[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414980044", "doi": "10.61978/novatio.v1i1.840", "title": "Parity Frontiers in Urban Delivery: A Route Level Cost to Serve Framework with Evidence from Europe and Southeast Asia", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Purwo Agus Sucipto" ], "first_author": "Purwo Agus Sucipto", "venue": "Novatio Journal of Management Technology and Innovation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Last mile delivery represents a significant share of logistics spending, yet investment decisions often rely on fleet-average costs. This study examines the conditions under which battery electric light commercial vans (BEVs) achieve lower cost-to-serve (CTS) per stop than internal combustion engine (ICE) vans, focusing on the role of charging strategies and urban operating environments. An activity-based framework is applied to decompose CTS into energy, maintenance, and labor, calibrated using urban, mixed, and suburban route archetypes under 2023 price conditions. Three charging strategies overnight depot alternating current, mixed alternating and direct current fast charging, and full reliance on public fast charging are evaluated through sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulations, with external validation in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Findings show that BEVs consistently deliver lower CTS than ICE vans across scenarios. Savings are modest in dense cores dependent on public fast charging but substantial on suburban routes with reliable overnight depot charging. While labor dominates total CTS, energy and maintenance determine the direction of parity, and off-peak tariffs significantly expand BEV advantages. In Southeast Asia, BEVs remain favorable when operators access predictable off-peak supply and manage curb access, though diesel subsidies and grid constraints influence margins. The study concludes that electrification yields the greatest benefits when route design and charging strategies are aligned, and recommends integrating per-stop analysis with total cost of ownership to guide fleet investment and infrastructure planning.", "keywords": [ "Electrification", "Subsidy", "Tariff", "Public transport", "Investment (military)", "Southeast asia", "Total cost of ownership", "Grid" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journal.idscipub.com/novatio/article/download/840/711" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7214217354", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7520362", "title": "Rail-road intermodal could reduce Beijing urban freight emissions by 31.8% and 63.5%", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ke xin Qiu", "Li Wang", "Xin Gu", "Xiaoning Zhu", "Zheng bing He" ], "first_author": "Ke xin Qiu", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Beijing", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Commodity", "Genetic algorithm", "Greenhouse gas", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Vehicle routing problem" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7520362" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2886041689", "doi": "10.11648/j.se.20180602.15", "title": "Management of Freight Transport Projects in Cities in Assessing Their Effectiveness", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-08-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kostiantyn Viktorovych Dolia", "Dolia Olena", "Lyfenko Sergey", "Botsman Anastasiia" ], "first_author": "Kostiantyn Viktorovych Dolia", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Modern scientific approaches to modeling the schemes and schedules of traffic in the city, as well as the tasks and disadvantages of modern software products for modeling such schemes are considered in the article. It is established that the definition of approaches to optimizing the route network of urban freight traffic between time and distance of the trip has not been fully explored. On the basis of analysis methods, computer simulation and statistical analysis methods, an advanced approach for determining the criterion of optimization of freight transportation between the length of the route and the time of the trip was developed. The proposed approach takes into account the intensity of the traffic flow in individual sections of the road network. With the help of comparison of the basic indicators of the functioning of the modeled routes optimized by two criteria, the approach for determining the optimization of the length of the route or the time of the trip was defined.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Software", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Flow network", "Trip generation", "Travel time", "Industrial engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematical optimization" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.se.20180602.15.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392280065", "doi": null, "title": "Modeling and evaluation of urban delivery based on small vehicles", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-12-06", "type": "dissertation", "language": "fr", "authors": [ "Guedria, Mohamed" ], "first_author": "Guedria, Mohamed", "venue": "theses.fr (ABES)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Le VRP permet de modéliser la problématique du TMV. Pour autant dans sa version la plus simpliste il ne peut convenir aux nouvelles contraintes qui renforcent la complexité de l’environnement urbain tel que la congestion. Raison pour laquelle ce travail se positionne en premier sur un TDVRP (Time-Dependent-Vehicle-Routing-Problem) dans le but de représenter au mieux le contexte urbain actuel. La résolution de ces deux problèmes est efficace, entraînant une réduction du nombre de véhicules supplémentaires nécessaires en raison des retards de congestion peuvent être éliminés. Mais cette solution n’est pas sans conséquence pour les clients finaux puisque son but est d’éviter le passage aux heures de pointes et cela peut engendrer des retards de livraison. Pour cette raison nous voulons proposer une nouvelle solution qui permet de résoudre le problème du chemin le plus court et en intégrant la dépendance au temps (TDVRP). Cette solution se repose sur une meilleure exploitation des véhicules, en premier lieu, pour réduire le nombre de véhicule sur la route. Ce problème s’appelle MT-VRP (Multi-Trip VRP) qui a été évoqué en 2007 par (Azi, et al. 2007). Dans un deuxième temps nous voulons proposer un MT VRP qui utilise différents types de véhicule en termes de capacité de chargement. Dans cette optique vient notre travail qui propose une nouvelle solution de MTTDVRP (TW avec fenêtres de temps) en testant une nouvelle solution en utilisant un véhicule léger de faible capacité de chargement (type tricycle) dans un but de réduire les nuisances liés au TMV.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0206/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7202188719", "doi": "10.14254/jsdtl.2026.11-1.8", "title": "Demand concentration and temporal imbalance in last-mile urban freight distribution", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Oleh Tson", "Yuriy Vovk", "Nataliya Rozhko", "Oleh Lyashuk", "Uliana Plekan" ], "first_author": "Oleh Tson", "venue": "Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics", "publisher": "Scientific Publishing House \"CSR\" and Scientific Publishing House \"SciView\"", "abstract": "Purpose. This paper identifies temporal, spatial, and organizational patterns in urban freight demand and develops a statistically grounded pre-optimization framework for sustainable last-mile logistics planning in a medium-sized city. Methodology. The empirical basis comprises 4,967 anonymized delivery records collected over 125 active service days in Ternopil. Demand intensity was normalized by active day and examined through Pareto analysis, Gini and Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration indices, and a 5,000-replication location bootstrap. Weekday and organizational differences were tested using Kruskal-Wallis tests with Holm-adjusted post-hoc comparisons, while a weekday-adjusted HC3 regression assessed the within-period trend and Pearson and Spearman correlations examined the consistency between load mass and volume. Results. Average daily order intensity increased by 25.9% and average daily load mass by 36.4% between January and May. Weekday imbalance was substantial, with Saturday significantly lower than every Monday-Friday group after correction. Destination demand was highly concentrated: the Gini coefficient reached 0.729 for order frequency and 0.832 for load mass, with a dual core of just 30 locations (7.1%) generating 65.0% of total mass. Load mass and recorded volume were strongly and positively associated (Spearman’s rho = 0.817), while organizational divisions differed significantly in shipment-size profiles. Theoretical contribution. The framework integrates temporal imbalance, dual-capacity demand, and two-dimensional location concentration within a single decision architecture for urban freight distribution. Practical implications. The findings support weekday-specific capacity thresholds, fixed service templates for the demand core, sector-based consolidation for the middle segment, and dynamic routing for the dispersed long tail, with cost and emission effects formulated for subsequent operational validation rather than assumed. SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities; SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production; SDG 13: Climate Action", "keywords": [ "Gini coefficient", "Consistency (knowledge bases)", "Demand forecasting", "Pareto principle", "Consolidation (business)", "Regression analysis", "Sustainability", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Service (business)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://jsdtl.sciview.net/index.php/jsdtl/article/download/294/203" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W629915279", "doi": "10.21949/1403252", "title": "Enhanced Framework for Modeling Urban Truck Trips", "year": 2000, "publication_date": "2000-02-10", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Howard Slavin" ], "first_author": "Howard Slavin", "venue": "ROSA P", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Recently there has been renewed interest in modeling urban truck movements. This is potentially important for improving traffic forecasts as well as for a host of other applications including ITS. There are unique aspects of urban freight movements, such as trip chaining, that must be considered for credible models. Most urban truck trips occur on tours comprised of many vehicle trips that are chained together for efficient routing. This paper discusses models for intraurban trips and provides an enhanced framework for modeling urban truck trips that is workable for most MPOs. This framework can be implemented in the form of either aggregate or disaggregate models at the zone or establishment levels, respectively. Various approaches for overcoming data obstacles are considered including use of truck traffic counts to estimate trip tables. Use of geographic information systems (GIS) and new data sources is examined, and practical guidance is provided for model implementation. 13p.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Chaining", "Trip generation", "Computer science", "Geographic information system", "Geography", "Engineering", "Cartography" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21949/1403252" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2972775283", "doi": null, "title": "Análise econômica e ambiental da implantação de um esquema de centro de distribuição urbano para Belo Horizonte", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-02-28", "type": "dissertation", "language": "pt", "authors": [ "Vagner de Assis Correia" ], "first_author": "Vagner de Assis Correia", "venue": "Americanae (AECID Library)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The urban freight transportation is a fundamental activity to development of big cities and also to support peoples way of life and to improve industrial and commercial activities. Although this importance, urban transportation brings adverse effects on environment such as elevated energetic consumption, noise, visual intrusion and pollutant emissions. In Brazil, researches in relation to urban distribution have increased their relevance due to accelerated urbanization process and population growth that are impacting, directly, the demand and complexity of this sector. This research shows a methodology to assess the economical and environmental impacts of an urban distribution center scheme (UDC) with support of facilities location and vehicle routing tools. This methodology was applied in Belo Horizonte city (MG), where was assessed the retailers adoption in relation to UDC and scenarios were proposed in order to show the current freight distribution structure and possible configurations due to implementation of studied initiative. In addition, economical and environmental assessments were performed, according to previously defined parameters, allowing investigate the potential impact of UDC in relation to negative externalities mitigation of urban freight and distribution costs for supply chain as well. This work used TRANSCAD software in order to solve location and routing problems according real data from citys road net. The results of this research indicated that the developed scheme may improve cargo distribution to actors involved in this activity, as society, carriers and retailers, decreasing pollutant emissions and fuel consumption besides reducing distribution costs to companies. This work contributed to show the potential results from UDC as an alternative to optimize logistics processes in Belo Horizonte city", "keywords": [ "Humanities", "Physics", "Political science", "Philosophy" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8P3FHL" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408136340", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6142887/v1", "title": "Smart City Logistics: Leveraging AI for Last-Mile Delivery Efficiency", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-04", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Junbo Wang" ], "first_author": "Junbo Wang", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "City logistics", "Mile", "Smart city", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Geography", "Computer security", "Internet of Things" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6142887/v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162996204", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20485227", "title": "STRATEGIC FRONTIERS IN MODERN LOGISTICS: OPTIMIZING URBAN FREIGHT AND SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE IN MEGACITIES", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mamasidikova Kamola" ], "first_author": "Mamasidikova Kamola", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This paper addresses the critical challenges and optimization strategies in urban freight logistics and supply chain resilience within rapidly expanding metropolitan areas. As global trade dynamics shift and urbanization reaches unprecedented levels, traditional centralized transport models fail to mitigate traffic congestion, rising carbon emissions, and last-mile inefficiencies. This study introduces an integrated framework utilizing smart monitoring tools, dynamic routing mechanisms, and localized micro-fulfillment centers to optimize urban distribution. By analyzing fleet operations in high-density urban corridors, we demonstrate that a decentralized logistics node system reduces total travel distances and significantly improves delivery time predictability. The findings provide actionable insights for urban planners and logistics dispatchers navigating modern high-congestion networks.", "keywords": [ "Megacity", "Metropolitan area", "Supply chain", "Resilience (materials science)", "Urbanization", "Supply chain management", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Psychological resilience", "City logistics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20485227" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163006589", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20485228", "title": "STRATEGIC FRONTIERS IN MODERN LOGISTICS: OPTIMIZING URBAN FREIGHT AND SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE IN MEGACITIES", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mamasidikova Kamola" ], "first_author": "Mamasidikova Kamola", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This paper addresses the critical challenges and optimization strategies in urban freight logistics and supply chain resilience within rapidly expanding metropolitan areas. As global trade dynamics shift and urbanization reaches unprecedented levels, traditional centralized transport models fail to mitigate traffic congestion, rising carbon emissions, and last-mile inefficiencies. This study introduces an integrated framework utilizing smart monitoring tools, dynamic routing mechanisms, and localized micro-fulfillment centers to optimize urban distribution. By analyzing fleet operations in high-density urban corridors, we demonstrate that a decentralized logistics node system reduces total travel distances and significantly improves delivery time predictability. The findings provide actionable insights for urban planners and logistics dispatchers navigating modern high-congestion networks.", "keywords": [ "Megacity", "Metropolitan area", "Supply chain", "Resilience (materials science)", "Urbanization", "Supply chain management", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Psychological resilience", "City logistics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20485228" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4214556994", "doi": "10.3390/su14052645", "title": "Estimation of the Origin-Destination Matrix for Trucks That Use Highways: A Case Study in Chile", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Franco Basso", "Raúl Pezoa", "Nicolás F. Tapia", "Mauricio Varas" ], "first_author": "Franco Basso", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Nowadays, freight transport is crucial in the functioning of cities worldwide. To dig further into the understanding of urban freight transport movements, in this research, we conducted a case study in which we estimated an origin-destination matrix for the trucks traveling on Autopista Central, one of Santiago de Chile’s most important urban highways. To do so, we used full real-world vehicle-by-vehicle information of freight vehicles’ movements along the highway. This data was collected from several toll collection gates equipped with free-flow and automatic vehicle identification technology. However, this data did not include any vehicle information before or after using the highway. To estimate the origins and destinations of these trips, we proposed a multisource methodology that used GPS information provided by SimpliRoute, a Chilean routing company. Nevertheless, this GPS data involved only a small subset of trucks that used the highway. In order to reduce the bias, we built a decision tree model for estimating the trips’ origin, whose input data was complemented by other public databases. Furthermore, we computed trip destinations using proportionality factors obtained from SimpliRoute data. Our results showed that most of the estimated origins belonged to outskirt municipalities, while the estimated destinations were mainly located in the downtown area. Our findings might help improve freight transport comprehension in the city, enabling the implementation of focused transport policies and investments to help mitigate negative externalities, such as congestion and pollution.", "keywords": [ "Destinations", "TRIPS architecture", "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Global Positioning System", "Geographic information system", "Computer science", "Identification (biology)", "Flow network", "Business", "Geography", "Tourism" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/5/2645/pdf?version=1645710769" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408679143", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-84426-3_7", "title": "Enhancing Urban Freight Delivery: A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting Delivery Speed", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrii Galkin", "Illya Tolmachov", "Valeriy Levada" ], "first_author": "Andrii Galkin", "venue": "Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84426-3_7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7208416041", "doi": null, "title": "Predicting travel pattern changes of freight trucks in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area based on the latest large-scale urban freight survey and route choice modeling.", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "秀紀 岡", "Yasukatsu Kenmochi", "Ryota Tani", "Ryuta Nishi", "Kotaro Endo", "DAISUKE FUKUDA", "DAISUKE FUKUDA" ], "first_author": "秀紀 岡", "venue": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "publisher": "National Institute of Informatics", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Truck", "Travel time", "Survey data collection", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp/cgi-bin/publicationinfo.cgi?q_publication_content_number=CTT100798183" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2924361156", "doi": "10.1177/0361198119834905", "title": "Insight from Scientific Study in Logistics using Text Mining", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-03-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jungyeol Hong", "Reuben Tamakloe", "Gunwoo Lee", "Dongjoo Park" ], "first_author": "Jungyeol Hong", "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Big text data show trends from past logistics research and define freight flow and socio-economic relationships in the global logistics network. This relationship plays an important role in predicting future logistics trends and determining the direction of research. The purpose of this study was to collect logistics and freight related papers published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, since 1996 and to derive the main topics of the logistics studies that have been performed via topic modeling, using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) approach. From the results, 20 main topics with keywords and phrases were extracted from the logistics research papers, which suggests that topics such as trip generation model, urban freight, and logistics hub have been emerging for scholars in the fields of road, air, and shipping logistics and have been examined for some time. In addition, big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and information and communications technology have recently been applied to the logistics field. Research on data collection technology and route optimization algorithms that incorporate the technologies have, therefore, attracted a great deal of interest from current researchers. Through the framework of this study, it is expected that future trends in the field of logistics will be predicted, and that appropriate planning and strategies can be established.", "keywords": [ "Latent Dirichlet allocation", "Big data", "Field (mathematics)", "Computer science", "The Internet", "Data science", "Topic model", "Multimodal transport", "Traffic management", "City logistics", "Operations research", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 15, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119834905" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2050291901", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2014.10.032", "title": "Reduced Urban Traffic and Emissions within Urban Consolidation Centre Schemes: The Case of Bristol", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Daniela Paddeu", "Paolo Fadda", "Gianfranco Fancello", "Graham Parkhurst", "Miriam Ricci" ], "first_author": "Daniela Paddeu", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban freight consolidation centres (UFCCs) can provide a significant contribution to reducing the negative impacts of freight transport to city centres whilst at the same time providing a more seamless, higher-value logistics experience for their users. The paper draws on the experiences of the Bristol-Bath freight consolidation centre (BBFCC), established in 2002 to serve Bristol city centre and uniquely extended in 2011 to cover Bath, each served by electric lorries; it appraises the benefits of shared ‘final mile’ freight services, presenting a model for the evaluation of the reduction in traffic and polluting emissions based on Bristol, with a view to optimising future UFCC design. Data about the number of deliveries made by heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) of different types to the BBFCC and the number of deliveries made from the BBFCC to the two shopping centres covering a period of 17 months are analysed. The correlation between the type and number of HGVs delivering to the BBFCC and the number of deliveries made to the retailers by the BBFCC is explicated by means of a multiple linear regression model. Its development is based on analysing parameters as R Square value (total and adjusted), F-statistics and p-values for each coefficient. An estimation of the number of HGVs re-routing to the BBFCC and the pollutant emissions avoided in the urban centre is appraised. The pollutant emissions reduction is based on factors drawn from the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. Results suggest that the proposed approach may yield HGV movements avoided in Bristol city centre of 75.5% on average. Also, by considering the whole study period, reductions amount calculated is equivalent to 28,677 Kg of CO2, 122.29 Kg of NOx, 2.31 Kg of PM10, 20.32 Kg of CO and 9,854 Kg of fuel. Nevertheless, emissions reductions are significant, but currently limited by small scale, due to the low number of participants. Emissions reductions in the host cities are identified as a result of sharing delivery vehicles for the final leg. The regression model showed high correlation coefficient values (over 85%) for deliveries to the Bristol city centre thanks to the BBFCC. The linear regression models developed provide a useful tool for local authorities and logistics/transport planners in optimising the planning of UFCCs to reduce freight traffic, associated emissions and to improve logistics and transport performance.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Consolidation (business)", "City centre", "Transport engineering", "City logistics", "Kilometer", "Environmental science", "Travel time", "Pollutant", "Urban area", "Business", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 30, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/science/article/pii/S2352146514001951/pdf?md5=bbaa6e5d171d5985a4853bfbddd9ef29&pid=1-s2.0-S2352146514001951-main.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W633427413", "doi": "10.1108/s2044-994120140000006004", "title": "Assessing Urban Logistics Pooling Sustainability via a Hierarchic Dashboard from a Group Decision Perspective", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-12-03", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jesús González-Feliu", "Joëlle Morana" ], "first_author": "Jesús González-Feliu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract Purpose Urban logistics pooling is seen as a serious alternative to imposed urban consolidation centers. However, such strategies are quite new in urban distribution and merit to be evaluated using adapted methods that take into account the group decision nature of resource pooling. This chapter aims to propose, via an experimental collaborative decision support method, to define a grid of indicators and a reference situation database to measure the sustainable performance of urban logistics pooling systems. Methodology The proposed methodology combines a systematic literature analysis of Key Performance Indicators and a group decision support method to choose a suitable set to define a dashboard. First, we identify the main sustainability indicators from an overview of the literature, and class them into the categories of the 4As Sustainable Transport vision (i.e., Awareness, Act and shift, Avoidance, and Anticipation). Then, a group of 20 experts is solicited for an iterative experimental group decision-making method to converge to the concordance of a set of indicators. Findings The method allowed us to define a hierarchic dashboard agreed by all experts with seven main indicators and nine secondary indicators. Moreover, the experts signaled the need of defining a unified basis of comparison to estimate initial situations. To do this, we proposed a database of urban routes from the French Surveys on Urban Goods Transport. Research limitations The proposed dashboard is an example, and to provide a more unified one, the experience has to be iterated using different groups of decision-makers. Practical implications This method has the advantage of proposing a dashboard agreed by all involved stakeholders. Therefore, this chapter shows the patterns to reproduce it since the method is able to be replicated in any context of group decision in urban logistics. Originality/value The originality of the chapter arises on the use of an experimental group decision method using a group with a majority of practitioners, and to validate it by consensus.", "keywords": [ "Pooling", "City logistics", "Sustainability", "Consolidation (business)", "Dashboard", "Perspective (graphical)", "Computer science", "Decision support system", "Operations research", "Environmental economics", "Process management", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 47, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01053887" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171294660", "doi": "10.6084/m9.figshare.33088136.v1", "title": "Research Data and Source Code for Deep Reinforcement Learning for Noise-Aware Truck-Drone Collaborative Routing in Urban Delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-26", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "Tianyi Zheng" ], "first_author": "Tianyi Zheng", "venue": "Figshare", "publisher": "Figshare (United Kingdom)", "abstract": "This dataset provides the experimental instances, per-seed results, training records, urban-morphology generalization data, and Python source code supporting the study “Deep Reinforcement Learning for Noise-Aware Truck-Drone Collaborative Routing in Urban Delivery.”The released main results cover nine scenarios combining UAV noise thresholds of 50, 55, and 60 dB with 30, 60, and 80 customers. Each scenario contains 15 fixed test instances evaluated using the proposed dual-layer DQN, a genetic algorithm with a UAV heuristic (GA-H), an ant colony optimization algorithm with a UAV heuristic (ACO-H), and a problem-specific truck-UAV heuristic (H-TUAV). Per-seed summary tables and route-level decision records are provided.Training histories, configurations, convergence plots, and best checkpoints are included for the 55 dB scenarios. Urban-morphology generalization results are provided for suburban, typical urban, and high-rise urban environments at 55 dB with 60 customers. The source code supports all twelve noise-threshold and customer-scale combinations, although the 15-customer instances and results are not included in this release. Reproduction instructions, a data dictionary, and SHA-256 checksums are also provided.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Heuristic", "Generalization", "Source code", "Convergence (economics)", "Python (programming language)", "Code (set theory)", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33088136.v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4323044847", "doi": "10.1007/s10668-023-03054-x", "title": "How to achieve sustainable distribution in the fast fashion industry? An electric vehicle solution under the “vehicle-battery separation” mode", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-03-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "He Huang", "Hongcheng Gan", "Shangqing Li", "Yanfeng Zhong" ], "first_author": "He Huang", "venue": "Environment Development and Sustainability", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Battery (electricity)", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Mode (computer interface)", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Greenhouse gas", "Electric vehicle", "Automotive engineering", "Computer science", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Mathematical optimization", "Algorithm", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10668-023-03054-x.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408715871", "doi": "10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919697", "title": "Addressing the Robust Battery Electric Truck Dispatching Problem with Backhauls and Time Windows Under Travel Time Uncertainty", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-24", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dongbo Peng", "Matthew Barth", "Kanok Boriboonsomsin" ], "first_author": "Dongbo Peng", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The emergence of battery electric trucks (BETs) in recent years has shown great promise in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in urban freight logistics. However, designing a customer-oriented dispatching strategy for a BET fleet is more complex than traditional vehicle routing problems (VRP) due to several constraints, such as limited driving range, potential need for en route recharging, and long recharging times. Also, in practice, the uncertain travel times in urban transportation network may lead to the violation of scheduled customer time windows and impact overall energy consumption. To better utilize the BET fleet, this paper introduces a robust BET dispatching problem with backhauls and time windows under travel time uncertainty, which aims to minimize the overall fleet energy consumption while also minimizing the risk of violating customer time window. A mathematical optimization model based on novel route-related sets is developed, and an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) metaheuristic algorithm is used to find robust dispatching solutions. Based on real-world data from a truck fleet in San Bernardino County, California, a simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the robustness of the solutions obtained by the proposed method. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis with respect to uncertainty parameters is performed to assess the trade-off between the overall fleet energy consumption and the robustness of the solutions.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Computer science", "Battery (electricity)", "Automotive engineering", "Time travel", "Engineering", "Power (physics)", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919697" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117465321", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2025.12.108", "title": "Strategies for Sustainable Urban Freight Transportation A Demand-Based Study of Noida, India", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shashank Soni", "Debapratim Pandit" ], "first_author": "Shashank Soni", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban freight transportation directs towards economic resilience amid India’s rapid urban growth, yet it poses significant sustainability challenges, with freight accounting for 15-20% of the nation’s GDP with 63% of the movement occurring by road. To address these issues, the study investigates freight system of Noida, using a demand-based approach that enhances vehicle-usage efficiency across economic, environmental and social dimensions. The research assesses eight key operational efficiency parameters: trip frequency, fuel consumption, emissions, empty vehicle returns, ton–kilometres travelled, congestion delays, dwell times, and goods distribution across Traffic analysis zones defined by sector divisions and land use patterns. Moreover, to capture the diverse freight services ranging from low- value bulk to business–to-consumer deliveries, the research categorises vehicles into Goods Autos, Goods Vans, Light commercial trucks, and Multi–axle commercial trucks. The research methodology integrates secondary data: land use, road networks, vehicle registrations, demographics, with primary data collected from five survey instruments targeting key stakeholders, with GIS tools establishing spatial frameworks linking routing emissions to land-use relationships. The findings demonstrate spatial-temporal inefficiencies in freight movements and reveals key operator challenges. The study recommends a spatial temporal efficiency framework and sustainable policy strategies as time route restrictions, night time freight sharing, shared logistics platforms and green logistics practices, tailored for medium sized Indian cities. These findings offer practical, robust and evidence–based guidance aiming to improve urban freight efficiency and sustainability across similar urban contexts.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Traffic management", "Key (lock)", "Sustainable transport", "Traffic congestion", "City logistics", "Land use", "Distribution (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2025.12.108" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7159916036", "doi": null, "title": "Intelligent Electric Vehicle Routing for Goods Delivery under Real-Time Traffic Conditions: A Comparative Framework for Modular Battery Swapping and Dynamic Wireless Charging", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ranjit Jakharabhai Odedra" ], "first_author": "Ranjit Jakharabhai Odedra", "venue": "Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University)", "publisher": "Wilfrid Laurier University", "abstract": "Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming central to sustainable and intelligent transportation systems, particularly in urban logistics, where reducing emissions, congestion, and operating inefficiencies is increasingly important. Despite their environmental advantages, the large-scale deployment of EVs in delivery operations remains constrained by limited driving range, time-consuming energy replenishment, and the difficulty of making routing decisions under dynamic traffic and load-dependent energy consumption. Addressing these challenges is essential for improving the practicality and reliability of EV-based freight transportation. This thesis investigates optimization frameworks for EV routing in urban delivery systems by studying two complementary energy replenishment strategies: modular battery segment swapping and the joint use of charging stations (CS) and electric road systems. In the first part, the thesis introduces an Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Battery Segment Swapping (EVRP-BSS), where a single electric delivery truck dynamically adapts its route using real-time traffic information while deciding when, where, and how many battery modules to swap. In the second part, the thesis studies EV routing in networks equipped with conventional charging stations and dynamic wireless charging (DWC) through electric road systems (ERS), where the vehicle must determine efficient delivery sequences, route choices, and charging modality decisions under battery and traffic constraints. In both problems, vehicle energy consumption is modeled as load-aware, reflecting the fact that battery depletion changes as payload decreases during deliveries. To solve these two problems, this thesis formulates problem-specific Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models and investigates multiple scalable solution approaches. The MILP models are used to obtain optimal solutions for small-scale instances and to provide rigorous benchmark baselines. To address larger instances, where exact optimization becomes computationally prohibitive, the thesis develops and evaluates several heuristic and metaheuristic methods. For the modular battery segment swapping problem, these include the proposed heuristic called Minimizing Travel Time and Energy Swapping Cost (MT2EWC), a Genetic Algorithm (GA), Clarke and Wright Savings (CW) Algorithm, and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). For the electric-road-integrated routing problem, the thesis similarly examines GA, CW, and ACO as scalable alternatives to the optimization model. Computational results demonstrate that the proposed methods effectively balance solution quality and scalability. The battery-swapping framework achieves strong real-time performance while maintaining near-optimal behavior on small instances and robust operation on large-scale and real-world road networks. The electric-road routing framework shows that strategically exploiting electrified road segments can reduce total delivery time compared with relying only on stationary charging infrastructure. Overall, this thesis provides a complementary contribution to intelligent EV logistics by advancing real-time, energy-aware routing models that improve operational efficiency, enhance vehicle utilization, and support the development of more sustainable urban transportation systems.", "keywords": [ "Battery (electricity)", "Modular design", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Electric vehicle", "Payload (computing)", "Energy consumption", "Battery pack", "Software deployment", "Truck" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/2915" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7132192225", "doi": null, "title": "Comparison of different concepts of city logistics with regard to ecological aspects", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Hannes Eberhard" ], "first_author": "Hannes Eberhard", "venue": "FH JOANNEUM ePUB", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Steigende Zahlen im E-Commerce sowie die stetig ansteigende Luftverschmutzung durch Kraftfahrzeuge geben den Anstoß für nachhaltige Konzepte im Logistik-Bereich. Dadurch wurden verschiedene Projekte konzipiert, die durch unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen einen positiven Effekt auf die Umwelt haben. Während einige Konzepte das Ziel verfolgen, emissionsarm beziehungsweise emissionsfrei zu liefern, liegt bei anderen der Fokus auf eine optimierte Route oder Auslastung der Fahrzeuge in der Last Mile, um so Mehrfachfahrten zu meiden. In der nachfolgenden Bachelorarbeit wird anfänglich der Begriff „City-Logistik“ erläutert, indem unterschiedliche Definitionen von verschiedenen Autoren miteinander verglichen werden. Des Weiteren werden mit demselben Verfahren die theoretischen Ziele aufgezählt und die Gemeinsamkeiten herausgehoben. Die Maßnahmen, die für die Zielerreichung erforderlich sind, werden ebenso herausgenommen und beschrieben. Der wesentliche Teil in dieser Bachelorarbeit ist die Vorstellung der Konzepte, die bereits in der Praxis umgesetzt wurden und deren anschließende Gegenüberstellung. Sie zeigen, dass Konzepte oft dieselbe Grundidee haben, sich jedoch in der Umsetzung unterscheiden. Die Nutzung der nachhaltigen City-Logistik-Konzepte zeigt eine positive Auswirkung sowohl auf die Umwelt als auch auf die in Städten lebenden Menschen. In Zukunft werden bei der Güterverteilung in Städten vor allem Projekte geplant, die autonome Fahrzeuge beinhalten, um noch weitere Meilensteine für eine nachhaltige Zukunft zu setzen.", "keywords": [ "Umwelt", "Interim", "Environmental policy", "Praxis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-fhj:1-44764" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2026589647", "doi": "10.1137/1006005", "title": "Heuristic Methods for Location-Allocation Problems", "year": 1964, "publication_date": "1964-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Leon N. Cooper" ], "first_author": "Leon N. Cooper", "venue": "SIAM Review", "publisher": "Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics", "abstract": "Previous article Next article Heuristic Methods for Location-Allocation ProblemsLeon CooperLeon Cooperhttps://doi.org/10.1137/1006005PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAbout[1] Leon Cooper, Location-allocation problems, Operations Res., 11 (1963), 331–343, No. 3 MR0152365 0113.14201 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[2] Google Scholar[3] D. H. Lehmer, Teaching combinatorial tricks to a computerProc. Sympos. Appl. Math., Vol. 10, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I., 1960, 179–193, Combinatorial Analysis MR0113289 0096.00504 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[4] J. Heller, Some numerical experiments for an $M\\times J$ flow shop and its decision-theoretical aspects, Operations Res., 8 (1960), 178–184, No. 2 MR0111626 0092.27910 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[5] J. Moshman, The Application of Sequential Estimation To Computer Simulation and Monte Carlo Procedures, J. Association for Computing Machinery, 5 (1958), 0086.11603 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[6] A. Wald, Sequential Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1952 Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited ByDetails An elliptical cover problem in drone delivery network design and its solution algorithmsEuropean Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 304, No. 3 | 1 Feb 2023 Cross Ref Two lower-bounding algorithms for the p-center problem in an areaComputational Urban Science, Vol. 2, No. 1 | 24 January 2022 Cross Ref Optimal planar facility location with dense demands along a curveJournal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 73, No. 8 | 8 May 2021 Cross Ref A continuous location and maintenance routing problem for offshore wind farms: Mathematical models and hybrid methodsComputers & Operations Research, Vol. 144 | 1 Aug 2022 Cross Ref Spatial autocorrelation informed approaches to solving location–allocation problemsSpatial Statistics, Vol. 50 | 1 Aug 2022 Cross Ref Electric vehicle charging stations emplacement using genetic algorithms and 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gradual cover: th", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Heuristic", "Location-allocation", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 537, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1137/1006005" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2997319350", "doi": "10.3390/su12010425", "title": "A Time-Efficiency Study of Medium-Duty Trucks Delivering in Urban Environments", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Iván Sánchez-Díaz", "Laura Palacios-Argüello", "Anders Levandi", "Jimmy Mårdberg", "Rafael Basso" ], "first_author": "Iván Sánchez-Díaz", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This paper uses data from a major logistics service provider in Gothenburg (Sweden) to (i) identify the different activities in a typical urban distribution tour, (ii) quantify the time required by drivers to perform each of these activities, and (iii) identify potential initiatives to improve time efficiency. To do so, the authors collected GPS data, conducted a time-study of the activities performed by the drivers for a week, conducted a focus group with the drivers, and a set of interviews with managers. The results show that driving represents only 30% of the time, another 15% is spent on breaks, and the remaining 55% is used to perform activities related to customer service, freight handling, and planning. The latter are subdivided into multiple activities, each taking a small amount of time. A focus group with the drivers and some interviews revealed several initiatives to improve time efficiency. Most initiatives can bring small gains, but when aggregating all potential time savings there is a big potential to improve overall time efficiency. Initiatives with highest potential and low cost are: providing better pre-advice on upcoming customers, improving route planning, having hand-free cell phone use, and enhancing handling equipment.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Business", "Focus group", "Transport engineering", "Phone", "Global Positioning System", "Service (business)", "Service provider", "Operations management", "Environmental economics", "Marketing", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 29, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/1/425/pdf?version=1578305880" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4362570504", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-24294-6_6", "title": "Green Freight Distribution: A Case Study in Greece", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos", "Evripidis P. Kechagias", "Sotiris P. Gayialis", "Ilías P. Tatsiópoulos" ], "first_author": "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos", "venue": "Springer proceedings in business and economics", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Greenhouse gas", "Vehicle routing problem", "Green logistics", "Minification", "City logistics", "Environmental economics", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Transport engineering", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Fuel efficiency", "Diesel fuel", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24294-6_6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2387658332", "doi": null, "title": "Optimization Strategy of City Logistics Distribution System Based on Time Reliability", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhang Hong-d" ], "first_author": "Zhang Hong-d", "venue": "Journal of Transport Information and Safety", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Distribution time reliability has become a significant factor affecting urban logistics distribution system efficiency.To scientifically evaluate the distribution time reliability,based on summarizing and defining the connotation of city logistics distribution time reliability,the impact factors of distribution time reliability have been revealed by road traffic situation,distribution time windows,distribution routing and spatial difference of distribution demand.Then,the evaluation model of distribution time reliability has been established based on logistics distribution section,routing and network.On this basis,an optimization model has been established,whose aim is to maximize the logistics distribution time reliability.Finally,the optimization strategies have been proposed from arranging distribution time,choosing distribution route,optimizing time window and improving logistics information.", "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Connotation", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Transport engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JTJS201402016.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387075847", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.8383273", "title": "Optimizing Multi Modal Transportation Networks for Sustainable Urban Freight Delivery, Case Study Southwest Nigeria", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oduyemi Fiyinfoluwa" ], "first_author": "Oduyemi Fiyinfoluwa", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Urban freight transportation enables economic productivity but contributes to congestion, emissions, and safety issues degrading livability. This paper investigates optimizing urban freight in Lagos, Nigeria using a multivariate regression model analyzing survey data on delivery costs across varying vehicles, routes, distances and frequencies. The model had low explanatory power, indicating complex contextual interactions impact costs. Spatial network analysis and logistics simulation are proposed to further evaluate infrastructure, vehicle technology, routing, coordination and policies holistically. Transitioning to electric vehicles, leveraging real-time traffic data, freight consolidation and policy incentives can balance efficiency, sustainability and equity in urban freight systems.", "keywords": [ "Modal", "Transport engineering", "Modal shift", "City logistics", "Sustainable transport", "Business", "Environmental planning", "Civil engineering", "Geography", "Engineering", "Sustainability", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://zenodo.org/record/8383273" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2381224462", "doi": null, "title": "Research on city logistics distribution information query system based on MapInfo", "year": 2008, "publication_date": "2008-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mingqu Fan" ], "first_author": "Mingqu Fan", "venue": "Jisuanji gongcheng yu sheji", "publisher": "China Aerospace Science and Industry Group", "abstract": "The city logistics distribution information query system is studied.According to the characteristics of city traffic network,the traffic network is described by making use of the structure of node,arc and directed line segment.Spatial database of logistics dis-tribution traffic network which based on MapInfo is proposed by using dynamic segmentation.In view of the characteristics of logistics distribution such as the shortest route,the minimum time and the lowest expenditure,an optimal route algorithm of logistics distribution is presented.The city logistics distribution information query system is designed by adopting the integrated development mode of Delphi and MapInfo.By entering the query information or operating the digital map directly,the user could acquire optimal route of logistics distribution.The conveniency and efficiency of city logistics distribution could be improved by using this system.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Delphi", "Node (physics)", "Mode (computer interface)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Database", "Operations research", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SJSJ200820062.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386947365", "doi": "10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101352", "title": "Carrier-provided freight data for improved sustainable urban mobility planning", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Johanne Lægran", "Kelly Pitera", "Trude Tørset" ], "first_author": "Johanne Lægran", "venue": "Research in Transportation Economics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban freight transport is expected to increase in volume and share of motorized traffic in cities. Simultaneously, stakeholders responsible for urban development lack access to detailed data on urban freight transport. Private freight actors, i.e., carriers, collect data as part of their operations, which could potentially meet the data needs within public planning. This paper explores the possibilities of exploiting such data for improved urban mobility planning through semi-structured interviews with carriers and planners. The results show that carriers are willing to share delivery data under certain conditions and even mention benefits for their own operations if such sharing leads to more informed freight planning. Furthermore, sample data provided by carriers was explored and largely proved to contain core information on carrier movements to meet the needs of the planners. However, data on vehicles and routing was lacking. As a next step, it is suggested that a public authority initiate the collection and use of carrier-provided data to maintain trust amongst stakeholders. Additionally, efficient ways of collecting and interpreting the data must be developed to obtain consistent, useable, high-quality data for sustainable urban mobility planning.", "keywords": [ "Transportation planning", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Data collection", "Quality (philosophy)", "Sustainable transport", "Sample (material)", "Urban planning", "Data quality", "Public transport", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101352" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2043730263", "doi": "10.4304/jsw.8.4.971-978", "title": "Linkage Relationship between Port Logistics and Regional Economy based on Eviews Software", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tingting Xu", "Jianliang Peng", "Ding Fei" ], "first_author": "Tingting Xu", "venue": "Journal of Software", "publisher": "Academy Publisher", "abstract": "The development of port logistics and regional economy presents a linkage relationship. This paper resorted to the commonly used econometric software, namely Eviews, to undergo some empirical analysis. One of its applications, known as the Granger Causality Test, is to provide evidence about the direction of causality in economic relationships. The competitiveness of port city logistics evaluation index system was set up based on the Diamond Model, which took cargo throughput, total freight, length of transportation routes and total retail sales of social consumer goods into consideration. It set on the example of 22 cities in the Yangtze River Delta of China. Based on the accumulated statistics, it went through the methods of Unit Root Test, Co-integration Test and Granger Causality Test, and eventually proved the linkage relationship between port logistics and economy of the cities. At last, the results proved that the Eviews is applicable and effective in causality analysis between variables of port logistics and regional economy.", "keywords": [ "Linkage (software)", "Computer science", "Port (circuit theory)", "Software", "Operations research", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 12, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4304/jsw.8.4.971-978" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2605590414", "doi": null, "title": "The Impact of Off-peak Delivery on Urban Freight Movements during the Pan American Games", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-11-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Graeme Pickett" ], "first_author": "Graeme Pickett", "venue": "TSpace (University of Toronto)", "publisher": "University of Toronto", "abstract": "Large scale sporting events provide distinct challenges to urban freight movement. The 2015 Toronto Pan and Parapan American Games introduces high demand for goods and services as well as delivery restrictions in key sections of Toronto. First-hand accounts from members of London, England’s freight community and relevant literature are presented as a case study on best practices, including off-peak delivery, for freight delivery during such sporting events. A second case study of Nestlé Canada examines the benefits of advanced routing and off-peak delivery in mitigating the impact of the Games, as well as the potential for reducing the fleet size. A heuristic model is used to identify and select off-peak customers and to estimates route travel times. The results show that the Games are expected to increase Nestlé travel times by 6.4%, and that off-peak delivery can be used to reduce the travel time impacts by an average 2.9%.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/4138cbdc-6d1d-4de1-85a1-fde92b153165/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2890675737", "doi": "10.1109/icsssm.2018.8465046", "title": "Optimization of Low Carbon Urban Distribution Scheme with Charging Behavior", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-07-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lei Yang", "Caixia Hao", "Yijuan Hu" ], "first_author": "Lei Yang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper introduces a vehicle routing problem with soft time windows and charging behavior (VPRTW&CB). A multi-objective algorithm approach is proposed to solve the problem, by which optimal delivery routes for electric vehicles are reached. In order to find the best delivery scheme, we analyze the impact of vehicle types and charging time on total costs, then obtain the optimal vehicle type and charging time. Next, the evaluation index is set up to compare the comprehensive competitiveness of diesel trucks and electric trucks with charging mode as well as battery swapping mode. The results show that in a distribution area with a radius of 60 km, electric trucks with a load of 1.8 tons and a maximum driving range of about 180 kilometers are the most economical. Electric trucks using charging mode are the most competitive because of their lower infrastructure costs and better emission reduction effects. The competitiveness of swapping-type electric trucks is second to that of charging-type electric trucks, which is mainly due to their higher infrastructure costs. In addition, the competitiveness of the diesel trucks is the lowest because of their poor performance in driving costs and emission reduction effects. Finally, we receive the optimized low carbon city distribution scheme.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Automotive engineering", "Electric vehicle", "Mode (computer interface)", "Diesel fuel", "Battery (electricity)", "Driving range", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Power (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2018.8465046" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117584921", "doi": "10.37634/efp.2025.12.7", "title": "Assessment of economic and environmental efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicles in green city logistics", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Oleksandr TSAPENKO", "Наталія Семченко", "Kateryna Razumova", "Oksana Kyrylenko" ], "first_author": "Oleksandr TSAPENKO", "venue": "Economics Finances Law", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The paper aims to confirm the high demand for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in urban logistics, highlighting the essence and composition of and the potential to reduce delivery costs and improve urban sustainability, emphasizing the growing importance of last-mile logistics. The practical significance of the research results lies in assessing external and internal costs, which provides a comprehensive and responsible approach to planning and organizing urban transportation of small loads, which are the object of last-mile logistics. The basic parameters of both transport options were determined, including technical characteristics, route structure and duration, and direct internal costs (wages, depreciation, fuel/electricity, repair and maintenance, other operating costs) and external costs (road accidents, air pollution, climate change impact, noise, congestion) are calculated. The calculation model is based on a two-dimensional approach to cost analysis, which makes it possible the assessment of the economic, social and environmental impact of delivery. The calculation result shows the advantages of using systems of unmanned aerial vehicles for delivery compared to cars. It shows that introducing a drone into operation can be an affordable delivery method, especially considering internal and external costs. The calculation algorithm is a valuable tool for planning and improving the \"last mile\" delivery processes, particularly for solving the difficulties of optimizing costs, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring sustainable development and quality of services, considering various aspects affecting the economy, society, and the environment. The work results are proposed to be considered when planning policies and incentives to support new challenges in urban delivery, as well as for the formation of policies and incentives aimed at the implementation of environmentally friendly transportation technologies.", "keywords": [ "Incentive", "Drone", "Work (physics)", "Sustainable development", "Urban planning", "Environmental impact assessment", "Air quality index", "Quality (philosophy)", "Sustainable transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.37634/efp.2025.12.7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400083685", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-57603-4_17", "title": "Express Package Delivery Optimization Using Walkers, Cargo Tricycles and Delivery Trucks", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Patrick Meredith-Karam", "Jia Hui Jiang", "Sina Bahrami", "Matthew J. Roorda" ], "first_author": "Patrick Meredith-Karam", "venue": "International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57603-4_17" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161131831", "doi": "10.1016/j.cstp.2026.101829", "title": "Multimodal two-echelon city logistics under space and time limitations: A case study of Amsterdam", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bas Bijvoet", "Çiğdem Karademir", "Bilge Atasoy" ], "first_author": "Bas Bijvoet", "venue": "Case Studies on Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This study explores how integrating inland waterways into multimodal distribution systems can enhance city logistics, alleviate street-level congestion, and ultimately improve the livability of the urban environment. To capture the operational complexities of such systems under severe space scarcity and regulatory access constraints, we formulate a multi-trip two-echelon vehicle routing problem. The model explicitly accounts for the physical limitations of dense city centers by incorporating storage-free satellites and spatial constraints for vehicle occupancy. While the first requires precise spatiotemporal synchronization between interacting vehicles during the transshipment operation from one mode to the other, the latter bounds the maximum number of transshipments occurring at the same time at a satellite. To evaluate system performance under these conditions, we develop an optimization framework driven by an iterative decomposition-based heuristic. The approach integrates a capacitated assignment model with routing heuristics through an adaptive workload-bounding feedback loop, ensuring that downstream routing constraints actively shape upstream customer-to-satellite assignments to find a feasible solution that attains the target service level while heuristically minimizing resource consumption. The methodology is demonstrated through a large-scale case study of a multimodal distribution system in Amsterdam, serving over 750 HoReCa businesses. To derive strategic insights from this operational model, we conduct a comprehensive scenario analysis of 10560 instances. The proposed framework identifies the minimum operational resources required to guarantee service coverage by systematically evaluating diverse strategic decisions in terms of network design, transshipment modalities, workforce levels, and city access time windows. The results illustrate practical trade-offs for urban logistics planning: relaxing full-coverage service targets (e.g., to 90%) provides substantial infrastructure savings, while denser satellite networks reduce street-level travel distances and increase zero-emission walking deliveries. Furthermore, enabling parallel transshipments with an adaptive workforce allows a significantly smaller network to maintain full service coverage.", "keywords": [ "Transshipment (information security)", "Heuristics", "Multimodal transport", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Service (business)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Upstream (networking)", "Heuristic", "Downstream (manufacturing)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2026.101829" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W8936165", "doi": null, "title": "Analysing the Determinants of Logistics Service Provider Efficiency in Urban Distribution", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anna Corinna Cagliano", "Alberto De Marco", "Muhammad Salman Mustafa", "Giovanni Zenezini" ], "first_author": "Anna Corinna Cagliano", "venue": "PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino)", "publisher": "Politecnico di Torino", "abstract": "Traffic congestion, lack of parking spaces, and high levels of pollution in urban areas, together with an increased awareness of freight transportation impacts, stress the importance of City Logistics (CL) as a comprehensive approach aimed at mitigating the negative effects of distribution activities without penalizing social, cultural, and economic development. CL faces a relevant degree of complexity, which causes uncertainty about planning and managing urban logistics activities. Several models have been developed to optimize CL focusing on distribution warehouses, freight flows, the routing task, vehicle loading, the size and type of vehicles that can enter urban areas, and possible congestion charges. However, a successful implementation of such models requires a proper level of internal efficiency of the stakeholders involved. Among them, logistics service providers (LSPs) play a crucial role because they are expected to offer high quality services in urban areas. The paper proposes an empirical analysis on the operational factors determining the level of efficiency of a LSP, which is here assessed through productivity. Data about an Italian LSP involved in urban freight distribution are analyzed and a regression analysis is completed. Two managerial levers are found to affect the level of productivity: the organization of the distribution network, and the vehicle loading strategy. The first lever implies a more efficient location of warehouses, an extension of the area covered by each driver and a more effective routing structure. Furthermore, vehicles should not be excessively loaded, especially with big parcels, in order to ensure flexibility. This study represents an attempt to develop a comprehensive panel of operational variables affecting the efficiency of the urban distribution system of LSPs. The enhancement of LSP efficiency contributes to achieve a better quality of life in urban areas as well as the associated economic and environmental benefits", "keywords": [ "Productivity", "Transport engineering", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Order (exchange)", "Business", "Traffic congestion", "Quality (philosophy)", "Service provider", "Service (business)", "Traffic management", "Environmental economics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://porto.polito.it/2564155/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118022281", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-10126-6_17", "title": "B2C and C2B Urban Freight Demand Modelling from Company Data: Methodology and Application to the City of Seville", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ana Pegado-Bardayo", "Jesús González-Feliu", "Jesús Muñuzuri", "Antonio Lorenzo-Espejo" ], "first_author": "Ana Pegado-Bardayo", "venue": "Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Demand forecasting", "Commodity", "Demand management", "Key (lock)", "Regression analysis", "Estimation", "Trip generation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10126-6_17" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412602149", "doi": "10.1504/ejie.2025.147178", "title": "Design and development of an optimisation model and simheuristic framework for the on-demand delivery problem with driver-experience-based stochastic travel time", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shuzhu Zhang", "Bingbing Qiu", "Jinyue Tian" ], "first_author": "Shuzhu Zhang", "venue": "European J of Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "In this research, we investigate an on-demand delivery problem in city logistics, in which delivery requests from online customers are received in real-time and delivery services are conducted in short time. A multi-stage stochastic vehicle routing optimisation model is proposed, which incorporates two unique features arising from city logistics delivery, i.e., driver experience and stochastic travel time. In practice, the estimated travel time is indeed affected by the driver experience and can be gradually improved as drivers learn from accumulative delivery experience. A simheuristic framework is developed to handle the proposed model, in which an improved adaptive large neighbourhood search is designed for searching promising solutions with deterministic travel time, and Monte Carlo simulation is leveraged to assess the solution qualities and facilitate the searching process in stochastic scenarios. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed simheuristic framework can tackle the on-demand delivery problem with satisfactory performance. [Submitted: 22 November 2023; Accepted: 13 April 2024]", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Development (topology)", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ejie.2025.147178" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409006173", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-80881-4_1", "title": "Electric Cargo Bikes in Urban Logistics: Scenarios and Their Contribution to Sustainable Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Natalya Shramenko", "Christoph Hupfer", "Vladyslav Shramenko", "Piotr Trojanowski" ], "first_author": "Natalya Shramenko", "venue": "EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Business", "Sustainable transport", "Environmental planning", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Sustainability", "Ecology" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80881-4_1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1990634366", "doi": "10.2495/ut120291", "title": "Estimating the effects of access time windows in the management of urban delivery fleets", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-05-02", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rafael Grosso", "Jesús Muñuzuri", "María Rodríguez-Palero", "P. Aparicio" ], "first_author": "Rafael Grosso", "venue": "WIT transactions on the built environment", "publisher": "WIT Press", "abstract": "The analyses prior to the introduction of access time window policies in the centre of European cities often neglect the evaluation of the extra costs imposed on carriers through the additional number of vehicles required and the increase in tour length.To facilitate this evaluation, we have developed a vehicle routing algorithm that takes into account the existence of access time windows and adapts tours in the best possible manner to this restriction.The algorithm is based on a Genetic Algorithm, which we use to make this evaluation through the analysis of several experiments in a test network.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Genetic algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Window (computing)", "Neglect", "Computer network", "Operations research", "Operating system", "Engineering", "Machine learning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT12/UT12029FU1.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2588919808", "doi": "10.1109/liss.2016.7854592", "title": "Integrated platform for smart traffic big data", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-07-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiaoxia Wang", "Zhanqiang Li" ], "first_author": "Xiaoxia Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "City officials often lack access to data and methodologies to assist them to design urban freight policies that effectively balance the needs of citizens and consumers. This paper reviewed literature on traffic data visualization and presented some typical applications of urban logistics integrated platform with their candidate tools, then put forward the route map to process big traffic data with collaborative trends, finally integrated and illustrated with real traffic data grabbed from the Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport.", "keywords": [ "Beijing", "Big data", "Visualization", "Process (computing)", "Computer science", "Data visualization", "Smart city", "Transport engineering", "Commission", "Road map", "Data science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/liss.2016.7854592" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3215617697", "doi": "10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.185", "title": "Coordinated operational planning for electric vehicles considering battery swapping and real road networks in logistics delivery service", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-11-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Youjun Deng", "Yunfei Mu", "Xiaohong Dong", "Xiaoyu Wang", "Tao Zhang", "Hongjie Jia" ], "first_author": "Youjun Deng", "venue": "Energy Reports", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "In the context of carbon neutrality, the electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly used in city logistics service. To utilize EVs in the logistics delivery service in a cost-effective manner, this paper proposes a coordinated operational planning method for EVs considering the real road networks and battery swapping for EVs. Specifically, utilizing the EVs parked in the depot to discharge to power the depot or feed to the grid for an arbitrage, this paper is to minimize the sum of transportation cost and energy cost by determining the optimal number of EVs assigned to delivery goods and their driving route, as well as the charge–discharge operation decisions of all EVs including those without a delivery assignment and those returning to the depot after completing delivery. In simulation study, the effectiveness of the proposed methods is finally validated.", "keywords": [ "Battery (electricity)", "Context (archaeology)", "Service (business)", "Computer science", "Grid", "Electric vehicle", "Transport engineering", "Power (physics)", "Engineering", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484721013305/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391548913", "doi": "10.1109/cist56084.2023.10409981", "title": "Freight on Public Transportation: Assessing the Role of Inter-modality", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohamed Amine El Amrani", "Mouhsene Fri", "Othmane Benmoussa", "Naoufal Rouky" ], "first_author": "Mohamed Amine El Amrani", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Freight on public transportation offers promising solutions for transporting goods in cities. It utilizes existing infrastructure such as stations and stops, light rails, metro, or other modes like Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Another method is to utilize the space within vehicles, known as shared passenger and parcel solutions. A well organized and implemented shared passenger and parcel solution can lead to more efficient and environmentally friendly transportation of goods and parcels within cities. The objective of this paper is to attempt to gauge the potential of inter-modal containers in urban freight transportation, a literature review was chosen as the means to achieve the stated objective, and so three research questions were formulated and 24 papers on freight using public transportation published between 2013 and 2023, were chosen, the review process involved the creation of a classification table, enabling the systematic organization and analysis of the selected papers. Our findings reveal that freight on public transportation research is a rich and diverse research field, multiple problem classes are solved including vehicle routing, transshipment between transportation modes has been considered repeatedly and inter-modal container is recognized as main field for future research.", "keywords": [ "Modality (human–computer interaction)", "Computer science", "Public transport", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/cist56084.2023.10409981" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4389309315", "doi": "10.1287/trsc.2022.0042", "title": "Dynamic Courier Capacity Acquisition in Rapid Delivery Systems: A Deep Q-Learning Approach", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ramón Auad", "Alan L. Erera", "Martin W. P. Savelsbergh" ], "first_author": "Ramón Auad", "venue": "Transportation Science", "publisher": "Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences", "abstract": "With the recent boom of the gig economy, urban delivery systems have experienced substantial demand growth. In such systems, orders are delivered to customers from local distribution points respecting a delivery time promise. An important example is a restaurant meal delivery system, where delivery times are expected to be minutes after an order is placed. The system serves orders by making use of couriers that continuously perform pickups and deliveries. Operating such a rapid delivery system is very challenging, primarily because of the high service expectations and the considerable uncertainty in both demand and delivery capacity. Delivery providers typically plan courier shifts for an operating period based on a demand forecast. However, because of the high demand volatility, it may at times during the operating period be necessary to adjust and dynamically add couriers. We study the problem of dynamically adding courier capacity in a rapid delivery system and propose a deep reinforcement-learning approach to obtain a policy that balances the cost of adding couriers and the cost-of-service quality degradation because of insufficient delivery capacity. Specifically, we seek to ensure that a high fraction of orders is delivered on time with a small number of courier hours. A computational study in the meal delivery space shows that a learned policy outperforms policies representing current practice and demonstrates the potential of deep learning for solving operational problems in highly stochastic logistic settings. History: This paper has been accepted for the Transportation Science Special Issue on Machine-Learning Methods and Applications in Large-Scale Route Planning Problems. Funding: This work was supported by Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo [72180404]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2022.0042 .", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Reinforcement learning", "Operations research", "Service delivery framework", "Economies of scale", "Service (business)", "Operations management", "Business", "Engineering", "Marketing", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 28, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2022.0042" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414164500", "doi": "10.1016/j.trb.2025.103313", "title": "Integrated flexible transport service for passenger and freight under stochastic demand and service time", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Enoch Lee", "Manzi Li", "Lubing Li", "Hong Kam Lo" ], "first_author": "Enoch Lee", "venue": "Transportation Research Part B Methodological", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Service (business)", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Scalability", "Decomposition", "Public transport", "Service level", "Traffic congestion", "Traffic management", "Stochastic programming" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2025.103313" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7151385561", "doi": "10.70675/90254c62zc6fcz4125z95eez42b17c63b45f", "title": "Assessing the potential of the physical Internet for city logistics activities in developing countries", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-12", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sam Ban" ], "first_author": "Sam Ban", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Evaluation du potentiel de l'Internet physique pour les activités de logistique urbaine dans les pays en développement Le travail de recherche vise à relever les défis de la logistique urbaine auxquels sont confrontés les pays en développement, notamment en Asie du Sud-Est. Le chapitre 1 propose une étude des caractéristiques essentielles de ces pays, telles que les défis en matière de revenus, de société et de développement du territoire, et de la manière dont ces défis conduisent aux problèmes de logistique urbaine, notamment via les embouteillages, les routes non sécurisées, les infrastructures de mauvaise qualité, les véhicules chers et peu fiables, le taux de croissance démographique élevé et l'urbanisation. Les difficultés à gérer durablement leurs activités de logistique urbaine et à soutenir leur économie sont ainsi soulignées. Le chapitre 2 donne un aperçu des travaux de recherche sur l'Internet physique (IP) et de la manière dont ils peuvent être envisagés dans le contexte des pays en développement. Les questions de recherche sont formulées sur la base de cette connaissance, à savoir comment les principes de l'IP peuvent être mis en œuvre dans le contexte de la logistique urbaine dans les pays en développement, comment l'application des concepts de l'IP peut être évaluée en termes d'impact sur les performances, et quels sont les avantages que l'on peut attendre de la mise en œuvre de l'IP dans le cas de la logistique urbaine dans les pays en développement. Pour résoudre ces questions, la thèse propose une méthodologie de recherche comprenant quatre phases principales et neuf étapes. Le chapitre 3 élabore une contribution conceptuelle en évaluant l'accessibilité et les niveaux d'intérêt de chaque concept d'IP et conclut que les concepts prioritaires pour résoudre l'énoncé du problème devraient être le partage d'informations et les systèmes normalisés, les activités collaboratives et les interconnexions entre les parties prenantes. Sur cette base, un ensemble de scénarios a été conçu pour mettre en pratique l'IP afin de mieux livrer les marchandises dans le contexte de la logistique urbaine des pays en développement. Ces scénarios ont été organisés notamment à travers la mise en œuvre de PI-hubs, de systèmes de transport à la demande, et du partage des actifs. Le chapitre 4 développe les contributions techniques et expérimentales du travail de recherche en établissant un modèle de simulation hybride dédié basé sur la modélisation à base d'agents et la simulation à événements discrets. Il comprend la définition d'indicateurs de performance spécifiques capables de mesurer les impacts potentiels des scénarios conçus au chapitre 3 par rapport au scénario de base. La contribution expérimentale est développée sur la base d'un cas industriel réel lié aux activités logistiques du commerce électronique dans la ville de Phnom Penh (Cambodge). Les résultats numériques montrent les avantages évidents de l'utilisation des PI-hubs et des systèmes de transport à la demande, qui permettent des économies très substantielles allant jusqu'à 55% pour la qualité de service, 61% pour les empreintes carbone et 75% pour les coûts logistiques. Cependant, l'étude présente certaines limites, qui sont également discutées. Globalement, le travail de recherche conclut que l'utilisation de certains concepts d'IP pourrait améliorer considérablement les performances des activités de logistique urbaine dans les pays en développement, sans investissement particulièrement important. L'étude propose plusieurs perspectives de recherche futures, notamment l'utilisation de l'IP dans différents contextes et le développement d'outils d'aide à la décision opérationnels pour la mise en œuvre de l'IP dans la logistique urbaine de ces pays.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Economic shortage", "Public policy" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.70675/90254c62zc6fcz4125z95eez42b17c63b45f" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400654968", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2024.03.029", "title": "Optimising product swaps in an urban retail network with uncertainty", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lele Zhang", "Russell G. Thomspon" ], "first_author": "Lele Zhang", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "City Logistics aims to achieve higher levels of consolidation in vehicles that typically requires exchanging loads at intermediate locations. Swapping goods between retail stores in urban areas due to stock shortages is a common problem arising in for example, omni-channel logistics. This study develops a two-stage stochastic program for designing a product swap network. The upper stage of the program deals with the strategic decision of locating transhipment nodes, while the lower stage finds the optimal operational vehicle routing solution. Uncertainties in demand, traffic conditions, and vehicle loading efficiency are considered. Numerical studies evaluate various solution procedures and demonstrate the importance of considering stochasticity and the value of the two-stage model.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Economic shortage", "Swap (finance)", "Consolidation (business)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Stockout", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2024.03.029" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7135092290", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202603.0881.v1", "title": "Towards Sustainable Urban Freight: A Collaborative Business Model Framework for Last-Mile Consolidation Centres", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-11", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Tatjana Apanasevic", "Anna Fjällström" ], "first_author": "Tatjana Apanasevic", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight transport is responsible for creating negative transport externalities in the form of noise and congestion and has a significant environmental impact. One solution is to establish a freight consolidation centre, which could offer benefits such as shorter delivery distances, and fewer delivery routes. However, this would require collaboration between actors with conflicting interests and goals. In this study, we propose a collaborative business model framework for freight consolidation centres. This framework was tested through a pilot project in Gothenburg, using the principles of engaged scholarship. Our results show that last-mile consolidation significantly increases efficiency and enables sustainability gains to be achieved. However, a number of structural, economic and organisational barriers need to be addressed in order to realise the full benefit of the collaborative business model. There is a need for a deeper institualisation of new norms, procedures and policies in the business models of the individual actors involved.", "keywords": [ "Consolidation (business)", "Sustainability", "Externality", "Business model", "Order (exchange)", "Sustainable business", "Sustainable transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/56e5ec7ebfc616c474d19ff6ac299688/download_pub" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W648162007", "doi": null, "title": "Decision Support System to Assist the Design and Evaluation of City Logistics Applications with Real-Time Traffic Information", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jaume Barceló", "Arturo Orozco" ], "first_author": "Jaume Barceló", "venue": "Transportation Research Board 89th Annual MeetingTransportation Research Board", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The design and evaluation of City Logistics applications requires an integrated framework in which all components could work together. Therefore City Logistics models should account for vehicle routing applications and fleet management models able of including also the dynamic aspects of the underlying road network, namely when ICT applications are taken into account. This paper develops a methodological proposal based on an integration of vehicle routing models and real-time traffic information. In the computational experiments conducted in the paper a dynamic traffic simulation model has been used to emulate the actual traffic conditions providing at each time interval the estimates of the traffic state on each link of the road network, the information that will be used by a real time fleet management system to determine the optimal dynamic routing and scheduling of the vehicle.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic management", "Operations research", "Work (physics)", "Decision support system", "Transport engineering", "Information system", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=911132" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3001589557", "doi": "10.1080/23249935.2019.1692964", "title": "Special issue on dynamic models serving real-time urban transport operations", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-22", "type": "editorial", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Domokos Esztergár‐Kiss", "Guido Gentile", "Agostino Nuzzolo" ], "first_author": "Domokos Esztergár‐Kiss", "venue": "Transportmetrica A Transport Science", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "In the era of intelligent transportation systems, there is an increasing need of developing dynamic transport models to improve the realism of simulations, aiming to higher efficiency of network management interventions, as well as to more reliable real-time user information. These tasks are still today faced by operators with limited support from transport modeling with respect to the potential contribution of state-of-the-art methodologies. Moreover, great opportunities are envisaged by the availability of distributed computing, artificial intelligence and big data. Thus, new applicative solutions for transport network operators can emerge based on new modeling paradigms where dynamics play a major role in different fields, such as transit service optimization and fleet control, human travel behavior and passenger information, urban freight distribution and vehicle routing, traffic signal setting and flow forecast and highway network management and road pricing.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Intelligent transportation system", "Flow network", "Big data", "Vehicle routing problem", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Transport network", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Service (business)", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Advanced Traffic Management System" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23249935.2019.1692964?needAccess=true" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399201098", "doi": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123551", "title": "Multi-objective resilient recovery strategy for urban wind-solar-MPS-EV electric system after disastrous events", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yihao Xu", "Yankai Xing", "Guangdou Zhang", "Jian Li", "Haopeng An", "Olusola Bamisile", "Qi Huang" ], "first_author": "Yihao Xu", "venue": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Wind power", "Photovoltaic system", "Meteorology", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 15, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924009346" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386743982", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4569874", "title": "Electric Vehicles in Urban Delivery Fleets: How Far Can They Go?", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dingtong Yang", "Michael F. Hyland" ], "first_author": "Dingtong Yang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4569874" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112322113", "doi": null, "title": "Digital Transformation in Maritime and City Logistics: Smart Solutions for Logistics. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 28", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "book", "language": null, "authors": [ "Pache, Hannah", "Kastner, Marvin", "Jahn, Carlos" ], "first_author": "Pache, Hannah", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Purpose: This paper discusses the current state of routing and scheduling in tramp shipping, an important planning problem on the operational level in maritime logistics. The purpose is to report and compare the existing methods and to investigate possible future additions and improvements. Furthermore, an outlook on potential applications of machine learning for this optimization problem is given. Methodology: In this paper an extensive literature review of reports and journal papers on cargo routing in tramp shipping of the last seven years is conducted. The wide range of findings are categorized by the different considered characteristics. The results are analyzed and trends are pointed out. Findings: Optimization problems in tramp shipping differ in their main properties from liner shipping or classical vehicle routing problems. Thus, different approaches and implementations are required when developing or adapting existing optimization algorithms. The real-world problem is often limited in the optimization, so found solutions are improvements, but cannot fully reflect reality yet. Originality: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of tramp ship routing and scheduling. Although optimization of routing and scheduling in liner shipping is fairly well researched, the publications on tramp shipping are sparse in comparison. This leaves room for future research, as the findings for liner shipping and vehicle routing are not directly applicable to tramp shipping.", "keywords": [ "Tramp", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Implementation", "Range (aeronautics)", "Operation planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/209399/1/hicl-2019-28-369.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154385311", "doi": "10.3390/wevj17040202", "title": "Towards Sustainable Urban Freight: A Collaborative Business Model Framework for Last-Mile Consolidation Centres", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tatjana Apanasevic", "Anna Fjällström" ], "first_author": "Tatjana Apanasevic", "venue": "World Electric Vehicle Journal", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Urban freight transport generates significant negative externalities in the form of noise, congestion, and environmental impacts. Freight consolidation centres could be seen as a potential solution, offering benefits such as shorter delivery distances and fewer delivery routes. However, implementation of freight consolidation centers requires collaboration between actors with conflicting interests and goals. This study proposes a collaborative business model framework for freight consolidation centres. The novelty of the study lies in conceptualising collaboration as an outcome-based partnership and extending the Business Model Canvas with collaboration-specific components. This framework was empirically tested and refined through a pilot project in Gothenburg, applying the principles of engaged scholarship. The results indicate that last-mile consolidation can significantly improve operational efficiency and enable sustainability gains. At the same time, structural, economic, and organisational barriers need to be addressed to realise all benefits of the collaborative business model. The findings particularly highlight the need for deeper institutionalisation of collaborative practices, including the integration of new norms, procedures, and policies into the business models of the individual actors involved.", "keywords": [ "Consolidation (business)", "Sustainability", "General partnership", "Business model", "Institutionalisation", "Novelty", "Externality" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/17/4/202/pdf?version=1776153857" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2262672420", "doi": null, "title": "POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS CONCEPTS AND MODELS OF URBAN/CITY LOGISTICS OF A DEVELOPING ECONOMY", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Adebambo O. Somuyiwa" ], "first_author": "Adebambo O. Somuyiwa", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Urban logistics is indispensable to the economy as it moves not only the goods and passenger but also the concomitant effects of pollution, traffic congestion and noise are major issues of concern. These kinds of condition not only affect the quality of life in urban areas, but also the future city development. Sequel to these, the paper sought to analyse the effect of traffic congestion, noise pollution and other negative externalities on city/urban logistics. This is with a view to determining significantly effect of traffic congestion and other negative externalities on city/urban logistics through business performance. Data for this paper were both primary and secondary, that were collected from various respective agencies. Mostly the primary data were number of vehicles along designated routes; industrial areas, information on negative externalities (Noise, Odour, etc), which were analysed using parametric statistical techniques. Findings revealed that major routes were used by vehicles/ motorists as a result of growth and diffusion pattern of industries of different types. Correlation results of these negative externalities indicated range of correlation values of between 0.3 to 0.74, Analysis further showed differential in ranking of industrial areas, based on certain factors identified and discussed, to serve as pointer to where attention should be focused in proposing business concepts/models for urban/city logistics. The paper recommended sustainable transport environment and city development in an holistic manner within the concepts of People, System and Organisation (PSO), with emphasis on internal consistency and complementarity with other policy areas in the economy and the environment.", "keywords": [ "Externality", "Interdependence", "Business", "Urban economics", "Traffic congestion", "Traffic management", "Industrial organization", "Environmental economics", "Transport engineering", "Economics", "Microeconomics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.efos.unios.hr/repec/osi/bulimm/PDF/BusinessLogisticsinModernManagement15/blimm1519.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162258815", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-20151-5_21", "title": "Smart City Logistics and International Trade in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Green Technologies", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mustapha Khiati", "Nahid Alaamri", "Samia Jirari", "Khaoula Outaaza", "Naima Tiouiti", "Lamyaa Moulad", "Hajar El-Mahdad", "mkik marouane" ], "first_author": "Mustapha Khiati", "venue": "Springer proceedings in physics", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Smart city", "Globalization", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-20151-5_21" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212158961", "doi": "10.68022/kjscm.2025.ootvifay", "title": "CAMPUS-CITY LOGISTICS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A ROAD MAP TOWARDS FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dr. Usman Abbas", "Haruna Daddau" ], "first_author": "Dr. Usman Abbas", "venue": "KASU Journal of Supply Chain Management", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study evaluates the influence of campus city logistics on climate change in Kaduna State University. The study adopts constructivism paradigm and qualitative approach. Its population was 55,640 staff members and students in all the four Kaduna Campuses and 381 were selected as sample by adopting Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sampling table. Unstructured questionnaires were distributed. Thematic analysis was explored for analysis. The study found that, campus city logistics contribute to curbing the degree of climate change triggered by carbon emission from students’ and staffs’ means of transportation through the establishment of shuttle service that runs across the campuses and some designated routes. It was recommended that, the management should ensure that the cost of tickets for the shuttling service is affordable to stakeholders to promote patronage. The model will create job opportunities, generate income to the Institute, improve air quality and protect the general environment from other externalities.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Thematic map", "Climate change", "Thematic analysis", "Sample (material)", "Population", "Service (business)", "Service quality" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://fmskasujournals.org.ng/kjscm/article/campus-city-logistics-and-climate-change-a-road-map-towards-future-sustainability.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408294899", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6149962/v1", "title": "Bayesian Optimization for Adaptive Network Reconfiguration in Urban Delivery Systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-10", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Junbo Wang" ], "first_author": "Junbo Wang", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Control reconfiguration", "Computer science", "Bayesian optimization", "Bayesian network", "Bayesian probability", "Distributed computing", "Artificial intelligence", "Embedded system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6149962/v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169151921", "doi": "10.35090/gatech/13344", "title": "Strategic Infrastructure Design for a Hyperconnected Urban Delivery System Integrating Public Transport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cécile Dupouy", "François Clautieux", "Walid Klibi", "Olivier Labarthe" ], "first_author": "Cécile Dupouy", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper addresses the strategic design of a hyperconnected urban delivery system integrating public transport. We consider a three-tier urban delivery system in which freight circulates through the middle-mile using existing public transport services including tramway and bus lines, with containerized parcels handled at logistics hubs deployed at public transport stops. We propose a path-based mixed-integer programming model that jointly optimizes public transport lines selection and the logistics hubs deployment, while assigning freight demand to either public transport paths or private vehicles. Public transport capacity is assumed to be exogenous, and feasible paths are pre-generated to capture routing with transfers across the network. The model is applied to a real case study based on the city of Bordeaux, France. Results show that increasing the number of available lines raises the share of demand served by public transport from 47.3% to 100%, highlighting the role of network connectivity in enabling urban freight flow within public transportation.", "keywords": [ "Public transport", "City logistics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Flow network", "Private transport", "Transport network", "Transportation planning", "Strategic planning", "Transport system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/1853/81950" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7138871303", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2026.105632", "title": "A two-stage stochastic optimization framework for integrated passenger-freight bus transport under time-varying capacity constraints", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yunzhi Zhang", "Yu Zhou", "Bin Yu", "Weizheng Ma" ], "first_author": "Yunzhi Zhang", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This paper develops an optimization framework for integrated passenger-freight bus transport (IPFBT), which leverages the spare capacity of public bus systems to enhance sustainable urban freight delivery. We formulate a two-stage stochastic programming model that jointly optimizes the strategic location of passenger-freight integration stations and operational-level freight routing under time-varying passenger demand. The model innovatively introduces a link availability matrix to characterize dynamic capacity constraints under the passenger-priority principle, and designs temporal shift and spatial shift strategies to address capacity shortage during peak periods. To solve this large-scale, uncertainty-driven problem, we design a decomposition-based algorithm combining a L-shaped framework with Lagrangian relaxation. The master problem is efficiently solved via a greedy set-cover heuristic, while subproblems are decomposed into parallelizable single-commodity shortest path problems. Adaptive multiplier updates and feasibility restoration mechanisms are incorporated to ensure convergence and solution quality. A real-world case study based on the Shijingshan District bus network in Beijing demonstrates the model’s effectiveness and computational scalability. The study reveals phenomena such as obvious economies of scale and “capacity paradox” in the system, and provides implementation recommendations including phased deployment strategies for urban managers.", "keywords": [ "Beijing", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Spare part", "Stochastic programming", "Greedy algorithm", "Programming paradigm", "Convergence (economics)", "Public transport", "Network planning and design", "Facility location problem" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2026.105632" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W852647028", "doi": null, "title": "TRUCK TRIP DATA COLLECTION METHODS", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-02-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eric Jessup", "Ken Casavant", "Catherine T. Lawson" ], "first_author": "Eric Jessup", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A considerable body of research exists for addressing the data needs for passenger transportation models and statewide freight truck movements. The number of studies which focus on methods for capturing the necessary data on urban freight movements is less abundant. This study addresses this problem by identifying those freight data attributes necessary for both urban region truck modeling and freight planning efforts and evaluates alternative data collection methodologies for providing these necessary data attributes. Data attributes such as origin-destination detail, route identification, land-use at stops, commodity, weight, vehicle configuration, time of day, volume of shipments and location of trip generators were identified as necessary for modeling and planning needs. Two pilot studies were conducted in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, to test truck trip data collection methodologies. One pilot study tested a roadside intercept survey method at three different locations, including an interstate highway weigh station, a Port of Portland marine terminal, and a private freight warehouse/distribution center. The other pilot study tested a combination of mail and fax survey methods used with two different sample types. The survey methods tested included straight mail, phone-mail, phone-mail-phone, straight fax, phone-fax, phone-fax-phone, sent to a Known and Unknown mail population. The results from the different freight data collection methodologies are presented and evaluated.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Truck", "Phone", "Data collection", "Metropolitan area", "Trip generation", "Identification (biology)", "Population", "Mobile phone", "Sample (material)", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 12, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=697039" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7136136718", "doi": "10.1007/s44327-026-00222-2", "title": "Urban freight mobility challenges and logistics circuit optimization for sustainable city development in Ouagadougou, West Africa", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Issaka Abdou Razakou Kiribou", "Mohamed Ibrahim Ballo", "Isidore Pawendkisgou Yanogo", "W. Abel Sawadogo", "Yembi Kiendrebeogo", "Hamadou Diallo" ], "first_author": "Issaka Abdou Razakou Kiribou", "venue": "Discover Cities", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Freight mobility is vital to urban logistics, particularly in rapidly growing cities across developing countries. This study investigates the impacts of rapid urban sprawl on freight transportation systems in Ouagadougou. It explores the optimization of logistic circuits for sustainable urban development. Using a combination of geospatial analysis and traffic data, the city’s growth patterns and their effects on freight flows are analyzed, including the mobility externalities associated with current logistics practices. The routes optimization model suggests an efficient delivery circuit, aiming to reduce times, emissions, and congestion. The results highlight a rapid radial expansion of the city, with an increase in urban area of approximately 500 km² between 2000 and 2024, indicating uncontrolled urbanization characterized by fragmented delivery routes and congestion hotspots. This situation exacerbates urban mobility challenges, with a congestion index of 0.29 and the city accounting for about 60% of national urban road accidents, most of which occur between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. To minimize externalities, the mobility scenario suggests that goods vehicles from the city’s entries can move within the time slots from 9 pm to 6 am, and from 1 to 3 pm during the week. Alternatively, the logistic circuit optimization plans suggest a shortest path for goods vehicles from a single origin-destination (O-D) pair independently, reflecting a user equilibrium with a time gain ranging from 2 to 3.4 min. While these gains demonstrate the efficiency potential of route-level optimization, they also reveal its limitations when considered in isolation. Achieving sustainable urban freight mobility in line with SDG11 requires a holistic approach that integrates freight mobility with the city’s spatial dynamics, traffic conditions, and enforcement mechanisms.", "keywords": [ "Sustainable development", "Sustainable city", "City logistics", "Urban planning", "Urban sustainability" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44327-026-00222-2.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7205015936", "doi": "10.61978/logistica.v4i2.1739", "title": "Operational and Technological Determinants of On-Time Delivery Performance in Urban Freight Distribution: Evidence from Indonesian Cities", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Bhima Shakti Arrafat", "Fardan Zeda Achmadi Yuda", "Quirina Ariantji Patrisia Mintje" ], "first_author": "Bhima Shakti Arrafat", "venue": "Logistica Journal of Logistic and Transportation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight distribution has grown increasingly complex due to e-commerce growth, rising customer expectations, and traffic congestion. This study investigates operational and technological determinants of on-time delivery performance in Indonesian urban freight distribution, evaluating the relative contribution of operational, environmental, technological, and customer-related factors. A quantitative cross-sectional design used 480 delivery observations from Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, and Medan. On-time delivery was coded as a binary outcome, with explanatory variables including congestion index, departure delay, loading time, number of stops, distance, peak-hour operation, rainfall, route optimization, real-time tracking, and customer availability, analyzed through binary logistic regression. Results show an overall on-time delivery rate of 90.63%. Traffic congestion was the strongest constraint, significantly reducing punctuality odds with each unit increase. Route optimization and real-time tracking significantly improved on-time delivery probability, demonstrating that digital logistics technologies enhance reliability through better planning and visibility. Delivery distance showed a marginal negative effect, while departure delay, loading time, peak-hour operation, rainfall, and customer availability were not significant. Number of stops showed a positive association, interpreted as reflecting efficient route configuration rather than a direct causal benefit. The study concludes that delivery reliability depends on the interaction between traffic conditions and digital logistics capabilities, with route optimization and real-time tracking mitigating congestion's adverse effects—offering practical guidance for improving urban freight performance in developing-country contexts.", "keywords": [ "Punctuality", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Traffic congestion", "Odds", "Indonesian", "Delivery Performance", "Voucher", "Traffic management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journal.idscipub.com/index.php/logistica/article/download/1739/1144" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385622586", "doi": "10.1201/9781003261513-4", "title": "Geographic information systems and spatial analysis", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-07", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eiichi Taniguchi", "Russell George Thompson", "Ali Gul Qureshi" ], "first_author": "Eiichi Taniguchi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Chapter 3 describes how spatial analysis tools can be employed to create information that can be used by decision makers to enhance the performance of urban freight systems. An overview of Global Position Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are presented. GPS provides a cheap and automated means of logging the movement of freight vehicles allowing analysis of routes as well as their performance to be undertaken. GIS can be used to map a range of freight related data that can provide information that links various stakeholder interests. This chapter highlights how interactive spatial analysis can be undertaken for improving the range of information available for designing and managing urban freight systems.", "keywords": [ "Geography", "Geographic information system", "Cartography", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003261513-4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2379284221", "doi": null, "title": "Research on Collaboration Mode of City Logistics Distribution System and Traffic Signal Control System", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hou Yan-hu" ], "first_author": "Hou Yan-hu", "venue": "Logistics Sci-tech", "publisher": "China Warehousing Association", "abstract": "Traffic congestion must be solved properly in order to accelerate the development of urban logistics distribution.Whether the traffic signal timing is reasonable or not, however, plays a decisive role in the capacity of the intersection.Therefore, integrating city logistics system and traffic signal controlling system together to identify a collaborative model is an issue worthy of researching. Based on the analysis of inherent demands of urban logistics distribution for road transport, with the use of information systems integrating method,an informational and functional integration among urban logistics distribution routing optimization system, vehicle transportation management system and traffic signal controlling system was discussed in the paper. In the end, the cooperative mode of urban logistics distribution system and traffic signal controlling system was proposed.", "keywords": [ "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Mode (computer interface)", "Transport engineering", "SIGNAL (programming language)", "Computer science", "Traffic management", "Control (management)", "Traffic congestion", "City logistics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle Information and Communication System", "Distribution (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-LTKJ201309041.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4313014410", "doi": "10.1504/ijstl.2022.125832", "title": "Multi-product distribution in multi-supplier combined and capacitated transport networks", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mojahid F. Saeed Osman" ], "first_author": "Mojahid F. Saeed Osman", "venue": "International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "The paper tackles the problem of capacitated transport vehicle routing for the combined distribution of multiple products for multiple suppliers. This real-life urban distribution-planning problem requires a solution that identifies a set of routes for carrying out the combined distribution in extensive multi-supplier distribution networks. The paper describes the development of a novel 0-1 model for modelling the routing problem to aid in the optimum routes for the combined distribution with the objective of minimising the total distance travelled that significantly affects the transportation cost while satisfying demand and capacity constraints. For conducting a comparative analysis, the paper deploys a solution procedure that quickly leads to a good routing solution. The paper introduces a case study as an application scenario with three case problems for illustrating the suitability and applicability of the proposed approach. The results are not surprising; the novel 0-1 model provides optimal solutions and outperforms the solution procedure.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Mathematical optimization", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Set (abstract data type)", "Product (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijstl.2022.125832" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2371046830", "doi": null, "title": "An Empirical Analysis on the Urban Distribution System Node Layout", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wang Han-xi" ], "first_author": "Wang Han-xi", "venue": "Journal of Shijiazhuang of University of Economics", "publisher": "Shijiazhuang University of Economics", "abstract": "The urban joint distribution is one of the most effective methods to relieve the traffic,environment. This has been proved by foreign and domestic practice. The establishment of joint distribution system is not only the resource sharing and collaborative work between participating subjects,also involves problems of node layout in different levels and distribution route optimization. Based on the investigation about the Shijiazhuang urban distribution situation,propose a two-layer joint distribution system framework,calculate the existing distribution centers in urban areas with the fuzzy evaluation method,and analyze the route selection problem between the distribution center and the nodes,so as to provide decision-making reference for the main implementer of the urban joint distribution.", "keywords": [ "Node (physics)", "Computer science", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Distribution center", "Joint (building)", "Resource distribution", "Operations research", "Work (physics)", "Transport engineering", "Fuzzy logic", "Computer network", "Resource allocation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HBDX201502016.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7140197771", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2026.111984", "title": "Traditional petrol-fueled and electric mixed logistics vehicle fleet scheduling in urban logistics delivery under demand uncertainty", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Weilu Hou", "Changmin Jiang", "Liquan Guo", "Qin Shi", "Adolf K.Y. NG" ], "first_author": "Weilu Hou", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Simulated annealing", "Vehicle routing problem", "Scheduling (production processes)", "City logistics", "Leverage (statistics)", "Robustness (evolution)", "Job shop scheduling" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2026.111984" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7196950483", "doi": "10.1145/3770855.3819060", "title": "WISE: Hierarchical Worker Scheduling for Efficient Multi-Source Urban Delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-06", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Wenjun Lyu", "Fangyu Li", "Shanshan Wang", "Yikang Zhang", "Haotian Wang", "Yunhuai Liu", "Tian He", "Desheng Zhang" ], "first_author": "Wenjun Lyu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Efficient worker scheduling for urban delivery applications is crucial to ensure high service quality and reduce the transportation-related carbon emissions. Existing scheduling studies assume that the pickup location of each order is predetermined and fixed. In this work, we explore a multi-source urban delivery scenario in which each worker can dynamically select the pickup location for assigned but unpicked-up orders from multiple candidates. The problem is not trivial due to the hierarchical optimization of real-time order assignment, the worker's pickup location selection, and route planning. To solve this challenge, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning-based worker scheduling system, WISE, for multi-source urban delivery. WISE includes: i) a precedence-constrained route planning module to generate the worker's pickup location and route with an attention-based encoder-decoder model and a precedence-aware masking scheme; and ii) a mobility-aware real-time order assignment module to assign dynamically generated orders to optimize system efficiency and customer experience with a deep Q-learning framework. Extensive evaluation results demonstrate that WISE reduces the workers' total travel distance and overdue order rate by up to 10.6% and 53.6%, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art methods.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Pickup", "Job shop scheduling", "Order (exchange)", "Quality of service", "Route planning", "Service level" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3770855.3819060" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4220753596", "doi": "10.3390/su14073812", "title": "Methodology for Prioritizing Best Practices Applied to the Sustainable Last Mile—The Case of a Brazilian Parcel Delivery Service Company", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tássia Faria de Assis", "Victor Hugo Souza de Abreu", "Mariane Gonzalez da Costa", "Márcio de Almeida D’Agosto" ], "first_author": "Tássia Faria de Assis", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The ever-increasing impacts of the last mile delivery sector on the environment and the quality of life of the urban population, such as increased congestion, demand best practices to be incorporated by companies to reduce impacts such as emission of air pollutants and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and depletion of natural resources, among others. However, a myriad of strategies has been developed for this purpose but there is a lack of methodologies that allow the choice of the best ones for a specific case. Therefore, this study looks for those best practices to be employed through an innovative methodology that consists of SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), a map of strategies of the delivery service, and using the Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), with the differential of considering the peculiarities of each company. The results applied in a Brazilian last mile delivery service company show that best practices such as route optimization, implementation of new infrastructure and business models for urban deliveries, and use of information systems for fleet tracking and monitoring contribute significantly to improving performance indicators and achieving the sector’s goal to become more sustainable, and especially meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8, 9, 11, and 17.", "keywords": [ "Best practice", "SWOT analysis", "Balanced scorecard", "Last mile (transportation)", "Sustainability", "Analytic hierarchy process", "Business", "Population", "Service (business)", "Environmental economics", "Service delivery framework", "Environmental resource management" ], "cited_by_count": 15, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/7/3812/pdf?version=1648190183" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154181940", "doi": "10.1109/icepg67373.2025.11466770", "title": "Refined Planning of Urban Distribution Network Trunk Feeders", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-12", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ruiyuan Li", "Yan Li", "Xiaowei Hu", "Jiayang Li", "Shenghua Wang" ], "first_author": "Ruiyuan Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "With the rapid advance of urbanization, urban distribution network construction faces the challenges of rapid load growth and complex spatial layout. Traditional planning methods ignore the spatial distribution of loads and the actual street layout, resulting in a significant gap between the planning results and the actual demand. This paper proposes a refined feeder planning model, introducing the concept of “power grid cell” for the first time, utilizing GIS open data to accurately capture the spatial distribution of loads and future development trends, and forming clear block loads through clustering. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed with the goal of minimizing the length of the feeder, and applied to real city cases. The results show that the proposed method effectively reduces the feeder routing length by more than 20%, realizes the balance between economy and engineering practicality of distribution network planning, and has obvious practical guidance significance.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Control network", "Trunk", "Class (philosophy)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icepg67373.2025.11466770" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404756403", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2024.103852", "title": "Optimal operation strategies for freight transport with electric vehicles considering wireless charging lanes", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kechen Ouyang", "David Z.W. Wang" ], "first_author": "Kechen Ouyang", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Traffic management", "Wireless", "Rail freight transport", "Electric vehicle", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Telecommunications", "Power (physics)", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2024.103852" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168216575", "doi": "10.3390/math14142500", "title": "Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization of a Multi-Echelon Humanitarian VRP for Smart City Logistics Under Uncertainty", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Esra Çakır" ], "first_author": "Esra Çakır", "venue": "Mathematics", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Efficient and resilient humanitarian logistics is critical for smart cities facing large-scale disasters, where infrastructure disruptions, uncertain demand, and time-critical deliveries complicate operational planning. This study proposes a multi-echelon vehicle-routing framework that integrates trucks, electric unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and micromobility systems under uncertainty. Demand and travel-time variability are modeled through scenario-based representations, while delivery flexibility is captured through triangular fuzzy time windows defined by earliest-acceptable, preferred, and latest-tolerable delivery times. The problem is formulated as a four-objective optimization model that minimizes total cost, response time, CO2 emissions, and fuzzy lateness. To solve the resulting highly constrained multi-objective problem, NSGA-II and NSGA-III are adapted with problem-specific repair operators, including capacity-splitting, range-feasibility correction, and fuzzy time-shift adjustment mechanisms, and embedded in a simulation-based evaluation framework. The proposed approach is validated using a geo-referenced earthquake scenario in Istanbul, constructed from open-source GIS, traffic, and demographic data. The computational results show that evolutionary methods generate feasible solutions within minutes, whereas exact optimization approaches fail to converge for realistic instances. Compared with NSGA-II, NSGA-III achieves superior performance, including a 9% higher hypervolume and improved robustness under stress-test scenarios. Furthermore, the hybrid truck–UAV–micromobility strategy reduces average cost by up to 30%, delivery time by 43%, and CO2 emissions by 65% relative to a truck-only baseline, while eliminating fuzzy lateness. These findings demonstrate that evolutionary multi-objective optimization provides an effective and scalable decision-support framework for uncertainty-aware and sustainable humanitarian logistics in smart cities.", "keywords": [ "Flexibility (engineering)", "Smart city", "Robustness (evolution)", "Fuzzy logic", "Evolutionary algorithm", "Scalability", "Robust optimization", "Optimization problem", "Evolutionary computation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/math14142500" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2066291068", "doi": "10.1109/supergen.2009.5348340", "title": "Research on the wireless Ad-hoc network for power distribution network communication in medium-small cities", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-04-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sun We", "Wang Jianping", "Zhang Chongwei", "Zituo Qian" ], "first_author": "Sun We", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Communication network equipped with optical fiber has been widely applied in the main 110 kV/35 kV and above power grid in the electric industry. But the urban distribution network below 35 kV has not developed into a sound pattern. Ad-hoc network featured with low power consumption, low operating cost, good fault tolerance and high reliability is now a new trend in the distribution communication. An improved routing protocol based on the AODV, which is named ¿LQ-AODV¿ is put forward for ad-hoc network that is suitable for the urban distribution grid. By evaluating the quality of link, a qualitied routing is picked up by LQ-AODV as the communication path. In this way, the problem of defective realtime performance due to the deficiency of link evaluation is solved. This ad-hoc network and LQ-AODV routing protocol has been tested in Huangshan Power Supply Company. It proves that it is an effective method in the distribution communication.", "keywords": [ "Computer network", "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing", "Computer science", "Wireless ad hoc network", "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol", "Routing protocol", "Mobile ad hoc network", "Ad hoc wireless distribution service", "Vehicular ad hoc network", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Distributed computing", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/supergen.2009.5348340" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392999284", "doi": "10.1111/itor.13452", "title": "Traveling salesman problem with drone and bicycle: multimodal last‐mile e‐mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Erfan Babaee Tırkolaee", "Emre Çakmak", "Saliha Karadayi‐Usta" ], "first_author": "Erfan Babaee Tırkolaee", "venue": "International Transactions in Operational Research", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "Abstract Recently, the multimodal last‐mile e‐mobility concept has been at the center of attention for cleaner, greener, and more accessible urban deliveries. As part of sustainable transportation systems, multimodal e‐mobility is proper for a variety of logistics operations as well as medical applications. This work tries to address a novel application of multimodal e‐mobility through introducing and modeling the traveling salesman problem with drone and bicycle (TSP‐D‐B). Therefore, a novel mixed integer linear programming model is developed to formulate the problem wherein the total traveling time is minimized. As part of the last‐mile delivery, a fleet of three vehicles including a truck, a drone, and a bicycle is taken into account to serve the customers in a single visit. The truck is considered as the main vehicle, while the drone and bicycle can be preferred in case of emergencies such as traffic or route failures. In order to assess the complexity, validity and applicability of the offered model, a dataset including 64 different benchmarks is generated, and according to the findings, the model is able to efficiently solve the benchmarks for up to 50 customers in 685 s maximum. A comparison is also made between TSP‐D‐B, the classic version of the TSP and the TSP‐D, which reveals that TSP‐D‐B provides appropriate service time savings in all benchmarks. Finally, another comparative analysis is made using several instances adapted from the literature. It is revealed that TSP‐D‐B leads to significant time savings in most instances.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Travelling salesman problem", "Mile", "Computer science", "Geography", "Biology", "Algorithm", "Botany" ], "cited_by_count": 20, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/itor.13452" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128690038", "doi": "10.3390/wevj17020091", "title": "An Evaluation of Opportunities Arising from Hydrogen Retrofitting of Commercial Vehicles in Urban Areas: A Case Study", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Giuseppe Napoli", "Antonino Salvatore Scardino", "Luciano Costanzo", "Salvatore Micari" ], "first_author": "Giuseppe Napoli", "venue": "World Electric Vehicle Journal", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This article investigates the feasibility of hydrogen-based retrofitting solutions for light commercial vehicles operating in urban freight transport. The analysis is based on a mission-driven methodology applied to a representative urban case study in the city of Rome, using synthetic route profiles and vehicle specifications derived from manufacturer datasheets. Three representative urban delivery missions are defined, characterised by cumulative daily distances of approximately 190–200 km and associated energy requirements in the range of 54–57 kWh. These mission profiles are first used to assess a commercially representative battery electric vehicle configuration, for which the usable onboard battery energy is estimated at 41.6 kWh. The results show that, under the considered operating conditions, the battery electric configuration is not able to complete the planned routes without intermediate recharging. On this basis, a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle retrofit configuration is evaluated, combining a 35 kWh battery, a 45 kW fuel cell system and 3.5 kg of onboard hydrogen storage at 350 bar. The resulting estimated driving range is approximately 293 km, which is sufficient to satisfy the defined mission requirements. This study is framed as a technical feasibility assessment and does not aim to provide optimisation or experimental validation. The proposed methodology can be applied to other urban contexts by adapting route characteristics and daily mileage requirements.", "keywords": [ "Retrofitting", "Range (aeronautics)", "USable", "Battery (electricity)", "Battery electric vehicle", "Truck", "Driving range", "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", "Electric vehicle" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/17/2/91/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2735499745", "doi": "10.12737/19558", "title": "DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR MANAGEMENT OF URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS WITH THE USE OF SIMULATION", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-12-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ушкова", "T. Ushkova", "Иванова", "E. Ivanova", "Макарова", "Ірина Макарова" ], "first_author": "Ушкова", "venue": "Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex problems and prospects of rational use of", "publisher": "Infra-M Academic Publishing House", "abstract": "The article describes the method of solving problems in the planning of goods delivery routes.Field investigations of traffic were conducted. Simulation model, which took into account traffic,the road geometry, weather conditions was built. Model experiments were conducted. After that routes were optimized. It was found that the proposed system will help to facilitate work in the field of intra-urban distribution of goods", "keywords": [ "Field (mathematics)", "Transport engineering", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Traffic planning", "Computer science", "Work (physics)", "Urban planning", "Simulation", "Operations research", "Civil engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.12737/19558" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170764735", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21535888", "title": "Transforming Urban Deliveries: Data Evidence from Belgium's Cargo Bike Transition", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-01", "type": "report", "language": null, "authors": [ "Nicolas Collignon", "Renaud Sarrazin", "Philippe Van de Casteele" ], "first_author": "Nicolas Collignon", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Data-driven comparison of cargo bike and van delivery performance from KGS Group's van-to-cargo-bike transition in Brussels: 32,547 deliveries across 345 routes, GPS + delivery-management data, service times, reliability tails, urban-zone analysis, and lifecycle emissions. Commissioned by the Belgian Cycle Logistics Federation.", "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Service (business)", "Transition (genetics)", "Service provider", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21535888" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162439002", "doi": "10.23939/tt2026.01.049", "title": "A transportation planning method considering the parameters of the city logistics transport network and variability of traffic flow organization", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Serhii M. Turpak", "Olexiy Kuzkin", "Д.Я. Муковська", "V Trushevskyi", "Olena Ostrohliad" ], "first_author": "Serhii M. Turpak", "venue": "Transport technologies", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study presents a comprehensive approach to determining the transportation planning method, accounting for network parameters of the city logistics systems and flexible traffic organization. This method considers the rapid change in the operational situation under martial law, allowing for adaptation of routes and means of transport to changing operating conditions, in particular restrictions that arise in the event of martial law, such as curfews and power outages. The efficiency of different transport modes, including diesel buses, electric buses, and trolleybuses with autonomous range is considered, along with the influence of external factors such as air temperature, traffic density, and infrastructure damage. The optimality criterion is defined as the minimization of transportation costs, accounting for energy consumption, carbon footprint, and transport reliability. As a case study, routes for employee transport to the industrial zone of Zaporizhzhia were examined, a representative subsystem was identified, and its performance was assessed. The developed method allows for an increase in transport service efficiency, a reduction in delays and environmental impact, thereby ensuring the implementation of sustainable urban development goals. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to ensure the reliable functioning of commuting systems for enterprise employees under conditions of limited transport infrastructure and unstable energy supply. Under such conditions, it is important to substantiate the parameters of transport service organization, accounting for route network characteristics, means of transport, and external factors. The study considers factors affecting transportation efficiency, including transport demand volumes, route lengths, vehicle occupancy, operating conditions, and the likelihood of schedule deviations. This enables assessment of the transport subsystem's operating conditions. A method for optimizing transportation system parameters is proposed that minimizes operating costs while accounting for reliability and environmental factors. The approach was applied to the transportation of employees to industrial enterprises in Zaporizhzhia. The results obtained confirm increased efficiency of transportation planning and greater stability of the transport subsystem’s functioning.", "keywords": [ "Schedule", "Sustainable transport", "Transport network", "Service (business)", "Transportation planning", "Level of service", "Water transport", "Sustainable development", "Service level" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.23939/tt2026.01.049" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170866117", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21535887", "title": "Transforming Urban Deliveries: Data Evidence from Belgium's Cargo Bike Transition", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-01", "type": "report", "language": null, "authors": [ "Nicolas Collignon", "Renaud Sarrazin", "Philippe Van de Casteele" ], "first_author": "Nicolas Collignon", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Data-driven comparison of cargo bike and van delivery performance from KGS Group's van-to-cargo-bike transition in Brussels: 32,547 deliveries across 345 routes, GPS + delivery-management data, service times, reliability tails, urban-zone analysis, and lifecycle emissions. Commissioned by the Belgian Cycle Logistics Federation.", "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Service (business)", "Transition (genetics)", "Service provider", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21535887" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2956721071", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2019.06.035", "title": "Inland ports in the urban logistics system. Case studies.", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrzej Montwiłł" ], "first_author": "Andrzej Montwiłł", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The aim of the article is to present the results of scientific research on the role of inland ports in the urban logistics systems being part of regional socio-economic systems. In general, scientific research concerned a much wider area, which was the assessment of the role of multifunctional economic spaces such as seaports, inland ports and integrated logistics centers in regional socio-economic systems. Nevertheless, this article focuses on presenting the results of one of the research sub-areas related to inland ports in Europe and their role in the urban logistics system. Inland ports play an increasingly important role in regional socio-economic systems in Europe. Whereas thirty years ago they were typical water-to-land transport nodes with a dominant transport function, many of them, like seaports, have also developed logistic, distribution and industrial functions. Thanks to the intermodal railway terminals and the container terminals located in their area, they function as integrated logistics centers, supporting not only long-distance water and land transport routes but also local transport routes beginning or ending in metropolitan areas, the part of which constitute these ports. An important factor here is the fact that the majority of inland ports, due to the location, is an element of cities or metropolitan areas. Therefore, these ports have become, in recent years, an internal element of the urban logistics system affecting its shape. Distribution centers operating in their area are elements of the urban delivery systems in which the ports operate. Freight transport routes often pass through adjacent metropolitan areas. Usually, inland ports of this type also have passenger terminals, where tourists visiting port cities create certain traffic flows. In the research process, using various research methods, the thesis was proven that inland ports functioning as integrated logistics centers are part of the logistics system of urban or metropolitan areas in which they operate.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Distribution (mathematics)", "City logistics", "Transport system", "Container (type theory)", "Function (biology)", "Business", "Regional science", "Environmental planning", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 13, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146519301231/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4382122525", "doi": "10.3390/en16104076", "title": "Simulation Model for Operational Planning of City Cargo Transportation by Trams in Conditions of Stochastic Demand", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Agnieszka Merkisz-Guranowska", "Natalya Shramenko", "Marcin Kiciński", "Vladyslav Shramenko" ], "first_author": "Agnieszka Merkisz-Guranowska", "venue": "Energies", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "A city’s transport and distribution system requires the effective organization of urban freight deliveries that take into consideration the economic, ecological, and social impact. Implementation of the concept of green logistics necessitates the use of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient modes of transport, which consider the existing infrastructure and the possibility of its development. The aim of this work was to facilitate the transfer to rail transport, using the existing tramway infrastructure, those shipments which previously entered the city center by road. The paper proposes a simulation model for small consignments delivered by freight trams in the city of Poznań, Poland. Operational planning is carried out in conditions of uncertainty and risk. The uncertainty is due to the stochastic nature of the demand for products. The risk is characterized by the probability that, due to technological and technical limitations, a given customer will not be fully served from the distribution center. The authors provide a decision support tool for evaluating the possible locations of tram depots and for route planning. The assignment of the routes, with the criterion of minimizing the costs for the carrier, and with a limitation on tram operating time, is based on the use of genetic algorithms, which makes it possible to obtain a solution that is close to optimal, within a reasonable time period. As a result of a series of simulation experiments and statistical data processing, the distribution laws and expected average values of the technological parameters were determined for the functioning of the city transport and distribution system under conditions of uncertainty and risk.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Work (physics)", "Computer science", "Distribution center", "Probability distribution", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4076/pdf?version=1683969742" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4221107855", "doi": "10.3390/en15072307", "title": "Analysis of Fault Characteristics of Distribution Network with PST Loop Closing Device under Small Current Grounding System", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhi Xu", "Jianxiong Tang", "Yupeng Jiang", "Risheng Qin", "Hongsheng Ma", "Yongchun Yang", "Chengyong Zhao" ], "first_author": "Zhi Xu", "venue": "Energies", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "With the rapid development of cities and the increasing complexity of distribution network systems, the cableization of transmission lines and the diversification of power users have brought new challenges to the supply reliability of distribution networks. Short-time outages caused by power outages and maintenance are one of the factors that affect the reliability of the power supply in the distribution network. The non-stop load transfer through a phase-shifting transformer (PST) operation can effectively improve the reliability of power supply to complex distribution systems. Considering the operation mode and structure form and fault type of the urban distribution network in China, comparing and analyzing the applicable scenarios of different neutral grounding methods, and based on the structure and zero sequence path characteristics of PST, an improved PST-based phase shifting and grounding transformer loop closing device with low power consumption is proposed. The fault characteristics of the PST-based loop closing device under the small current grounding system are also analyzed by the sequence component method, and, finally, the effectiveness of the phase-shifting and grounding transformer device is verified by simulation under PSCAD/EMTDC for fault routing and protection configuration of the urban distribution network in China.", "keywords": [ "Ground", "Engineering", "Transformer", "Reliability engineering", "Earthing system", "Electric power system", "Electrical engineering", "Electronic engineering", "Power (physics)", "Voltage" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2307/pdf?version=1647947790" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W5118887", "doi": null, "title": "Freight Data Needs at the Metropolitan Level and the Suitability of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Supplying MPOs with the Needed Freight Data", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Isabel C Victoria", "C. Michael Walton" ], "first_author": "Isabel C Victoria", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Many Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOS) have identified the lack of robust and accurate freight data as a major constraint in conducting meaningful freight planning. An in-depth literature review was conducted that covered (1) the most relevant freight issues faced by MPOs, (2) the state-of-the-art methodologies used in urban travel demand forecasting to integrate the passenger and freight components, (3) primary and secondary freight data sources and their strengths and limitations for supporting urban planning activities, and (4) the full spectrum of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies that are considered rich sources of freight data. A Freight Data Needs Survey was administered to U.S. MPOs to assess urban freight data needs given the demographic characteristics of the region, the freight issues MPOs have to deal with, the state-of-the-practice in integrating the freight component into the urban travel demand models (TDMs), freight collection activities at the metropolitan region, the level of deployment of ITS technologies, and the use of archived ITS data to support urban planning activities. Special emphasis was given to cargo data, freight transportation modes data, and terminal/intermodal transfer facilities data because they provide valuable insight into urban freight movements. The result of the survey revealed that, although two-thirds of the responding MPOs are conducting freight planning, only 26% of them have integrated both the passenger and freight components into their TDMs. Among the responding MPOs,49% to 94% indicated a need for origin-destination patterns, routing details, shipment details, and commodity type information, while cargo data availability varied from 6% to 46%. The percentage of respondents who indicated a need for highway/truck data, rail data, air data, and water data varied between 51% and 100%, while transportation mode data availability ranged between 0% and 40%. Finally, the percentage of respondents who indicated a need for terminal/intermodal transfer facilities data varied between 82% and 97%, while the availability of this data varied from 3% to 18%. These figures point to the substantial need for freight data, especially among the small, mid-size, and mid-large MPOs. It is thus obvious that effective freight planning and wholly informed decisions are still largely limited by a lack of reliable data. Given a lack of funding sources, primary data collection is also not an option for many small to mid-large MPOs. For the future, these MPOs will have to explore innovative and cost effective means to gather an understanding of freight movements. This study showed that data collected by electronic means such as those provided by ITS can be invaluable to urban freight planning.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Traffic management", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Commodity", "Data collection", "Geography", "Engineering", "Finance" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/167247-1.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376115972", "doi": "10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.2/reviews/2", "title": "Peer Review #2 of \"Green city logistics path planning and design based on genetic algorithm (v0.2)\"", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-05", "type": "peer-review", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Effective logistics distribution paths are crucial in enhancing the fundamental competitiveness of an enterprise.Addressing the pertinent research issues such as suboptimal scheduling of time-sensitive orders and reverse distribution of returned goods, this research introduces the genetic algorithm for logistics routing and proposes an enhanced scheme integrating the Metropolis criterion.To address the limited local search ability of the genetic algorithm, this study combines the simulated annealing algorithm's potent local optimization capability with the genetic algorithm, thereby developing a genetic algorithm with Metropolis criterion.The proposed method preserves the optimal chromosome in each generation population and accepts inferior chromosomes with a certain probability, thereby enhancing the likelihood of finding a local optimal solution and achieving global optimization.Empirical findings demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm is effective in achieving excellent results for different customer sizes.", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Industrial engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Machine learning", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://peerj.com/articles/cs-1347v0.4/submission" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2781189352", "doi": null, "title": "Estudo de roteirização de veículos empregando o TransCAD:contribuição para a distribuição urbana de cargas", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-08-21", "type": "dissertation", "language": "pt", "authors": [ "Miguel Ângelo Almeida Faria de Paula" ], "first_author": "Miguel Ângelo Almeida Faria de Paula", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study analyzes urban freight distribution from the wholesale distribution sector to supermarkets retail sector via TransCAD software, and the vehicle routing problem with time windows has been applied for possible delivery route optimization. TransCAD focuses on a transport system based on graph theory concepts which have been employed in this study, together with some basic concepts of distribution chain and its elements. Some parameters for the application of TransCAD have been based on information provided by a wholesale distribution company located in Uberlândia, Brazil. Such information includes vehicle type, fleet size, and average client demand. The features of the vehicle type underwent changes in four different scenarios; outputs were generated for each of these scenarios, which revealed the most effective itinerary and route settings for urban freight distribution. Even though TransCAD fails to analyze factors such as traffic conditions, vehicle freight arrangement, and average vehicle speed along a given route, the results of this study may contribute to the operation of product distribution.%%%%Esse trabalho analisa a distribuicao urbana de carga do setor atacadista-distribuidor para o setor varejista de supermercados com o auxilio do software TransCAD, aplicando o problema de roteirizacao de veiculos com janelas de tempo para uma possivel otimizacao de rotas de entrega. O TransCAD trabalha com uma rede viaria configurada com base nos conceitos advindos da teoria dos grafos e que foram abordados nesse estudo, juntamente com alguns conceitos basicos da cadeia de distribuicao e seus elementos. Na aplicacao do TransCAD alguns parâmetros foram estabelecidos e baseados nos dados fornecidos por uma empresa atacadista-distribuidora situada na cidade de Uberlândia, dados tais como: tipo de veiculo, tamanho da frota, demanda media por cliente entre outros. Foram trabalhados 4 (quatro) cenarios, onde para cada um desses as caracteristicas do veiculo Tipo sofreram alteracoes. Para cada cenario foram gerados outputs nos quais se pode verificar as melhores configuracoes de itinerarios e rotas para o problema de distribuicao urbana de carga. Apesar do TransCAD nao analisar fatores como condicoes de trafego, disposicao da carga no veiculo, velocidade media do veiculo ao longo do percurso entre outros, sabe-se que os resultados sao aproximados, mas servem como orientacao para a operacao da atividade de distribuicao de mercadorias.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Software", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Humanities", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Operating system", "Art" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://repositorio.ufu.br/bitstream/123456789/14134/1/AnalysisVehicleRouting.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408619551", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2025.03.076", "title": "Last-Mile Delivery Optimization: Recent Approaches and Advances", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abdullahi Sani Shuaibu", "Ashraf Mahmoud", "Tarek Sheltami" ], "first_author": "Abdullahi Sani Shuaibu", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "There are numerous challenges in the last mile of urban logistics operations related to efficiency, resource allocation, environmental sustainability, and delivery operations. Technological innovation in recent years is trying to fill these loopholes and bring out efficient, reliable, and sustainable last-mile delivery. This paper provides a summary of the current optimization approaches in last-mile delivery, covering traditional Linear Programming methods, sophisticated algorithmic techniques known as metaheuristic methods, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approaches, experience-based methodologies, and energy conservation techniques. These sets of optimization techniques—derived from optimization theory and computational algorithms—are diverse in their strategies for route planning, resource allocation, and energy management and tailored to the complex nature of urban delivery networks. In this regard, promising future technologies have also been discussed to re-orient last-mile delivery. Autonomous delivery by drones is one such game-changing solution that can enable rapid and eco-friendly delivery capabilities. Smart delivery acceptance systems through extensive use of advanced sensor technologies and data analytics help simplify parcel reception processes and make them much more efficient and safer. In the context of changing customer preferences and the emergence of e-commerce, the optimization of the last mile is critical in satisfying increasing demand while ensuring environmental sustainability and operational efficiency. Such innovative technologies and optimization strategies will enable delivery providers to better manage urban logistics challenges to deliver better customer experience and achieve sustainable growth in the last mile of delivery.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2025.03.076" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376116543", "doi": "10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.1/reviews/3", "title": "Peer Review #3 of \"Green city logistics path planning and design based on genetic algorithm (v0.1)\"", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-05", "type": "peer-review", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Effective logistics distribution paths are crucial in enhancing the fundamental competitiveness of an enterprise.This research introduces the genetic algorithm for logistics routing to address pertinent research issues, such as suboptimal scheduling of time-sensitive orders and reverse distribution of goods.It proposes an enhanced scheme integrating the Metropolis criterion.To address the limited local search ability of the genetic algorithm, this study combines the simulated annealing algorithm's powerful local optimization capability with the genetic algorithm, thereby developing a genetic algorithm with the Metropolis criterion.The proposed method preserves the optimal chromosome in each generation population and accepts inferior chromosomes with a certain probability, thereby enhancing the likelihood of finding an optimal local solution and achieving global optimization.A comparative study is conducted with the Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms, and empirical findings demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm effectively achieves excellent results over these algorithms", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Industrial engineering", "Engineering", "Machine learning", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.1/reviews/3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411882136", "doi": "10.22306/al.v12i2.621", "title": "Optimizing suburban public transport through smart city logistics: a study on information flow and passenger management", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Olha V. Prokopenko", "Marina Järvis", "Gunnar Klaus Prause", "Vitaliy Omelyanenko", "Inna Kara" ], "first_author": "Olha V. Prokopenko", "venue": "Acta Logistica", "publisher": "4S go, s.r.o.", "abstract": "The study explores how Smart City technologies influence logistics operations in suburban public transportation systems. By enhancing passenger and vehicle movement, the study assesses the role of sensor data, real-time information, and data analysis in improving the flow of materials, personnel, and information in suburban transit. Findings demonstrate that Smart City initiatives lead to shorter wait times, improved route optimization, and greater reliability, thereby boosting overall transport logistics. Through real-time data processing, suburban systems can manage flow dynamically, offering valuable insights for scalable implementations in both urban and suburban logistics.", "keywords": [ "Public transport", "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Passenger transport", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.22306/al.v12i2.621" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376116230", "doi": "10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.1/reviews/2", "title": "Peer Review #2 of \"Green city logistics path planning and design based on genetic algorithm (v0.1)\"", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-05", "type": "peer-review", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Effective logistics distribution paths are crucial in enhancing the fundamental competitiveness of an enterprise.This research introduces the genetic algorithm for logistics routing to address pertinent research issues, such as suboptimal scheduling of time-sensitive orders and reverse distribution of goods.It proposes an enhanced scheme integrating the Metropolis criterion.To address the limited local search ability of the genetic algorithm, this study combines the simulated annealing algorithm's powerful local optimization capability with the genetic algorithm, thereby developing a genetic algorithm with the Metropolis criterion.The proposed method preserves the optimal chromosome in each generation population and accepts inferior chromosomes with a certain probability, thereby enhancing the likelihood of finding an optimal local solution and achieving global optimization.A comparative study is conducted with the Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms, and empirical findings demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm effectively achieves excellent results over these algorithms", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Motion planning", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Machine learning", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.1/reviews/2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376116229", "doi": "10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.2/reviews/3", "title": "Peer Review #3 of \"Green city logistics path planning and design based on genetic algorithm (v0.2)\"", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-05", "type": "peer-review", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Effective logistics distribution paths are crucial in enhancing the fundamental competitiveness of an enterprise.This research introduces the genetic algorithm for logistics routing to address pertinent research issues, such as suboptimal scheduling of time-sensitive orders and reverse distribution of goods.It proposes an enhanced scheme integrating the Metropolis criterion.To address the limited local search ability of the genetic algorithm, this study combines the simulated annealing algorithm's powerful local optimization capability with the genetic algorithm, thereby developing a genetic algorithm with the Metropolis criterion.The proposed method preserves the optimal chromosome in each generation population and accepts inferior chromosomes with a certain probability, thereby enhancing the likelihood of finding an optimal local solution and achieving global optimization.A comparative study is conducted with the Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms, and empirical findings demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm effectively achieves excellent results over these algorithms", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Machine learning", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.2/reviews/3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376116228", "doi": "10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.1/reviews/1", "title": "Peer Review #1 of \"Green city logistics path planning and design based on genetic algorithm (v0.1)\"", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-05", "type": "peer-review", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Effective logistics distribution paths are crucial in enhancing the fundamental competitiveness of an enterprise.This research introduces the genetic algorithm for logistics routing to address pertinent research issues, such as suboptimal scheduling of time-sensitive orders and reverse distribution of goods.It proposes an enhanced scheme integrating the Metropolis criterion.To address the limited local search ability of the genetic algorithm, this study combines the simulated annealing algorithm's powerful local optimization capability with the genetic algorithm, thereby developing a genetic algorithm with the Metropolis criterion.The proposed method preserves the optimal chromosome in each generation population and accepts inferior chromosomes with a certain probability, thereby enhancing the likelihood of finding an optimal local solution and achieving global optimization.A comparative study is conducted with the Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms, and empirical findings demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm effectively achieves excellent results over these algorithms", "keywords": [ "Path (computing)", "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Engineering", "Machine learning", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.1/reviews/1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212059230", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7439590", "title": "E-Commerce Logistics and Urban Freight Transportation: Spatial Organization, Network Infrastructure, and Policy Implications of Amazon’s Distribution Network", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chan Rui" ], "first_author": "Chan Rui", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Adaptability", "Truck", "Traffic management", "Variety (cybernetics)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Consolidation (business)", "Supply chain" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7439590" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3020106254", "doi": "10.1109/isc246665.2019.9071677", "title": "Customers’ classification for pick-up’s demand by using the K-means clustering: A case study of urban freight transportation in Casablanca city", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bourrich Leila", "Saâd Lissane Elhaq" ], "first_author": "Bourrich Leila", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The pick-up of parcels presents the upstream link of the urban freight transportation chain, it is based on pick-up routes by responding to customer requests. Each transport company has its own management model. For this link, whose main objective is to maximize pick-up requests and satisfy a very demanding clientele. In Morocco, this process knows a large number of difficulties due to several criteria linked to customers satisfaction's factors. These difficulties make the transportation companies losing every year an important rate of their customers. In literature, this problem has not been studied before, for this reason our objective is the proposition of an efficient model that helps to know a global vision on the customer's behavior in relationship with this kind of transportation. Then the prediction of the pick-up requests for each customer during a specific period to finally optimize the routing vehicle problem associated to our case study. In this paper, we explore the effect of the classification of customers per categories, by using the K-means clustering method. This solution will help to group our dataset composed by 256 customers from Moroccan Transportation Company. Where their kind of demand is intermittent. This classification is into N clusters with specific characterizes. Thanks to this method, we find as a result that the number of cluster K=4 is the optimal classification of our dataset and their gathering by cluster which each one had specific characteristics.", "keywords": [ "Cluster analysis", "Process (computing)", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Customer satisfaction", "Operations research", "Cluster (spacecraft)", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Marketing", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/isc246665.2019.9071677" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376116544", "doi": "10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.2/reviews/1", "title": "Peer Review #1 of \"Green city logistics path planning and design based on genetic algorithm (v0.2)\"", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-05", "type": "peer-review", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Effective logistics distribution paths are crucial in enhancing the fundamental competitiveness of an enterprise.This research introduces the genetic algorithm for logistics routing to address pertinent research issues, such as suboptimal scheduling of time-sensitive orders and reverse distribution of goods.It proposes an enhanced scheme integrating the Metropolis criterion.To address the limited local search ability of the genetic algorithm, this study combines the simulated annealing algorithm's powerful local optimization capability with the genetic algorithm, thereby developing a genetic algorithm with the Metropolis criterion.The proposed method preserves the optimal chromosome in each generation population and accepts inferior chromosomes with a certain probability, thereby enhancing the likelihood of finding an optimal local solution and achieving global optimization.A comparative study is conducted with the Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms, and empirical findings demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm effectively achieves excellent results over these algorithms", "keywords": [ "Path (computing)", "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Algorithm", "Engineering", "Machine learning", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj-cs.1347v0.2/reviews/1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W625659876", "doi": "10.1201/b16379/?locatt=mode:legacy", "title": "Essentials of logistics & management : the global supply chain", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Philippe Wieser", "Francis-Luc Perret", "Corynne Jaffeux" ], "first_author": "Philippe Wieser", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Introduction What is Essentials of Logistics and Management? New stakes, new challenges for logistics Logistics: a holistic approach Global Supply Chain Management Organization and competition in a globalized economy Global Supply Chain Management Bibliography The author The Structure and the Operations of Logistics Systems Introduction Forms and strategies of design Discovery of stochastic lags and oversized inventories Designing the logistics project's life cycle Measuring the risk Simulating the risk profile of the logistics project Designing with multicriteria decision-making tools Bibliography The author Designing the Supply Chain. Supply chain management Managing variety The supply chain in the digital era Supply chain management and strategy Turbulent times The authors Statistical Forecasting and Demand Analysis Introduction Model application Characteristics of a chronological series and forecasting basics Examples of forecasting models Forecasting model: application Models and forecast results Quality of a forecast Interpretation of forecast results Forecasting approach, application Conclusion Glossary Bibliography The author Leading in Service Innovation:Three Perspectives on Customer Service Value Delivery Understanding the growing importance of innovation in services Deploying innovation and reinventing service businesses Developing cross-functional coordination in service innovation Harnessing technology as an enabling option for strategic value delivery The author Purchasing and Logistics: Perimeter Overlaps in a Context of Global Sourcing When survival is the issue, you need to be better than your competitor Purchasing as the decisive factor of a company's competitiveness The sense of global sourcing Successful purchasing is a triangular game (De)centralization of purchasing Long-term partnering with Suppliers (SRM), or iterative re-exposure to competition? Supplier and product development Cost/price/value/stakes: four approaches to weigh the impact of a given purchase on business profitability Ethics and purchasing Buying is a fantastic game The author Production Systems The Just in Time approach, of misleading simplicity Computerized approach to production management: MRP (Manufacturing Resources Planning) Interdependence of methods and representations Bibliography The author The Management of Distribution and Operational Logistics The different levels of logistics maturity Warehouse conception Operational warehouse management Stock management Transport E-business The author Transport Management as a Key Logistics Issue IntroductionProduction, logistics and transport Logistical management of transport Conclusions First Focus: Rail freight transport in Europe Second Focus: Intermodal transportation: a major challenge for seaports Third Focus: Urban freight transport References The authors Logistics of International Trade Introduction Key logistics options Major aspects of an international trade transaction The international movement of goods Border-crossing issues Recommended reading and websites The authors Information Systems Introduction Information Systems (IS) vs Information Technology (IT)Information Systems Conclusion & Perspectives Glossary References/Useful Links (as of March 2007 The author Supply Chain Connective Technologies Introduction: What does supply chain connectives technologies mean General overview and major trends in connective technologies e-Supply chain: from physical to virtual chains e-Supply chain: M2A versus A2A The costs and benefits of e-supply chain implementation: fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) and other examples in Italy Examples of e-supply chain implementation and cooperation Tracking systems: RFId RFId impact on MIS: centralized versus distributed RFId on the product: the supply chain RFId on people Wireless sensor networks: more than RFId Localization: several technologies for performance Conclusions Bibliography The authors Operations Research in Logistics What is operations research Vehicle routing problems The traveling salesman problem Solution methods for the TSP Solution methods for the vehicle-routing problem Real-life constraints Arc-routing problems Conclusion References The author Modeling and Simulation in Logistics Introduction Discrete-event simulation Mathematical toolbox Applications Bibliography The authors The Lean Supply Chain Introduction The roots of lean in the Buddhist Philosophy Growing product variety: the Toyota response New product development is the first strategic issue Time is critical for everything Concurrent engineering and Obeya Room: two lean tools of lean new product development Target costing and lean new product development The tools of lean production Management Information Systems and Lean Culture and lean implementation Conclusions Bibliography The author Marketing and Innovation Management Introduction Marketing evolution: widening scope and customer focus Understanding market dynamics Market dynamics in action: New products, new services, changes in customers' perceptions (supply-chain contribution) The two major dimensions of marketing: industrial products and consumer goods System selling Conclusion: new frontiers in marketing References The author Financial Accounting Introduction The balance sheet : current assets The Balance Sheet : Liabilities and shareholder's equity The Income Statement The Statement of Cash Flows Working Capital Financial Ratios Analyzing the Income-Statement ratios Balance sheet standards by Industry Additional Disclosures and Audit Reports Conclusion Glossary Bibliography The authors Processing & Controlling Logistics business processes Business Process Management Controlling Activity Based Costing The author Financial elements Introduction Principles in corporate finance The value of money Project appraisal Financial choice Project consequences in accountability Securitization and structured financing Conclusion References The author Understanding Global Strategic", "keywords": [ "Supply chain", "Purchasing", "Supply chain management", "Context (archaeology)", "Service (business)", "Demand forecasting", "Business", "Service management", "Supply chain risk management", "Strategic sourcing", "Value chain", "Process management" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/b16379/?locatt=mode:legacy" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7202280622", "doi": "10.1109/access.2026.3723240", "title": "QuikDel: A Scalable Hierarchical Multi-Agent System for Urban Delivery Using Q-Learning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Md Nahid Hasan", "Robert J Kilgore", "Yusuf Ozdemir", "Ashman Mehra", "Archana Mathur", "Vaskar Raychoudhury", "Snehanshu Saha" ], "first_author": "Md Nahid Hasan", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Online Food Delivery (OFD) services have rapidly evolved, becoming integral to modern consumer behavior and significantly expanding in market size. This growth, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has driven innovations in delivery logistics, particularly through advancements in routing algorithms that enhance efficiency and resource management. Existing systems like DeliverAI utilize a centralized reinforcement learning (RL) framework for real-time route optimization, but struggle with scalability and applicability in large urban settings, limiting their effectiveness at the city scale. To address these limitations, we introduce QuikDel, a novel distributed delivery routing system that leverages reinforcement learning to optimize routes efficiently. QuikDel incorporates QCense, a data aggregation tool that extracts census tract and producer consumer location information from public sources, enabling simulation based evaluation using real-world map data. Its hierarchical architecture supports scalable Q-table management and decentralized agent coordination. Using simulation experiments on three U.S. cities, Columbus, Philadelphia, and Chicago, QuikDel demonstrates the ability to process over 13,866 delivery requests per hour while reducing total travel distance by up to 25% compared to a point to point baseline, with only a modest increase in average delivery time, highlighting its potential as a scalable and lightweight solution for last mile delivery in urban environments.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Hierarchical control system", "Data modeling", "Key (lock)", "Scale (ratio)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3723240" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411628874", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2025.104273", "title": "Assessing the sustainability of last-mile distribution strategies to manage expedited shipping with dynamic and stochastic demand", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anmol Pahwa", "Miguel Jaller" ], "first_author": "Anmol Pahwa", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "As many e-retailers compete through increasingly consumer-focused services, urban freight faces a critical need for sustainable alternate last-mile distribution practices. While previous research has investigated the performance of various distribution strategies under different planning and network design scenarios, their performance under the dynamic and stochastic conditions inherent to consumer-focused services (e.g., expedited deliveries) is not well understood. This study introduces a dynamic-stochastic last-mile network design (DS-LMND) problem, formulated as a multi-echelon capacitated location routing problem with time-windows (ME-C-LRP-TW), to address this gap. Consequently, this work develops a Monte Carlo simulation–optimization framework integrated with an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) metaheuristic to solve the problem. Using this framework, the authors configure the distribution structure and simulate last-mile operations for each distribution strategy. For these configured distribution structures, this work determines economic viability, environmental efficiency, and social equity – the three pillars of sustainability. Further, the authors determine the impact of demand uncertainties on the sustainability of last-mile distribution through the value of information (VI) and coefficient of variance (CV) metrics. In doing so, this work a) estimates the efficacy of conventional distribution strategy; b) confirms the competitiveness of electric delivery vehicles; c) evaluates the effectiveness of crowdsourced delivery services; d) advances the case for consolidation-based multi-echelon distribution strategies; e) establishes the rationale for customer pickups; and f) develops the use case for drone and robots, to cater to dynamic and stochastic demand with expedited shipping.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Sustainability", "Last mile (transportation)", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Demand management", "Environmental economics", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Economics", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2025.104273" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4251147574", "doi": "10.1504/ijlsm.2020.105914", "title": "Collaborative transportation and urban routing problems: state of classification and literature", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mouna Atik El Ftouh", "Naoufal Sefiani", "Mohamed Fourka" ], "first_author": "Mouna Atik El Ftouh", "venue": "International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "Carriers' collaboration is achieved when two or more carriers share their requests and resources in order to reduce their routing costs and increase their total profit. In this article we present a classification of carriers' collaborative routing problems according to type of planning (centralised or decentralised) and a review of the most popular routing problems related to city logistics, i.e., multi trips vehicle routing problem (MTVRP), multi-depot vehicle routing problem (MDVRP), vehicle routing problem pickup and delivery (VRPPD) and loading constraints. Based on an existing taxonomy we review those problems in term of variants, objectives and resolution methods. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and relevant characterisation of carriers' collaboration problems in urban context.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "TRIPS architecture", "Policy-based routing", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Multipath routing", "Context (archaeology)", "Routing domain", "Operations research", "City logistics", "Static routing", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijlsm.2020.105914" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409295534", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5210950", "title": "Optimization and Eco-Routing Evaluation of Truck Routes with Time-Dependent Traffic", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yunfei Ma", "Elkafi Hassini", "Saiedeh Razavi" ], "first_author": "Yunfei Ma", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Travel time", "Operations research", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5210950" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3012191565", "doi": "10.1504/ijlsm.2020.10027582", "title": "Collaborative transportation and urban routing problems: state of classification and literature", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohamed Fourka", "Naoufal Sefiani", "Mouna Atik El Ftouh" ], "first_author": "Mohamed Fourka", "venue": "International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "Carriers' collaboration is achieved when two or more carriers share their requests and resources in order to reduce their routing costs and increase their total profit. In this article we present a classification of carriers' collaborative routing problems according to type of planning (centralised or decentralised) and a review of the most popular routing problems related to city logistics, i.e., multi trips vehicle routing problem (MTVRP), multi-depot vehicle routing problem (MDVRP), vehicle routing problem pickup and delivery (VRPPD) and loading constraints. Based on an existing taxonomy we review those problems in term of variants, objectives and resolution methods. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and relevant characterisation of carriers' collaboration problems in urban context.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "TRIPS architecture", "Policy-based routing", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Multipath routing", "Context (archaeology)", "Routing domain", "Operations research", "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Static routing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijlsm.2020.10027582" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399451491", "doi": "10.1051/shsconf/202419201004", "title": "Model for route planning of freight buses", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zheng Chang", "Yue Qian", "Hu Song", "Liu Yuqing", "Yan Song" ], "first_author": "Zheng Chang", "venue": "SHS Web of Conferences", "publisher": "EDP Sciences", "abstract": "This paper introduces freight buses as a novel solution for city logistics, aiming to replace other freighters currently operated by various private logistics firms within city centers. The focus lies on investigating the route planning challenge associated with integrating freight buses into an city distribution framework. Each freight bus follows a predefined route, repeatedly traversing from a distribution center to multiple depots before returning to the distribution center. All depots are serviced by multiple freight buses on a consistent basis. This route planning problem presents a fresh iteration of the periodic vehicle routing problem. To tackle this challenge, the paper proposes a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model, serving as a fundamental framework for future research endeavors concerning freight buses.", "keywords": [ "Traverse", "Traffic management", "City logistics", "Integer programming", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering", "Vehicle routing problem", "Route planning", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Distribution center", "Distribution (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2024/12/shsconf_upre2024_01004.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409295248", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5210949", "title": "Optimization and Eco-Routing Evaluation of Truck Routes with Time-Dependent Traffic", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yunfei Ma", "Elkafi Hassini", "Saiedeh Razavi" ], "first_author": "Yunfei Ma", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Business", "Operations research", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5210949" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2580704920", "doi": null, "title": "Multi-Vehicle Traveling Purchaser Problem with Exclusionary Side Constraints", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Daniele Manerba", "Renata Mansini" ], "first_author": "Daniele Manerba", "venue": "Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia)", "publisher": "University of Milano-Bicocca", "abstract": "Recently, an interesting variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), where a fleet of vehicles is available to visit suppliers offering different products at different prices and quantities, has been studied. The problem, called Multi-Vehicle Travelling Purchaser Problem (MVTPP), aims at selecting a subset of suppliers so to satisfy products demand at the minimum travelling and purchasing costs, while ensuring that the quantity collected by each vehicle does not exceed a predefined capacity (see Riera-Ledesma and Salazar-Gonzalez [1] for an application to school bus routing). More recently, Bianchessi et al. [2] study the Distance-Constrained MVTPP where a constraint ensures that the distance travelled by each vehicle does not exceed a predefined upper bound. We introduce a generalization of the MVTPP characterized by the presence of exclusionary side constraints representing the impossibility of loading products on the same vehicle when incompatible (e.g. food and chemicals) and call it Multi-Vehicle Travelling Purchaser Problem with Exclusionary Side Constraints (MVTPP-ESC). Exclusionary constraints have been slightly studied in the literature (see e.g. Sun [3] where such constraints are added to the Transportation Problem) but, to the best of our knowledge, the complete MVTPP-ESC has never been addressed before. The problem typically finds application in distribution logistics, more specifically in a City Logistics context where a major issue concerns the products distribution in city centers, while minimizing traffic congestion and air pollution together with purchasing cost. In particular, the problem models the practical situation where a depot is placed on border of a city center and collects, from different suppliers, products addressed to customers located inside the city. Given the variety of products requested and the similarity of the available vehicles, incompatibility constraints represent a relevant aspect of the problem. We develop new classes of valid inequalities for the problem and propose a B&C algorithm. We also introduce a heuristic procedure that exploits some structural properties of the problem. Preliminary results on new benchmark instances seem to be very promising. References [1] J. Riera-Ledesma, J.J. Salazar-Gonzalez, Solving school bus routing using the multiple vehicle traveling purchaser problem: A branch-and-cut approach, Computers and Operations Research 39 (2012) 391-404. [2] N. Bianchessi, M.G. Speranza, R. Mansini, The Distance-Constrained Vehicle Purchaser Problem, In proceedings of Odysseus 2012 - 5th International Workshop on Freight Transportation and Logistics (2012). [3] M. Sun, The transportation problem with exclusionary side constraints and two branch-and-bound algorithms, European Journal of Operational Research 140 (2002) 629-647.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Purchasing", "Context (archaeology)", "Impossibility", "Constraint (computer-aided design)", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Mathematical optimization", "Traffic congestion", "Generalization", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/11379/443106" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2371215434", "doi": null, "title": "Spatial database design for urban distribution networks based on dynamic segmentation", "year": 2002, "publication_date": "2002-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xining Li" ], "first_author": "Xining Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A method to set up a spatial database for urban distribution networks was presented by means of dynamic segmentation techniques in order to overcome the shortcomings that the conventional arc-node topological model faces in modeling the linear features. Three basic concepts, namely route, measure and event, relating to dynamic segmentation techniques were given in detail. A spatial data model for urban distribution networks is proposed systematically. Finally, a prototype spatial database for urban distribution networks, which is of low redundancy for data storage, easy maintenance and high efficiency for database management, is designed and implemented by integrating dynamic segmentation techniques with the urban distribution network model.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Data mining", "Segmentation", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Spatial database", "Database", "Artificial intelligence", "Spatial analysis", "Geography", "Remote sensing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XBDZ200201030.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417028656", "doi": "10.1117/12.3094471", "title": "Integrated defense framework of urban distribution network considering typhoon disasters", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jingjing Huang", "Mengqi Zhang", "Sanjiang Ma", "Jiajing Shen" ], "first_author": "Jingjing Huang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study explores typhoon defense measures for urban power distribution networks from both pre-disaster and postdisaster perspectives. We propose a vulnerability-based method for identifying weak points in the distribution network and corresponding defense strategies. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we identify weak links in the urban power grid and implement measures such as reinforcing critical components or deploying emergency power vehicles. Furthermore, we develop an optimization model for network reconfiguration and repair scheduling, optimizing the routes of repair personnel and the repair sequence of malfunctioning components post-disaster to enhance the efficiency of fault repair and load recovery. Case studies validate the impact of the proposed typhoon defense measures in improving the resilience of urban power distribution networks.", "keywords": [ "Typhoon", "Resilience (materials science)", "Control reconfiguration", "Power grid", "Power (physics)", "Fault (geology)", "Grid", "Electric power system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3094471" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4313408634", "doi": "10.3390/en15249573", "title": "Application of the Experimental Method in the Assessment of the Electromobility Paradigm for Courier Shipments in an Urban Agglomeration", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-12-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mariusz Jedliński", "Mariusz Nürnberg" ], "first_author": "Mariusz Jedliński", "venue": "Energies", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The main idea of this article is to identify the benefits of the full vehicle substitution process for a fully sustainable Urban Freight Transport (UFT) in economic, social, and environmental terms, based on the application of the experimental method. The scientific assumption was made that Electric Delivery Vehicles (EFV) can be complementary in the first stage, and only in the next stage, substitutable to the traditional diesel-powered fleet servicing transport (courier) tasks within the delivery limits in the Szczecin Agglomeration. To assess the level of substitutability, observational instruments were used, while ensuring an active modification of the studied phenomenon (introduction to the operation of selected routes of electric vehicles). The focus was on three key elements, the environment, rules, and regularities. The article presents the architecture of such experiments regarding 22 selected routes, which allowed for the calculation of selected performance indicators for ex-ante evaluation in planning delivery scenarios. The results were verified using a simulation-based approach in the Szczecin Metropolitan Area. As a result, it made it possible to find answers to the research questions posed, in particular: is it possible to fully replace combustion-engine vans with electric ones, and what integrated benefits can be identified, and their systematics has been illustrated in the proposed proprietary model “Electromobility Octagon Profit”. Future research could extend the theoretical knowledge by further exploring the development processes for the use of electric vehicles in the urban freight transport system and by adding insights from other contexts, stakeholders, and theoretical areas.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Sustainable transport", "Economies of agglomeration", "Profit (economics)", "City logistics", "Process (computing)", "Transport engineering", "Alternative fuel vehicle", "Computer science", "Sustainability", "Environmental economics", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9573/pdf?version=1671594951" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128235602", "doi": "10.5821/dissertation-2117-454074", "title": "Optimizing two-echelon city logistics with autonomous vehicles: an integrated assessment framework for sustainable last-mile deliveries", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-04", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Clément Lemardelé" ], "first_author": "Clément Lemardelé", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "(English) As the improvement of last-mile logistics operations becomes a more and more pressing challenge to make our cities more sustainable, both from an economic and environmental perspective, a wide sample of new technologies and innovative distribution schemes are currently being piloted by logistics companies and studied within the research community. Beyond the necessary shift in the powertrain technologies, from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric ones, more efficient delivery strategies and fleet typologies are needed. This is especially flagrant in the particular use case of the courier, express, parcel market, which has surged in the last few years and is the source of many inefficiencies in our neighborhoods. In this context, two-echelon networks appear as potential solutions. In these schemes, the journey of freight is divided into two distinct parts, first from the carrier’s distribution center to a network of micro-hubs and then to its final destination. Nevertheless, even if there is a reduction of the total travelled kilometers and greenhouse gas emissions, two-echelon deliveries using e-cargobikes, which is the most common model at the moment, may result in more operation costs than conventional deliveries with vans because of more complex logistics processes and higher infrastructure costs. In addition, e-cargobikes have a lower capacity, which affects their operational efficiency since more delivery routes are needed, leading to an increase of the vehicle fleet. To make two-echelon delivery schemes economically sustainable, which will eventually lead to large-scale deployments, autonomous vehicles (AVs), both ground ones and air delivery drones, seem to be promising solutions with the potential to reduce the delivery operation costs and, at the same time, the emissions of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, the exact benefits of AVs, jointly with other technologies, such as intelligent parcel lockers, still need to be assessed at a large scale and from a holistic point of view, beyond purely operational considerations. As a consequence, in this doctoral thesis, we build a complete assessment framework for AV technologies in the context of city logistics, from planning to operations, which combines the continuous approximation methodology and a discrete optimization procedure to efficiently tackle the capacitated multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows and battery capacity constraints. More specifically, distinct parsimonious logistics models including the usage of air drones, ground robots and parcel lockers are built considering the characteristics of these different fleets. Moreover, a thorough life-cycle analysis is performed to quantify the environmental impact of these technologies. These different logistics models are then assessed at a large European scale and integrated with discrete optimization methods to give a holistic vision of AV operations for last-mile logistics. This doctoral thesis will help practitioners, researchers and city representatives understand the main challenges at stake with autonomous technologies from a logistics perspective, apart from the social and regulatory aspects, which are not considered. The obtained results are encouraging since the combination of a two-echelon network of delivery micro-hubs with ground autonomous delivery robots has the potential to reduce city logistics costs by around 20% in adequate conditions. Finally, externalities could also be reduced but a very particular focus should be set on the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions from the autonomous vehicle production, to avoid observing an increase of the global warming potential on a life-cycle basis. (Català) A mesura que la millora de les operacions logístiques d’última milla es converteix en un repte cada cop més gran per les nostres ciutats, tant des d'una perspectiva econòmica com mediambiental, una àmplia mostra de noves tecnologies i esquemes de distribució innovadors estan sent testejats per les empreses logístiques i analitzats dins de la comunitat científica. Més enllà del canvi necessari en les tecnologies de propulsió, dels vehicles amb motor de combustió interna als models elèctrics, calen estratègies de lliurament i tipologies de flotes més eficients. Això és especialment flagrant en el mercat de la missatgeria, enviaments express i paqueteria, que ha augmentat en els últims anys i és l’origen de moltes ineficiències als nostres barris. En aquest context, les xarxes de distribució multinivell apareixen com a possibles solucions. En aquests esquemes, el viatge de les mercaderies es divideix en dues parts diferenciades, primer des del centre de distribució del transportista fins a una xarxa de micro-hubs i després fins al seu destí final. No obstant això, encara que hi hagi una reducció del total de quilòmetres recorreguts i de l’impacte mediambiental, els lliuraments amb bicicletes, que és el model més comú actualment, poden generar més costos d'operació per les empreses que els lliuraments convencionals amb furgonetes perquè els processos logístics són més complexos i els costos d'infraestructura més elevats. A més, les bicicletes cargo tenen una capacitat inferior, la qual cosa afecta la seva eficiència operativa, perquè es necessiten més rutes de lliurament i més vehicles per la mateixa demanda. Perquè els esquemes de lliurament binivell siguin econòmicament sostenibles, el que finalment conduirà a desplegaments a gran escala, els vehicles autònoms, tant terrestres com aeris, semblen solucions prometedores amb el potencial de reduir els costos d’operació de lliurament i, al mateix temps, les emissions de gasos d’efecte hivernacle. Tot i així, els beneficis exactes dels vehicles autònoms, juntament amb altres tecnologies, com ara les taquilles intel·ligents, encara s’han d'avaluar a gran escala i des d’un punt de vista holístic, més enllà de consideracions purament operatives. Com a conseqüència, en aquesta tesi doctoral", "keywords": [ "Greenhouse gas", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Sustainable transport", "Total cost", "Cost reduction", "Total cost of ownership", "City logistics", "Sample (material)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5821/dissertation-2117-454074" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411471105", "doi": "10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115998", "title": "Hybrid meta-heuristic-based optimization model for sustainable urban delivery with occasional drivers", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ruisan Zhang", "Wei Qu", "Guido Perboli", "Zhaoxia Guo", "Kang Li" ], "first_author": "Ruisan Zhang", "venue": "Applied Soft Computing", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Meta heuristic", "Heuristic", "Computer science", "Metamodeling", "Business", "Artificial intelligence", "Software engineering", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5313571" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403392317", "doi": "10.69849/revistaft/ch10202410141330", "title": "INNOVATING IN URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS, SMALL CHANGES, BIG RESULTS FOR THE CITY", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Miriam Rodrigues da Costa" ], "first_author": "Miriam Rodrigues da Costa", "venue": "Revista fisio&terapia.", "publisher": "O&M University", "abstract": "The conceptual article invites us to reflect on how innovation doesn’t always require huge investments or technological revolutions. Sometimes the most transformative changes come from simple ideas. It is in simplicity that we often find the greatest potential for change. Implementations such as optimizing routes, reorganizing delivery schedules or using electric bicycles. They show that accessible solutions can transform urban logistics. These small but modest steps, bring great benefits and contribute to sustainability. Likewise, the ability to reimagine our processes, reusing the strategic value of the resources we already have, is to see the familiar with new eyes, reusing the known to create something extraordinary. True innovation cannot flourish in isolation. This is where public-private collaboration becomes important. While companies can lead these efforts, support from the public sector is the direct way to create new opportunities. When we join forces, we generate an ecosystem of change that allows us to integrate these small advances. We believe that innovation is not just for the few, we all have the power to generate great results from small changes.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Business", "Economic geography", "Geography", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.69849/revistaft/ch10202410141330" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7166871829", "doi": "10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ch34985", "title": "Onboard Pathfinding for Urban Delivery Robots on Known Road Networks: An Embedded Systems Review", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chuan Jiang" ], "first_author": "Chuan Jiang", "venue": "Applied and Computational Engineering", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This review examines single-robot onboard path planning for urban delivery robots operating on known road or sidewalk networks under embedded resource constraints. The analysis emphasizes practical deployment scenarios, where CPU capacity, memory size, power budget, and planning time are limited. Based on representative journal and conference studies in mobile robot navigation, delivery robotics, and embedded robotic systems, the paper reviews how known urban networks can be represented and how planning methods can be selected for resource-constrained platforms. The discussion covers graph-based map representations, global route planning methods, local obstacle handling, incremental replanning, and implementation-oriented strategies like compact data structures, offline preprocessing, bounded online search, and fallback mechanisms. The results demonstrate that dense map representations are generally unsuitable for low-cost onboard deployment, while sparse topological or hybrid graphs provide a better balance among storage requirements, search efficiency, and implementation simplicity in known-network scenarios. Moreover, classical graph search algorithms, like Dijkstra and A*, remain effective for small to medium networks. In contrast, preprocessing-based or incremental approaches are more advantageous when handling repeated queries, local cost updates, or strict timing constraints. It further indicate that lightweight graph-based path planning with bounded runtime and local recovery is more suitable for urban delivery robots than heavy, compute-intensive planning pipelines.", "keywords": [ "Pathfinding", "Motion planning", "Dijkstra's algorithm", "Robot", "Software deployment", "Mobile robot", "Obstacle avoidance" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/34985.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413978505", "doi": "10.1109/iccmc65190.2025.11140718", "title": "IoT-Assisted Autonomous Urban Delivery Vehicles using Random Forest for Intelligent Logistics Planning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Balasubramani Suresh Gopi", "Dhakshnamoorthy Muthukumaran", "V. Bini Marin", "A. Murugan", "M. R. Rajeshwari", "S. S. Sujatha" ], "first_author": "Balasubramani Suresh Gopi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rising need for effective last-mile delivery has prompted the creation of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled Autonomous Urban Delivery Vehicles (AUDVs) capable of navigating and functioning intelligently in intricate urban settings. This research presents an innovative logistics planning system that combines real-time IoT data with a Random Forest algorithm to improve delivery efficiency, route optimization, and operational decision-making. This objective is to develop intelligent logistics planning systems that use IoT data and machine learning to enhance delivery routes, save time and fuel consumption, and increase dependability. The system uses sensor data, including traffic density, delivery priority, vehicle load, and weather conditions, to forecast ideal delivery routes and timetables. Experimental validation was performed with a simulated urban logistics dataset consisting of 10,000 delivery records under diverse traffic and weather conditions. The proposed Random Forest-based planning model realized a 21% decrease in average delivery time, a 17.8% enhancement in fuel economy, and a 19.6% rise in successful on-time deliveries, relative to a baseline rule-based routing system. The program achieved a prediction accuracy of 94.6% in identifying ideal delivery routes. The findings illustrate the efficacy of combining machine learning with IoT in autonomous logistics systems, providing a scalable solution for transport in smart cities.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Internet of Things", "Random forest", "Transport engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iccmc65190.2025.11140718" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4320502010", "doi": "10.2991/978-94-6463-102-9_30", "title": "Research on sustainable urban distribution path optimization based on the nearest neighbor algorithm", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haoran Ma", "Ruoyu Hao" ], "first_author": "Haoran Ma", "venue": "Atlantis Highlights in Computer Sciences/Atlantis highlights in computer sciences", "publisher": "Atlantis Press", "abstract": "Shortest distribution route, plays a crucial role in energy consumption reduction and carbon emission control for reducing carbon emission, is seen effective in aiding to achieve sustainable development in the urban environment.This paper proposes an optimization algorithm with correlation coefficients based on the nearest neighbor algorithm for planning single-vehicle distribution routes in cities.The experimental results demonstrates the algorithm's effectiveness in shortening distribution path distances and reducing carbon emission from vehicles, which then also reveals its practical significance for the realization of green logistics.", "keywords": [ "k-nearest neighbors algorithm", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125981729.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4361007565", "doi": "10.3390/app13074214", "title": "Solutions to the Problem of Freight Transport Flows in Urban Logistics", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-03-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nijolė Batarlienė", "Darius Bazaras" ], "first_author": "Nijolė Batarlienė", "venue": "Applied Sciences", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The operation of a city’s logistics system is associated with many problematic issues, for example, intense pollution and negative impacts on the environment, uneven intensity of traffic flows, and other problems. This article focuses on heavy transport because it causes disruptions in the supply system and affects timely customer service. Optimization processes are associated with route selection, deployment of logistics centers, and the need for cargo consolidation–de-consolidation, which leads to the possibility of using the PPP (public–private partnership) method in practice. A unique aspect of this research is related to the problems of the first and last mile and the use of elements of the “sharing economy”. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the problematic challenges of the first and last mile and the role and significance of heavy transport in urban logistics. For that purpose, in addition to an analysis of scientific sources, an expert survey was conducted and responses related to the questions on optimizing heavy traffic flows in city logistics were analyzed. The study data were processed using Kendall’s correlation coefficient, the concordance method, and the consistency coefficient. During analysis, using the average rank transformation to weights (ARTIW) method, the subjective normalized weights of the main factors that have the greatest influence on a city’s logistics system were determined. Groups of interested parties are also named separately, for whom the results of the study and the formulated decision may be relevant. Based on the results of the research, a recommendation was formulated for the development of small cargo collection and distribution services through self-service terminals located on the outskirts of cities. Proposals are presented to reorganize the system, provide details of new infrastructure elements and suburban terminals, and encourage for the use of environmentally friendly vehicles with a lower carrying capacity.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Consolidation (business)", "General partnership", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Environmental economics", "Economics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 13, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/7/4214/pdf?version=1679987719" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406629322", "doi": "10.56726/irjmets66423", "title": "Design and Development of a Next-Gen Private Transportation & Logistics System for Efficient Urban Delivery Solutions", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": "International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Next-Gen Private Transportation & Logistic System is an innovative platform designed to address the challenges faced by urban logistics and transportation systems.This system aims to provide a seamless, efficient, and affordable solution for intra-city delivery services by leveraging technology such as real-time shipment tracking, on-demand vehicle aggregation, route optimization, and secure payment gateways.The platform consists of four key components: a customer app, a driver app, an admin dashboard, and a payment module.Customers can place orders, track shipments, and make secure payments, while drivers can manage their deliveries with optimized routes and real-time navigation.The admin dashboard allows for efficient user management, system monitoring, and reporting.By integrating cloud-based services, real-time data processing, and modular design, the system ensures scalability, reliability, and user satisfaction.With features like multilanguage support, fraud detection, and advanced analytics, the platform aims to redefine urban logistics by improving operational efficiency, enhancing user experience, and meeting the growing demand for smart transportation solutions in metropolitan areas.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Delivery system", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Development (topology)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Biomedical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.56726/irjmets66423" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2917178400", "doi": "10.14483/23448393.12691", "title": "El Problema de Ruteo e Inventarios en Cadenas de Suministro de Perecederos: Revisión de Literatura", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-05-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Diego Fernando Batero-Manso", "Javier Arturo Orjuela Castro" ], "first_author": "Diego Fernando Batero-Manso", "venue": "Ingeniería", "publisher": "Sergio A. Rojas", "abstract": "Context: This paper presents a literature review of the Inventories Routing Problem (IRP) applied to supply chains of perishable products. Different approaches to solve this problem are identified and described in terms of structures, models and solution methods. Method: A systematic literature review is conducted searching in different bibliographic databases and selecting the most relevant studies within the period 2004 to 2017. The results are analyzed so as to propose a taxonomy to classify and compare the different approaches proposed to address this problem.Results: We identified that the majority of studies consider heuristic-based algorithms to solve the problem. Because of its computational complexity the methods resort to metaheuristics and mateheuristics combined with exact methods. Regarding the application to specific supply chains of perishable products, they refer mostly to processed foods, medicines, and human blood. The constraints that differentiate this problem from other types of IRP are useful life and deterioration.Conclusions: The conditions and particularities of the supply chain of perishables products imply the need to consider new variables, parameters, constraints and objective functions; in the reviewed studies it is not clearly defined the differences involved when considering the perishability of the products in the supply chain. Future research should take into account the multiple ways in which deterioration is carried out with factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, humidity and in some cases microorganisms. Also include in the models the cold chain, hygiene standards, air pollution, emissions of greenhouse gases, generation of waste, occupation of roads and other aspects related to City Logistics and Green Logistics.", "keywords": [ "Perishability", "Supply chain", "Computer science", "Context (archaeology)", "Operations research", "Vehicle routing problem", "Metaheuristic", "Heuristic", "Environmental economics", "Business", "Economics", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/reving/article/download/12691/13876" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2214453158", "doi": null, "title": "Heterogeneous location- and pollution-routing problems", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-09-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Çağrı Koç" ], "first_author": "Çağrı Koç", "venue": "ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)", "publisher": "University of Southampton", "abstract": "This thesis introduces and studies new classes of heterogeneous vehicle routing problems with or without location and pollution considerations. It develops powerful evolutionary and adaptive large neighborhood search based metaheuristics capable of solving a wide variety of such problems with suitable enhancements, and provides several important managerial insights. It is structured into five main chapters. After the introduction presented in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 classifies and reviews the relevant literature on heterogeneous vehicle routing problems, and presents a comparative analysis of the available metaheuristic algorithms for these problems. Chapter 3 describes a hybrid evolutionary algorithm for four variants of heterogeneous fleet vehicle routing problems with time windows. The algorithm successfully combines several metaheuristics and introduces a number of new advanced efficient procedures. Extensive computational experiments on benchmark instances show that the algorithm is highly competitive with state-of-the art methods for the three variants. New benchmark results on the fourth problem are also presented. In Chapter 4, the thesis introduces the eet size and mix location-routing problem with time windows (FSMLRPTW) which extends the classical location-routing problem by considering a heterogeneous fleet and time windows. The main objective of the FSMLRPTW is to minimize the sum of depot cost, vehicle fixed cost and routing cost. The thesis presents integer programming formulations for the FSMLRPTW, along with a family of valid inequalities and an algorithm based on adaptation of the hybrid evolutionary metaheuristic. The strengths of the formulations are evaluated with respect to their ability to yield optimal solutions. Extensive computational experiments on new benchmark instances show that the algorithm is highly effective. Chapter 5 introduces the fleet size and mix pollution-routing problem (FSMPRP) which extends the previously studied pollution-routing problem (PRP) by considering a heterogeneous vehicle fleet. The main objective is to minimize the sum of vehicle fixed costs and routing cost, where the latter can be defined with respect to the cost of fuel and CO2 emissions, and driver cost. An adaptation of the hybrid evolutionary algorithm is successfully applied to a large pool of realistic PRP and FSMPRP benchmark instances, where new best solutions are obtained for the former. Several analyses are conducted to shed light on the trade-offs between various performance indicators. The benefit of using a heterogeneous fleet over a homogeneous one is demonstrated. In Chapter 6, the thesis investigates the combined impact of depot location, fleet composition and routing decisions on vehicle emissions in urban freight distribution characterized by several speed limits, where goods need to be delivered from a depot to customers located in different speed zones. To solve the problem, an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm is successfully applied to a large pool of new benchmark instances. Extensive analyses are conducted to quantify the effect of various problem parameters, such as depot cost and location, customer distribution and fleet composition on key performance indicators, including fuel consumption, emissions and operational costs. The results illustrate the benefits of locating depots located in suburban areas rather than in the city centre and of using a heterogeneous fleet over a homogeneous one. The conclusions, presented in Chapter 7, summarize the results of the thesis, provide limitations of this work, as well as future research directions.", "keywords": [ "Metaheuristic", "Vehicle routing problem", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Evolutionary algorithm", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/384001/1/Final%2520PhD%2520thesis%2520-%2520Cagri%2520Koc.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2178702733", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4614-3628-7_5", "title": "Analysis of Floating Car Data", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jan Fabian Ehmke" ], "first_author": "Jan Fabian Ehmke", "venue": "International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3628-7_5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414830652", "doi": "10.14419/pjenr873", "title": "Modeling Fleet Management for The Urban Distribution of Perishable Goods According to Customer Proximity", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Doua Etienne", "Diaby Moustapha", "Kayé Bi Kouaï Bertin", "Coulibaly Adama" ], "first_author": "Doua Etienne", "venue": "International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Managing the distribution of perishable goods is a major challenge due to the need to maintain their quality throughout the transport process. ‎Fleet management plays a crucial role in this regard. This paper proposes a fleet management model that integrates customer segmentation ‎based on their proximity to the depot. Customers are classified into two categories: nearby customers and distant customers. This is made ‎possible by adding a grouping constant. Ordinary vehicles serve nearby customers, while refrigerated vehicles serve distant customers to preserve product quality by regulating temperature. This distinction allows us to adapt delivery strategies, optimize routes, and guarantee the quality of the products delivered, while reducing logistics costs. This will therefore reduce product waste through strict control of ‎delivery times and reduce the carbon footprint through the rational use of energy-intensive refrigerated vehicles. The grouping constant has a ‎strong influence on the model's performance, which is why a sensitivity analysis was carried out to select the ideal grouping constant for ‎solving the developed model. Experimental tests were carried out on instances from the literature. The results of the experiments show that ‎for the CPLEX solver, 76.17% of instances were solved within the allotted time, compared to 23.83% of instances that were not solved ‎within the allotted time, while the decomposition heuristics solved all the instances used. Comparisons between the CPLEX solver and the ‎decomposition heuristic (TPDH) were made on instances for which we obtained solutions with both methods. The results show that the ‎average cost difference between the two methods is 4.70%. They also show an average gain of 94% in computation time in favor of TPDH‎.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Solver", "Quality (philosophy)", "Carbon footprint", "Heuristic", "Product (mathematics)", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Transshipment (information security)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJBAS/article/download/33466/19175" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2781620994", "doi": "10.1109/cac.2017.8243646", "title": "Optimization of urban multi-level logistics distribution network based on the perspective of low carbon", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yanyan Wang", "Xue Lei Tian", "Debao Liu" ], "first_author": "Yanyan Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Development of low-carbon economy and low-carbon logistics is an important part of China's logistics in the long-term development plan. On the basis of the city logistics distribution which is an important part of the logistics system, this paper studies the optimization of distribution network in the city from the perspective of low carbon economy and researches on the two-echelon location-routing problem which considering the external cost of carbon emissions. On the basis of the fixed cost and transportation cost, the optimization model is constructed which is solved by using Lingo software. The objective of the model is to plan the path and minimize the carbon emissions and costs. The analysis of the optimization of BBG multi-level distribution network verifies the effectiveness of the optimization model. Based on the low carbon perspective, this paper puts forward the optimization model of urban multi-level logistics distribution network to improve the efficiency of logistics distribution and reduce carbon emissions. So this paper has a good theoretical value and practical significance.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Plan (archaeology)", "Computer science", "Environmental economics", "China", "Low-carbon economy", "Carbon fibers", "Perspective (graphical)", "Operations research", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/cac.2017.8243646" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112805298", "doi": null, "title": "Adapting to the Future: Maritime and City Logistics in the Context of Digitalization and Sustainability. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 32", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "book", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ilin, Igor", "Maydanova, Svetlana", "Jahn, Carlos", "Weigell, Jürgen", "Kersten, Wolfgang" ], "first_author": "Ilin, Igor", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Purpose: This paper aims to provide an approach to the digitalization of the Northern Sea Route. Current research and best practices analysis do not contain solutions for such large-scale projects like the digitalization of the Northern Sea Route (NSR). The findings of this paper can help to ensure support for the development of digital services for the NSR. Methodology: The problem is considered in terms of the Enterprise Architecture approach. This study uses The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), a modern approach to the information systems development, and the Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) method, based on unified models. Findings: Conducted studies suggest that the Northern Sea Route IT-architecture requires a holistic and consistent approach due to the involvement in the process of many different stakeholders. To create a competitive advantage, digital services of the NSR should be implemented on the basis of available best-in-class technologies, and their implementation requires a specific approach, based on the development of reference architecture models and their evaluation. Originality: The Northern Sea Road implementation is a large-scale project and demands a detailed study and thorough elaboration in regard to different aspects. The results of this paper will create a foundation for the modelling of digital services for the NSR which correspond to a modern level of maritime industry development.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Architecture", "Process (computing)", "Enterprise architecture", "Information system", "Systems architecture" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/249658/1/hicl-2021-32-403.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408616528", "doi": "10.1109/tte.2026.3698643", "title": "Integrated Planning of Urban Distribution Network and Multicharging Infrastructures With Smart Transportation System", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yulin Wang", "Wenhao Gao", "Xinwei Shen" ], "first_author": "Yulin Wang", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EV) and the widespread use of intelligent transportation information are strengthening the coupling between public charging infrastructure and urban distribution networks (UDN). Existing studies have investigated traffic-aware charging station planning, multi-type charging facilities, and distributed generation resource (DGR) coordination from different perspectives; however, the coordinated design of station level compatible charging portfolios and UDN planning remains insufficiently explored. This paper proposes an integrated planning model for UDN and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) with multiple charging infrastructures and DGRs. In the proposed model, each EVCS can deploy fast-charging facilities (FCFs) and slow-charging facilities (SCFs), where FCFs are equipped with multi-power interfaces and can accommodate both fast- and slow-charging requests, whereas SCFs serve slow-charging requests only. Population-aware charging demand and intelligent transportation systems (ITS) informed congestion corrected routing costs are embedded into the planning model to reflect the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of EV charging behaviors. A two-step reformulation is further developed for the compatible charger deployment problem, yielding a mixed-integer quadratically constrained quadratic programming (MIQCQP) model. The proposed method is tested on a 47-node UDN coupled with a 68-hub urban traffic network in Shenzhen, China. Case studies show that compatible charger deployment improves planning flexibility, reduces the annualized total cost, and leads to region dependent charger portfolios; moreover, as EV penetration increases, flexible FCF deployment becomes increasingly attractive in the optimal plan.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Business", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5185181" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131352705", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.104756", "title": "Evaluating the road environment factors underpinning cargo bike safety and ease of movement: A sustainable urban mobility plan-driven MICMAC approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ioannis Chatziioannou", "Kalliopi Michalakopoulou", "Stefanos Tsigdinos", "Efthimios Bakogiannis", "Alexandros Nikitas" ], "first_author": "Ioannis Chatziioannou", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "• Cargo bikes is an emerging but still understudied form of low-carbon urban freight transport. • This study examines how road environment factors impact cargo bike safety and ease of movement; prerequisites for their adoption and establishment as a mainstream solution. • Using MICMAC we ‘test’ the impact of bicycle infrastructure, streetlights, bike lane space, slopes, mixed cycling-walking environment, speed limits, traffic load, sharp turns, intersections, route length and road surface quality on cargo bikes. • Adequate bicycle infrastructure and street lighting are essential built environment factors for cargo bike operations. • Dedicated bike lanes, well-lit streets, low traffic areas, green routes, LEZs and UCCs are key policies aiding cargo bikes. The prioritisation of cargo bikes in urban settings is emerging as a critical strategy for transitioning to an era of sustainable urban freight transport, since they offer a low-carbon first- and last-mile alternative to traditional motorised logistics. This study identifies, contextualises and evaluates some of the key road environment factors influencing cargo bike safety (and thus adoption), using a robust, but still vastly underutilised in transport studies, semi-quantitative methodology, i.e., Structural Analysis-MICMAC. Through expert consultations, the research uncovers complex interdependencies among 11 factors, stressing the need for dedicated bike lanes, holistic urban logistics policies, and pro-cycling initiatives within Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs). Our findings highlight, in particular, the pivotal roles of adequate bicycle infrastructure and street lighting in encouraging cargo bike usage. The paper further aligns these factors with existing transport policies, proposing actionable recommendations like the establishment of low emission zones and urban consolidation centres. By integrating participatory methodologies with policy analysis, this work advances the understanding of cargo bikes’ urban fit and what road environment investments their broader adoption requires, so that these will contribute to the decarbonisation of our cities. Future research should explore further each of these factors to enhance decision-making frameworks for sustainable logistics planning.", "keywords": [ "Underpinning", "Interdependence", "Sustainable transport", "Key (lock)", "Built environment", "Urban planning", "Sustainable development" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.104756" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4206262463", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.055", "title": "Promoting Sustainable and Intelligent Freight Transportation Systems in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Laura Calvet", "Eduard J. Álvarez-Palau", "Marta Viu-Roig", "Cristian Castillo", "Pedro Copado", "Angel Alejandro Juan" ], "first_author": "Laura Calvet", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The growth of e-commerce and the on-demand economy in urban and metropolitan areas has been accelerated by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. As a consequence, logistics and transportation operators are subject to a noticeable pressure to develop efficient delivery systems. These systems are also influenced by the global trend towards more sustainable transportation and mobility, which implies changes in urban policies and technological innovations –e.g., the substitution of traditional diesel petrol-drive vehicles by electric ones. This paper analyzes the current and predicted needs of logistics operators in the Barcelona metropolitan area. To do so, urban regulations are analyzed and key shareholders are interviewed. The analysis of these interviews promote a discussion on how the use of new ‘agile’ optimization algorithms –which are based on the combination of biased-randomized heuristics, computer parallelization techniques, and IoT / 5G technologies– can contribute to enhance urban distribution practices. Finally, we present a case study in which the effect of different configurations of working/resting times and parking areas availability on routing solutions is studied. Our research aims to provide comprehensive knowledge to managers and policy-makers, and to offer them with powerful tools capable of generating real-time solutions to complex last-mile delivery challenges under dynamic conditions.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Sustainable transport", "Environmental economics", "Business", "Heuristics", "Agile software development", "Computer science", "Sustainability", "Engineering", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146521008140/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387485974", "doi": "10.1109/icamechs59878.2023.10272834", "title": "Research on the optimization of urban distribution path based on shared pre-positioned warehouse mode", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xueping Liu", "Yanfeng Wu", "Kai Tian" ], "first_author": "Xueping Liu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "To reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of urban terminal distribution, this paper proposes an optimization method for urban distribution routing under the shared pre-positioned warehouse distribution mode. Firstly, the problem of the distribution system is described for the shared pre-positioned warehouse mode. Second, the objective function of minimizing the total distribution cost is constructed, including fixed cost, driving cost, and time penalty cost. Then, the genetic algorithm is designed to solve the optimal distribution path problem. Finally, one illustrative example is presented to validate the efficacy of the proposed method and the theoretical results. The results show that the shared pre-positioned warehouse mode can reduce the distribution cost by 13.62%, increase the vehicle load rate by 124.09%, and reduce the driving mileage by 66.15% than the traditional distribution.", "keywords": [ "Mode (computer interface)", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Warehouse", "Genetic algorithm", "Mathematical optimization", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Function (biology)", "Mathematics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icamechs59878.2023.10272834" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407731095", "doi": "10.1016/j.tust.2025.106483", "title": "A systematic review on underground logistics system: designs, impacts, and future directions", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-20", "type": "review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fengshan Li", "Kum Fai Yuen" ], "first_author": "Fengshan Li", "venue": "Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Engineering", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2025.106483" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414724583", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5551411", "title": "Integrated Planning of Urban Distribution Network and Multi-Charging Infrastructures with Smart Transportation System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yulin Wang", "Wenhao Gao", "Xinwei Shen" ], "first_author": "Yulin Wang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Population", "Plan (archaeology)", "Flow network", "Transportation planning", "Intelligent transportation system", "Advanced Traffic Management System", "Network planning and design" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5551411" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7120126832", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6017254", "title": "Integrated Planning of Urban Distribution Network and Multi-Charging Infrastructures with Smart Transportation System", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Yulin Wang", "Wenhao Gao", "Xinwei Shen" ], "first_author": "Yulin Wang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Population", "Plan (archaeology)", "Flow network", "Transportation planning", "Intelligent transportation system", "Advanced Traffic Management System", "Network planning and design" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6017254" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2671531226", "doi": null, "title": "Co-innovation of Small-Scale City Logistics Facilities: Designing a Logistics Solution for Electronic Parcel Lockers at Offices: The MYPUP case", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Florentine de Groot" ], "first_author": "Florentine de Groot", "venue": "Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)", "publisher": "Delft University of Technology", "abstract": "The Courier Express Parcel industry is booming business. Final delivery in the business to customer (B2C) parcel market has been one of the main focusses for innovation. The last mile in the B2C market is inefficient and expensive, due to delivery failures, congestion, urban constraints, non-optimum loading rates and regulations. The best solution in solving the last mile problem within B2C logistics is decoupling the presence of the final costumer and the delivery; electronic parcel lockers achieve exactly that. MYPUP is one of the companies operating in the electronic parcel locker market and their method of operation is unique. MYPUP allows for delivery from all courier services by integrating the last mile of the delivery. The integration of the final delivery resulted in a new logistics process to consolidate, register and redistribute parcels and is the subject of this research. Analysis of the current logistics process exposed that the process involved a fair amount of manual labor, was error prone and reaching its capacity. The aim of this research was to redesign the warehousing process of MYPUP, focusing on the outbound logistics, to be more efficient, less error prone and to increase capacity, within the constraints of the limited available funds. Solutions were found based on brainstorm sessions with MYPUP executives, MYPUP employees and by consulting experts. A model was developed to show the potential of the proposed solutions and to support the decision-making process of which solutions to implement. The model results showed that introducing optical character recognition (OCR) in the registration process leads to the biggest improvement. A MYPUP specific algorithm was developed to deliver a proof of concept for implementation of OCR in the registration process. This algorithm provided a financially attractive alternative to the expensive, already existing OCR solutions in the market. The other identified solutions that were modeled all showed that significant improvements can be achieved. The registration process time can be reduced to a third of the current registration process time and a substantial portion of the errors can be eliminated, if all solutions are implemented. Furthermore, the reduction in registration time almost triples the hourly capacity. It is recommended MYPUP implements all proposed solutions. The software solutions are recommended to be implemented first, in case financial constraints do not allow for immediate implementation of the 3D camera solution. Although using a 3D camera to determine the size of parcels, eliminates errors and saves time, it requires investment in expensive hardware. It is also recommended to introduce the use of barcodes in combination with a drivers’ app to eliminate errors in the registration, sorting and delivery process. The first step is to implement the drivers’ app with the scan and OK functionalities. The route optimization algorithm requires further research and is recommended to be added later. Finally, further research into the consolidation phase is recommended. Consolidating all parcels in time is crucial if the parcels are to be delivered the same day. Quantifying these benefits strengthens the negotiating position of MYPUP in concluding agreements with parcel delivery service companies. Solutions proposed in this research, although specifically designed for MYPUP, can be adjusted and used to improve logistics processes in small-scale city logistics facilities as well.", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Process (computing)", "Business", "Economies of scale", "Truck", "Scale (ratio)", "Operations management", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Marketing", "Mile", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a5a92a3b-6662-486b-b48a-d74180dc1137" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406281817", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5094252", "title": "Physical Internet Hub-Integrated Drone Logistics Model: Optimizing Cost and Energy Efficiency for Urban Delivery Systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Murugaiyan Pachayappan", "Tanmoy Kundu", "Rohit Kapoor", "Sundar Rengasamy", "Jiuh‐Biing Sheu" ], "first_author": "Murugaiyan Pachayappan", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "The Internet", "Efficient energy use", "Business", "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Environmental economics", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Economics", "World Wide Web" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5094252" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391941927", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-48479-7_41", "title": "Automation of Business Processes Using Robots in the Fields of Supply Chain Management, Intelligent Transportation, and Logistics", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raja Kamal", "L. Glady Agnes", "Lydia Jemima", "M. Chandrakala" ], "first_author": "Raja Kamal", "venue": "Studies in systems, decision and control", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Automation", "Supply chain", "Supply chain management", "Robot", "Business logistics", "Business", "Process management", "Manufacturing engineering", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Engineering management", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 8, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48479-7_41" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2924683785", "doi": "10.13053/rcs-147-3-4", "title": "Multi-agent Model for Urban Goods Distribution", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Martín Darío Arango Serna", "Cristian Giovanny Gómez Marín", "Conrado Augusto Serna-Urán", "Julián Andrés Zapata-Cortés" ], "first_author": "Martín Darío Arango Serna", "venue": "Research in Computing Science", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper proposes a multi-agent model to evaluate the last mile distribution process in urban areas, in a network that includes a single depot, multiple customers and multiple homogeneous and capacitated vehicles.The model is based on the behaviors of the different stakeholders and their interactions, including coordination and collaboration of agents in the allocations and routing processes.The performance of the Solomon Algorithm is the starting point of the proposed model and the comparison of both results shows the advantage of using multi-agent modelling to reduce distances and number of vehicles needed for urban freight transportation.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Business", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.13053/rcs-147-3-4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414449054", "doi": "10.1080/00207543.2025.2557530", "title": "An innovative framework integrating MILP and a parallel optimal algorithm for UAV-Enabled last-Mile delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arash Amirteimoori", "Reza Kia", "Moataz Mohamed", "Gerhard‐Wilhelm Weber" ], "first_author": "Arash Amirteimoori", "venue": "International Journal of Production Research", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Urban last-mile delivery faces scalability, cost, and environmental challenges due to truck-based systems’ congestion and emissions. This study proposes a Customer-Centric UAV Last-Mile Delivery (CULMD) framework, eliminating truck dependency by optimising UAV routing, charging infrastructure, and sequencing for sustainable urban logistics. We introduce the Parallel Optimal Algorithm with MILP (POAM), a novel approach that decomposes the problem into two sub-problems: parallelised exact combinatorial optimisation for tour and parcel allocation, and MILP-based routing. POAM leverages multi-core CPU parallelisation to solve tour allocation across multiple regions and delivery windows concurrently, ensuring global optimality while reducing runtime by 21.5% compared to the Two-Stage Model (TSM) and 16-fold compared to the Integrated Model (IM). It outperforms metaheuristics like the Artificial Lemming Algorithm (ALA) and Hybrid Genetic Algorithm with Type-Aware Chromosomes (HGATAC+) by 12% and 11% in objective value, respectively. Sensitivity analyses show a 20% increase in regions cuts runtime by 68%, and a 20% increase in UAV load capacity reduces it by 22%. The CULMD framework, powered by POAM, advances sustainable logistics by minimising costs and environmental impacts, offering scalable solutions for urban delivery systems.", "keywords": [ "Optimal design", "Production (economics)", "Minification", "Key (lock)", "Algorithm design", "Efficient algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2025.2557530" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2381523404", "doi": null, "title": "A Statistic Analysis of Relationship Between Inbound Tourists and Passenger Traffic of Civil Aviation and Its Urban Distribution", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Yu Zhang", "venue": "Tourism Forum", "publisher": "Guilin Tourism College", "abstract": "The time series data of inbound tourists,the passenger traffic of international civil aviation and international routes of 1990-2006,as well as the cross section data of inbound tourists,the passenger traffic of civil aviation and routes of 26 cities are used to analyze the relationship between inbound tourists and their urban distribution and the passenger traffic of civil aviation.The results show that:(1) Time-series data shows that inbound tourist is straight line related to international routes and passenger traffic of civil aviation, the international routes' coefficient of marginal impact is 8.47,and the international passenger traffic of civil aviation' coefficient of marginal impact is 1.56;(2) Section data shows that inbound tourist is straight line related to routes and passenger traffic of civil aviation,the routes' coefficient of marginal impact is 2.68,and the passenger traffic of civil aviation' coefficient of marginal impact is 0.08;(3) Tourists take different kind of transportation in different cities after being inbound,according to the deviation between statistical number and the simulate number of inbound tourists,26 cities are divided into four aviation-dependent types.This study provides a reference for disposing and arranging the civil aviation.", "keywords": [ "Civil aviation", "Transport engineering", "Aviation", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Tourism", "Statistic", "Business", "Engineering", "Geography", "Statistics", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GLGZ201005008.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4318994500", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-18641-7_56", "title": "Intra-Route Location Routing for the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Transfers", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cansu Agrali", "Mario Ventresca", "Seokcheon Lee" ], "first_author": "Cansu Agrali", "venue": "Lecture notes in production engineering", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Pickup", "Transfer (computing)", "Context (archaeology)", "Node (physics)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Solver", "Service (business)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Range (aeronautics)", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18641-7_56" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2424621179", "doi": null, "title": "Roads to riches: better transport investment", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-04-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marion Terrill" ], "first_author": "Marion Terrill", "venue": "Transport Research Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Australian governments have spent unprecedented sums on transport infrastructure in the past decade, and while important projects have been built, the overall investment has been poorly directed. Our big cities are the engines of Australia’s economic growth, but investment has not prioritised vital urban freight and passenger routes. Our largest cities now face increasing congestion, and competition between passengers and freight. Too much money has been spent on the wrong projects in the wrong places. In particular, governments have spent up big in electorates where federal elections are won and lost, funding roads that are not very important to the economy, but are popular with local voters. This ad hoc approach to infrastructure investment missed opportunities and wasted money. In some cases, return on investment has been staggeringly low. Project evaluation shows one highway upgrade between Geelong and Colac, not a project of national significance, is expected to yield a return of just eight cents for each dollar spent. Canberra’s light rail, now being built, is likely to provide no more benefits than bus rapid transit but cost more than twice as much. One difficulty is that there is little to stop politicians making dubious commitments on the basis of weak or undisclosed business cases, and particularly during election campaigns. Without more public information on potential projects, the public can’t be sure that funds will be spent wisely. Oversight mechanisms aren’t working. Since 2012 over half of Commonwealth infrastructure spending has gone to projects where Infrastructure Australia has not published an evaluation. States have spent billions more with little transparency. A better approach would be for an independent body to assess all infrastructure proposals rigorously on a like-for-like basis. The assessment of the net benefits should then be tabled in the parliament, and only then should governments be able to go ahead and commit public money. Once governments are only building projects where the community benefit clearly outweighs the cost", "keywords": [ "Investment (military)", "Liberian dollar", "Competition (biology)", "Treasury", "Finance", "Business", "Public transport", "Commonwealth", "Return on investment", "Economic policy", "Politics", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apo.org.au/node/62405" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3049561512", "doi": "10.3929/ethz-b-000429738", "title": "Modeling interactions of cars and freight vehicles in urban areas for speed and travel time prediction", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-08-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Allister Loder", "Thomas G. Otte" ], "first_author": "Allister Loder", "venue": "Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)", "publisher": "ETH Zurich", "abstract": "The prediction of journey speeds is important for decision making -not only for travelers, but also for businesses such as urban freight companies.Journey speed is total travel distance divided by total travel time, including all delays and additional stopping times.So far, methodologies to model these interactions between cars and urban freight vehicles at an aggregated level have not yet received much attention, although the demand for urban freight is growing.However, these methodologies are required to identify solutions for optimal management and regulation of urban freight.This paper proposes a novel approach to model the interactions between cars and urban freight vehicles for journey speed prediction in urban areas based on the multi-modal macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD).To ensure transferability to many applications, we formulate the model in a generic way.We apply the proposed model to an synthetic network with parameters oriented towards European cities to illustrate the model's applicability and discuss trade-offs in regulation of urban freight.As data related to (urban) freight movements (e.g., route planning and load factors) are currently often treated as private resources by involved freight companies, our generic model also provides a foundation to integrate actual freight data as soon as they are available for cities as a consequence from the ongoing, continuous digital transformation.Thus, the new approach not only helps cities on deriving urban freight strategies to optimize the overall traffic in the network, but also helps businesses to make better decisions.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Travel time", "Traffic speed", "Speed measurement", "Air travel", "Time travel", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/429738" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113065541", "doi": null, "title": "Data Science in Maritime and City Logistics: Data-driven Solutions for Logistics and Sustainability. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 30", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "book", "language": null, "authors": [ "Frederhausen, Sebastian", "Klumpp, Matthias" ], "first_author": "Frederhausen, Sebastian", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Purpose: Global supply chains increasingly demand sustainable setups, from the first to the last mile in transportation. Particularly in urban settings, the use of commercial electric vehicles for transport tasks might be a suitable measure to increase overall sustainability. Methodology: For an initial structuring step of this growing research field, this paper conducts a systematic literature review based on Denyer and Tranfield (2010). The aim is to provide an overview regarding existing routing approaches for commercial electric vehicles, their characteristics and their suitability for typical application contexts in urban logistics (e.g. retail, parcel delivery, gastronomy). Findings: The results point out topical gaps regarding the specific characteristics considered in the routing models and the focus of their optimization objectives. Among others, research gaps where identified regarding specific urban logistics requirements like energy management considerations for cooling/heating, mixed fleet modelling and (partial) recharging. Originality: While the ecologic and economic impacts of electric vehicles have already been researched extensively, the OR-perspective on their commercial use still is an emerging topic. This review contributes to the structuring of this research field, which can play a key role in the practical application of electric vehicles in urban contexts.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Structuring", "Last mile (transportation)", "Supply chain", "Key (lock)", "Sustainable transport", "Traffic management", "Vehicle routing problem" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/228945/1/hicl-2020-30-033.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2784004681", "doi": null, "title": "Route planning and energy consumption estimation for electric commercial vehicles", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rafael Basso" ], "first_author": "Rafael Basso", "venue": "Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)", "publisher": "Chalmers University of Technology", "abstract": "With the recent growing interest for electric vehicles as one of the initiatives to help tackle pollution and climate change, several opportunities and challenges emerge. This kind of vehicle releases no tailpipe emissions, is quieter, more energy efficient in terms of tank-to-wheels and simpler, which can lead to less maintenance. On the other hand their battery is still the main limitation in terms of energy capacity, time to recharge, weight and cost. One of the main consequences is a limitation in driving range, which especially impacts commercial vehicles. In order to adopt electric trucks for urban distribution of goods, there is a need to improve and adapt current planning tools to take into account their constraints. To plan the routes and charging for these vehicles it is necessary to precisely estimate their energy consumption.This thesis gives an overall background and state of the art review in the introductory chapters. The main contributions are presented in the second part. The first paper describes a time-dependent electric vehicle routing problem. It also analyses the different factors that affect energy consumption and routing for electric vehicles. The second paper introduces the Two-stage Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (2sEVRP), with a precise energy consumption estimation model, a first stage to find the best paths between the nodes to be visited and the second stage to find the route considering time-windows and planning charging when necessary. The paper shows numerical experiments with the road network from Gothenburg-Sweden and a high-fidelity vehicle simulation. The results indicate higher precision in energy estimation and savings while routing when comparing to existing approaches from the literature.", "keywords": [ "Energy consumption", "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Driving range", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Plan (archaeology)", "Engineering", "Vehicle routing problem", "Range (aeronautics)", "Energy (signal processing)", "Electric vehicle", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/500046-route-planning-and-energy-consumption-estimation-for-electric-commercial-vehicles" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172483130", "doi": "10.1007/s10479-026-07297-5", "title": "A branch-cut-and-price algorithm for the park-and-loop routing problem", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sylvain Lichau", "Rémy Dupas", "Julien François" ], "first_author": "Sylvain Lichau", "venue": "Annals of Operations Research", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Theory of computation", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Multipath routing", "Approximation algorithm", "Routing algorithm", "Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05712278" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2044047250", "doi": "10.6036/5561", "title": "SISTEMA INTELIGENTE DE PLANIFICACIÓN DE RUTAS PARA LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE MERCANCÍAS BASADO EN LAS TÉCNICAS METAHEURÍSTICAS, BÚSQUEDA DE ENTORNO VARIABLE Y BÚSQUEDA TABÚ", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "es", "authors": [ "Juan Antonio Sicilia Montalvo", "Emilio Larrodé", "Beatriz Royo", "David Escuín" ], "first_author": "Juan Antonio Sicilia Montalvo", "venue": "DYNA", "publisher": "National University of Colombia", "abstract": "This article presents an innovative and smart decision support system for companies dedicated to the freight distribution. The computer solution allows to manage and schedule transport routes of goods based on a geographic information system that enables the calculation real of distances between two or more nodes of the network. With the growth of cities, the loading and unloading of goods is a priority function whose operation depends to a large extent, the effectiveness and efficiency of the implemented technology systems. The current operations of loading and unloading in the city is valued, in general terms, as unsustainably high costs for environmental, social and economic behavior for the whole city. That is why, today, the Intelligent Transportation Systems in urban environments Smart are experienced a remarkable boom in recent years. The system developed is an innovative and intuitive application which enables an easy learning of the system’s functionalities and may be simply adapted to any case study defined by the user. For the resolution of the problem, the system incorporates an optimization algorithm based on metaheuristic techniques taking into account the characteristics encountered in real life with the objective of reduce total costs of distribution and improve the efficiency of companies. This algorithm stems from intensive research activities devoted to urban freight distribution during the whole professional history of researchers.", "keywords": [ "Humanities", "Art" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.6036/5561" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4308862743", "doi": "10.1002/net.22128", "title": "An exact algorithm for the service network design problem with hub capacity constraints", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-11-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Edward He", "Natashia Boland", "George L. Nemhauser", "Martin W. P. Savelsbergh" ], "first_author": "Edward He", "venue": "Networks", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "Abstract The service network design problem is commonly used to represent the tactical decisions encountered by a consolidation carrier operating a hub‐and‐spoke network: what transportation services to operate between hubs and how to route commodities from their origin to their destination through the network. In most settings, the capacity at hubs is not a limiting factor and can safely be ignored. However, in the context of city logistics networks, where space is limited and expensive, hub capacities typically have to be taken into account. The presence of hub capacity (and time) constraints implies that, contrary to traditional service network design problems, the existence of a feasible solution is no longer guaranteed. We present an exact dynamic discretization discovery algorithm for a variant of the service network design problem in which the number of vehicles that can be loaded and unloaded simultaneously at a hub is restricted. Novel techniques are introduced in the algorithm to handle the hub capacity constraints. A computational study using instances derived from real‐world data shows the potential of dynamic discretization discovery for this class of problems: integer program sizes are reduced by a factor of up to one thousand and small to mid size instances can be (optimally) solved in an acceptable amount of time.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Discretization", "Mathematical optimization", "Network planning and design", "Service (business)", "Integer programming", "Context (archaeology)", "Limiting", "Consolidation (business)", "Flow network", "Operations research", "Distributed computing" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/net.22128" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2598090097", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-51427-7_5", "title": "A Concept of Freight Traffic Flow Regulations in the City of Gdansk", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Daniel Kaszubowski", "Filip Heleniak" ], "first_author": "Daniel Kaszubowski", "venue": "Springer proceedings in business and economics", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Traffic management", "Context (archaeology)", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "City logistics", "Service (business)", "Business", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Geography", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51427-7_5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401386272", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2024.104796", "title": "Crowdshipping problem with dynamic compensations and transshipments", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ali Şardağ", "Kerim U. Kızıl", "Barış Yıldız" ], "first_author": "Ali Şardağ", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Rapid urban growth and consequent increase in e-commerce demand make urban logistics a harder task than ever. The growing size of urban delivery operations not only entails operational challenges but also generates several negative externalities, such as increased traffic, pollution, noise, and accidents. This trend creates a pressing need for efficient delivery mechanisms that are more economical and environmentally friendly than existing systems. Crowdshipping, wherein ordinary members of the society partake in delivery operations for a small compensation, is one of the answers that cater to this need and has attracted considerable research interest recently. However, designing compensation mechanisms to prompt efficient participation from the public remains largely unexplored in the literature. In this study, we devise a dynamic compensation scheme for crowdshipping operations in a many-to-many express delivery framework, where the crowdshipper compensations are determined based on spatial and temporal distributions of the delivery demand and continually updated during the service time to leverage the crowd participation as needed. To address the resulting complex network management problem, we derive analytical solutions for compensation optimization and use these results along with effective pruning strategies to build a lookup table to simultaneously determine package routes and compensation offers in real time. Computational studies and extensive simulations conducted with real-world data show that our proposed approach can provide significant cost savings and considerably reduce operational costs and other transport-related negative externalities when compared to classical delivery modes, crowdshipping with static compensations, and crowdshipping without transshipment.", "keywords": [ "Leverage (statistics)", "Transshipment (information security)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Externality", "Compensation (psychology)", "Task (project management)", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Transport engineering", "Computer security", "Business", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2024.104796" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204173783", "doi": "10.3390/sym18091424", "title": "A Bi-Level Optimal Siting Method for PV Cluster DC Aggregation Points in Urban Distribution Networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wenbin Ci", "Ge Cao", "Kaiqi Sun", "Xin Li", "Xiao Liu", "Mingkai Xu", "Li Li" ], "first_author": "Wenbin Ci", "venue": "Symmetry", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Urban PV is commonly connected through individual inverters, causing low utilization, uncoordinated reverse power flow, and overvoltage at high penetration. This paper addresses where to site DC aggregation points that collect nearby PV systems on a common DC bus and connect through centralized inverters. This paper formulates a bi-level model under urban land-use constraints as follows: the upper level jointly selects point locations, capacities, and PV allocations to minimize annualized cost and maximum voltage deviation; the lower level routes collectors along roads and verifies AC/DC power flows. PV uncertainty is represented by clustered scenarios, and an improved NSGA-II is coupled with SOCP DistFlow evaluation. On a modified IEEE 33-bus feeder at 122% penetration, the method reduces annualized cost by 8.3% versus two-stage siting and 14.6% versus K-means siting, with maximum voltage deviation reduced from 5.5% to 4.8%. Against conventional AC connection, it eliminates overvoltage and reduces active loss by 40.3% from the no-PV base. Tests on a 69-bus system plus sensitivity, extreme-scenario, and reliability analyses confirm scalability and robustness.", "keywords": [ "Overvoltage", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Photovoltaic system", "Voltage", "Point (geometry)", "Scalability", "Power (physics)", "Electric power system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18091424" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4389950095", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4669250", "title": "An Integrated Optimization Approach for Crowdshipping Leveraging Smart Lockers as Decentralized Urban Transshipment Hubs", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xin-Yu Zhuang", "I-Lin Wang", "Chia‐Yen Lee" ], "first_author": "Xin-Yu Zhuang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transshipment (information security)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Business", "Distributed computing", "Computer security", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4669250" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W643255626", "doi": null, "title": "Waterway 365 : System Analysis of Challenges in Increased Urban Mobility by Utilization of the Water Ways", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ivan Stenius", "Karl Garme", "Susanna Hall Kihl", "Magnus Burman" ], "first_author": "Ivan Stenius", "venue": "KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)", "publisher": "KTH Royal Institute of Technology", "abstract": "Effective transport solutions for goods and people are crucial for the economic development of a region or city. In major cities worldwide there is a lack of capacity in the road and rail network resulting in high costs, only in Stockholm the cost of the overall shortcomings of commuting has been estimated to 6.3 billion SEK annually. The current trend is further increased congestions in major existing commut- ing routes (roads, rail networks and metro networks). In coastal cities like Stockholm, Gothenburg or Copenhagen however, there are inland waterways that would enable shorter and faster commuting routes if efficient land-sea based transportation systems are implemented. In addition the waterway constitutes an opportunity to create new city space, add transport capacity, offer new communication paths, change the transport flow and level off the pres- sure on the present transport system. The waterways and parts of the road network are existing infrastructure resources that may be used to contribute to more sustainable travel patterns, reduce congestion on main commuting corridors, in- crease capacity and the traffic system's resilience through new travel relationships, travel patterns and synergies with bicycle and city logistics. The aim of this work is to identify the most relevant research topics and key performance parameters for personal transport and city logistics systems on the waterways in urban environments for year- round service. The long-term goal is to identify transport systems and technical solutions for the wa- terways that can be scaled and adapted to urban environments around the world and that complement the land-based transport systems in order to achieve an over-all sustainable urban mobility. This work focuses on a systems engineering perspective and includes identification of system bounda- ries and interfaces to other public transport, infrastructure nodes, system service and maintenance and measurement of sustainability and service improvement targets. The aim is to develop a base for a system that can be scaled and adapted to urban environments around the world - like how road or rail- based mass transit systems today are built up from more or less standard units, not to design a public transport solution for a specific city, route or line. The focus is on realistic solutions that are both achievable from a cost perspective and attractive to passengers during 365 days a year. New concepts, ranging from small single person commuters up to large public transport systems, are to be explored and evaluated and key technical challenges identified and targeted. The research initiative Waterway 365 was initiated by The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and Vattenbussen AB with support from the Swedish Maritime Administration (Proj. no: 15041-0).", "keywords": [ "Business", "Transport engineering", "Environmental planning", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187056" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415452001", "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2025.105046", "title": "Hydrogen cargo bikes as a data-driven solution for last-mile decarbonization", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sevket Oguz Kagan Capkin" ], "first_author": "Sevket Oguz Kagan Capkin", "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The growing demand for low-emission urban freight has intensified efficiency challenges in last-mile delivery, especially in dense city centres. This study assesses hydrogen-powered cargo bikes as a scalable, zero-emission alternative to fossil fuel vans and battery-electric cargo bikes. Using real-world logistics data from Rome, we apply simulation models including Monte Carlo cost analysis, Artificial Intelligence driven routing, K-means station placement, and fleet scaling. Results show hydrogen bikes deliver 15% more parcels daily than electric counterparts, reduce refuelling detours by 31.4%, and lower per-trip fuel use by 32%. They can cut up to 120 metric tons of CO 2 annually per 100-bike fleet. While battery-electric cargo bikes remain optimal for short trips, hydrogen bikes offer superior uptime, range, and rapid refuelling—ideal for high-frequency, mid-distance logistics. Under supportive pricing and infrastructure, hydrogen cargo bikes represent a resilient and sustainable solution for decarbonizing last-mile delivery in city areas.", "keywords": [ "Hydrogen vehicle", "Tonne", "Monte Carlo method", "Sustainable transport", "Hydrogen", "Fossil fuel", "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.105046" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4366090931", "doi": "10.3390/math11081876", "title": "An Exact Approach for Selecting Pickup-Delivery Stations in Urban Areas to Reduce Distribution Emission Costs", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-04-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anna Franca Sciomachen", "Maria Truvolo" ], "first_author": "Anna Franca Sciomachen", "venue": "Mathematics", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This paper deals with a variant of the multifacility location-routing problem in urban areas. The distribution network is modelled by an undirected graph, in which the nodes are split into a set of pickup-delivery stations, a depot, and a set of customers. The arcs represent the minimum-cost connections between nodes. A customer is assigned to a pickup-delivery station if he or she can reach it at the lowest sustainable cost, i.e., on foot or by bicycle, without exceeding a predefined maximum distance. The goal is to minimise the goods’ total delivery cost, including pollutant emissions. In this perspective, both travel distance and means of transport play a key role. We present an exact novel approach based on partitioning the research space of the solutions of a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model. In the model, Boolean decisional variables, representing the selection of the locations for the pickup-delivery stations, are fixed simultaneously with the solution of the classical Travelling Salesman Problem. A branching constraint allows us to determine the route that serves the selected pickup-delivery stations and the route, if any, that serves customers who do not go to any pickup-delivery station. We conduct extensive experimentation to test the proposed approach’s computational efficiency and analyse the optimal solution’s robustness with respect to the maximum distance of customers from the stations, their activation cost and the pollutant emissions. The effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of solution quality and computation time is certified by a set of computational tests based on randomly generated instances with up to 150 customers and 30 pickup-delivery stations. The application of the proposed exact method to a case study related to a district of the city of Genoa (Italy) confirms its validity also for sustainably addressing real-size urban delivery problems. An evaluation of incentives for customers using pickup-delivery stations, possibly by implementing discount policies on orders, is also proposed.", "keywords": [ "Pickup", "Mathematical optimization", "Computer science", "Robustness (evolution)", "Travelling salesman problem", "Vehicle routing problem", "Integer programming", "Operations research", "Set (abstract data type)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Mathematics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/8/1876/pdf?version=1681700396" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W578280532", "doi": null, "title": "A Location-Routing Model for a Two-Echelon System of Urban", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-11-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Laia Mercadé Ruiz" ], "first_author": "Laia Mercadé Ruiz", "venue": "RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya", "abstract": "The freight distribution system of many cities suffering from congestion is based on the use of a single echelon of consolidation facilities that are located in the city outskirts. In this thesis, the introduction of a second level of consolidation facilities to be placed within the city\\nand to be supplied from the first consolidation level by night deliveries is proposed as a solution against congestion and other transport externalities. A model to support the implementation planning of this second-level of logistic facilities and hence of a two-echelon system for urban freight distribution is designed. The model solves a specific case of an uncapacitated Location-Routing Problem (LRP) for the second echelon of facilities, by integrating the routing decisions into the location planning process and considering the cost\\nof the first echelon in the optimization problem.\\nAs the city distribution system involves large datasets, the LRP has to be solved by the means of a combination of heuristics, in this case, the Tabu Search metaheuristic, which has been widely proved as adequate to solve the Facility Location Problem (FLP) and the Clarke & Wright heuristic, equally proven as useful to solve the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). The algorithm of the model is designed using the Matlab programming language.\\nA fictitious study case corresponding to a parcel business that plans to use the two-echelon system to undertake its distribution activities in the city of Barcelona has been created and used to generate problems to study the performance of the model.\\nThe results obtained show that the model works properly, obtaining results of an acceptable quality that could not be obtained by other means; results that are improved when incrementing the number of maximum iterations but with a small trade-off in relation to the increase of the computational time. However, the model appears to be non-robust with the\\nparameters and the maximum number of iterations contemplated in this thesis, because its convergence to the best possible solution depends on the configuration chosen as initial solution. In addition, the importance of having integrated the routing decisions into the facility location process has been confirmed and quantified.\\nFinally the simulation by the means of a discount factor affecting the costs associated to the first echelon is introduced and recommended for further investigations. The validation of the\\nmodel and the calibration of the parameters also remain as proposed next steps", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Tabu search", "Heuristics", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Metaheuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Mathematical optimization", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2099.1/22479" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403926979", "doi": "10.1016/j.trb.2024.103100", "title": "Generating online freight delivery demand during COVID-19 using limited data", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Majid Mirzanezhad", "Richard Twumasi-Boakye", "Tayo Fabusuyi", "Andrea Broaddus" ], "first_author": "Majid Mirzanezhad", "venue": "Transportation Research Part B Methodological", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Transport engineering", "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak", "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)", "Count data", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Business", "Engineering", "Economics", "Virology", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2024.103100" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3100467610", "doi": "10.46783/smart-scm/2020-3-6", "title": "Models of zoning of urban territory for rational delivery in the microconsolidation system", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-10-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lidiia Savchenko", "Volodimir Davydenko" ], "first_author": "Lidiia Savchenko", "venue": "Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban logistics (or city logistics) is developing rapidly due to the strong growth of e-commerce. Accordingly, the last-mile urban logistics faces a significant number of orders that need to be fulfilled in a dense urban development, environmental constraints and permanent congestion. One of the possible systems of rational city delivery is the use of a network of consolidation centers at the micro level. Such a network provides for a two-tier system of urban delivery - 1) from the central warehouse or warehouses to the network of microconsolidation centers; 2) from microconsolidation centers to end consumers. This scheme is especially relevant in the presence of restrictions on the movement of trucks or heavy vehicles in certain areas of the city, as well as in significant congestion and the problem of parking trucks when unloading at the location of the client. Methods (research methodology). To create a rational delivery network through a microconsolidation system, the primary task is to determine the delivery zones (or geographical clusters) - their number, size, location. To solve this problem, optimization models are proposed based on several minimization criteria - delivery distance, time, cost and integrated distance-time criterion. Results. The result is the optimization models creation, based on those it is possible to divide urban consumers into several delivery zones. Delivery routes are planned within each zone of the respective centroid and minimize the cost of last-mile logistics. Delivery of goods to the centroids can be carried out by light or medium trucks, and within the zones should be dominated by delivery of environmentally friendly modes of transport (motorcycle or moped, bicycle, car, on foot delivery with the possibility of public transport usage). Conclusion. Thus, the article provides a mathematical apparatus for obtaining territorial zoning of existing customers of the city in order to minimize the cost (distance, time or their combination) for delivery within each zone. Perspectives. A perspective study may be an analysis of the costs of operating a network of urban consolidation centers and the delivery of goods from the central warehouse or warehouses to this network. Accordingly, the task of minimizing the total costs of the city freight delivery system should be solved, taking into account economic, environmental and social aspects.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Zoning", "City logistics", "Last mile (transportation)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Facility location problem", "Traffic congestion", "Business", "Operations research", "Geography", "Mile" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://smart-scm.org/wp-content/uploads/3_20_titul_j_savchenko.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2803119098", "doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/1015/3/032087", "title": "Dimensioning appropriate technical and economic parameters of elements in urban distribution power nets based on discrete fast marching method", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-05-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alexandr Petrovich Afanasyev", "Ruslan Ivanovich Bazhenov", "Dmitry V. Luchaninov" ], "first_author": "Alexandr Petrovich Afanasyev", "venue": "Journal of Physics Conference Series", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "The main purpose of the research is to develop techniques for defining the best technical and economic trajectories of cables in urban power systems. The proposed algorithms of calculation of the routes for laying cables take into consideration topological, technical and economic features of the cabling. The discrete option of an algorithm Fast marching method is applied as a calculating tool. It has certain advantages compared to other approaches. In particular, this algorithm is cost-effective to compute, therefore, it is not iterative. Trajectories of received laying cables are considered as optimal ones from the point of view of technical and economic criteria. They correspond to the present rules of modern urban development.", "keywords": [ "Dimensioning", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Point (geometry)", "Power (physics)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Fast marching method", "Algorithm", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1015/3/032087/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165776345", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6970278", "title": "Agent-Based Dynamic Route Planning for Freight Delivery in Urban Areas", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Albert Schmidt" ], "first_author": "Albert Schmidt", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Swap (finance)", "Route planning", "Traffic congestion", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Smart city", "Negotiation", "Multi-agent system", "Adaptive routing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6970278" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171415417", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-29680-1_3", "title": "Integrating Routing and Three-Dimensional Loading in Heterogeneous Fleet VRPs: A Structured Synthesis and Research Directions", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Youssef Meliani", "Evren Şahin" ], "first_author": "Youssef Meliani", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Reinforcement learning", "Tabu search", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Column generation", "Reuse" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29680-1_3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7155604693", "doi": "10.6084/m9.figshare.32099458.v1", "title": "Rethinking Last-Mile Routing at Scale", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-25", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "martin vizzolini" ], "first_author": "martin vizzolini", "venue": "Figshare", "publisher": "Figshare (United Kingdom)", "abstract": "Last-mile logistics is one of the most cost-intensive and understudied stages of supply chains. This paper rethinks how routing decisions are made at scale, moving beyond classical models to address the real complexity of modern urban distribution. Worth a read if you work on operations research, logistics, or urban mobility.", "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Scale (ratio)", "Work (physics)", "Supply chain", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32099458.v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7155605043", "doi": "10.6084/m9.figshare.32099458", "title": "Rethinking Last-Mile Routing at Scale", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-25", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "martin vizzolini" ], "first_author": "martin vizzolini", "venue": "Figshare", "publisher": "Figshare (United Kingdom)", "abstract": "Last-mile logistics is one of the most cost-intensive and understudied stages of supply chains. This paper rethinks how routing decisions are made at scale, moving beyond classical models to address the real complexity of modern urban distribution. Worth a read if you work on operations research, logistics, or urban mobility.", "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Scale (ratio)", "Work (physics)", "Supply chain", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32099458" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113208426", "doi": null, "title": "Digitalization in Maritime and Sustainable Logistics: City Logistics, Port Logistics and Sustainable Supply Chain Management in the Digital Age. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 24", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "book", "language": null, "authors": [ "Bearzotti, Lorena", "Maturana, Javier", "Vega, Maria Isabel" ], "first_author": "Bearzotti, Lorena", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Waste management is a growing problem all around the world with implications to society, environment, health and economy. In this context, the waste is considered as the last step in the consuming process. However, a smart waste management is possible by the generation of value from the garbage and the optimization of collection routes, landfills location and the determination of the transport fleet. This article addresses the problem of value generation from organic waste in cities, which is used for the compost generation, biofuels (as an alternative to fossil fuels) and specialized landfills. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual decision support system (DSS) that allows efficient linkages between large organic garbage generators inside the cities (e.g. restaurants, health and educational institutions, food markets) with organic waste consumers, located outside the urban boundaries, who are responsible for recycling and generating value from the garbage (e.g. farms, special landfills, compost and biofuels). The DSS proposes both collection and delivery routes in combination with the fleet required where the information can be updated in order to reflect changes in supply and demand. Because of that, there is a benefit to the waste management and a reduction in the volume of organic waste in municipal landfills. The approach originality is based in the integration of suppliers, demands and transport services in a collaborative DSS that combines different techniques and theories. The managerial implications are related with new waste value and its value chain, with new services in the decision process with impact in the sustainability.", "keywords": [ "Garbage", "Port (circuit theory)", "Supply chain", "Sustainability", "Decision support system", "Reverse logistics", "Sustainable Value", "Supply chain management", "Waste collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/209336/1/hicl-2017-24-253.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411000973", "doi": "10.3390/futuretransp5020065", "title": "Green Last-Mile Delivery: Adapting Beverage Distribution to Low Emission Urban Areas", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alessandro Giordano", "Panayotis Christidis" ], "first_author": "Alessandro Giordano", "venue": "Future Transportation", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Electrifying urban last-mile logistics is an important step towards reducing carbon emissions which requires replacing conventional vehicles with low-carbon alternatives that offer comparable operational and cost characteristics. This study presents a methodology for evaluating the feasibility of electrifying an urban delivery fleet, using data from a major beverage company in Seville as a case study. Applying a fleet and route optimization algorithm for various vehicle combinations, we demonstrate that emerging electric vehicle options, combined with a redesigned fleet mix and an optimized routing, can already enable cost-efficient electrification of distribution activities in the city centre. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that full electrification of the company’s local distribution network may be possible by 2030, depending on the availability of larger electric trucks. Our results show that currently available electric vehicles can fully substitute conventional options in the case study context, with higher capital costs offset by lower energy costs in most cases. The electrification of urban logistics can yield significant environmental benefits, particularly if powered by a clean energy mix.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Environmental science", "Geography", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7590/5/2/65/pdf?version=1748936815" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399087848", "doi": "10.1115/1.4065595", "title": "Velocity and Energy Consumption Prediction of Medium-Duty Electric Trucks Considering Road Features and Traffic Conditions", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyunjin Ahn", "Heran Shen", "Xingyu Zhou", "Yung-Chi Kung", "John Maweu", "Junmin Wang" ], "first_author": "Hyunjin Ahn", "venue": "Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control", "publisher": "ASM International", "abstract": "Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to address environmental concerns, especially benefiting urban delivery and last-mile fleets due to their unique operational characteristics. Despite the potential advantages, the adoption of electric trucks (eTrucks) into delivery fleets has been slow, mainly due to the challenge posed by eTrucks' limited driving range. Consequently, a reliable method for predicting the eTrucks' energy consumption in fleet route planning is essential, and the accuracy of the velocity trajectory forecast forming the fundamental basis. This paper introduces a data-driven approach to predict the velocity and energy consumption of medium-duty (MD) eTrucks, considering various road features, payload, and traffic conditions. A gated recurrent unit (GRU) is trained using traffic-labeled characteristic features specific to each road segment within a delivery route. For every predefined route, the GRU generates the velocity profile by analyzing a sequence of traffic states predicted from the maximum entropy Markov model (MEMM). Corresponding eTruck energy consumption is estimated using an autonomie truck model. Real-world EV data are used to evaluate the proposed method, and the results demonstrate that the model effectively utilizes the information, achieving high accuracy in predicting both eTruck velocity and energy consumption.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Energy consumption", "Automotive engineering", "Consumption (sociology)", "Duty", "Transport engineering", "Electric energy consumption", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Electric energy", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065595" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2367916517", "doi": null, "title": "Model of Optimizing Scheduling for Location Routing Problem(LRP)", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qian Zhang" ], "first_author": "Qian Zhang", "venue": "Journal of Shenyang University", "publisher": "Shenyang University", "abstract": "By the research on the characteristics of city logistics distribution,the present condition of the location routing is analyzed under domestic electronic commerce.The model of optimizing scheduling is proposed for LRP under geography information system(GIS).The scheme of optimal scheduling for city logistics distribution is presented according to the steps of city's distribution centers under electronic commerce.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Geographic information system", "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Operations research", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer network", "Mathematical optimization", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYDA200605018.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7197783906", "doi": null, "title": "Last-Mile Delivery Optimization in Indian E commerce Logistics : A Case Study Analysis of Delhivery’s Urban Distribution Network", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-12", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Samarthjeet Singh" ], "first_author": "Samarthjeet Singh", "venue": "Osuva (University of Vaasa)", "publisher": "University of Vaasa", "abstract": "The last-mile delivery is the most expensive and operationally intensive phase of e-commerce supply chains, especially in emerging economies where infrastructure heterogeneity is more of a structural than a special phenomenon. In this thesis, the author explores how delivery operations at individual, urban centres within India can be optimized using just a single case study of the Delhivery Limited Noida Sector 63 centre in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Surveys A primary dataset of 25,000 shipment records and 3,235 customer feedback logs obtained in Q3 2025 are used inductively to identify the maximum number of patterns in the analysis with the goal of validating the hypothesis. It is analyzed based on Lean Management, Theory of Constraints, SERVQUAL, Principal-Agency Theory and Institutional Voids framework. There are three categories of friction, which are the structural and behavioral determinants of the 23% aggregate first-attempt failure rate: structural friction due to address ambiguity in unplanned urban villages, transactional friction due to Cash-on-Delivery dominance and behavioral friction due to systematic fake attempt recording due to incentive misalignment. The comparative analysis supports the fact that the gap in the efficiency between target areas and unplanned areas of delivery is statistically significant, which proves that the logistics performance in the Indian urban environment is determined geographically. The thesis is that there will be an Interaction Optimization Framework that will reorient the strategic goal of the minimization of distance traveled to the maximization likelihood of a successful handover. Four specific interventions have been suggested, which are WhatsApp GPS pre-validation, dynamic time-slotting, success-based incentive restructuring, and automated pre-call synchronization. In contribution to theory, a quantification of institutional voids as a cost of operation has been made, Theory of Constraints has been extended to external service constraints and Lean principles have been scaled to unstructured information environments. The results indicate that the human-centric, hyper-localized, and communication-first approach to latemile optimization needs to be applied in the new markets instead of single-algorithmic route optimization.", "keywords": [ "Incentive", "Dynamic pricing", "E-commerce", "Ambiguity", "Yield management", "Upstream (networking)", "Maximization", "Aggregate (composite)", "Constraint (computer-aided design)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://osuva.uwasa.fi/bitstreams/f15f4fc4-5595-4884-96e1-f035db5c4228/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1803002526", "doi": null, "title": "Application of a neuro fuzzy network to forecast the behavior of the urban traffic of the city of São Paulo", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ricardo Pinto Ferreira", "Carlos de Oliveira Affonso", "Renato José Sassi" ], "first_author": "Ricardo Pinto Ferreira", "venue": "Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In recent years the behavior of the parcel delivery market has undergone significant changes influenced by increased competitiveness, concern with the environment, electronic commerce, the increase in the number of customers, reducing the size of applications; expansion of the collection sites and distribution, increasing the flow of urban vehicles, increasing fleet; complexity of the operations of collection and distribution, and increased restrictions of movement of vehicles, increased restrictions on size and capacity of vehicles. Thus the routing and scheduling of vehicles tend to receive a focused mission, observing the requirements of the consumer market and end customer within the urban distribution logistics. The aim of this paper is to apply a neuro fuzzy network to forecast the behavior of the urban traffic of the city of Sao Paulo aided routing in a hierarchy of three levels: strategic represented by forecasting the behavior of traffic, represented by the tactical and operational routing dynamics represented by routing algorithms. The methodology of the work consists in the capture of relevant events that affect the flow of traffic of the city of Sao Paulo and implementation of a neuro fuzzy network trained with these events to predict the behavior of traffic. This paper will present the partial results of the use of neuro fuzzy network in predicting the behavior of the traffic of the city of Sao Paulo.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Fuzzy logic", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Work (physics)", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer network", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.ieee-000005556716" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2890342775", "doi": "10.31534/co/zt.2018.18", "title": "Dynamic assignment of loading bays for efficient urban last mile deliveries", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-09-11", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tomislav Letnik", "Matej Mencinger", "Stanislav Božičnik" ], "first_author": "Tomislav Letnik", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight deliveries are facing problems of limited accessibility to customers located in the city centre. Due to lack of loading bays, freight vehicles are forced to double parking or circulating in the city centre to find an available loading bay. To solve that problem a model for dynamic management of urban last mile deliveries has been developed. The optimisation is based on fuzzy c-means clustering of customers to dynamically assign the best possible loading bay in combination with a two-echelon routing algorithm. The model is tested on the actual data of deliveries to the historical city centre of Lucca, Italy. Results of simulations have proven significant savings of the total travel time and distance in comparison to the existing situation. The suggested approach is highly flexible and allows adaptation to any city access restriction scheme.", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Mile", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Bay", "Fuzzy logic", "Operations research", "Civil engineering", "Engineering", "Geography", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.31534/co/zt.2018.18" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388903970", "doi": "10.1016/j.ifacol.2023.10.1209", "title": "The Impact of Last-Mile Logistics: a Case Study on the Optimisation of Commercial Fleets through the European Union", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alessandro Nava", "Luciano G. Greco" ], "first_author": "Alessandro Nava", "venue": "IFAC-PapersOnLine", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Over the last decade, many cities in the world have been facing the impact of urban population growth and rapid e-commerce spread on freight volumes and consequently on the number of road freight vehicles. These dynamics have fostered the central role of last-mile logistics. The transport sector is responsible for around 25% of total GHG global emissions, 30% of which are related to freight road transport. Urban freight transportation has remarkable implications in terms of air pollution, noise, and road security. In this context, the electrification of urban fleets could represent a viable and efficient solution to mitigate the environmental footprint of last-mile logistics. Furthermore, last-mile logistics also involves high organization costs and time inefficiencies for transportation firms and customers. The technological development of routing processes through a new optimized IT system (e.g., by means of digital twins) may play a key role in “greening” the last-mile logistic sector. In this research, we consider a case study of investments in Electric Vehicles, aiming at assessing their environmental and monetary costs and benefits, and the scalability of such a policy.", "keywords": [ "Business", "Last mile (transportation)", "Context (archaeology)", "Electrification", "Mile", "Transport engineering", "Electricity", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2023.10.1209" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2971723328", "doi": "10.17588/2072-2672.2019.4.075-083", "title": "Design of power substation placement with GIS tracing tools", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "А.В. Gadalov", "S.V. Kosyakov" ], "first_author": "А.В. Gadalov", "venue": "Vestnik IGEU", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Analytical methods that are currently used to determine transformer substation placement in the process of planning the development of low-voltage distribution networks are based on calculating the lengths of future power lines by Euclidean distance, or methods for comparing several alternative placement options taking into account the routes of power lines. Assumptions made in this case lead to the fact that for the selected location of the substation, the total cost of the power lines connected to it may exceed the possible minimum. The use of modern GIS technologies allows simulating the routes of laying power lines on the map bypassing the existing obstacles or finding the cheapest routes for crossing them. These opportunities can be used to improve the quality of designing urban distribution networks through minimizing the construction cost of new power lines. However, the methods of organizing the solution to such a design problem have not yet found practical applications. The aim of the work is to develop a practical method of designing the placement of power substations in the GIS environment and its verification using real data. The paper uses methods of spatial modeling in the GIS environment, including methods of overlay, finding optimal paths on graphs and power grid inventory, as well as discrete optimization methods. A method of computer-aided design of transformer substation placement in urban distribution low-voltage networks is proposed and implemented as a GIS software module, which allows finding the optimal options of the placement cost at the stages of network scheme selection. The paper presents the results of the method analysis based on studying the design of the power grid scheme of Ivanovo city quarters as an example. The results confirm the possibility of using GIS to improve the quality of decisions on the choice of placement of low voltage distribution substations when designing urban electrical networks and can be used in the electrical networks CAD.", "keywords": [ "Tracing", "Computer science", "Transformer", "Reliability engineering", "Overlay", "Geographic information system", "Software", "Euclidean distance", "Voltage", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.4.075-083" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125412391", "doi": "10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2026.104562", "title": "Spatiotemporal analysis of heavy-duty truck activity-trip chains in Harbin, China: A multi-resolution GPS data fusion approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mingyue Li", "Xinghua Li", "Yuntao Guo", "Xinwu Qian", "Haobing Liu", "Lu Teng" ], "first_author": "Mingyue Li", "venue": "Journal of Transport Geography", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Cluster analysis", "Identification (biology)", "Zoning", "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Truck", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Grid", "Matching (statistics)", "Metropolitan area" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2026.104562" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112718765", "doi": null, "title": "Digitalization in Maritime and Sustainable Logistics: City Logistics, Port Logistics and Sustainable Supply Chain Management in the Digital Age. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 24", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "book", "language": null, "authors": [ "Barbarino, Sergio", "Klein, Oliver", "Müller, Rainer", "Rosa, Cory", "Sibomana, Philippe", "Meyer-Larsen, Nils", "Wunsch, Alex" ], "first_author": "Barbarino, Sergio", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "This paper describes the so-called CORE Simulation Environment (CORE-SE), a scenario based simulation environment which was developed in the scope of the EU project CORE. CORE-SE in particular provides means for the simulation of logistics scenarios. It consists of a software agent platform that facilitates a multiagent-based simulation (MABS) approach. In MABS, the environment and the objects acting therein are modelled by a number of software agents. CORE-SE provides a platform to create and configure different simulation scenarios and finally 'run' them by the emulation of the agents' behaviours in a coordinated and controlled way. CORE-SE, as described in this paper, has been applied in a specific supply chain sce-nario related to product integrity due to cargo temperature requirements where higher temperature (and solar radiation) could result in fluctuating product integrity in terms of quality loss and damage. During the simulated transport, climatic and weather-related factors like ambient temperature, ground temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed together with the resulting effects on the inner container temperature are simulated and respectively calculated according to the actual transport route of the container by usage of a climatic data model. The paper presents first results of the analysis, which are used to optimize the temperature control of the cargo, thereby better taking into account the mentioned external factors.", "keywords": [ "Emulation", "Container (type theory)", "Supply chain", "Software", "Scope (computer science)", "Product (mathematics)", "Port (circuit theory)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/209333/1/hicl-2017-24-197.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W131861988", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4614-3628-7_7", "title": "Evaluation of Information Models", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jan Fabian Ehmke" ], "first_author": "Jan Fabian Ehmke", "venue": "International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3628-7_7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113659533", "doi": null, "title": "Digitalization in Maritime and Sustainable Logistics: City Logistics, Port Logistics and Sustainable Supply Chain Management in the Digital Age. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 24", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "book", "language": null, "authors": [ "Engel, Tobias", "Wolfenstetter, Thomas", "Sakiotis, Nikolaos" ], "first_author": "Engel, Tobias", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Technological evolvement creates new business opportunities such as the optimization of distribution networks by using big data to calculate optimal delivery routes respecting individual time windows. The optimized network enhances firms to improve customer satisfaction, reduce delivery costs, and increase the utilization of the truck load by integrating reverse flows. Following the design science approach, we review and evaluate relevant data and scientific theories. Subsequently, requirements and system design are analyzed. On this basis we implement a prototypical information system to realize the optimized distribution network. The prototype consists of a mobile user-app and a back-office-system. Major functionalities of the prototype include the data analysis and the specification of settings for the desired delivery times and locations being actively influenced by the parcel recipients. The results of this research indicate that several tradeoffs have to be faced against the optimal use and analysis of available data, in order to provide a prototype that aims at improving customer satisfaction and reducing distribution costs at the same time. Hence, the focus has been laid on the analysis of dedicated, user-defined delivery time and location time windows by using a customized heuristic approach in order to decrease the complexity of the distribution process. We simulated the results, while a field study would enhance more insights. Practitioners can use the prototype to reduce their transportation costs to improve the utilization of the truck load or for new city services such as same day deliveries or as part of cyber-physical (distribution) systems (CPS).", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Supply chain", "Port (circuit theory)", "Order (exchange)", "Distribution management system", "Delivery Performance", "Customer satisfaction", "Supply chain management", "Big data" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/209335/1/hicl-2017-24-229.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213322597", "doi": "10.70267/cai.v3n4.105126", "title": "An Agent for Collaborative Optimization of Route Planning and Three-Dimensional Loading in Land Logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-16", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jingxiang Wang", "Xinyue Cai", "Yufeng Xin", "Bujia Ye", "Yingqi Li" ], "first_author": "Jingxiang Wang", "venue": "Computers and artificial intelligence.", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Cross-border trade is growing fast. The same is true for urban distribution, e-commerce fulfillment, port transfer, and cold-chain transportation. Because of that, land-logistics decisions need to be workable in practice and flexible enough to adjust, especially in heavy-traffic places like Singapore. This study sets out to build an intelligent agent that plans vehicle routes and handles three-dimensional cargo loading at the same time. The agent treats routing as a capacitated vehicle routing problem with time windows. For small and medium cases, it turns the subproblems into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization so simulated-annealing or a quantum-inspired solver can be used. Bigger cases rely on heuristics and metaheuristics instead. The approach uses Solomon I1 insertion and 2-opt. Relocate is applied too. On top of that, it runs adaptive large neighborhood search and genetic algorithms. For cargo loading, the setup follows a three-dimensional bin-packing problem. An extreme-point heuristic checks cargo dimensions and weight. It considers orientation as well. The method accounts for stacking rules, non-overlap, load balance, and unloading-order constraints. It uses a feedback loop too. That loop sends the reasons for loading infeasibility back to the routing module, which then regroups customers or assigns a different vehicle. In a 50-customer routing case, Solomon I1 with local search found a feasible plan with nine vehicles and a total travel time of 129.0. Adaptive large neighborhood search kept the fleet at nine vehicles but cut total travel time to 92.0. This is about a 28.7% improvement. The results suggest that tying routing and loading together in a closed-loop setup makes plans easier to carry out. It improves vehicle utilization and delivery punctuality, and it makes the decisions easier to explain. This proposed agent offers a practical way to manage land-logistics optimization in one integrated system that can be adjusted on the fly.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Metaheuristic", "Heuristic", "Solver", "Genetic algorithm", "Backup", "Plan (archaeology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.zeuspress.org/index.php/CAI/article/download/1368/1331" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117406788", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2025.104607", "title": "Predicting dwell time of logistics electric vehicles in urban last-mile delivery: A SHAP-based ensemble approach", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Irfan Ullah", "Muhammad Asim Ayaz", "Minghui Zhong", "Xiyan Mao", "Quan Yuan" ], "first_author": "Irfan Ullah", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Dwell time", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Electric vehicle", "Key (lock)", "Sustainable transport", "Intelligent transportation system", "Energy (signal processing)", "Ensemble learning" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2025.104607" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2987453737", "doi": null, "title": "FRUITS AND VEGETABLES MARKET HALL LOCATION SELECTION BY USING INTERVAL-VALUED TRAPEZOIDAL FUZZY GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS: AN APPLICATION FOR ISTANBUL", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-10-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Özge Nalan Bilişik", "Umut R. Tuzkaya", "Hayri Baraçlı", "Mehmet Tanyaş" ], "first_author": "Özge Nalan Bilişik", "venue": "International journal of industrial engineering", "publisher": "University of Texas at El Paso", "abstract": "In urban areas, effectively delivering the necessary products for people to survive to the desired points has a vital importance. Determining the urban distribution centers locations truly, which have an important role in distribution networks, will satisfy determining the number of vehicles, minimizing the traffic congestion by determining the routes of vehicles correctly and thus decreasing the environmental effects like noise and emission. In this study, fresh fruits and vegetables market hall (F&VMH), which is an important urban distribution center type that fulfills the food requirements of city residents, location determination problem is investigated. To solve this problem, interval-valued trapezoidal fuzzy grey relational analysis (GRA) method is used because is suitable to deal with poor, incomplete, and uncertain information. When the results are analyzed, it is seen that F&VMHs have to be located in the district which is closer to producers and which has the lower building and land costs.", "keywords": [ "Grey relational analysis", "Interval (graph theory)", "Fuzzy logic", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Site selection", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Mathematics", "Business", "Statistics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/yayin/a963c260-56cb-4e04-841f-4c3dc7cdc664/fruits-and-vegetables-market-hall-location-selection-by-using-interval-valued-trapezoidal-fuzzy-grey-relational-analysis-an-application-for-istanbul" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412464441", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2026.105670", "title": "Robust route planning for sidewalk delivery robots", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xin Tong", "Michele D. Simoni" ], "first_author": "Xin Tong", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Sidewalk delivery robots are a promising solution for urban freight distribution, reducing congestion compared to trucks and providing a safer, higher-capacity alternative to drones. However, unreliable travel times on sidewalks due to pedestrian density, obstacles, and varying infrastructure conditions can significantly affect their efficiency. This study addresses the robust route planning problem for sidewalk robots, explicitly accounting for travel time uncertainty due to varying sidewalk conditions. Optimization is integrated with simulation to reproduce the effect of obstacles and pedestrian flows and generate realistic travel times. The study investigates three different approaches to derive uncertainty sets, including budgeted, ellipsoidal, and support vector clustering (SVC)-based methods, along with a distributionally robust method to solve the shortest path (SP) problem. A realistic case study reproducing pedestrian patterns in Stockholm’s city center is used to evaluate the efficiency of robust routing across various robot designs and environmental conditions. The results show that, when compared to a conventional SP, robust routing significantly enhances operational reliability under variable sidewalk conditions. The Ellipsoidal and DRSP approaches outperform the other methods, yielding the most efficient paths in terms of average and worst-case delay. Sensitivity analyses reveal that robust approaches consistently outperform the conventional SP, particularly for sidewalk delivery robots that are wider, slower, and have more conservative navigation behaviors. These benefits are even more pronounced in adverse weather conditions and high pedestrian congestion scenarios.", "keywords": [ "Robot", "Computer science", "Business", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2026.105670" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3123765633", "doi": null, "title": "Is urban logistics pooling viable? A multistakeholder multicriteria analysis", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jesús González-Feliu", "Josep Maria Salanova Grau" ], "first_author": "Jesús González-Feliu", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Collaborative transportation and logistics pooling are relatively new concepts in research, but are very popular in practice. In the last years, collaborative transportation seems a good city logistics alternative to classical urban consolidation centres, but it is still in a development stage. This paper proposes a framework for urban logistics pooling ex-ante evaluation. This framework is developed with two purposes. The first is to generate comparable contrasted or progressive scenarios representing realistic situations; the second to simulate and assess them to make a \"before-after\" comparative analysis. In this framework, a demand generation model is combined with a route optimization algorithm to simulate the resulting routes of the proposed individual or collaborative distribution schemes assumed by each scenario. Then, several indicators can be obtained, mainly travelled distances, working times, road occupancy rates and operational monetary costs. To illustrate that framework, several scenarios for the urban area of Lyon (France) are simulated and discussed to illustrate the proposed framework possible applications.", "keywords": [ "Pooling", "Operations research", "Computer science", "City logistics", "Consolidation (business)", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Business", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00750752" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2140031476", "doi": null, "title": "Transportation and its Infrastructure", "year": 2007, "publication_date": "2007-12-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Suzana Kahn Ribeiro", "Shigeki Kobayashi", "Michel Beuthe", "Jorge Gasca", "David L. Greene", "David Stephen Lee", "Yasunori Muromachi", "John N Newton", "Steven E. Plotkin", "Daniel Sperling", "Ron Wit", "Peter J Zhou" ], "first_author": "Suzana Kahn Ribeiro", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Transport activity, a key component of economic development and human welfare, is increasing around the world as economies grow. For most policymakers, the most pressing problems associated with this increasing transport activity are traffic fatalities and injuries, congestion, air pollution and petroleum dependence. These problems are especially acute in the most rapidly growing economies of the developing world. Mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can take its place among these other transport priorities by emphasizing synergies and co-benefits (high agreement, much evidence). Transport predominantly relies on a single fossil resource, petroleum that supplies 95% of the total energy used by world transport. In 2004, transport was responsible for 23% of world energy-related GHG emissions with about three quarters coming from road vehicles. Over the past decade, transport’s GHG emissions have increased at a faster rate than any other energy using sector (high agreement, much evidence). Transport activity will continue to increase in the future as economic growth fuels transport demand and the availability of transport drives development, by facilitating specialization and trade. The majority of the world’s population still does not have access to personal vehicles and many do not have access to any form of motorized transport. However, this situation is rapidly changing. Freight transport has been growing even more rapidly than passenger transport and is expected to continue to do so in the future. Urban freight movements are predominantly by truck, while international freight is dominated by ocean shipping. The modal distribution of intercity freight varies greatly across regions. For example, in the United States, all modes participate substantially, while in Europe, trucking has a higher market share (in tkm1), compared to rail (high agreement, much evidence). Transport activity is expected to grow robustly over the next several decades. Unless there is a major shift away from current patterns of energy use, world transport energy use is projected to increase at the rate of about 2% per year, with the highest rates of growth in the emerging economies, and total transport energy use and carbon emissions is projected to be about 80% higher than current levels by 2030 (medium agreement, medium evidence). There is an ongoing debate about whether the world is nearing a peak in conventional oil production that will require a significant and rapid transition to alternative energy resources. There is no shortage of alternative energy sources, including oil sands, shale oil, coal-to-liquids, biofuels, electricity and hydrogen. Among these alternatives, unconventional fossil carbon resources would produce less expensive fuels mostcompatible with the existing transport infrastructure, but lead to increased carbon emissions (medium agreement, medium evidence). In 2004, the transport sector produced 6.3 GtCO2 emissions (23% of world energy-related CO2 emissions) and its growth rate is highest among the end-user sectors. Road transport currently accounts for 74% of total transport CO2 emissions. The share of non-OECD countries is 36% now and will increase rapidly to 46% by 2030 if current trends continue (high agreement, much evidence). The transport sector also contributes small amounts of CH4 and N2O emissions from fuel combustion and F-gases (fluorinated gases) from vehicle air conditioning. CH4 emissions are between 0.1–0.3% of total transport GHG emissions, N2O between 2.0 and 2.8% (based on US, Japan and EU data only). Worldwide emissions of F-gases (CFC-12+HFC- 134a+HCFC-22) in 2003 were 0.3–0.6 GtCO2-eq, about 5–10% of total transport CO2 emissions (medium agreement, limited evidence). When assessing mitigation options it is important to consider their lifecycle GHG impacts. This is especially true for choices among alternative fuels but also applies to a lesser degree to the manufacturing processes and materials composition of advanced technologies. Electricity and hydrogen can offer the opportunity to ‘de-carbonise’ the transport energy system although the actual full cycle carbon reduction depends upon the way electricity and hydrogen are produced. Assessment of mitigation potential in the transport sector through the year 2030 is uncertain because the potential depends on: • World oil supply and its impact on fuel prices and the economic viability of alternative transport fuels; • R&D outcomes in several areas, especially biomass fuel production technology and its sustainability in massive scale, as well as battery longevity, cost and specific energy. Another problem for a credible assessment is the limited number and scope of available studies of mitigation potential and cost. Improving energy efficiency offers an excellent opportunity for transport GHG mitigation through 2030. Carbon emissions from ‘new’ light-duty road vehicles could be reduced by up to 50% by 2030 compared to currently produced models, assuming continued technological advances and strong policies to ensure that technologies are applied to increasing fuel economy rather than spent on increased horsepower and vehicle mass. Material substitution and advanced design could reduce the weight of light-duty vehicles by 20–30%. Since the TAR (Third Assessment Report), energy efficiency of road vehicles has improved by the market success of cleaner directinjection turbocharged (TDI) diesels and the continued market penetration of numerous incremental efficiency technologies. Hybrid vehicles have also played a role, though their market penetration is currently small. Reductions in drag coefficients of 20–50% seem achievable for heavy intercity trucks, with consequent reductions in fuel use of 10–20%. Hybrid technology is applicable to trucks and buses that operate in urban environments, and the diesel engine’s efficiency may be improved by 10% or more. Prospects for mitigation are strongly dependent on the advancement of", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Greenhouse gas", "Natural resource economics", "Business", "Population", "Fossil fuel", "Mode of transport", "Transport engineering", "Economics", "Engineering", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 43, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/98m5t1rv.pdf;origin=repeccitec" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4312915297", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4240825", "title": "Sustainable Two-Echelon Truck and Drone Routing Problem", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ebrahim Teimoury", "Reza Rashid" ], "first_author": "Ebrahim Teimoury", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Aeronautics", "Business", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Aerospace engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4240825" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406972807", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-78238-1_36", "title": "Last Mile Drone Delivery: Complexity and Research Challenges", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fatos Xhafa", "Cristian Domínguez", "Angel Alejandro Juan" ], "first_author": "Fatos Xhafa", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78238-1_36" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2098734762", "doi": "10.1109/soli.2008.4686590", "title": "How to improve the efficiency of railway freight transport in the urban area? Lessons from Los Angeles Alameda rail cargo expressway", "year": 2008, "publication_date": "2008-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qiubao Yang" ], "first_author": "Qiubao Yang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Los Angeles Alameda rail cargo expressway, which cost about 2.4 billion US dollars and took more than 25 years for planning and construction, has illuminated that by using the advantage of the transportation geographical location, consolidating rail routes resources and constructing a 20-mile railroad trench and 43 grade separations, the railroad system may successfully integrate to the urban multi-modal transportation system and to the urban fabric. This innovation of the freight transportation makes the urban railroads become the important propelling force but hindrances for urban development. This paper takes this as a case, introducing basic situation of the Alameda rail cargo expressway and the evolution of corridor's plan and construction process. Further, this rail corridor's important effects to the Los Angeles' urban area are analyzed. And, the paper summarizes the key lessons, for the big urban, how to make use of railroad in the urban multi-modal transportation system, to improve the freight transport efficiency in urban region, to eliminate the conflicts between the railroads and the city surface transportation, and to cut off the congestion in urban area. The conclusion of this paper includes some principles for improving the effciency of railway freight transport in urban area and provides the important ideas and the practice experices for development of urban freight transport in China.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Plan (archaeology)", "Traffic management", "Modal shift", "Urban planning", "China", "Modal", "Urban area", "Transportation planning", "Business", "Civil engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4686590" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4362696338", "doi": "10.3233/jifs-224307", "title": "A hybrid large-neighborhood search for a truck and drone delivery system with stochastic customer existence and time windows", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-04-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ebrahim Teimoury", "Reza Rashid" ], "first_author": "Ebrahim Teimoury", "venue": "Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems", "publisher": "IOS Press", "abstract": "In recent years, e-commerce has become increasingly popular, and consumers expect quick and affordable delivery, placing additional pressure on city logistics activities. An innovative approach is proposed to coordinate ground vehicles and drones for delivery services, which has gained tremendous attention from academia and logistic service providers. This paper introduces a variant of this problem: the two-echelon truck and drone routing problem, characterized by stochastic demand existence and soft time windows. A Markov chain is used to model the problem, and a linear mathematical model is presented. This work employs a hybrid large-neighborhood search approach. Numerous computational experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution method, and the results demonstrate its efficacy.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Computer science", "Markov chain", "Vehicle routing problem", "Service (business)", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-224307" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212111114", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-31998-2_1", "title": "Smart Logistics Dashboard: Integrated ETA Prediction, Route Optimization and Analytics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-10", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Aksita Siddharth", "Riddhi Singh Raghuvanshi", "Manasvi Nekkanti", "Manish Tiwari" ], "first_author": "Aksita Siddharth", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Gradient boosting", "Big data", "Analytics", "Dashboard", "Smart city", "Boosting (machine learning)", "Profiling (computer programming)", "Customer service", "Sentiment analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-31998-2_1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285821908", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4165926", "title": "Time-Dependent Two-Echelon Truck and Drone Routing Problem", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ebrahim Teimoury", "Reza Rashid" ], "first_author": "Ebrahim Teimoury", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Aeronautics", "Business", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Automotive engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4165926" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3119599342", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-55385-2_2", "title": "The Influence of Logistics Decisions on Transport Decarbonization: Lessons from Local to Global Scale", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lóránt Antal Tavasszy" ], "first_author": "Lóránt Antal Tavasszy", "venue": "Greening of industry networks studies", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Business", "Supply chain", "Industrial organization", "Multimodal transport", "Mode of transport", "Container (type theory)", "Environmental economics", "Transport engineering", "Economics", "Marketing", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:764fbf30-caf0-4a36-a6ae-b150716ed2a2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392169926", "doi": "10.58956/liikenne.143000", "title": "Zero emission freight transport and impacts on last mile delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Samuel Babjak", "Chirs Yung" ], "first_author": "Samuel Babjak", "venue": "Liikenne-vuosikirja", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This literature review explores mainly the challenges and potential solutions in urban freight transportation, for last-mile logistics. The growing number of delivery vehicles in urban areas has led to problems such as traffic congestion, competition for parking spaces, noise, and air pollution. To address these issues, the paper focuses on the last mile problem in transportation logistics and the potential of disruptive innovations, a potential of disruptive innovations such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Autonomous Delivery Robots (ADRs) as alternatives to traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. It highlights the drastic operational differences between aerial drones and ADRs and the need for changes in operational procedures to fully leverage these technologies. The study also discusses routing strategies and delivery routes, emphasizing the shift from one-route delivery to a point-to- point model with the advent of autonomous vehicle technologies. The paper concludes that while these technologies can reduce costs and emissions, their effectiveness depends on the specific urban setting and operational factors.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Zero (linguistics)", "Zero emission", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Geography", "Waste management", "Geodesy" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://liikenne.journal.fi/article/download/143000/90357" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2657605618", "doi": null, "title": "Urban transport IV: urban transport and the environment for the 21st century", "year": 1998, "publication_date": "1998-01-01", "type": "book", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Carlos S. Borrego", "L. J. Sucharov" ], "first_author": "Carlos S. Borrego", "venue": "Medical Entomology and Zoology", "publisher": "Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology", "abstract": "Section 1 - Environmental Aspects: Highway safety: a probabilistic assessment of external risk factors The second-best pricing problem for urban transit systems with environmental constraints Urban transport and the environment: Italian case studies. Section 2 - Air Quality: Air pollution in Lithuanian cities Traffic induced air pollution in Milan city: a modelling study Implementation of air quality management in urban areas of England -the role of transport planning Progress with integrating air quality management into the Transport Policies and Programmes of English County Government Outdoor-indoor air quality in Riyadh: particulate matter, Pb and CO Intersection management: air quality impacts Statistical analysis of ozone concentration: a forecasting and control model in urban areas Personal exposure to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in microbuses' environment in M?xico City Forecasting of air pollution in urban areas by means of artificial neural networks A selection of the scenarios of ozone pollution by using principal component analysis. Section 3 - Emissions: The relation between vehicular fuel consumption and exhaust emission and the characteristics of driving patterns Transportation emissions in Lebanon: extent and mitigation The environmental impact of vehicle emission standards. Section 4 - Urban Transport: The characteristics of buses for public urban transport and the environment Multilevel random effects analysis of modal use constraints and perceptions on public transportation using data from Germany Comparing the Adelaide taxi industry studies of 1996 and 1998 Passive safety of railway vehicles, driver's cab structural design Basic performances of new electric multiple train for urban and suburban traffic in Yugoslavia The south expansion of the Porto Metropolitan Area light-metro system. Section 5 - Parking: ECOVIA: Coimbra's innovative park-and-ride system Environmental impacts of parking facilities in urban areas Evolution of a car park study: a shopping centre in Gaziantep Shafts for natural light and ventilation in underground automobile parking areas Influence of outdoor conditions on the natural ventilation in underground automobile parking areas. Section 6 - Freight: Urban freight analysis and measures. Application to the centre of Sevilla Urban freight transport: learning from the practices in two countries. Section 7 - Traffic Modelling: Stochastic vehicle routing and scheduling using a heuristic approach Modeling vehicle headways for low traffic flows on urban freeways and arterial roadways The simulation study of traffic information strategies using the computer for data collection on drivers' responses to ATIS A procedure to consistently update OD matrix and network parameters using screen line traffic counts A mathematical model for optimisation of traffic operations performance Dynamic transit assignment algorithms for urban congested networks A segment-linked optimisation model for Pavement Management Systems CITYSIM - Validated assessment tool for simulating urban traffic and environmental impacts Multimodal network design problems A comparison of short distance transport modes. Section 8 - Location Planning: An analysis of the relationships between motorization and housing planning Modeling residential and workplace location assessment on car commuting energy Optimal location planning of logistics terminals based on multiobjective programming method Transportation compatible land uses and bus-stop location. Section 9 - Cost Studies: Cost-benefit analysis of passenger transport terminals Methodology for the calculation of vehicle-associated costs in urban areas Urban travel time evaluation: an economic approach External costs of passenger transport in Belgian cities. Section 10 - Noise Pollution: Noise prediction generated from departing cars based on a man-machine-system model Intersection management: noise impacts. Section 11 - City Planning: Future urban and metropolitan mobility strategies - Five crucial issues The Italian industrial districts and transport/communication facilities Evacuation transportation planning: a method to identify optimal independent routes Analysing transport, land use and the environment in the Stockholm region GHG management strategies and sustainable transportation: conclusions and results Better understanding of the pattern of transportation and the quality of life in the city: A case study - Glasgow, Scotland Towards a non-competitive motoring system: unexplored opportunities for social, cultural, ecological and economic progress.", "keywords": [ "Air quality index", "Public transport", "Air pollution", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Urban planning", "Particulates", "Urban area", "Environmental planning", "Environmental engineering", "Engineering", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA38240951" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3138193185", "doi": null, "title": "Energy consumption prediction and routing for electric commercial vehicles", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rafael Basso" ], "first_author": "Rafael Basso", "venue": "Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)", "publisher": "Chalmers University of Technology", "abstract": "With the recent growing interest for electric vehicles as one of the initiatives to help tackle pollution and climate change, several opportunities and challenges emerge. This kind of vehicle releases no tailpipe emissions, is quieter, more energy efficient in terms of tank-to-wheels and simpler, which can lead to less maintenance. On the other hand, their battery is still the main limitation in terms of energy capacity, time to recharge, weight and cost. One of the main consequences is a limitation in driving range, which especially affects commercial vehicles. In order to adopt electric trucks for urban distribution of goods, there is a need to improve and adapt current planning tools to take into account their constraints. To plan the routes and charging for these vehicles it is necessary to estimate their energy consumption accurately.This thesis focuses on the development of energy consumption prediction and routing methods for electric commercial vehicles. The first part presents an overall background and short state of the art review. The main contributions are presented in the second part. The included articles are a step-by-step development of the methods, each covering different aspects of the problem. The first paper presents a deterministic energy prediction model integrated into routing models. The second paper proposes a probabilistic energy estimation method based on Bayesian machine learning and adds chance-constraints into the routing problem in order to plan charging within a confidence interval. The third paper covers routing with dynamic customers and stochastic energy consumption, proposing a solution method based on Safe Reinforcement Learning to minimize the risk of battery depletion by planning charging in an anticipative way. All papers are validated with realistic simulations as well as logged data. The results indicate that it is possible to save energy and reduce the risk of running out of energy while en route.", "keywords": [ "Energy consumption", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Probabilistic logic", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computer science", "Range (aeronautics)", "Truck", "Engineering", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/522035" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165944231", "doi": "10.1061/9780784487020.074", "title": "Route Optimization Framework for Electric versus Gasoline Truck Fleets", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sarah Saadeh", "Shams Tanvir" ], "first_author": "Sarah Saadeh", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Freight transportation plays a critical role in economic activity but remains a major source of congestion, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. As California advances toward cleaner mobility, electric trucks (ETs) present an opportunity to reduce environmental impacts; however, their advantages depend on traffic conditions, route characteristics, and temporal variability. This study develops a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework that integrates Caltrans Performance Measurement System (PeMS) traffic data with vehicle energy models to evaluate the relative efficiency of electric and gasoline trucks across freeway corridors. By generating time-of-day traffic profiles and mapping energy performance along key routes, the framework identifies segments where ETs have superior performance over gasoline trucks, particularly in urban delivery contexts and off-peak operations. Conversely, gasoline trucks retain advantages on long-haul routes constrained by battery range. The findings provide fleet managers with data-driven guidance for route selection, vehicle deployment, and infrastructure planning to support sustainable freight transportation.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Gasoline", "Greenhouse gas", "Key (lock)", "Sustainable transport", "Battery electric vehicle", "Energy (signal processing)", "Battery (electricity)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784487020.074" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3146034555", "doi": null, "title": "Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Two-echelon Location-routing Problem", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chen Jiu-me" ], "first_author": "Chen Jiu-me", "venue": "Jisuanji gongcheng", "publisher": "East China Computer Technology Research Institute", "abstract": "Aiming at Two-echelon Location-routing Problem(2E-LRP) of city logistics distribution system, Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) algorithm is applied to solve it. The selection strategies of this algorithm are extended. Tournament selection strategy with parameter control is put forward based on two common selection strategies, which includes the selection strategy based on fitness and tournament selection strategy. Through simulation on large, medium, small scale examples, results show that ABC algorithm can effectively solve 2E-LRP within reasonable computation time, and ABC algorithm using selection strategy based on fitness has faster speed, using tournament selection strategy has higher quality of the best solution, using tournament selection strategy with a parameter control has better quality of the poor solution and can get the stable solutions.", "keywords": [ "Tournament selection", "Tournament", "Computer science", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Artificial bee colony algorithm", "Fitness proportionate selection", "Mathematical optimization", "Computation", "Quality (philosophy)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Control (management)", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JSJC201401036.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1530786146", "doi": "10.2495/ut050861", "title": "Cost Benefit Analysis for Urban Policy Measures Related to Economic Transport", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-03-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gernot Thorsten Liedtke", "David W. Schmedding", "T Marouda" ], "first_author": "Gernot Thorsten Liedtke", "venue": "WIT transactions on the built environment", "publisher": "WIT Press", "abstract": "This paper discusses the application of urban freight transport decision-support tools in cost benefit analyses (CBA). The principles of the CBA are based on the Microeconomic Theory. It is supposed that individuals optimise their benefits and, therefore, a single policy measure can have a certain influence on the whole consumption pattern. When the effects of a policy measure on the situation of companies are assessed in the framework of a CBA, a cost minimising can be supposed, and adaptations of the individual companies could be modelled by the application of optimisation tools. The difference between the cost situation before and after the realisation of a policy measure could thereby be determined. As an example, the adaptation changes in routing behaviour in the urban goods distribution will be discussed. It is shown that adaptations in the routing can absorb parts of the costs resulting from a lorry ban on certain urban streets. Guidelines for the use of optimisation tools for company modelling are deduced. Behaviour reactions of economic transport actors and methods for their assessment are analysed. For the covering abstract see ITRD E129315.", "keywords": [ "Measure (data warehouse)", "Realisation", "Transport engineering", "Adaptation (eye)", "Cost–benefit analysis", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Environmental economics", "Consumption (sociology)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Truck", "Operations research", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT05/UT05086FU.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7159837646", "doi": "10.37943/25onqv4873", "title": "INTELLIGENT DRONE ROUTE PLANNING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: OPTIMIZATION AND SAFETY", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Manara Seksembayeva", "Zhaksylyk Amangaliyev", "Miras Anuarbekov" ], "first_author": "Manara Seksembayeva", "venue": "Scientific Journal of Astana IT University", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study develops and evaluates an intelligent route-planning model for unmanned aerial vehicles operating in urban environments with the objective of minimizing total flight time while maintaining flight safety. The proposed approach addresses a practical last-mile delivery scenario in a smart-city context and is implemented using Google OR-Tools within a constrained Traveling Salesman Problem framework. Open geospatial data from OpenStreetMap are used to obtain building geometries, street topology, and available height-related attributes, while meteorological data from OpenWeatherMap are used to account for wind conditions in flight-time estimation. Safe cruising altitude is determined from the maximum surrounding obstacle height with an additional safety margin. If explicit building-height data are unavailable, height is approximated from the number of building levels. A prototype system was developed to visualize routes, estimate route distance, flight time, and delivery cost, and export missions in MAVLink/QGroundControl-compatible format. Experimental scenarios for real delivery points in the Astana metropolitan area, including Astana, Kosshy, and Koyandy demonstrate the practical feasibility of the proposed open-data-driven routing approach and show improvements over a baseline sequential routing strategy. The scientific contribution of the study lies in the integration of open geospatial building data, weather-aware flight-time estimation, and safety-oriented altitude selection into a reproducible urban UAV route-planning framework. The proposed method can support the development of safe and cost-efficient drone delivery services in dense urban environments. Experimental scenarios with increasing numbers of delivery points demonstrated that the proposed method remains computationally efficient, with sub-second solver runtime for the tested cases for practical smart-city logistics applications.", "keywords": [ "Geospatial analysis", "Drone", "Context (archaeology)", "Route planning", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Obstacle", "Solver", "Trajectory" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.37943/25onqv4873" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3122869658", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.2441929", "title": "Enabling Urban Logistics Services at La Poste Through Multi-Level Location-Routing", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Matthias Winkenbach", "Paul R. Kleindorfer", "Stefan Spinler" ], "first_author": "Matthias Winkenbach", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2441929" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409713479", "doi": "10.3390/wevj16040220", "title": "eVTOL Dispatch Cost Optimization Under Time-Varying Low-Altitude Delivery Demand", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tao Li", "Y. F. Du", "Zemin Zhang", "Yushun Wang" ], "first_author": "Tao Li", "venue": "World Electric Vehicle Journal", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In the emerging paradigm of embodied intelligence, eVTOL technology holds significant potential to transform the low-altitude economy, particularly in short-distance emergency logistics and urban distribution. Companies like Meituan and Shunfeng (SF) are pioneering fixed low-altitude routes to reduce reliance on human delivery. We first investigate the performance and routing of Meituan’s eVTOL system, focusing on the dynamic optimization of eVTOL reserves and total costs at distribution stations under fluctuating order surges and charging constraints. An iterative algorithm is constructed, supported by numerical examples and Monte Carlo simulations. Our results reveal that cost parameters and demand characteristics jointly shape eVTOL incremental decision-making and its economic performance. To optimize costs, strategies like multi-period decentralized scheduling or low-frequency centralized decision-making are proposed. Future research will address limitations such as 2C charging effects and joint battery-eVTOL replenishment to further advance urban logistics and low-altitude economy development.", "keywords": [ "On demand", "Altitude (triangle)", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/16/4/220/pdf?version=1744018605" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408623159", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247072/v1", "title": "A two-stage stochastic optimization model for synchronized two-echelon routing problems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-19", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Çiğdem Karademir", "Jesper J. Zwaginga", "Breno A. Beirigo", "Bilge Atasoy" ], "first_author": "Çiğdem Karademir", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Stage (stratigraphy)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Mathematics", "Geology", "Computer network", "Paleontology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247072/v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387869567", "doi": "10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279139", "title": "An Efficient Scheduling Scheme for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Instant Delivery", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhuo Qi Chen", "Xinyu Li", "Ziyi Hu", "Yue Cao", "Yulin Hu", "Hassan Jalil Hadi" ], "first_author": "Zhuo Qi Chen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As a convenient means of transportation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide consumers and merchants with safe, efficient, and contactless instant delivery services. However, online orders are often concurrent, dynamic, and with time constraints in an instant delivery system. Therefore, it's important to optimally schedule the delivery sequence upon the UAVsystem. In this paper, we design a real-time UAV delivery scheduling model considering dynamic online orders. Through our instant delivery management system, the urban delivery network can be updated in real time according to order information. Considering the practical situation, customers with spatial diversity may produce orders with common order requirements, so we consider the overlap of UAV routes in the scheduling process. An order merging algorithm (OMA) is then proposed to improve the delivery efficiency (the ratio of the number of completed orders to the times UAVs visit stores) of UAVs. With the help of proposed system-level decision-making method, our system can meet real-time concurrent order demands across urban delivery networks. To evaluate the performance of system, we further carry out simulation experiments to verify the effectiveness of our scheme. Results show that the proposed UAVscheduling scheme improves the efficiency of UAV instant delivery.", "keywords": [ "Instant", "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Real-time computing", "Schedule", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Distributed computing", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279139" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285237706", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4113893", "title": "Can Truck Eco-Routing Bridge the Gap in the Transition to Zero-Emission?", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anmol Pahwa", "Miguel Jaller" ], "first_author": "Anmol Pahwa", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Zero emission", "Bridge (graph theory)", "Zero (linguistics)", "Transition (genetics)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Business", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Computer science", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4113893" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3096593091", "doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/1659/1/012049", "title": "The Topology of a New Energy Router and Its Coordinated Control Strategy", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Min Wang", "Jiayi Li" ], "first_author": "Min Wang", "venue": "Journal of Physics Conference Series", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract With the rapid growth of the permeability of distributed new energy and the development of Energy Routers based on power electronics technology, the construction of AC/DC hybrid distribution network based on Energy Routers is expected to become a new development direction of urban power grid. This paper proposes a hybrid AC/DC main urban power Grid and Microgrid interconnection architecture based on a new Energy Router topology and its coordinated control strategy as the basic module of future urban power Grid. In this paper, considering the current situation of land resource shortage in the central area of the city, the new energy generation and energy storage technologies represented by photovoltaic building integration and electric vehicles are considered and connected to the urban distribution network in the form of integrated Microgrid. Considering that the electricity production and consumption patterns of adjacent Microgrids may be greatly different, the interconnection architecture between the main power grid and the Microgrid can be constructed. So in this paper, the Energy Router integrated with AC and DC double busbar and four voltage source inverter, coordinated control strategy is a blend of PQ control strategy and V/f control strategy, based on the disturbance observation method of MPPT control strategy of photovoltaic power generation and the control strategy of energy storage system, it not only make full use of new energy, but also effectively ensure the quality of electricity supply. Simulation and analysis of each model and control strategy were carried out on MATLAB 2016a/Simulink simulation platform, and the results verified the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed Energy Router topology and coordination control strategy.", "keywords": [ "Microgrid", "Router", "Photovoltaic system", "Energy storage", "Distributed generation", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Renewable energy", "Power (physics)", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1659/1/012049/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3133751391", "doi": "10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000682", "title": "Neighborhood-Specific Traffic Impact Analysis of Restaurant Meal Delivery Trips: Planning Implications and Case Studies in Chicago", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ning Ai", "Junjun Zheng", "Xiaochen Chen", "Kazuya Kawamura" ], "first_author": "Ning Ai", "venue": "Journal of Urban Planning and Development", "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers", "abstract": "This study explores how strategic planning may help avoid unnecessary increases in the transportation impacts of growing urban delivery services. Restaurant meal delivery (RMD) is studied as an example to demonstrate how the preferred method and local impacts of delivery vehicle trips may vary by neighborhood characteristics (e.g., restaurant density and service areas, customer demand, and delivery driver availability). Instead of seeking route optimization solutions, this study developed a generic model to estimate the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per meal order for three generalized types of neighborhoods and six delivery scenarios that involve one or more strategies: (1) chaining customers; (2) chaining restaurants; (3) customers picking up orders at a designated location (instead of door-to-door services); and (4) crowdsourcing drivers. The results from the model implementation in Chicago showed that alternative delivery strategies can reduce the VMT per order from one-to-one RMD by 16.1% to 61.1%, and the reduction effects of these strategies are varied by neighborhood. Great reductions in VMT per order could be achieved when the delivery time was extended (e.g., from 45 to up to 90 min). Accordingly, this study recommended neighborhood-specific policies for delivery services (e.g., chaining orders in areas with clustered restaurants offering small service zones and crowdsourcing drivers in areas with clustered restaurants offering large service zones), incentivizing socially preferable strategies (e.g., subsidizing customers willing to accommodate longer delivery time), and the public sector’s role in coordinating among service providers for neighborhood-conscious services.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Food delivery", "Business", "Subsidy", "Transport engineering", "Order (exchange)", "Service (business)", "Service delivery framework", "Service provider", "Public transport", "Marketing", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000682" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W427634414", "doi": "10.11175/easts.10.897", "title": "A Heuristic Approach for On-line Signal Repair Problems", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tsai‐Yun Liao", "Huei-Yu Guo" ], "first_author": "Tsai‐Yun Liao", "venue": "Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for transportation studies/Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies", "publisher": "Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies", "abstract": "Due to the advancement of information and communication, city logistics operations could be designed more efficiently, especially for on-line requests. This research proposes an on-line algorithm to consider new requests and real-time traffic conditions for signal repair problems. The research framework includes two parts, off-line route planning and on-line route updating. The off-line problem is solved through a time-dependent mathematical formulation and the CPLEX solver. The on-line algorithm is constructed based on two heuristic approaches, the INTERVAL strategy and the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm. The INTERVAL strategy considers new demands at appropriate intervals, while the SA algorithm is applied to generate the best service route. Numerical experiments through the simulation-assignment model, DynaTAIWAN, are conducted to illustrate the algorithm. The results describe that positive benefit, about 13.4% of reduction in the total completion time, is achieved when compared with empirical data in a real city network.", "keywords": [ "Simulated annealing", "Heuristic", "Solver", "Computer science", "Line (geometry)", "Mathematical optimization", "Interval (graph theory)", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Algorithm", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/10/0/10_897/_pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3013437864", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-15-0644-4_21", "title": "Route Choice Optimization for Urban Joint Distribution Based on the Two-Phase Algorithm", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qin Xiang" ], "first_author": "Qin Xiang", "venue": "Lecture notes in electrical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Joint (building)", "Greedy algorithm", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Mathematical optimization", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Order (exchange)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Line (geometry)", "Phase (matter)", "Algorithm", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0644-4_21" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385255833", "doi": "10.3233/faia230181", "title": "Research on Location-Route Problem of New Energy Logistics Vehicle Distribution System", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-07-21", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hao Chen", "Xuerui Qin" ], "first_author": "Hao Chen", "venue": "Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper takes the comprehensive system problem of charging station location and shortest path optimization faced by new energy vehicles in the distribution process as the research object. We hope to obtain a combination optimization method that can further support China’s use of new energy vehicles to complete urban distribution problems. This paper addresses the existing comprehensive challenges related to route selection and site allocation. It takes into account the short transportation mileage and low load capacity of new energy vehicles caused by charging constraints. At the same time, considering the timeliness of modern urban distribution, time window constraints and logic constraints are added. Taking the minimum number of charging stations and the minimum transportation cost as the multi-objective problem of combinatorial optimization, the mathematical model is finally established. After transforming the multi-objective problem into a single-objective problem, the genetic algorithm the genetic algorithm is used to solve the system problem comprehensively. Finally, an example is used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of genetic algorithm in solving the new energy vehicle distribution – location path combination optimization problem. It provides theoretical support and development prospects for further promoting urban distribution of new energy vehicles in the future.", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Mathematical optimization", "Computer science", "Path (computing)", "Process (computing)", "Shortest path problem", "Energy (signal processing)", "Optimization problem", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA230181" } ]