us to define the characteristics of the overall routes as well as the environmental impacts linked with the categories of roads: urban highways, main roads and residential streets. Moreover, the study shows that the environmental behavior of the driver is connected with the main activity of the carriers. The complementarity between GPS and traditional urban freight surveys is finally discussed.", "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Complementarity (molecular biology)", "Computer science", "Phone", "Mobile phone", "Transport engineering", "Data collection", "Software", "Baseline (sea)", "Assisted GPS", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 52, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812005885/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7202251049", "doi": "10.34894/8kqnos", "title": "Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Collaborative Vehicle Utilization", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-30", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sahand Asgharieh Ahari", "R. Paradiso", "Ilke Bakir", "Kees Jan Roodbergen" ], "first_author": "Sahand Asgharieh Ahari", "venue": "University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)", "publisher": "University of Groningen", "abstract": "Urban freight distribution increasingly relies on two-echelon networks, where goods move from central distribution centers to satellites before final delivery. Fleet shortages at either echelon can create bottlenecks and reduce network efficiency. This study introduces the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Collaborative Vehicle Utilization (2EVRP-CVU), a framework enabling carriers to share vehicles across both echelons. Each carrier serves only its own customers, preserving customer privacy and service quality. We develop two mixed-integer programming formulations: an arc-based formulation solved with a commercial MIP solver (Gurobi), and a route-based formulation solved using an exact branch-cut-and-price algorithm, supported by heuristics for larger instances. This archive contains two types of instances: C-instances (clustered customer locations, 9 files) and R-instances (randomly distributed customer locations, 12 files), both generated by extending the Solomon benchmark instances to a two-echelon collaborative vehicle routing setting. Detailed descriptions and file formats can be found in the accompanying README file.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristics", "Solver", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Economic shortage", "Service (business)", "Policy-based routing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dataverse.nl/citation?persistentId=doi:10.34894/8KQNOS" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2949944325", "doi": "10.4018/978-1-5225-8160-4.ch004", "title": "Modelling City Logistics Scenarios in Ecuadorian Big Cities Based on Multi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problems", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Benjamı́n Barán", "Haiko Eitzen", "Fabio López Pires", "Fernando Sandoya", "Jorge Luis Chicaiza" ], "first_author": "Benjamı́n Barán", "venue": "Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series", "publisher": "Routledge", "abstract": "Classic formulations of the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP) reflect the perspective of a single provider. The lack of coordination between providers executing their individual schedules and, consequently, the lack of a holistic approach to urban traffic may cause further problems. Various stakeholders may have conflicting objectives. This chapter presents a multi-objective formulation of a multi-provider heterogeneous vehicle 2E-VRP from a city government perspective, demonstrating the potential benefit of this approach to all parties involved, simultaneously considering conflicting objectives. Additionally, the design and development of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for the formulated problem is presented. An experimental evaluation considering real data from Ecuadorian cities is presented to validate the proposed MOEA, demonstrating that it is capable to find good quality solutions, is scalable, and its solutions are improved throughout its execution.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Scalability", "Perspective (graphical)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Quality (philosophy)", "Computer science", "City logistics", "Government (linguistics)", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8160-4.ch004" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394714276", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4217850/v1", "title": "Multi-depot vehicle routing problem with drones in emergency logistics", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-11", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xun Weng", "Wenke She", "Hong-Qiang Fan", "Jingtian Zhang", "Lifen Yun" ], "first_author": "Xun Weng", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract In order to expand the application of truck-drone cooperative delivery in emergency logistics, this paper investigates the multi-depot vehicle routing problem with drones for emergency logistics scheduling. A mixed-integer programming model with the objective of minimizing the maximum expected rescue time from urban distribution centres to temporary distribution stations is proposed. To address this problem, a new two-stage hybrid heuristic algorithm is proposed. In the first stage, we employ an improved K-means clustering to cluster the temporary distribution stations. In the second stage, a combination of Tabu search (TS), enhanced genetic algorithm (GA), and simulated annealing (SA) is applied to optimize the routes of both trucks and drones. The numerical study involves the validation of the model using real-world cases. Through comparison experiments with the Gurobi solver, we demonstrate the significant advantages of the proposed heuristic algorithm in terms of solution quality and efficiency.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Drone", "Depot", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Political science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4217850/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2280214498", "doi": null, "title": "Three-Dimensional Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems withLoading Constraints", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-12-08", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Batoul Mahvash-Mohammadi" ], "first_author": "Batoul Mahvash-Mohammadi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "City logistics planning involves organizing the movement of goods in urban areas carried out by logistics operators. The loading and routing of goods are critical components of these operations. Efficient utilization of vehicle space and limiting number of empty vehicle movements can strongly impact the nuisances created by goods delivery vehicles in urban areas. We consider an integrated problem of routing and loading known as the three-dimensional loading capacitated vehicle routing problem (3L-CVRP). 3L-CVRP consists of finding feasible routes with the minimum total travel cost while satisfying customers’ demands expressed in terms of cuboid and weighted items. Practical constraints related to connectivity, stability, fragility, and LIFO are considered as parts of the problem. We address the problem in two stages. Firstly, we address the three-dimensional (3D) loading problem followed by 3L-CVRP.\r\nThe main objective of a 3D loading problem without routing aspect is finding the best way of packing 3D items into vehicles or containers to increase the loading factor with the purpose of minimizing empty vehicle movements. We present the general linear programming model to the pure three-dimensional vehicle loading problem and solve it by CPLEX. To deal with large-sized instances, Column Generation (CG) technique is applied. The designed method in this work outperforms the best existing techniques in the literature. \r\n \r\nThe 3DVLP with allocation and capacity constraints, called 3DVLP-AC, is also considered. For the 3DVLP-AC, CPLEX could handle moderate-sized instances with up to 40 customers. To deal with large-sized instances, a Tabu Search (TS) heuristic algorithm is developed. There are no solution methods or lower bounds (LBs) for the 3DVLP-AC existent in the literature by which to evaluate the TS results. Therefore, we evaluate our TS with the CPLEX results for small instances. \r\n3L-CVRP is addressed by using CG technique. To generate new columns, the pricing problem that is part of CG is solved by using two approaches: 1-by means of shortest path problem with resource constraints (ESPPRC) and loading problem, and 2-a heuristic pricing method (HP). CG using HP with a simple scheme can attain solutions competitive with the efficient TS algorithms described in the literature.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Tabu search", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Column generation", "Computer science", "FIFO and LIFO accounting", "Mathematical optimization", "Limiting", "Polyhedron", "Linear programming", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/979912/1/MahvashMohammadi_PhD_S2015.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3015877977", "doi": null, "title": "Vehicle Routing Problems: Decision Support Systems and Distributed Approaches", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-03-26", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lorenzo Abbatecola" ], "first_author": "Lorenzo Abbatecola", "venue": "ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)", "publisher": "University of Trieste", "abstract": "Modern logistics received increasing attention for planning and scheduling operations of transport systems that have to be resource efficient, environmentally sustainable, and compatible with workers’ rights. In particular, modern timeliness requirements and technological advances respectively call for and enable new formulations and solutions for the classical vehicle routing problem (VRP). Indeed, companies and service supplier need of real-time data and fast procedure to face uncertainty and meet people’s expectative, and Information Communication Technologies make this information increasingly available. In other word, some topics emerge: dynamic VRP (DVRP), need of decision support systems (DSS), distributed approaches, balancing workloads for drivers.\\n\\nFirstly, the thesis exposes a review of recent contributions about DVRP, enlightening classifications by source of dynamism (factor of uncertainty), applications, methodologies. A particular attention is paid to distributed approaches, which still represent a minority part of literature.\\n\\nSecondly, due to the complexity and the urgency character of real-world application, the thesis proposes an architecture for a Decision Support System (DSS) that includes a fast VRP module devoted to critical services in city logistics, such as waste collection. The module can be fed with data that are tailored on different scenarios and can be customized for different logistics services. The core of the module is a two-phase heuristic algorithm able to solve a VRP with work shifts constraints for a waste collection service involving large network of pick-up locations. The algorithm is assessed by comparisons with Mixed Integer Linear Problems (MILP) and by the application to real case studies.\\n\\nThirdly, the thesis proposes a distributed approach for VRP with time windows constraints (VRPTW) in a static and dynamic setting, which also takes in account workload balancing. In particular, the distributed approach is applied to a VRPTW and a multi-depot VRPTW (MDVRPTW), which can respectively act as the initial component and the ongoing component of a DVRP, in which the source of dynamism is the arrival of new service requests. The general strategy is the \"cluster first, route second\" and the core of the approach consists of an asynchronous, randomized and distributed algorithm.\\n \\nMore precisely, vehicles reach the final assignment by iteratively solving local Graph Partitioning problems, in the form of Local-Integer Linear Programming problems (L-ILP), with randomly selected neighbor agents. Afterwards, each vehicle can optimize the route into its own cluster, by solving a small instance of the Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows.\\n\\nThe proposed approach is assessed for both VRPTW and MDVRPTW by comparisons with exact and centralized approaches with particular regard to balanced workloads in terms of average traveling times, average vehicle loads and their standard deviations. Moreover, an example inspired by a transport company shows the applicability of the proposed approach in real-world scenarios.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Decision support system", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer network", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2921241" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2786574325", "doi": null, "title": "Electric vehicle routing problem – a nested two level approach", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rafael Basso", "Balaźs Kulcsár", "Bo S. Egardt", "Ivan Sanchez-Diaz" ], "first_author": "Rafael Basso", "venue": "Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)", "publisher": "Chalmers University of Technology", "abstract": "Some of the main constraints of electric vehicles are related to their battery, in terms of energy capacity, time to recharge, weight and cost. One of the most important consequences is a limitation in driving range, which especially impacts commercial vehicles. Therefore in order to plan routes for this kind of vehicle, it is necessary to precisely estimate the energy required to drive and plan for charging whenever needed. This paper introduces the Two-stage Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (2sEVRP) that considers detailed information about the paths when estimating energy consumption and planning the routes. First, a method to calculate cost parameters for the road network is outlined including topography, speed, powertrain efficiency and the effect of acceleration and braking at traffic lights and intersections. Second, an integrated two-stage approach is described, which finds the best paths between pairs of nodes and then finds the best routes including battery and time-window constraints. Energy consumption is used as cost function including payload and auxiliary systems. The road cost parameters are aggregated to generate the path cost parameters that are used in the routing problem. In this way all the details of the paths are taken into account when computing energy demand for the routes. Last, numerical experiments were conducted with the road network from Gothenburg-Sweden and high-fidelity vehicle model simulations, focusing on trucks for urban distribution of goods. The results indicate that time and energy estimation are signeficantly more precise than existing methods. Consequently it is possible to generate important savings and be sure that the planned routes are feasible.", "keywords": [ "Powertrain", "Energy consumption", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Range (aeronautics)", "Computer science", "Payload (computing)", "Truck", "Energy (signal processing)", "Automotive engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Simulation", "Real-time computing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/254578-electric-vehicle-routing-problem-a-nested-two-level-approach" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407901485", "doi": "10.1177/14727978251323125", "title": "Optimization of urban terminal delivery routes using fuzzy genetic algorithm and its practical application", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "W. Tang" ], "first_author": "W. Tang", "venue": "Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering", "publisher": "IOS Press", "abstract": "As urban populations grow and delivery demands surge, the computational complexity of route optimization problems escalates significantly. Traditional algorithms often struggle with low efficiency, making it challenging to achieve satisfactory solutions within a reasonable timeframe. To address these limitations, this paper introduces a fuzzy genetic algorithm (FGA) that integrates fuzzy logic to model uncertainties inherent in the delivery process, such as traffic congestion, weather disruptions, and demand fluctuations. By leveraging the multi-objective optimization capabilities of genetic algorithms, the proposed FGA comprehensively considers key factors such as delivery time, transportation costs, and customer satisfaction to generate optimal routes. The practical application of this approach demonstrates its effectiveness: the optimized delivery routes significantly reduce delivery times and transportation costs while enhancing customer satisfaction levels. Statistical analysis reveals p -values below 0.05, confirming the significant impact of the FGA on urban terminal delivery optimization. This research not only addresses the computational inefficiencies of traditional methods but also provides a robust framework for handling dynamic and uncertain urban environments. The integration of fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms represents a pioneering step toward sustainable urban logistics, offering both economic value—through cost savings—and social benefits—via improved service quality. In summary, the fuzzy genetic algorithm emerges as a powerful tool for modern urban delivery systems, enabling smarter decision-making and fostering greener, more efficient cities.", "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Computer science", "Fuzzy logic", "Genetic algorithm", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer network", "Machine learning" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/14727978251323125" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2921867328", "doi": "10.20944/preprints201902.0110.v1", "title": "Cooperated Routing Problem for Ground Vehicle and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: The Application on Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Missions", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-02-13", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yao Liu", "Zhihao Luo", "Zhong Liu", "Jianmai Shi", "Guangquan Cheng" ], "first_author": "Yao Liu", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we present a novel Two-Echelon Ground Vehicle and Its Mounted Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cooperated Routing Problem (2E-GUCRP). The 2E-GUCRP arises in the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Routing Problem such as those encountered in the context of city logistics. In a typical cooperated system, the UAV is launched from the Ground Vehicle (GV) and automatically flies to the designated target. Meanwhile, acting as a mobile base station, the GV can charge or change the UAV’s battery on the designated landing points to enable the UAV to continue its mission. The objective is to design efficient GV and UAV routes to minimize the total mission time while meeting the operational constraints. A Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) model, which could be solved by commercial software, is constructed to describe this problem. In order to quickly solve the medium-scale problems, two existing heuristics to solve 2E-VRP are improved. The computational experiments are set up to compare our model with the 2E-VRP. The results indicate that the 2E-GUCRP obtains a better efficiency. Further discussion of the practical instance points out that the increase in efficiency is related to the speed relationship between the GV and the UAV.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Context (archaeology)", "Flight plan", "Integer programming", "Real-time computing", "Embedded system", "Geography", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201902.0110/v1/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2472055472", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.117", "title": "Clean Last Mile Transport and Logistics Management for Smart and Efficient Local Governments in Europe", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paola Cossu" ], "first_author": "Paola Cossu", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "C-LIEGE \"Clean Last mile transport and logistics management for smart and efficient local Governments in Europe\" is a STEER Intelligent Energy Europe Programme 2010 project focused on developing integrated framework for energy-efficient urban freight transport demand management and planning. C-LIEGE is conceived as a showcase for good practices and a helping hand for European cities striving for cleaner and sustainable urban freight transport and logistics. C-LIEGE provides solutions for decision makers and professionals in Local Authorities and for freight operators. C-LIEGE empowers a cooperative approach between public and private stakeholders targeted on the reduction of energetic and environmental impacts of freight transport in European cities and regions. C-LIEGE successfully developed and tested freight transport demand-oriented measures and decision supporting tools towards reduction of energy, environmental and economic impacts of freight transport in urban environments. A set of integrated solutions and measures were implemented and tested by the support of newly developed C-LIEGE tools: the Stakeholder Engagement Manual, Good Practice Database, Push and Pull Measures Database, Guideline for the development of Urban Freight Mobility Plan as well as the C-LIEGE Toolbox for the establishment of a City Logistics Manager. Seven pilot experiments in six European countries assessed effectiveness of the C-LIEGE approach: Bulgaria, Italy, Poland, United Kingdom, Germany and Malta. The pilot cities selected and implemented a package of demand-oriented measures such as access fees and time windows restrictions, environmental zones, recognition schemes, freight maps, Freight Quality Partnerships, etc. A total of 35 demand-oriented measures were implemented in the C-LIEGE pilot cities, based upon the C-LIEGE toolbox and guidelines. The C-LIEGE pilot sites have introduced a wide range of measures aimed at reducing the impacts of urban freight transport: Fleet Operator Recognition Scheme (FORS) in Newcastle (UK), introduction of access restrictions for heavier freight vehicles in Montana (Bulgaria), new freight mapping in Leicester (UK) accessible via smart phone, re-routing measures in Stuttgart (Germany) as well as Hal-Tarxien (Malta), the establishment of Freight Quality Partnerships (FQPs) as well as Local Freight Development Plans (LFDPs) in all pilot cities. The results achieved in each C-LIEGE pilot site is summarized as follows: decreasing of CO, CO2, NOx and PM10 emissions (tons/year) generated by freight vehicles (Leicester: 15.3%; Newcastle: 9.5%; Stuttgart: 13.2%; Szczecin: 27.8%; Montana: 11.9%; Hal-Tarxien: 10.6%; Piacenza/Emilia-Romagna: 41.2%/44.4%), decreasing fossil fuel consumption (Leicester: 10.5%; Newcastle: 9.4%; Stuttgart: 13.1%; Szczecin: 27.8%; Montana: 11.9%; Hal-Tarxien: 10.5%; Piacenza/Emilia-Romagna: 1.7%/1.5%), decreasing operating costs for freight carriers (Leicester: 6.5% Newcastle: 5.4%; Stuttgart: 7.4%; Szczecin: 18.2%; Montana: 7.7%; Hal-Tarxien: 9.1%; Piacenza/Emilia-Romagna: 17.5%/20.1%). C-LIEGE finally filled the existing gap in know-how and professionalism in the sector by designing, fine-tuning and delivering the complimentary capabilities of City Logistics Manager. For the first time in Europe, the well-known Mobility Manager whose duties are focused on passenger transport only can be paired with a City Logistics Manager. We are convinced that the C-LIEGE tools and experiences will be of great value for urban freight transport management and logistics in other European cities and regions.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Traffic management", "Business", "Stakeholder", "City logistics", "Last mile (transportation)", "Sustainable transport", "Environmental economics", "Engineering", "Mile", "Sustainability", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 32, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.117" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4293209957", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4124233", "title": "Joint Optimization of Parcel Allocation and Crowd Routing for Crowdsourced Last-Mile Delivery", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Li Wang", "Min Xu", "Hu Qin" ], "first_author": "Li Wang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Mile", "Joint (building)", "Computer science", "Crowdsourcing", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Geography", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Computer network", "Engineering", "World Wide Web" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4124233" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1574255274", "doi": "10.1108/9781786359544", "title": "The Network Reliability of Transport", "year": 2003, "publication_date": "2003-05-08", "type": "book", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael G. H. Bell", "Yasunori Iida" ], "first_author": "Michael G. H. Bell", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Assessing transport reliability - malevolence and user knowledge, A.J. Nicholson et al Network vulnerability - an approach to reliability analysis at the level of national strategic transport networks, G.M. D'Este, M.A.P. Taylor Risk evaluation and management - a road network reliability study, A.J. Nicholson, E. Dalziell Reliability assessment on searching time for parking in urban areas, W.H.K. Lam, M-L. Tam An evaluation of the reliability of travel time in road networks based on stochastic user equilibrium, H. Inouye Effect of route choice models on estimation of travel time reliability under demand and supply variations, A. Chen et al Reliability assessment on transit network services, Y. Yin et al Modeling of traveler's uncertainty and anxiety, S. Kikuchi, H.J. van Zuylen Traveller's behaviour under uncertain conditions, H.J. van Zuylen, S. Kikuchi Mode choice model with travel time reliability and commuters' travel behavior before/after a major public transportation service closure, H. Wakabayashi et al An analysis of potential of providing information on traffic accident to enhance travel time reliability, N. Uno et al Drivers' cognition and dynamics of traffic-condition induced by network modification, S. Fujii, R. Kitamura A normative assessment of transport network reliability based on game theory, C. Cassir et al Stochastic network design problem - an optimal link investment model for reliable network, Y. Asakura et al Improving the reliability of street networks in highly densely populated urban areas, Y. Li, H. Tsukaguchi Street network reliability evaluation following the Chi-Chi earthquake, Y-L. Lee, K-Y. Yeh Evaluation of road network reliability considering traffic regulation after a disaster, F. Kurauchi et al Reliable vehicle routing and scheduling with time windows towards city logistics, E. Taniguchi T. Yamada Generalized travel cost reliability in a simple dynamic network under advanced traveler information system, T.H. Lam et al Estimating benefits of travel demand management schemes with uncertainty of travel times, E. Taniguchi, K. Ikeda Simulating road traffic interruptions - does it matter what model we use? Traffic flow analysis on inter-city expressway for emergency situations, K. Ogawa, T. Akiyama Travel time variability after a shock - the case of the twin cities ramp meter shut off, D. Levinson, L. Zhang Effects of demand variation on the location of optimal road pricing cordons, A. Sumalee et al.", "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Reliability engineering", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 107, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/9781786359544-025/full/pdf?title=prelims" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386251601", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-24907-5_54", "title": "The Grey Zone Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Customer-to-Parcel Locations and Low-Pollution Vehicles for Inner-City Logistics", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Edgar Ricardo Silva Russi", "Nacima Labadie", "Caroline Prodhon" ], "first_author": "Edgar Ricardo Silva Russi", "venue": "Lecture notes in operations research", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Integer programming", "City logistics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Last mile (transportation)", "Operations research", "Linear programming", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24907-5_54" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3201433183", "doi": null, "title": "Cargo Routing and Disadvantaged Communities", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-09-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Miguel Jaller", "Anmol Pahwa", "Michael Yu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Miguel Jaller", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Freight is fundamental to economic growth, however, the trucks that haul this freight are pollution intensive, emitting criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases at high rates. The increasing volume and time-sensitivity of freight demand over the past decade has encouraged carriers to take the fastest route, which is often not an eco-friendly route. The increase in urban freight movement has thus brought along negative externalities such as congestion, emissions, and noise into cities. Alternative fuel technologies, such as electric trucks and hydrogen-fuel trucks can significantly reduce freight-related emissions. However, despite their lower operational costs, the high purchase cost and consequent longer payback periods compared to traditional vehicles, have resulted in slow adoption rates. Since the need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and local criteria pollutants is immediate, accounting for externalities in carriers’ tactical and operational decision-making in the form of eco-routing can bring about desired reductions in emissions. The objectives of this work are to explore the possibilities and potential of eco-routing from the perspective of the carrier, in terms of cost-benefits and trade-offs, and from the perspective of the regulator, in terms of network-wide effects and policy initiatives that could encourage carriers to eco-route. This study evaluates reduction in global greenhouse emissions and local criteria pollutants, with a particular focus on direct impacts on disadvantaged communities in the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) region.", "keywords": [ "Disadvantaged", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Business", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Economics", "Computer network", "Economic growth" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9qg2318x.pdf;origin=repeccitec" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7141026707", "doi": "10.52170/1815-9265_2025_74_94", "title": "Multi-agent routing systems in urban transport management", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "V. I. Khabarov", "V. E. Kvashnin" ], "first_author": "V. I. Khabarov", "venue": "Вестник Сибирского государственного университета путей сообщения", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper investigates modern urban logistics problems related to the need to adapt the routes of different vehicles to the changing conditions of the urban environment. The main attention is paid to the many-to-many salesman problem (MTSP), which is formalized in a multi-agent setting (MATSP) with mandatory visits to dedicated loading/unloading points, since the problem posed in such a context allows us to consider scenarios close to those typical of urban distribution systems. The paper analyses different solution methods: evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence algorithms (bee swarm and ant colony) and simulated annealing algorithm. As part of the research conducted, a mathematical model of the MATSP problem is formulated to define the main constraints as well as the target function subjected to optimization. Further, comparative computational experiments are conducted for the multiple travelling salesman problem with drop-off points in order to determine the performance evaluation on test datasets with selected service areas. These experiments allow us to clearly identify the features of each algorithm, which provides a basis for determining the target algorithm depending on the input data. Special attention is paid to the classification of MATSP tasks, which contains the following classes: basic, balanced, dynamic and with dedicated loading/unloading points. Both static and dynamic aspects of the task are investigated, including online point addition and real-time route recalculation. The results of the study demonstrate the promise of using a multi-agent approach to solve urban routing problems, especially in the context of changing parameters and the need to respond quickly to changes.", "keywords": [ "Travelling salesman problem", "Simulated annealing", "Vehicle routing problem", "Context (archaeology)", "Particle swarm optimization", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Swarm behaviour", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Task (project management)" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.52170/1815-9265_2025_74_94" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2909009366", "doi": "10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612861", "title": "A Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm for Smart Freight Delivery with Electric Modular Vehicles", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dhekra Rezgui", "Hend Bouziri", "Wassila Aggoune‐Mtalaa", "Jouhaina Chaouachi Siala" ], "first_author": "Dhekra Rezgui", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper proposes a hybrid evolutionary algorithm for smart urban freight distribution using electric modular vehicles. The hybridization of evolutionary algorithms has recently shown promising results in vehicle routing problems with time windows. We propose here to test this technique on a new problem of routing electric vehicles with limited ranges which have the particularity of being modular. This means that the studied vehicles are composed of several modules which can be released at dedicated locations to go on performing the tours in an optimized way. For big instances of the problem which is NP-Hard, metaheuristics and in particular those involving evolutionary computation are suitable. Therefore, in this study, we propose to address the problem with the hybridization of the genetic algorithm. We use the Best Route crossover operator in combination of a Variable Neighborhood Descent algorithm for the mutation phase. An experimental study on benchmark instances from the literature shows the performance and effectiveness of the resulting evolutionary based algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Modular design", "Computer science", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 12, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa.2018.8612861" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406873347", "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2025.104609", "title": "Evaluation of cargo bike program for parcel deliveries in a medium-sized city", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrii Galkin", "Libor Švadlenka", "Radek Vrba", "Leise Kelli de Oliveira" ], "first_author": "Andrii Galkin", "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "City logistics is undergoing a transformative shift towards sustainability and efficiency. The environmental impacts of traditional delivery methods, coupled with urbanization, have driven the investigation of alternatives, including eco-friendly transportation modes. Among these, electric cargo bikes have emerged as a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions and congestion. This article delves into this case by evaluating a delivery service using electric cargo bikes using empirical data analysis, route optimization , and simulation. The findings support the strategic integration of electric cargo bikes with urban logistics hubs, enhancing the overall efficiency of last-mile deliveries. This research contributes to sustainable urban freight transport, providing information to city authorities, logistics operators, and policymakers. By establishing a robust framework for the deployment of electric cargo bikes in medium-sized cities, the study underscores the importance of innovative and sustainable solutions in transforming urban freight systems, aligning with global sustainability goals and improving urban livability.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Business", "Environmental science", "Aeronautics" ], "cited_by_count": 22, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104609" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2922929796", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-15-5682-1_56", "title": "An Improved Two-Level Approach for the Collaborative Freight Delivery in Urban Areas", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ahmed Karam", "Sergey Tsiulin", "Kristian Hegner Reinau", "Amr Eltawil" ], "first_author": "Ahmed Karam", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Set (abstract data type)", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Prosperity", "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Quality (philosophy)", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5682-1_56" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1599813437", "doi": null, "title": "Coordinating for priority on urban arterial freight routes", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Euan Ramsay", "Jonathan M. Bunker" ], "first_author": "Euan Ramsay", "venue": "QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)", "publisher": "Queensland University of Technology", "abstract": "Demands of freight and passenger traffic are often considered to be in competition, particularly on designated urban freight routes that use major arterial signalised traffic corridors. A microsimulation model of an urban traffic corridor in Brisbane was developed in order for corridor performance to be evaluated for alternative priority treatments. The model was calibrated with GPS travel time and trajectory data for a range of vehicle classes typical of those found on Australian urban freight routes. Intersection status was recorded simultaneously by the STREAMS traffic management system, enabling the progression of different vehicle classes to be validated under existing signal timing plans. The model can be applied to the optimisation of corridor signal timings. Unlike other models, it was possible to define vehicle-specific performance measures, such as delay, number of stops, and a combination of these. The model can be used to find the best combination of signal timings to favour the progression of particular vehicle classes, such as large freight vehicles. The effects on other vehicle classes can be noted; finding that, although being suboptimal for other classes, it may be possible to achieve some overall gains in traffic efficiency.", "keywords": [ "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Microsimulation", "Transport engineering", "Global Positioning System", "Computer science", "Travel time", "Range (aeronautics)", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/1992/1/AITPM2005RamsayBunker.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1827422801", "doi": "10.1061/9780784479384.074", "title": "Multiple-Depot Multiple-Type Vehicle Routing Problems Considering the Real Network", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-09-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chuanqi Zhang", "Yang Zhang", "Mi Jun" ], "first_author": "Chuanqi Zhang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a typical problem of urban distribution, multi-depot vehicle routing problem is a complex extension of vehicle routing problem. Reams of existing research of path optimization problems were assuming different customers have connected directly and using the straight-line distance between two points as the distance between two customers, it is possible in theory, but does not meet the reality of the road network structure, cannot be applied to the actual vehicle schedule. In this paper, considering both customer’s location within a specific service area and the actual road network structure, based on actual customer orders, research the optimal distribution path about multiple distribution centers with different types of vehicles, meet the needs of each customer, taking into account the loading rate of the vehicles, so that the total transport cost is minimal. Considering the earliness of genetic algorithm, this paper combines simulated annealing algorithm, using an improved genetic algorithm and experimentally verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm, showing that the algorithm can be directly applied to the actual vehicle schedule.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Simulated annealing", "Schedule", "Genetic algorithm", "Mathematical optimization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Path (computing)", "Service (business)", "Computer network", "Algorithm", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479384.074" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2122127576", "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2010.02.010", "title": "Fuel savings on a heavy vehicle via aerodynamic drag reduction", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-03-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zulfaa Mohamed-Kassim", "Antonio Filippone" ], "first_author": "Zulfaa Mohamed-Kassim", "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Aerodynamic drag", "Fuel efficiency", "Aerodynamics", "Range (aeronautics)", "Automotive engineering", "Drag", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Marine engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 108, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2010.02.010" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3138388414", "doi": "10.37394/23205.2020.19.7", "title": "An Algorithm for Computing Solutions to the Range Limited Routing Problem Using Electrical Trucks", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-03-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yavuz Günalay", "Julian Scott Yeomans" ], "first_author": "Yavuz Günalay", "venue": "WSEAS Transactions on Computers archive", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Increasing urban intensification has caused civic planners to devote additional resources to more appropriate logistics planning. Electric vehicles have proved to be both a lower cost alternative and more environmentally friendly than the more ubiquitous internal combustion engine vehicles. However, prevailing decision-making formulations employed by municipalities and businesses are not necessarily computationally conducive for the evaluation and optimization of urban transportation systems using electric vehicles. An innovative computational approach, the range limited routing problem, is introduced that enables urban planners to more readily evaluate the contributions of electric vehicles to the city logistics decision-making process. While there is no generalized solution technique for solving this new formulation, this paper employs the Firefly Algorithm (FA) metaheuristic to solve the range limited routing problem using electric trucks.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Firefly algorithm", "Range (aeronautics)", "Process (computing)", "Metaheuristic", "Transport engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2020.19.7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2532039143", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-48472-3_7", "title": "Cooperative Routing and Scheduling of an Electric Vehicle Fleet Managing Dynamic Customer Requests", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Panagiotis Liakos", "Iosif Angelidis", "Alex Delis" ], "first_author": "Panagiotis Liakos", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Truck", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Electric vehicle", "Geolocation", "Operations research", "Fleet management", "Battery electric vehicle", "Dynamic pricing", "Transport engineering", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48472-3_7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2172970018", "doi": "10.11175/eastpro.2011.0.126.0", "title": "Exact Solution for Vehicle Routing Problem with Soft Time Windows and Dynamic Travel Time", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ali Gul Qureshi", "Eiichi Taniguchi", "Tadashi Yamada" ], "first_author": "Ali Gul Qureshi", "venue": "Medical Entomology and Zoology", "publisher": "Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology", "abstract": "The traffic conditions in urban areas change with time due to varying congestion levels and incidents, resulting in unexpected variations of travel time on the infrastructure links. These conditions lead to the formulation of the Dynamic Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problem with Soft Time Windows (D-VRPSTW) with dynamic travel time in the city logistics field. This paper presents a column generation-based exact solution approach for the D-VRPSTW. The performance evaluation on a test instance under different dynamic travel time events shows that the D-VRPSTW solutions based on the updated travel times result in significant cost savings as compared to the static version.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Travel time", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Column generation", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic congestion", "Real-time computing", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130005037277" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7120518935", "doi": null, "title": "Analysis of Vehicle Routing via TransCAD: a Contribution to Urban Freight Distribution", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-08-21", "type": "dissertation", "language": "pt", "authors": [ "Miguel Ângelo Almeida Faria de Paula" ], "first_author": "Miguel Ângelo Almeida Faria de Paula", "venue": "LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)", "publisher": "LA Referencia", "abstract": "This study analyzes urban freight distribution from the wholesale distribution sector to supermarkets retail sector via TransCAD software, and the vehicle routing problem with time windows has been applied for possible delivery route optimization. TransCAD focuses on a transport system based on graph theory concepts which have been employed in this study, together with some basic concepts of distribution chain and its elements. Some parameters for the application of TransCAD have been based on information provided by a wholesale distribution company located in Uberlândia, Brazil. Such information includes vehicle type, fleet size, and average client demand. The features of the vehicle type underwent changes in four different scenarios; outputs were generated for each of these scenarios, which revealed the most effective itinerary and route settings for urban freight distribution. Even though TransCAD fails to analyze factors such as traffic conditions, vehicle freight arrangement, and average vehicle speed along a given route, the results of this study may contribute to the operation of product distribution.", "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Vehicle miles of travel", "Traffic management", "Product (mathematics)", "City logistics", "Graph" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14134" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317677552", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2023.109026", "title": "Mixed multi-echelon location routing problem with differentiated intermediate depots", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yunkai Chen", "Quanwu Zhao", "Wei Wang", "Shu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Yunkai Chen", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Benchmark (surveying)", "Iterated local search", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Heuristic", "Integer programming", "Mathematical optimization", "Vehicle routing problem", "Operations research", "Local search (optimization)", "Mathematics", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109026" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2782624543", "doi": "10.1108/ijlm-10-2016-0247", "title": "Estimating transportation network impedance to last-mile delivery", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kolawole Ewedairo", "Prem Chhetri", "Ferry Jie" ], "first_author": "Kolawole Ewedairo", "venue": "The International Journal of Logistics Management", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure and map the potential transportation network impedance to last-mile delivery (LMD) using spatial measures representing attributes of road network and planning controls. Design/methodology/approach The transport network impedance is estimated as the potential hindrance to LMD as imposed by the characteristics of the built and regulatory environment. A matrix of key transport and planning measures are generated and overlaid in geographical information systems to compute and visualise the levels of transportation network impedance to LMD using a composite indexing method. Findings The mapped outputs reveal significant spatial variation in transportation network impedance to LMD across different part of the study area. Significant differences were detected along the road segments that connect key industrial hubs or activity centres especially along tram routes and freight corridors, connecting the Port of Melbourne and logistic hub with the airport and the Western Ring Road. Research limitations/implications The use of static measures of transport and urban planning restricts the robustness of the impedance index, which can be enhanced through better integration of dynamic and real-time movements of business-to-business LMD of goods. Spatial approach is valuable for broader urban planning at a metropolitan or council level; however, its use is somewhat limited in assisting the daily operational planning and logistics decision making in terms of dynamic routing and vehicle scheduling. Practical implications The built and regulatory environment contributes to the severity of LMD problem in urban areas. The use of land use controls as instruments to increase city compactness in strategic nodes/hubs is more likely to deter the movement of urban freight. The mapped outputs would help urban planners and logisticians in mitigating the potential delay in last-mile deliveries through devising localised strategies such as dedicated freight corridors or time-bound deliveries in congested areas of road network. Originality/value This is the first study that measured the potential transport network impedance to LMD and improved understanding of the complex interactions between urban planning measures and LMD. Micro-scale mapping of transportation network impedance at the street level adds an innovative urban planning dimension to research in the growing field of city logistics.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Transportation planning", "Metropolitan area", "Network planning and design", "Telecommunications", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 56, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-10-2016-0247" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401387718", "doi": "10.1117/12.3034872", "title": "Adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm for vehicle routing problem with drones with delivery options", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jiapu Sheng", "Lifeng Mu" ], "first_author": "Jiapu Sheng", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Compared to traditional urban delivery systems, the last-mile delivery has become a complex issue due to lower daily customer demands, significant delivery time variations, and a widespread distribution of locations. The delivery time of customer orders is associated with the choice of delivery locations, where considerations of capacity and operating hours arise, especially when utilizing shared delivery spots such as parcel lockers. To address these issues and emphasize the advantages of shared parcel lockers, we propose a delivery problem with delivery options and preference levels. We define a routing scheme for the coordinated delivery of vehicles and drones, integrating various types of delivery locations. We solve this problem using an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm with simulated annealing, introducing specific ruin and repair operators. These operators, combined with various operators from the literature, undergo numerical experiments. In the specific context of this problem, our proposed method outperforms conventional algorithms, such as large neighborhood search and a single-parent genetic algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Simulated annealing", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Drone", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Context (archaeology)", "Mathematical optimization", "Local search (optimization)", "Delivery Performance", "Food delivery", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3034872" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2046323537", "doi": "10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000011", "title": "Modeling Freight Delivery Flows: Missing Link of Urban Transport Analysis", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-03-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jesús Muñuzuri", "Pablo Cortés", "Luis Onieva", "José Guadix Martín" ], "first_author": "Jesús Muñuzuri", "venue": "Journal of Urban Planning and Development", "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers", "abstract": "Urban freight transport has barely incited any modeling efforts when compared to passenger cars and public transport, which is mainly due to the lack of available data and the complexity of the delivery route patterns and the involved decision making. We present here a modeling approach consisting of a demand model followed by an entropy maximization procedure to estimate an origin-destination matrix for urban freight transport vehicles, both for business to business and home deliveries, during the morning peak hour. This approach requires relatively few data inputs in comparison with other existing models and represents an initial step toward the inclusion of freight delivery models in overall urban transport planning. The application of the model is illustrated with a case study in the city of Seville, with its efficiency tested by the validation of the results using actual traffic counts.", "keywords": [ "Entropy maximization", "Transport engineering", "Public transport", "Computer science", "City logistics", "Maximization", "Transportation planning", "Passenger transport", "Entropy (arrow of time)", "Operations research", "Principle of maximum entropy", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 43, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000011" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2035476196", "doi": "10.1049/iet-its.2012.0114", "title": "Method for estimating the energy consumption of electric vehicles and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles under real‐world driving conditions", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ravi V. Shankar", "James Marco" ], "first_author": "Ravi V. Shankar", "venue": "IET Intelligent Transport Systems", "publisher": "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "abstract": "This study presents a novel framework by which the energy consumption of an electric vehicle (EV) or the zero‐emissions range of a plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) may be predicted over a route. The proposed energy prediction framework employs a neural network and may be used either ‘off‐line’ for better estimating the real‐world range of the vehicle or ‘on‐line’ integrated within the vehicle's energy management control system. The authors propose that this approach provides a more robust representation of the energy consumption of the target EVs compared to standard legislative test procedures. This is particularly pertinent for vehicle fleet operators that may use EVs within a specific environment, such as inner‐city public transport or the use of urban delivery vehicles. Experimental results highlight variations in EV range in the order of 50% when different levels of traffic congestion and road type are included in the analysis. The ability to estimate the energy requirements of the vehicle over a given route is also a pre‐requisite for using an efficient charge blended control strategy within a PHEV. Experimental results show an accuracy within 20–30% when comparing predicted and measured energy consumptions for over 800 different real‐world EV journeys.", "keywords": [ "Automotive engineering", "Plug-in", "Energy consumption", "Electric energy consumption", "Fuel efficiency", "Green vehicle", "Consumption (sociology)", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Electric energy", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 124, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2012.0114" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169881610", "doi": "10.1109/icoeins69996.2026.11605455", "title": "A Genetic Algorithm Approach to the Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup, Delivery, and Cargo Loading (VRPSPD-CL) for Capacity Utilization and Distance Reduction in City Logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Prafajar Suksessanno Muttaqin", "Erlangga Bayu Setyawan" ], "first_author": "Prafajar Suksessanno Muttaqin", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icoeins69996.2026.11605455" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160607360", "doi": "10.3390/su18104683", "title": "Sustainable Transportation Decision-Making Enabled by Specialized Large Language Models: A Supervised Fine-Tuning Framework for Route Planning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chuqiao Chen", "Yue Wang", "Yiming Guo", "Haonan Yang", "Hengpeng Zhang", "Zhiwu Dong" ], "first_author": "Chuqiao Chen", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in intelligent transportation systems, but their direct use in constrained route planning remains unreliable because such tasks require exact numerical consistency and strict compliance with operational constraints. This challenge is particularly important in urban freight and logistics, where routing errors can reduce efficiency and undermine sustainability. To address this issue, this study proposes a supervised fine-tuning (SFT) framework that specializes a general-purpose LLM as an orchestration agent for route planning. Instead of generating routes directly, the model translates natural-language requests into structured function calls that invoke deterministic optimization solvers for the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP), Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP), and Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW). Experiments on a controlled synthetic benchmark with thousands of routing instances show that direct generation is ineffective for constrained routing, while tool augmentation substantially improves reliability. More importantly, SFT further strengthens function-calling performance, especially on the most challenging VRPTW task, where the overall success rate of the 8B model increases from 0.408 in the zero-shot setting to 0.792 after fine-tuning. The fine-tuned 8B model also outperforms a much larger zero-shot 235B model while requiring far fewer computational resources. These findings indicate that reliable LLM-based transportation decision support is better achieved by combining compact language models with deterministic optimization tools rather than relying on larger models for direct route generation, offering a lightweight and more sustainable path for real-world logistics deployment.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Consistency (knowledge bases)", "Route planning", "Orchestration", "Path (computing)", "Function (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/10/4683/pdf?version=1778242223" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W772666048", "doi": null, "title": "Demand Model and Vehicle Routing Problem: An Integrated Procedure to Optimize the Urban Goods Movements", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Antonino Vitetta", "Antonio Polimeni" ], "first_author": "Antonino Vitetta", "venue": "European Transport Conference, 2009Association for European Transport (AET)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "An integrate procedure for goods movement simulation in an urban area is organized in this paper. The procedure consists of two levels: the first level is a commodity-based demand model that simulates the goods movements in terms of quantity; the second level is a vehicle routing problem with time windows that simulates the delivery process. The demand models can be classified referring to the main characteristics on the basis of different criteria. The urban goods movements are characterized by some vehicles that delivered the goods over to some retailers, leaving from a wholesaler/carrier depot, a logistic platform, an urban distribution center, etc. The problem can be formalized using a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). A commodity based model to simulate the goods quantity attracted in a zone is proposed in the paper. The model structure proposed considers that there is a carrier that supplies some retailers and the carriers choose the first zone to serve. The output of the demand model (goods quantity) is an input for the vehicle routing problem. In literature various models and methods are proposed to formulate and solve the VRP. The formulation of a VRP is based on the definition of an objective function to consider the benefit/costs that characterize the problem. Exact or approximate procedures are proposed to solve the VRP. Then, a VRP with Time Windows (VRPTW) is formulated in the paper. The problem is formulated using the network theory to define the cost involved in the problem. The objective function considers the path cost between an origin/destination pair (e.g, depot – client, client – client, client – depot) and the fixed cost (fuel consumption, driver pay, etc.). The additive costs are obtained solving a shortest path problem, the output is a cost matrix. The non – additive costs are the cost for unloading operations. The fixed costs consider the costs for fuel consumption, driver/s pay, other costs (maintenance, technical costs, etc.) The VRPTW is solved using the genetic algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Commodity", "Mathematical optimization", "Process (computing)", "Function (biology)", "Path (computing)", "Operations research", "Economics", "Mathematics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/1107299" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167575174", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7075423", "title": "Green Vehicle Routing Problem with a Multi-step China Certified Emission Reduction Mechanism", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Yiyong Pan", "Hui Yu" ], "first_author": "Yiyong Pan", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Smoothing", "Greenhouse gas", "Nonlinear system", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Lagrange multiplier", "Punctuality", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/52f8fb7d-08ed-4f34-93b4-29b28465fbaa-MECA.pdf?abstractid=7075423&mirid=1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W654789900", "doi": null, "title": "Modelación En Programación Matemática Y Resolución Del Problema De Localización-Ruteo En Logística Urbana", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Nilson Herazo-Padilla" ], "first_author": "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "venue": "DSPACE System - Metalibrary (University of the Coast)", "publisher": "University of the Coast", "abstract": "The implementation of urban distribution centers near to city centers to allow freight consolidation is a widely extended initiative worldwide, seeking to improve traffic congestion and quality of life in downtown, among others. This paper considers the problem of locating urban distribution centers and proposes an exact method, based on integer linear programming for strategic, tactical and operational decision-making. The aim is to solve, in an integer manner, location, sizing and operation (vehicle routing) problems in these logistics platforms. The model is validated using real-data taken from the city of SaintÉtienne, France. Computational experiments are also carried out in order to compare the proposed model with existing procedures from the literature. Results show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model and its applicability in real decision-making for medium sized data sets.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/11323/911" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2890679943", "doi": "10.1109/icsssm.2018.8464993", "title": "Green Routing Optimization for Logistics Distribution with Path Flexibility and Service Time Window", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-07-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xi Wang", "Li Wang" ], "first_author": "Xi Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the process of logistics distribution, the transportation system is usually disturbed by complex factors, which leads to the dynamic and randomness of the vehicle speed. Meanwhile, there are lots of alternative paths between any two customers in the actual urban distribution network. This paper will investigate the routing optimization in logistics enterprises under time-dependent transportation environment, which is of great significance to realize green low-carbon distribution. Firstly, the method of solving the optimal path between customers is given on the basis of dealing with the dynamic of vehicle speed. Secondly, for the purpose of minimizing carbon emissions and total travel time, the green distribution routing optimization model considering the customer service time window is formulated. Thirdly, a case study is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Path (computing)", "Randomness", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Process (computing)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2018.8464993" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3044800515", "doi": "10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.07.010", "title": "Application of an empirical multi-agent model for urban goods transport to analyze impacts of zero emission zones in The Netherlands", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-07-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michiel de Bok", "Lóránt Antal Tavasszy", "Sebastiaan Thoen" ], "first_author": "Michiel de Bok", "venue": "Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Reducing emissions caused by urban freight transportation is an increasingly important policy objective for transportation planners around the world. New and innovative ways of data collection provide new possibilities to analyze these issues. In this paper we present MASS-GT, a new multi-agent simulation system for urban goods transport. The empirical basis is provided by an exceptionally large dataset of truck trip travel diaries for The Netherlands that was collected from transportation management systems using an automated data collection interface. The dataset is very dense and includes information on vehicles, routes, and shipments carried. The strategic part of the model simulates the formation of individual shipments based on logistic processes at a strategic level, such as sourcing, distribution channel choice and shipment size choice. At tactical level disaggregate choices are simulated for tour formation, vehicle type- and time of day choice, based on observed distributions. The multi-agent approach allows to implement heterogeneous preferences and thus differentiated responses to new policies. We present an application of the model to study the impacts of urban consolidation centers (UCC) and zero emission zones. The freight transportation volumes transported to these UCC and their impact on logistic indicators are analyzed. Simulation results show that vehicle kilometers travelled within the wider region increase with the introduction of UCC, and at the same time the efficiency of deliveries increases as well. Thus the model allows to study trade-offs between regional and local systems that emerge from different behavioural responses to policies.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Consolidation (business)", "Transportation planning", "Vehicle miles of travel", "Data collection", "Computer science", "Empirical research", "Operations research", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 47, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X19307383/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4206438784", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-75166-1_14", "title": "Green Location-Routing Problem with Delivery Options", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mengtong Wang", "Lixin Miao", "Canrong Zhang" ], "first_author": "Mengtong Wang", "venue": "Springer proceedings in business and economics", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Business", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75166-1_14" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204444806", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-68348-2", "title": "A hybrid adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm for two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dian Huang", "Hugang Wang", "Wenlei Wang", "Li Zhang" ], "first_author": "Dian Huang", "venue": "Scientific Reports", "publisher": "Nature Portfolio", "abstract": "The efficient management of urban logistics is important for smart production and service systems, requiring coordinated optimization and planning for sustainable and responsive operations. This study investigates a two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem with time windows (2E-EVRPTW), an important optimization problem in urban delivery networks. The problem involves using fuel-powered trucks for the first-echelon transport from a warehouse to satellites and electric vehicles (EVs) with limited range and charging needs for the second-echelon, time-sensitive last-mile delivery. To tackle this NP-hard problem, we first formulate it as a mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) model. We then propose a hybrid heuristic algorithm, CL-ALNS, which integrates clustering and adaptive metaheuristic search. Specifically, CL-ALNS combines K-means clustering for strategic facility allocation in the first echelon with an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) to support routing and charging scheduling in the second echelon. This algorithm is designed to reduce total cost while obtaining efficient, high-quality solutions. Computational experiments and benchmarks against a commercial solver and heuristic baselines show that our CL-ALNS framework obtains competitive results under the tested settings. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis examines how key operational parameters influence the system, providing valuable insights for managers of smart logistics services.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Electric vehicle", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)", "Search algorithm", "Genetic algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68348-2_reference.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W604872567", "doi": "10.1201/b16346", "title": "Urban Transportation and Logistics", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-11-27", "type": "reference-entry", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Concepts and Visions for Urban Transport and Logistics Relating to Human Security Eiichi Taniguchi, Russell G. Thompson, and Tadashi Yamada Transport and Logistics in Asian Cities Tien Fang Fwa Healthy Transport Russell G. Thompson Hazardous Material Transportation Wai Yuen Szeto and Rojee Pradhananga Mixed Traffic in Asian Cities Yasuhiro Shiomi Road Safety Nobuhiro Uno, Yasunobu Oshima, and Russell G. Thompson Network Design for Freight Transport and Supply Chain Tadashi Yamada Vehicle Routing and Scheduling with Uncertainty Ali Gul Qureshi Urban Transport and Logistics in Cases of Natural Disasters Sideney A. Schreiner, Jr. Application of ICT and ITS Takayoshi Yokota and Dai Tamagawa Future Perspectives on Urban Freight Transport Eiichi Taniguchi and Russell G. Thompson", "keywords": [ "Business", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 23, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/b16346" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117971170", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-95-0853-2_19", "title": "Shared Deliveries for Sustainable Urban Fruit Distribution in Kozhikode: A Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem-Based Route Optimization Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "V. Ansu", "M. V. L. R. Anjaneyulu", "P. Nagendra", "S. M. Adithya", "P. S. Gadha", "V. S. N. Sahithya", "F. Sona" ], "first_author": "V. Ansu", "venue": "Lecture notes on multidisciplinary industrial engineering", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Product (mathematics)", "Quality (philosophy)", "Process (computing)", "Food spoilage", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Production (economics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-0853-2_19" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403210470", "doi": "10.1109/ictle62418.2024.10703905", "title": "Reshaping Urban Logistics: Route Planning Strategies for Collaborative Delivery Using Autonomous Vehicles and Passenger-Freight Combined Buses", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xueyan Zhou", "Cheng Zhao", "Fengjie Xie" ], "first_author": "Xueyan Zhou", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In recent years, the rapid growth of e-commerce has led to a surge in demand for urban logistics. The traditional truck-based delivery model, characterized by high energy consumption and limited delivery efficiency, is increasingly inadequate for urban express delivery requirements. This study proposes a collaborative delivery route planning model that integrates autonomous vehicles with passenger-freight combined buses to optimize urban express delivery routes, enhance delivery efficiency, and reduce logistics costs. Additionally, a single-parent genetic algorithm was developed for path optimization within this model. This algorithm evaluates delivery route quality by comprehensively considering factors such as delivery time, operational costs, and energy consumption. Finally, a case study conducted in Hanzhong City demonstrates that the collaborative delivery model, compared to the traditional truck-based delivery model, reduces operational costs for courier companies by Ɏ624.75, decreases travel distance by 13.48 kilometers, and increases daily net revenue for bus companies by Ɏ347.2. This study validates the efficiency and economic viability of the collaborative delivery model in modern urban logistics, providing robust support for optimizing urban delivery systems.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Traffic management", "City logistics", "Computer science", "Passenger transport", "Business", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ictle62418.2024.10703905" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394858786", "doi": "10.1016/j.retrec.2024.101429", "title": "Zero-emission vehicle adoption towards sustainable e-grocery last-mile delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Luigi Pio Prencipe", "Aleksandra Colovic", "Mario Binetti", "Michele Ottomanelli" ], "first_author": "Luigi Pio Prencipe", "venue": "Research in Transportation Economics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "In recent years, sustainable eco-friendly vehicles have been demonstrated as an adequate solution for urban deliveries and restricted areas facing traffic congestion and traffic zone limitation. Therefore, in this paper, a novel Decision Support System has been proposed for evaluating the efficiency of e-grocery home delivery through eco-friendly vehicle adoption. A mathematical model, formulated as Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Partial Recharging (EVRPTW-PR), has been applied for selecting the best zero-emission vehicle for e-grocery home delivery. The comparison of the most emerging electric light-duty vehicles (e-cargo bikes, e-mopeds, and e-vans) has been carried out through key performance indicators related to the drivers’ salary, the total delivery time, the fuel (energy) costs, the vehicle investment costs, and the average payload capacity utilization. The overall evaluation encourages the adoption of zero-emission strategies and helps e-grocery commerce to adopt the best option that fits with the environmental as well as the economic aspects.", "keywords": [ "Sustainable transport", "Vehicle routing problem", "Zero emission", "Transport engineering", "Traffic congestion", "Payload (computing)", "Electric vehicle", "Business", "Last mile (transportation)", "Investment (military)", "Mile", "Environmental economics" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2024.101429" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2081015417", "doi": "10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.08.109", "title": "Hierarchical Integrated Intelligent Logistics System Platform", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrzej Adamski" ], "first_author": "Andrzej Adamski", "venue": "Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "In the paper the original proposal of HIILS platform for the wide spectrum of the City Logistics problems was presented. This platform is an option of ILS multi-layer integrated logistic system with management and coordination, adaptation, optimization and scheduling, monitoring and intelligent supervision, direct control layers dedicated to dynamic, stochastic, multi-criteria intelligent logistics decision problems. As an illustrative example the real-time VRP-TW (Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problem with Time Windows) problem was selected. In this example the HIILS upper layers offer the context-related real-time updating network specifications that stimulates the adequate routing parameters updating at optimization layer. At the bottom dispatching control layer the well known DISCON (Dispatching CONtrol) method from public transport was adopted to logistics applications with actual routing treated as obligatory reference schedule to be stabilized. The intelligence aspects are related among others to context-related trade-offs between routing modifications and corrective dispatching control capabilities e.g. priority or route guidance actions.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Schedule", "Control (management)", "Context (archaeology)", "Distributed computing", "Operations research", "Real-time computing", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 22, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042811014893/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7158428471", "doi": null, "title": "Optimization approaches for the Generalized Vehicle Routing Problem with heterogeneous vehicles, time windows, lockers and cell capacity", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-05", "type": "dissertation", "language": "it", "authors": [ "CLAUDIA MUSCENTE" ], "first_author": "CLAUDIA MUSCENTE", "venue": "Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of Pisa)", "publisher": "University of Pisa", "abstract": "The rapid growth of e-commerce has made last-mile delivery the most costly and complex phase of logistics. In this context, this thesis introduces the Generalized Vehicle Routing Problem with heterogeneous vehicles, time windows, lockers and cell capacity (GHVRPTWLCC), an advanced extension of the classical Vehicle Routing Problem. Unlike existing models in the literature, the GHVRPTWLCC simultaneously incorporates a heterogeneous fleet, time windows, lockers and locker cell capacities, elements rarely considered together. The work proposes three mathematical formulations, initially compared on instances with 25 customers, highlighting significant differences in solution quality and computational times. Subsequently, the most effective formulation was selected, and tests were conducted on extended literature instances adapted to reflect the problem’s characteristics, including multiple delivery points per customer and a heterogeneous fleet with different capacities and costs. A sensitivity analysis was performed on fixed vehicle costs by changing the cost parameters between low, medium, and high categories. This analysis demonstrated that the fleet composition is extremely robust, since the number and type of vehicles used do not change as costs vary. Finally, tests on larger instances with 50 customers evaluated the scalability of the model. The proposed model can support logistics companies in optimizing urban deliveries, improving operational efficiency and reducing last-mile distribution costs.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Scalability", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Work (physics)", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Fixed cost", "Range (aeronautics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://etd.adm.unipi.it/theses/available/etd-03232026-131834/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411185474", "doi": "10.35629/3795-11041527", "title": "Optimization of vehicle routing problems for cold chain logistics mixed fleet under low-carbon constraints", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Huijie Peng Huijie Peng", "Wenying Zhuang" ], "first_author": "Huijie Peng Huijie Peng", "venue": "Journal of Software Engineering and Simulation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the field of urban distribution, time-varying road network conditions are complex, customers' requirements for delivery time and freshness of goods are stringent, and the current situation of the coexistence of electric vehicles and fuel vehicles has brought new challenges and opportunities to logistics enterprises' distribution path optimization. Logistics enterprises need to optimize the distribution plan. This paper constructs a mixed fleet vehicle routing optimization model with multi factor considerations. Considering the key factors such as electric vehicle charging strategy, carbon emission cost and customer satisfaction, the minimum total distribution cost and the maximum customer satisfaction are the two objectives. In order to improve the efficiency and quality of the solution, this study designs and improves the NSGA-II algorithm, which integrates clustering, path rearrangement greedy strategy based on time window and cost optimization, and verifies the effectiveness of the improved NSGA-II algorithm through the numerical experiment of Solomon standard example, and makes a comparative analysis of the distribution schemes using mixed fleet and charging strategy, so as to help logistics enterprises determine the optimal charging strategy and distribution scheme.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Cold chain", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Chain (unit)", "Automotive engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Computer network", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.35629/3795-11041527" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125929131", "doi": "10.33005/wj.v18i1.186", "title": "Perencanaan Rute Distribusi Logistik Perkotaan Berbasis Data Geospasial Menggunakan Pendekatan Vehicle Routing Problem", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-28", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Violita Anggraini", "Muhammad Iqbal Faturohman", "Halim Qista Karima" ], "first_author": "Violita Anggraini", "venue": "WALUYO JATMIKO PROCEEDING", "publisher": "University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran", "abstract": "Perkembangan aktivitas ekonomi perkotaan telah meningkatkan kompleksitas distribusi logistik, khususnya untuk produk pangan segar seperti sayuran yang bersifat perishable dan memerlukan ketepatan waktu pengiriman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan rute dan penjadwalan distribusi sayuran dari supplier ke toko ritel di kawasan Jalan Pandega Marta, Yogyakarta, menggunakan pendekatan Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) berbasis data geospasial OpenStreetMap. Penelitian menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pemodelan matematis VRP yang diselesaikan menggunakan algoritma Nearest Neighbor dan improvement 2-opt local search, melibatkan dua supplier dan lima toko ritel. Data jaringan jalan diekstraksi menggunakan library OSMnx, dan perhitungan shortest path menggunakan algoritma Dijkstra untuk menghasilkan matriks jarak terpendek yang merefleksikan kondisi jaringan jalan aktual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rute optimal menghasilkan penghematan jarak sebesar 367 meter (1,97%) per hari atau setara dengan 110 kilometer per tahun. Supplier 1 memiliki efisiensi rute 2,8 kali lebih tinggi (0,476 toko/km) dibandingkan Supplier 2 (0,168 toko/km) karena keunggulan lokasi depot yang 48,2% lebih dekat ke cluster toko. Perbandingan jarak Euclidean dan network distance menghasilkan detour factor 1,091, memvalidasi pentingnya penggunaan data geospasial aktual untuk akurasi perencanaan rute. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada literatur city logistics melalui demonstrasi aplikasi VRP berbasis open-source geospatial data untuk konteks UMKM di negara berkembang, menghasilkan framework yang theoretically sound dan practically actionable dengan operational optimization, dan environmental sustainability.", "keywords": [ "Dijkstra's algorithm", "Shortest path problem", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://semnasti.upnjatim.ac.id/index.php/semnasti/article/download/186/148" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407182630", "doi": "10.9717/kmms.2025.28.1.046", "title": "Optimization Model for Multi-depot Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows in Ho Chi Minh City", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Quang-Hieu Dao", "Gyu-Sung Cho" ], "first_author": "Quang-Hieu Dao", "venue": "Journal of Korea Multimedia Society", "publisher": "Korea Multimedia Society", "abstract": "In urban logistics within Southeast Asia, particularly in Ho Chi Minh City, motorcycles are vital for effective last-mile delivery, accounting for 75% of daily trips due to their adaptability to congested streets. This paper investigates a Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (MDVRPTW) specific to motorcycle logistics, addressing constraints such as multiple depot origins, customer-specific time windows, and limited vehicle capacities. An Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm, enhanced with a 3-opt local search, is proposed to optimize route efficiency, reduce travel distances, and ensure timely deliveries across complex urban routes. This ACO-3-opt model outperforms standard ACO by refining routes and minimizing total mileage, which lead to reducing the operational costs. Through an empirical study in Ho Chi Minh City, the algorithm demonstrates significant improvements in delivery efficiency, showcasing its potential to address the logistical demands of high-density urban environments. The findings provide insights into optimizing urban distribution networks, particularly for motorbikebased logistics in Southeast Asian megacities.", "keywords": [ "Ho chi minh", "Vehicle routing problem", "Depot", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Geography", "Computer network", "Cartography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.9717/kmms.2025.28.1.046" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171434842", "doi": "10.3390/su18157580", "title": "Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Algorithm for Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Capacitated Charging Stations and Queueing", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhuoti Huang", "Senlai Zhu", "Yuming Wang" ], "first_author": "Zhuoti Huang", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "With growing emphasis on green and low-carbon development and rising urban delivery demand, electric vehicles (EVs) have been increasingly adopted in logistics distribution systems. However, their limited driving range, relatively long charging durations, and the limited capacity of charging stations pose substantial challenges to real-world electric delivery operations. When multiple vehicles arrive at a station with a limited number of chargers, queueing delays may disrupt subsequent customer service and increase total operating costs. To address this issue, this study investigates an electric vehicle routing problem with capacitated charging stations and queueing delays. A mixed-integer linear programming model is formulated, and an enhanced adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm is developed to efficiently solve medium- and large-scale instances. In the proposed model, each vehicle visit to a charging station is represented as a charging event, while finite station capacity is enforced through charging-event assignment and temporal non-overlap constraints. Computational results show that the enhanced ALNS matches the proven optimal solution for the 10-customer instance. For the 15- and 20-customer instances, the best objective values obtained by the enhanced ALNS were 0.39% and 4.84% lower than the corresponding time-limited Gurobi incumbents, respectively. For the 30-, 50-, and 100-customer instances, the enhanced ALNS consistently generates feasible solutions within the prescribed computational budget, whereas Gurobi does not obtain a feasible incumbent within substantially longer time limits. Compared with the baseline ALNS, the enhanced version generally achieves lower mean objective values and more favorable convergence behavior. Sensitivity analyses further show that increasing the number of chargers and improving the charging rate can reduce queueing delays and total charging duration. The proposed approach provides practical decision support for reliable and sustainable urban electric freight operations.", "keywords": [ "Queueing theory", "Electric vehicle", "Charging station", "Convergence (economics)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/15/7580/pdf?version=1784966088" } ]