[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408559999", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.005", "title": "Urban case studies on optimized truck-drone last-mile distribution", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rui Zhang", "Junfeng Xiao", "Florian M. Heinitz" ], "first_author": "Rui Zhang", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Evaluating an urban/sub-urban freight transport system with targeted drone sorties from and in addition to delivery trucks at the micro level, we present a computational application of a single-truck, multiple-drones routing problem with self-developed heuristics for a set of real urban networks using a program solver. Results from five cities worldwide demonstrate by example that the new approach – compared to optimum road-based delivery – is more carbon and cost efficient, as it can save 43 to 51% in delivery time at a scale of 20 customer nodes. Further to this, a quantitative analysis of the impact of customer node aggregation and varying drone-to-truck speed ratios on the profitability and negative externalities of the collaborative delivery system is posed. In effect, the solution quality increases at a lower computational effort.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Mile", "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Last mile (transportation)", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Geography", "Automotive engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.005" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416749791", "doi": "10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246549", "title": "Landing-Aware Multi-Drone Routing in Last-Mile Delivery Services", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "JiHyun Kwon", "Yi‐Ying Chen", "GaHyun Lee", "Chung‐Wei Lin", "BaekGyu Kim" ], "first_author": "JiHyun Kwon", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "We propose a framework to compute the optimal routes for multi-drones to minimize the delivery time in the last-mile delivery service. We mainly focus on a notion of the landing exclusion zone that appears during the landing phase; an area around the drop-off site is blocked until a drop-off is completed. Such zones affect the delivery time as other drones need to detour or hover around the site unnecessarily. We formulate the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem by explicitly modeling the landing phase. Then, we present the heuristic algorithm that iteratively solves a sequence of single-drone delivery problems according to the delivery priorities. A delivery priority is determined according to the spatiotemporal occupancy that quantifies the significance of the size of the landing exclusion zone and its blocking period. We designed the experiment for 48 urban delivery scenarios with varying density and distribution of delivery destinations, departure points, and order quantities. Our experiment results show that the heuristic computes the routes significantly faster than the original MILP, and the delivery time is 5% higher from the optimal solution (lower-bound), and 60% lower from the general requirement of a single package per round-trip (upper-bound).", "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Focus (optics)", "Drone", "Linear programming", "Blocking (statistics)", "Integer programming", "Sequence (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246549" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2928077290", "doi": "10.1080/03081060.2019.1600240", "title": "An advanced solution for efficient logistics management at both company and network level", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-04-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou", "Evangelos D. Spyrou", "Dimitrios K. Mitrakos", "Maria Boilé" ], "first_author": "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou", "venue": "Transportation Planning and Technology", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "This paper proposes an advanced solution for efficient logistics management in urban areas based on a unified scheme able to address both static and dynamic decision making at a company and network level. The proposed solution generates the most efficient urban distribution plan utilizing an evolutionary metaheuristic approach and a backpressure framework that provide competitive scheduling and routing decisions. An empirical study based on real data is conducted assessing the performance of the proposed advanced solution and the reported results of the evaluation experiments demonstrate its generality and robustness.", "keywords": [ "Generality", "Computer science", "Metaheuristic", "Robustness (evolution)", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Operations research", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Plan (archaeology)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Engineering", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2019.1600240" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161263541", "doi": "10.1007/s43926-026-00342-6", "title": "Deep learning and genetic algorithm-driven e-commerce logistics route planning method", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jiping Liu" ], "first_author": "Jiping Liu", "venue": "Discover Internet of Things", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": "The rapid expansion of e-commerce has increased pressure on logistics systems to generate fast, cost-efficient, and adaptive delivery routes. Dynamically, traditional routing methods struggle to respond to fluctuating order volumes, traffic density, and resource limitations. To address these challenges, this research presents a Genetic Algorithm-optimized Attention-Based Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (GA-ABi-LSTM) framework for intelligent route planning in urban delivery environments. The dataset comprises 1000 real and simulated delivery records collected from multiple urban distribution centers, which contain key operational features such as order coordinates, delivery windows, vehicle capacity, traffic indices, fuel costs, and route performance metrics. Pre-processing uses normalization and anomaly detection to ensure consistency, while PCA highlights the most influential routing determinants. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) evolves route candidates by optimizing both cost and time through selection, crossover, and mutation. Bi-LSTM captures forward and backward temporal dependencies in delivery sequences, enabling accurate modeling of time-varying logistics behavior. Attention Mechanism (AM) prioritizes high-impact delivery nodes, traffic-sensitive segments, and urgent orders to enhance decision quality. The model is implemented using Python, integrating GA for search optimization, Bi-LSTM for sequential learning, and AM for feature prioritization. Experimental results validate the superiority of the proposed system. GA-ABi-LSTM achieves an F1-Score of 0.912480, training accuracy of 0.953720, reduced computation time to 48.317 s, and improved route metrics, including path length (185 km) and completion time (125 min) with a punctuality rate of 92%. Overall, the GA-ABi-LSTM framework significantly improves delivery efficiency, adaptability, and operational reliability compared with conventional logistics routing approaches.", "keywords": [ "Route planning", "Deep learning", "Genetic algorithm", "Key (lock)", "Automated planning and scheduling", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-026-00342-6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2303595731", "doi": null, "title": "Mathematical Programming Modeling and Resolution of the Location-Routing Problem in Urban Logistics 1 Modelación en programación matemática y resolución del problema de localización-ruteo en logística urbana 2", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "es", "authors": [ "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Nilson Herazo-Padilla" ], "first_author": "Andrés Muñoz‐Villamizar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract The implementation of urban distribution centers near to city centers to allow freight consolidation is a widely extended initiative worldwide, seeking to improve traffic congestion and quality of life in downtown, among oth-ers. This paper considers the problem of locating urban distribution centers and proposes an exact method, based on integer linear programming for strategic, tactical and operational decision-making. The aim is to solve, in an integer manner, location, sizing and operation (vehicle routing) problems in these logistics platforms. The model is validated using real-data taken from the city of Saint-Etienne, France. Computational experiments are also carried out in order to compare the proposed model with existing procedures from the literature. Results show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model and its applicability in real decision-making for medium sized data sets. Keywords Urban distribution centers; freight consolidation; traffic; decision levels", "keywords": [ "Integer programming", "Computer science", "Downtown", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Consolidation (business)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Linear programming", "Geography", "Mathematics", "Algorithm", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/iyu/article/viewFile/4776/9018" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396242787", "doi": "10.3390/su16093706", "title": "Sustainable Time-Dependent Cheapest Path Problem with Integrated Collaborative Stakeholders’ Perspectives", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ivana Cavar Semanjski", "Sidharta Gautama" ], "first_author": "Ivana Cavar Semanjski", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The Sustainable Time-Dependent Cheapest Path Problem (STDCPP) entails locating a Hamiltonian path that covers all of the graph’s vertices at the lowest possible total sustainability cost. The issue is inspired by actual city logistics, where it is important to consider the opinions of diverse stakeholders in the light of sustainable urban mobility plans and service viability. To address this issue, this paper suggests a twofold contribution. First, we describe the Sustainable Time-Dependent Cheapest Path Problem and define the complex cost function, which, based on the multi-criteria decision-making approach, integrates the views of different stakeholders and sustainability elements into the route cost calculation. Second, we show that the modified problem satisfies the FIFO (First-In First-Out) property and demonstrate the applicability of the suggested approach on a real-life scenario where route sustainability is extracted from the traffic sign information system available in Flanders, Belgium.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Graph", "City logistics", "Environmental economics", "Mathematical optimization", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/9/3706/pdf?version=1714988632" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7140210966", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2026.111992", "title": "A regulatory-no-fly-zone-aware drone-rider takeouts routing optimization", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fuqiang Lu", "Mathias Mankoe", "Hualing Bi" ], "first_author": "Fuqiang Lu", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Cluster analysis", "Tabu search", "Heuristic", "Key (lock)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Variable neighborhood search", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Drone", "Range (aeronautics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2026.111992" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415969655", "doi": "10.1109/cist65886.2025.11224224", "title": "Optimizing Delivery Routes using OpenStreetMap data and Dijkstra's Algorithm in Casablanca, Morocco", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sanaa Boumlal", "Oussama Hamal", "Laila El Abbadi" ], "first_author": "Sanaa Boumlal", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban logistics encounter considerable challenges due to Environmental concerns, Traffic congestion, and rising delivery demands. The use of Artificial intelligence (AI) and geographic information systems (GIS) technologies serves as a smart solution to tackle these problems. In this regard, this study focused on the city of Casablanca, Morocco, presenting a data driven approach to optimize delivery routes by using open-source geospatial resources with Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm. The primary objective is to identify optimal paths between delivery hubs and target destinations combining Operations limited by initial pickup and final delivery. The approach consists of processing OpenStreetMap (OSM) data to build a road network graph, where intersections are modeled as nodes and road segments as edges. Dijkstra's algorithm is used to identify the most efficient routes. The findings offer a comparison between the optimal routes and the classic ones, highlighting the potential of integrating geospatial and algorithmic solutions to transform urban delivery systems.", "keywords": [ "Geospatial analysis", "Geographic information system", "Shortest path problem", "Path (computing)", "Big data", "Smart city", "Intelligent transportation system", "Destinations" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/cist65886.2025.11224224" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401988948", "doi": "10.4018/979-8-3693-3402-7.ch010", "title": "Revolutionizing Urban Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-05", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "G. Sowmya", "R. Sridevi", "K. S. Sadasiva Rao" ], "first_author": "G. Sowmya", "venue": "Advances in civil and industrial engineering book series", "publisher": "IGI Global", "abstract": "This book chapter explores how blockchain can revolutionize urban mobility, focusing on enhancing smart city logistics. It addresses challenges like congestion and limited accessibility in modern cities. By leveraging blockchain's decentralized and transparent features, the chapter envisions transforming urban transportation, emphasizing secure transactions, optimized routes, and interoperability. It highlights decentralizing decision-making, empowering citizens and businesses. Real-world case studies illustrate practical implementation, promising increased efficiency, reduced congestion, and improved accessibility. The insights target urban planners, policymakers, and technologists, providing a guide for innovative solutions to advance sustainable and accessible urban transportation.", "keywords": [ "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3402-7.ch010" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4312538322", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4255424", "title": "A Branch-and-Price Method for a Two-Echelon Location Routing Problem with Recommended Satellites", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhi‐Hua Hu", "Xi-Dan Tian" ], "first_author": "Zhi‐Hua Hu", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Branch and price", "Integer programming", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4255424" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405133983", "doi": "10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.32057", "title": "AI-Driven Optimization of Last-Mile Delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arvind Badrinarayanan" ], "first_author": "Arvind Badrinarayanan", "venue": "International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The optimization of last-mile delivery represents a critical challenge in modern e-commerce logistics, consuming a substantial portion of total shipping costs. This comprehensive technical article examines how artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies are revolutionizing last-mile delivery operations through advanced route optimization, demand forecasting, and resource allocation. This article synthesizes findings from recent implementations across major logistics providers, demonstrating that AI-driven route optimization systems significantly reduce delivery times and decrease fuel consumption across diverse operational environments. Analysis of machine learning models deployed by leading e-commerce platforms shows marked improvements in delivery time prediction accuracy, achieving unprecedented precision in estimated delivery windows. This article examines key technical components, including dynamic routing algorithms, predictive demand modeling, and real-time fleet management systems, while also addressing implementation challenges such as data quality and system integration. Case studies from major logistics providers demonstrate substantial ROI improvements following AI implementation, with particular emphasis on neural network architectures optimized for urban delivery scenarios. This article provides a technical framework for understanding how AI technologies transform last-mile logistics while offering insights into future developments, including autonomous delivery systems and smart city integration.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Geography", "Geodesy" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.32057" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4384434004", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-36115-9_63", "title": "Optimization of Logistics Distribution Route Based on Ant Colony Algorithm – Taking Nantian Logistics as an Example", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhong Zheng", "Shan Liu", "Xiaoying Zhou" ], "first_author": "Zhong Zheng", "venue": "Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Computer science", "Path (computing)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Key (lock)", "Task (project management)", "MATLAB", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Estimation of distribution algorithm", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36115-9_63" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4361732497", "doi": "10.1109/netcit57419.2022.00106", "title": "Multi-Objective Optimization of Logistics Distribution Route Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fang Fu" ], "first_author": "Fang Fu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban residents' distribution needs such as small batch, personalization, convenience and high efficiency, as well as increasingly congested urban traffic, pose higher challenges to urban distribution efficiency. Logistics distribution is an important link in logistics activities, so it is necessary to optimize the dispatching of logistics distribution vehicles, rationally plan the driving routes of vehicles, and realize the minimum transportation cost. Scientific and reasonable planning of vehicle distribution path can reduce the distribution cost of enterprises, increase vehicle loading, improve customer satisfaction, and increase the profit and industry competitiveness of logistics enterprises. Through the analysis of vehicle scheduling and route selection in the process of logistics distribution, a multi type logistics distribution scheduling mathematical model is established, and an improved Genetic Algorithm (GA) is constructed on this basis, so as to optimize the algorithm efficiency of the scheduling model and reduce the calculation time and algorithm complexity, so as to obtain the optimal solution of the scheduling problem more effectively.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Genetic algorithm", "Profit (economics)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Customer satisfaction", "Estimation of distribution algorithm", "Job shop scheduling", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Algorithm", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netcit57419.2022.00106" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2788331309", "doi": null, "title": "Urban logistics pooling viability analysis via a multicriteria multiactor method", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jesús González-Feliu", "Josep Maria Salanova Grau", "Joëlle Morana", "Evangelos Mitsakis" ], "first_author": "Jesús González-Feliu", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Collaborative transportation and logistics pooling are relatively new concepts in research, but are very popular in practice. In the last years, collaborative transportation seems a good city logistics alternative to classical urban consolidation centres, but it is still in a development stage. This paper proposes a framework for urban logistics pooling ex-ante evaluation. This framework is developed with two purposes. The first is to generate comparable contrasted or progressive scenarios representing realistic situations; the second to simulate and assess them to make a \"before-after\" comparative analysis. In this framework, a demand generation model is combined with a route optimization algorithm to simulate the resulting routes of the proposed individual or collaborative distribution schemes assumed by each scenario. Then, several indicators can be obtained, mainly travelled distances, working times, road occupancy rates and operational monetary costs. To illustrate that framework, several scenarios for the urban area of Lyon (France) are simulated and discussed to illustrate the proposed framework possible applications.", "keywords": [ "Pooling", "City logistics", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Consolidation (business)", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Business", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00758238" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417098939", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2508.01476", "title": "CARGO: A Co-Optimization Framework for EV Charging and Routing in Goods Delivery Logistics", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-02", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arindam Khanda", "Anurag Satpathy", "Amit Jha", "Sajal Kumar Das" ], "first_author": "Arindam Khanda", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "With growing interest in sustainable logistics, electric vehicle (EV)-based deliveries offer a promising alternative for urban distribution. However, EVs face challenges due to their limited battery capacity, requiring careful planning for recharging. This depends on factors such as the charging point (CP) availability, cost, proximity, and vehicles' state of charge (SoC). We propose CARGO, a framework addressing the EV-based delivery route planning problem (EDRP), which jointly optimizes route planning and charging for deliveries within time windows. After proving the problem's NP-hardness, we propose a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)-based exact solution and a computationally efficient heuristic method. Using real-world datasets, we evaluate our methods by comparing the heuristic to the MILP solution, and benchmarking it against baseline strategies, Earliest Deadline First (EDF) and Nearest Delivery First (NDF). The results show up to 39% and 22% reductions in the charging cost over EDF and NDF, respectively, while completing comparable deliveries.", "keywords": [ "Integer programming", "Heuristic", "Benchmarking", "Linear programming", "Baseline (sea)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Point (geometry)", "Route planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.01476" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7207865459", "doi": "10.54660/.ijmrge.2020.1.5.1183-1198", "title": "Routing of Motorcycle Dispatch Deliveries on Congested and Poorly Connected Urban Networks in Lagos", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ridwan Tiamiyu", "Oladimeji Basit Alaka" ], "first_author": "Ridwan Tiamiyu", "venue": "International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Dispatch riders carry a growing share of urban deliveries in Lagos, over a network whose traveltimes are unreliable as well as long and whose minor links fail intermittently. Routing modelsin practice optimize on mean travel times. We formulate the multi-trippickup and delivery problem with time windows for a motorcycle fleet as a mixed integer program,solve small instances exactly, and develop an adaptive large neighborhood search for the sizes asolver cannot reach, on an OpenStreetMap extract of Lagos Mainland with correlated traveltimes. Exact solution proves optimalityat six requests and one instance of eight and returns no feasible plan at twelve and beyond; theheuristic matches every proven optimum. Under Monte Carlo execution over five independentreplicates, a chance-constrained buffer raises realized on-time delivery from 87.8 to 97.0percent and cuts the ninety-ninth percentile of lateness from 49.7 to 15.1 minutes, at thecost of 4.4 percent morerider travel, planned and realized alike. The variability level at which determinismstops holding a 90 percent promise belongs to the order book, not the network. Pooled overinstances the crossing is sharp, at 0.527 times the calibrated variability level, anorigin-destination coefficient of variation of 0.170; the three order books taken separatelycross at 1.285 and 0.552 times that level, and one not at all. Thebuffered plan also wins at every level while receiving 2.7 times fewer search iterationsunder an equal wall-clock budget. The two plans therefore cannot be ranked on the deterministic objective, which is optimistic about the quantity it optimizes.", "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Percentile", "Order (exchange)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Matching (statistics)", "Investment (military)", "Plan (archaeology)", "Variation (astronomy)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.allmultidisciplinaryjournal.com/uploads/archives/20260903105158_MGE-E-20-131.1.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7123291485", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18216890", "title": "e-Logistics: Sequential Dijkstra with Learning Bias for Efficient Truck Routing in Urban Areas", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zine El Abidine Falouti" ], "first_author": "Zine El Abidine Falouti", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This research studies the optimization and the generation of the most optimized paths in heavy-traffic urban transport for trucks using modified and dynamic short path algorithms. Logisticians are always in need of effective methods to reduce the cost in the distribution process within a supply chain, and also to determine the best incoterm for their trades, either for sales or acquisition, thus the objective of this research is to equip logisticians with e-Logistics tools and technologies to help them adapt and adjust their planification to gain the most from the incoterm of their choice during every trade. Our focus is to maximize the benefits of the chosen incoterms for each transaction, as this study focuses specifically on urban areas with heavy traffic, which consistently present challenges for logistics optimization, particularly for trucks navigating designated international transport routes or urban delivery points.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Process (computing)", "Supply chain", "Dijkstra's algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Focus (optics)", "Path (computing)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18216890" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7123257916", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18216891", "title": "e-Logistics: Sequential Dijkstra with Learning Bias for Efficient Truck Routing in Urban Areas", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zine El Abidine Falouti" ], "first_author": "Zine El Abidine Falouti", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This research studies the optimization and the generation of the most optimized paths in heavy-traffic urban transport for trucks using modified and dynamic short path algorithms. Logisticians are always in need of effective methods to reduce the cost in the distribution process within a supply chain, and also to determine the best incoterm for their trades, either for sales or acquisition, thus the objective of this research is to equip logisticians with e-Logistics tools and technologies to help them adapt and adjust their planification to gain the most from the incoterm of their choice during every trade. Our focus is to maximize the benefits of the chosen incoterms for each transaction, as this study focuses specifically on urban areas with heavy traffic, which consistently present challenges for logistics optimization, particularly for trucks navigating designated international transport routes or urban delivery points.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Process (computing)", "Supply chain", "Dijkstra's algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Focus (optics)", "Path (computing)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18216891" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2955507996", "doi": "10.2478/ttj-2019-0020", "title": "Innovative Scheme for Efficient Freight Movement and Sustainable Emissions Management", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou", "Evangelia Papargyri", "Maria Boilé" ], "first_author": "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou", "venue": "Transport and Telecommunication Journal", "publisher": "De Gruyter Open", "abstract": "Abstract This paper presents and analyses an innovative integrated scheme that aims to rationalize and improve the efficiency of urban freight transport as well as to promote reduced GHG emissions and traffic flows. Emissions management has become critical concern for modern companies and public authorities seeking to reduce carbon emissions and energy consumption from private and commercial heavy vehicle fleets, in line with the political targets of COP21 to COP23. The proposed scheme aims to utilize the current technological advances for efficient transport and logistics operations that regional authorities and companies can use and afford in order to provide competitive traffic management decisions as well as improvements in terms of pollutant emissions reduction. Both public and private stakeholders could interact to monitor and evaluate the impact of traffic policies and measures over time as well as the level of success of their routing strategies. Computational results on different scenarios of an experimental simulation model illustrate the competitiveness of the proposed scheme in an effort to quantify its effect.", "keywords": [ "Greenhouse gas", "Environmental economics", "Business", "Order (exchange)", "Sustainable transport", "Transport engineering", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Traffic management", "Efficient energy use", "Energy consumption", "Emissions trading", "Sustainability" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2019-0020" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7119503254", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6039454", "title": "Energy-Aware Integrated Order Assignment and Routing for Heterogeneous Couriers in on-Demand Delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Xiang Guo", "Zhiyuan Wang", "Xiaoyu Ma", "Yuli Zhang", "Lun Ran", "Yucai Yang" ], "first_author": "Xiang Guo", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Swap (finance)", "Efficient energy use", "Order (exchange)", "Tabu search", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Solver" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6039454" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393285561", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-54671-6_9", "title": "Assessment of Last-Mile Delivery Methods in E-commerce: A Case Study in Bucharest", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dorinela Costescu", "Bianca-Cristiana Tănase" ], "first_author": "Dorinela Costescu", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Geography", "Engineering", "Geodesy" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54671-6_9" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404246980", "doi": "10.1007/s10791-024-09469-y", "title": "Vehicle-drone collaborative distribution path planning based on neural architecture search under the influence of carbon emissions", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jia Ma", "Xinru Ma", "C. T. Li", "Tongyan Li" ], "first_author": "Jia Ma", "venue": "Discover Computing", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Intelligent operation and green distribution have become a mainstream task to enable fast development of urban distribution applications. However, how to improve the distribution efficiency with low operating costs, and mitigate environmental pollution with high service quality is still a significant challenge in the practical industry applications. To address the above challenge, in this paper, we take into account both the economic cost and environmental cost, and propose a joint distribution path planning model based on neural architecture search (NAS) for electric vehicles with double-decked drones. More specifically, in our design, the factors such as energy consumption and carbon emissions of vehicles and drones during different distribution stages are considered. Then, a mixed integer linear programming model is established under the constraints of customer time window, vehicle capacity and vehicle battery capacity. Based on this model, a hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem, where the carbon emission cost is estimated by the convolution neural network model, which is optimized by the neural architecture search technique. We conduct extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that, compared with CPLEX, the proposed method excelled in both solution quality and speed, which verify the effectives of our hybrid algorithm in dealing with the 2E-VRPD problem, where delivery routes can be well optimized, the efficiency of vehicle-machine collaborative delivery can be improved, and delivery costs are reduced.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Architecture", "Motion planning", "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Environmental science", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer network", "Geography", "Robot", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-024-09469-y.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164860374", "doi": "10.1109/fasta70174.2026.11548792", "title": "Joint Resource Allocation and Routing for Truck-Drone Collaborative Delivery in Complex Urban Environments", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ze Li", "Zhenyu Gao", "Ge Guo" ], "first_author": "Ze Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper addresses the resource allocation and route coordination problem in a truck-drone collaborative delivery system (TDCDS) under complex urban environments, and a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization framework is developed to jointly optimize customer-to-vehicle assignment, truck routing on a directed road network with turn constraints, and drone task grouping. The proposed method integrates a truck path planner based on A* algorithm and an UAV path planner that groups drone-served customers into feasible sorties under payload and range limitations. By incorporating hard constraints such as parcel weight, and item fragility, the algorithm ensures operational feasibility while minimizing total system cost. Numerical experiments are conducted on a simulated urban delivery instance with 220 customers, and the results show that the proposed GA-based coordination strategy significantly outperforms the truck-only delivery scheme, reducing the total cost by 59.1 % and the mission time by 60.2 %. These findings verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in enabling efficient and scalable truck-drone collaboration.", "keywords": [ "Joint (building)", "Resource allocation", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Resource management (computing)", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/fasta70174.2026.11548792" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7108696896", "doi": "10.1016/j.engappai.2025.113453", "title": "A collaborative bi-level optimization approach for smart logistics: Depot location and unmanned aerial vehicle-based pickup-delivery services", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yu Zheng", "Wendong Gai", "Jing Zhang", "Maiying Zhong" ], "first_author": "Yu Zheng", "venue": "Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Benchmark (surveying)", "Cluster analysis", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Fuzzy logic", "Software deployment", "Key (lock)", "Convergence (economics)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Depot" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.113453" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415491204", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7896001/v1", "title": "Cooperate to Generalize: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Real-time Ad Hoc Team Routing", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-24", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Gangyan Xu", "P.-J. Wan", "Jiawei Chen", "Zhengxiong Zhu" ], "first_author": "Gangyan Xu", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Leverage (statistics)", "Software deployment", "Wireless ad hoc network", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Generalizability theory", "Consistency (knowledge bases)", "Node (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7896001/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416794684", "doi": "10.1007/s10100-025-01010-w", "title": "The two-echelon location-routing model with multi-commodity, automated delivery systems and integrating people and freight transportation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Onur Derse", "Tom Van Woensel" ], "first_author": "Onur Derse", "venue": "Central European Journal of Operations Research", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "City logistics", "Quality (philosophy)", "Sample (material)", "Face (sociological concept)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-025-01010-w" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416262847", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2025.10.031", "title": "Evaluating Cargo Bike Delivery Applications in Urban Logistics: The Case of Zagreb", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Leonid Ljubotina", "Marko Ševrović", "Ali Pirdavani", "Bojan Jovanović" ], "first_author": "Leonid Ljubotina", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This study examines cargo bikes as a sustainable alternative for urban deliveries in Zagreb by comparing two delivery models: a conventional van-only system and a two-stage model in which cargo bikes operate from a city micro-hub. The analysis is based on GIS-based network simulations using OpenRouteService routing algorithms, integrating spatial data on 21 GLS parcel locker locations. Emissions were calculated using standard CO₂ factors for diesel vehicles, and operational time was derived by combining travel duration and estimated stop times. Results show that the two-stage model reduces CO₂ emissions by around 40% and decreases operational time by 23.5 minutes per delivery cycle. When scaled citywide, the approach could deliver substantial annual emission savings. The findings align with European and international case studies, reinforcing cargo bikes as a practical solution for low-emission urban logistics.", "keywords": [ "Duration (music)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Travel time", "Vehicle routing problem", "Sustainable transport", "Diesel fuel", "Urban area" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2025.10.031" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172273172", "doi": "10.3390/math14152730", "title": "Towards Carbon-Efficient Urban Logistics: A Constructive Routing Framework for Heterogeneous Courier Fleets", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Metin Özşahin" ], "first_author": "Metin Özşahin", "venue": "Mathematics", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The increasing demand for urban last-mile delivery services has intensified the need for routing approaches that simultaneously address operational efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study introduces the Green Multi-Courier Delivery Routing Problem (GMCDRP), a heterogeneous routing and assignment problem involving pedestrian couriers, electric bicycles, and motorized vehicles under capacity, distance, and service-time constraints. To solve the problem, a state-aware constructive heuristic named Emission-Minimizing Green Routing (EMGRO) is proposed. Unlike conventional metaheuristics that evaluate emissions after route generation, EMGRO integrates emission awareness directly into the assignment process by considering the real-time operational state of each courier and prioritizing the lowest-emission feasible alternative. The proposed method is evaluated using 20 large-scale scenarios derived from the real road network of Adana, Türkiye, each containing up to 1000 delivery requests. Its performance is compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approaches. Experimental results demonstrate that EMGRO achieves the lowest average emission per delivered package (0.512 g CO2/package), outperforming ACO, PSO, and GA by 47.9%, 44.1%, and 41.9%, respectively, while maintaining identical delivery coverage. Furthermore, EMGRO generates solutions within seconds, providing substantial computational advantages over population-based metaheuristics. The findings indicate that embedding environmental considerations directly into the decision-making process can significantly improve both sustainability and computational efficiency in heterogeneous urban delivery systems.", "keywords": [ "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristic", "Particle swarm optimization", "Metaheuristic", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Process (computing)", "Constructive" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/math14152730" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161996607", "doi": "10.1117/12.3114303", "title": "Research on high-speed rail express delivery route optimization based on genetic algorithm", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "type": "conference-abstract", "language": null, "authors": [ "Dongyan Dong", "Junlin Sha", "Meixia Song" ], "first_author": "Dongyan Dong", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The \"station-to-door\" distribution link of high-speed rail express has long faced problems such as unreasonable path planning, high operating costs and poor customer satisfaction, and it is urgently needed to be improved through systematic optimization research. Based on the three-level distribution network architecture of \"high-speed rail freight station-express operation department-terminal demand point\", this study comprehensively considers core factors such as transportation economy and timeliness, introduces customer soft time window constraints and vehicle load restrictions, and constructs an urban distribution path optimization model with total cost minimization as the objective function. In view of the nonlinearity and NP-hard characteristics of the model, the simulated annealing algorithm is selected as the solution tool. The experimental results show that compared with the historical or benchmark distribution plan, the optimization plan proposed in this paper has achieved a significant reduction in total cost. Compared with other algorithms, the total cost of this research plan is the lowest, which is 3784.2900 yuan, which saves 522.3155 yuan compared with the original plan of 4306.6055 yuan, and the cost saving rate reaches 12.13%, showing the effect of this research plan in reducing operating costs.", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Process (computing)", "Minification", "Key (lock)", "Stability (learning theory)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3114303" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412517456", "doi": "10.3390/systems13070613", "title": "Automated Parcel Locker Configuration Using Discrete Event Simulation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eugen Constantin ROȘCA", "Floriana Cristina Oprea", "Anamaria Ilie", "Ştefan Burciu", "Florin Valentin RUSCA" ], "first_author": "Eugen Constantin ROȘCA", "venue": "Systems", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Automated parcel lockers (APLs) are transforming urban last-mile delivery by reducing failed distributions, decoupling delivery from recipient availability, optimizing carrier routes, reducing carbon foot-print and mitigating traffic congestion. The paper investigates the optimal design of APLs systems under stochastic demand and operational constraints, formulating the problem as a resource allocation optimization with service-level guarantees. We proposed a data-driven discrete-event simulation (DES) model implemented in ARENA to (i) determine optimal locker configurations that ensure customer satisfaction under stochastic parcel arrivals and dwell times, (ii) examine utilization patterns and spatial allocation to enhance system operational efficiency, and (iii) characterize inventory dynamics of undelivered parcels and evaluate system resilience. The results show that the configuration of locker types significantly influences the system’s ability to maintain high customers service levels. While flexibility in locker allocation helps manage excess demand in some configurations, it may also create resource competition among parcel types. The heterogeneity of locker utilization gradients underscores that optimal APLs configurations must balance locker units with their size-dependent functional interdependencies. The Dickey–Fuller GLS test further validates that postponed parcels exhibit stationary inventory dynamics, ensuring scalability for logistics operators. As a theoretical contribution, the paper demonstrates how DES combined with time-series econometrics can address APLs capacity planning in city logistics. For practitioners, the study provides a decision-support framework for locker sizing, emphasizing cost–service trade-offs.", "keywords": [ "Event (particle physics)", "Discrete event simulation", "Computer science", "Computer graphics (images)", "Simulation", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/7/613/pdf?version=1753015702" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408262305", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-82818-8_51", "title": "Single-Charge Feasibility Evaluation of Synthetic Electric New York City Truck Tours", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haggai Davis", "Joseph Y.J. Chow" ], "first_author": "Haggai Davis", "venue": "Lecture notes in intelligent transportation and infrastructure", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Charge (physics)", "Transport engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82818-8_51" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7202279687", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-66873-8", "title": "Truck-drone collaborative delivery route optimization with carbon cost under normal-emergency dual-use", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qinyi Liu", "Chenglin Ma" ], "first_author": "Qinyi Liu", "venue": "Scientific Reports", "publisher": "Nature Portfolio", "abstract": "Abstract Urban freight systems in megacities must simultaneously address carbon reduction targets and emergency preparedness requirements. This study develops a systems-oriented optimization framework for truck-drone collaborative delivery that integrates both objectives. Using Chengdu as a case study, we propose a dual-mode routing model that explicitly incorporates carbon costs as a carbon tax into the objective function. The model is solved using an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search algorithm enhanced with Q-learning (ALNS-RL), featuring carbon-sensitive destruction and battery-constrained repair operators. We calibrate the model using Chengdu’s emission inventory across nine transport modes (2020–2025) and simulate it under carbon tax scenarios of 80, 150, and 300 CNY/ton. Results show that the drone usage ratio increases from 10.3% to 25.0% as the carbon tax rises, with a marginal incentive threshold near 150 CNY/ton. Under emergency mode, drone usage increases by 20%, while total cost and carbon emissions decrease by 4.3% and 4.2%, respectively. Overall, the proposed method reduces total cost by 31.0% and carbon emissions by 29.2% relative to a pure truck baseline. This study provides a practical decision-support framework for designing low-carbon and resilient urban logistics systems in megacities.", "keywords": [ "Carbon tax", "Truck", "Megacity", "Incentive", "Carbon fibers", "Total cost", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Greenhouse gas", "Reduction (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66873-8_reference.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2797995918", "doi": "10.2991/etmhs-18.2018.59", "title": "Supply Chain Finance Credit Risk and Its Establishment on Evaluation Index System", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Deai Deng" ], "first_author": "Deai Deng", "venue": "Proceedings of the 2018 4th International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2018)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Based on scientific and reasonable index system, the scientific evaluation of the location plan of the city logistics center and the construction of the logistics center in the best city location will play an important role in optimizing transportation routes, reducing logistics costs, improving operational efficiency and promoting urban development.This paper, based on the theory of location of city logistics center, expounds the function of city logistics center, points out the principle of site selection of city logistics center, constructs the architecture model of evaluation index system, and gives a brief description of the evaluation index system.The final evaluation index system consists of six first-level indicators such as infrastructure, economic factors, social factors, natural environment, logistics costs and business environment, and four second-level indicators under each first-level indicator. IntroductionMany small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in the supply chain.However, due to the small assets, poor solvency and the low transparency of financial information, financing becomes a problem, resulting in poor flow of funds, information flow and logistics in the supply chain.Even \"broken chain\" will appear, reducing the overall competitiveness of the supply chain.In this context, in order to better meet customer needs, banks conduct business innovation, promote the supply chain financial model, and explore the SME financing market.Based on the supply chain financial model, banks take advantage of the structural features of the entire chain to accurately grasp the entire trading point of the chain, relying on the core business to provide credit services to small-and-medium-sized enterprises in the chain, enabling more small-and-medium-sized enterprises to enter the capital market, banks to increase profits.At the same time, it has alleviated the capital problems of small and medium-sized enterprises, ensured the smooth operation of the supply chain and enhanced the overall competitiveness of the supply chain.Risk management is the core issue of financial management.Credit risk is the most important issue in risk management.With the expansion of credit transactions, credit risk is also increasing.Major banks have launched the financing model for supply chain finance.Behind the huge supply chain financial market, banks have not enough understanding of the credit risk of supply chain finance.The recognition, evaluation and control of credit risk are not perfect, which hinders the supply Chain finance promotion and innovation.This article analyzes the credit risk of supply chain finance, constructs the index system of information risk evaluation, provides support for the effective control of supply chain financial credit risk, and promotes the healthy development of supply chain finance. Definition on Basic ConceptsThe definition of basic concepts is not only related to the selection of research objects, but also to the scope of application of research results.The definition methods include abstract definition and operational definition.This study includes the following basic concepts:(1) Supply chain.Supply chain is around the core business, through the business flow, information flow, logistics, capital flow control, starting from the procurement of raw materials to", "keywords": [ "Index (typography)", "Credit risk", "Supply chain", "Chain (unit)", "Business", "Computer science", "Finance" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://download.atlantis-press.com/article/25893281.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7123836323", "doi": "10.1109/ictbig68706.2025.11323554", "title": "LogiAI: AI-Based Route Optimization and Delay Prediction for Last-Mile B2B Logistics in India", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-12", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mukesh Kumar", "Mukesh Patidar", "Arpit Mohankar", "Jui Kalan", "Jignesh Purohit", "Yash Prajapati" ], "first_author": "Mukesh Kumar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "LogiAI is an AI-driven platform for last-mile B2B logistics in India. It tackles major issues like inefficient multi-stop routing, unpredictable delays, and limited visibility. The platform uses a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with permutation-aware crossover operators, such as PMX and Edge Recombination, to solve multistop Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) instances efficiently [1]. At the same time, an XGBoost regression model predicts delivery delays by analyzing traffic patterns, weather data, and historical logs. This method has shown to be effective in logistics forecasting [5]. Real-time traffic and weather APIs allow for dynamic rerouting, and Socket.IO WebSocket support enables live tracking with sub-second latency. The frontend is built with Next.js/React.js and styled with Tailwind CSS, while a Node.js/Express server manages GA and XGBoost microservices using Python/Flask. MongoDB stores GPS logs, and PostgreSQL handles structured delivery metadata. Results from urban delivery datasets indicate reductions in route time by$18-20 \\%$, fuel savings of$15-25 \\%$, and prediction accuracy within less than 3 minutes MAE. The GA convergence aligns with benchmarks found in existing literature. LogiAI combines evolutionary optimization, predictive modeling, and real-time data into a scalable, modular design that significantly improves efficiency in real-world logistics operations.", "keywords": [ "Crossover", "Genetic algorithm", "Global Positioning System", "Travelling salesman problem", "Convergence (economics)", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution", "Modular design", "Big data" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ictbig68706.2025.11323554" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164527762", "doi": "10.3390/su18126019", "title": "Low-Emission Logistics: A Model for Optimizing Electric Truck Routes and Charging Stations, Integrating Solar Energy", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nijolė Batarlienė", "Inesa Pevcevic" ], "first_author": "Nijolė Batarlienė", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The rapid electrification of urban freight transport requires new optimization approaches that jointly consider logistics operations and energy system constraints. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that captures the interdependencies between vehicle operations, battery constraints, charging infrastructure availability and the temporal variability of photovoltaic energy. A multi-objective structure is adopted to minimize total energy costs and CO2 emissions while maximizing the utilization of locally generated renewable energy. The model is evaluated using scenario-based simulations under three solar integration levels (0%, 30% and 60%). The results demonstrate that integrating solar energy into routing and charging decisions significantly reduces grid dependency, lowers emissions and improves overall system efficiency. Three types of charging stations are considered in the study (S1, S2, and S3), differing in photovoltaic (PV) energy penetration levels, ranging from conventional grid-based charging (S1) to high renewable integration stations (S3). The quantitative analysis reveals a clear resource and emission structure across the simulated scenarios. Incorporating charging stops grid-wide increases the total distance from theoretical routes to real tracks with stops to overcome the 120 kW battery limit. However, the integration of solar energy significantly alters the system’s environmental costs: total CO2 emissions drop non-linearly by 33.4%, decreasing from 364.64 kg in the ‘Low Sun’ scenario to 243 kg in the ‘High Sun’ scenario. Furthermore, the localized impact shows that utilizing pure grid energy (S1) results in 405 kg of CO2, while maximizing solar integration up to 60% (S3) reduces emissions to 162 kg. The sensitivity analysis showed how varying the share of solar energy at the two main stations (S2 and S3) affects the total CO2 emissions, while maintaining the same routes. Three scenarios were examined: low (10% and 30%), base (30% and 60%) and high (50% and 90%) solar energy shares. As the share of solar energy in the system increases, a clear effect of emission reduction and energy cost optimization is observed.", "keywords": [ "Photovoltaic system", "Renewable energy", "Greenhouse gas", "Grid", "Truck", "Solar energy", "Electrification", "Battery (electricity)", "Electric vehicle" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/12/6019/pdf?version=1781683621" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213884023", "doi": "10.1117/12.3125577", "title": "Research on optimization of new energy logistics vehicle distribution routing based on improved genetic algorithm", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-21", "type": "conference-abstract", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chunhui Wang" ], "first_author": "Chunhui Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Under the background of the “dual-carbon” strategy, new energy logistics vehicles have become increasingly important in urban distribution systems due to their environmental friendliness and low operating emissions. However, compared with conventional fuel vehicles, their routing and scheduling are more strongly constrained by battery capacity, driving range, and charging requirements, which makes the route optimization problem considerably more complex. Focusing on the distribution scenario of new energy logistics vehicles, this paper establishes a route optimization model by comprehensively considering delivery distance, energy consumption, and operating cost. On this basis, an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is proposed to solve the problem efficiently. The proposed method incorporates heuristic initialization, adaptive crossover and mutation mechanisms, route repair, and 2-opt local search, so as to enhance both global exploration and local exploitation. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, comparative experiments are conducted against the standard genetic algorithm (GA), tabu search (TS), and ant colony optimization (ACO). In addition, a real-world enterprise case is employed to evaluate the engineering applicability of the model and algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed IGA outperforms the comparison algorithms in terms of route length, total energy consumption, return-to-depot frequency, feasible solution ratio, and convergence efficiency. The real-case study further demonstrates that the proposed approach can significantly reduce total delivery cost and delivery interruption rate. The findings indicate that the proposed method provides an effective and practical optimization tool for intelligent dispatching and green logistics distribution using new energy vehicles.", "keywords": [ "Crossover", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Tabu search", "Genetic algorithm", "Vehicle routing problem", "Convergence (economics)", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Energy (signal processing)", "Heuristic" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3125577" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165040616", "doi": "10.3390/drones10060466", "title": "Time-Efficient Routing and Speed Control for Truck Drone Delivery Under Non-Linear Energy Constraints", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuxuan Ji", "L Y Liu", "Yong Wang", "Xi Vincent Wang", "Lihui Wang" ], "first_author": "Yuxuan Ji", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Existing truck–drone collaborative routing models predominantly assume fixed flight speeds, overlooking the non-linear coupling among speed, payload, and energy consumption, which limits urban delivery efficiency. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes the multiple flying sidekick traveling salesman problem with variable drone speed (mFSTSP-VDS). Formulating drone cruising speed as a continuous variable under strict non-linear energy constraints, we design a hybrid algorithm (ALNS-SA-VND) to jointly optimize routing, task allocation, and speed. Empirical analysis of Wuhan’s road network demonstrates the VDS strategy’s robustness. Specifically, VDS reduces the system makespan by up to 17.5% compared to rigid maximum-speed strategies, with consistent stability across varying load scenarios. By adaptively trading permissible battery capacity for temporal synchronization, VDS effectively mitigates unnecessary truck waiting times at rendezvous nodes. This study quantitatively validates the impact of sortie-specific speed adaptation on time efficiency, providing an exploratory theoretical baseline for tactical-level planning in smart logistics networks.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Variable (mathematics)", "Truck", "Bridge (graph theory)", "Energy (signal processing)", "Stability (learning theory)", "Baseline (sea)", "Rendezvous", "Scheduling (production processes)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/10/6/466/pdf?version=1781706588" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2365170464", "doi": null, "title": "Development of New High-voltage Watt-hour Metering Device for Ring Main Unit", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Han Xia" ], "first_author": "Han Xia", "venue": "Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation", "publisher": "Technical Publications (NAID 618077)", "abstract": "This paper summarizes the lack of existing high-voltage watt-hour metering device for ring main unit based on the specific characteristics and requirements of ring main unit.A new type of high-voltage watt-hour metering device is proposed,and the technical route of the high-voltage sensor and current transformer power supply parts is highlighted.At last,the application of the new device in the urban distribution network is summarized.", "keywords": [ "Metering mode", "Watt", "Electrical engineering", "Voltage", "Engineering", "Transformer", "Unit (ring theory)", "High voltage", "Power (physics)", "Mechanical engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DCYQ201101018.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1528830813", "doi": "10.4271/981940", "title": "COMBI-ROAD An Innovation in Large Scale Container Transport", "year": 1998, "publication_date": "1998-08-11", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Frank Melcherts", "E Heere" ], "first_author": "Frank Melcherts", "venue": "SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Combi-Road is a container road transport system with high capacity. The system uses specially designed tracks which can be constructed as separate roads or as extra lanes alongside existing motorways. The containers are pulled on semi-trailers by unmanned automatically controlled electrical vehicles. The system allows to reduce the amount of vertical handlings in the transport chain. On so-called transfer stations containers are exchanged with sea shipping, road, railway and inland shipping. The Combi-Road project started January 1994. During the process of development the innovative technological nature of the concept has been strongly emphasized. In an early stage the implementation strategy has been paid attention to. This paper describes the basic technical details of the Combi-Road system, as well as the results of the initial test phase which has been completed by the end of 1996. Furthermore the follow-up phase is discussed which includes a broadening of the logistical concept in a concrete situation of introduction of the system in the Netherlands. Starting from so-called Logistical City Parks at the edge of a city, goods are distributed via tubes with unmanned vehicles to District Distribution Depots with a service area of approximately 500 metres. The supply of goods to the Logistical City Parks can be via the traditional transport modes road, water and rail or, for example, Combi-Road. In the concrete situation maritime containers as well as continental unitised cargo are transported between the following origin and destination points: on the one hand the container terminal on the Maasvlakte in Rotterdam, and, on the other hand the District Distribution depot in a city such as Utrecht, utilising the SHIFT-infra (Specific Highway Infrastructure for Freight Transport) as basic network, which, in the Logistical City Parks, is linked to the tube network for urban freight transport, and, en route at transfer stations such as the Multimodal Transport centre Valburg along the river Rhine exchanges with other modes take place or connections are made to systems such as the Underground Logistical System (ULS) at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. This is an ambitious approach which could lead to a break-through in automatic goods transportation in densely populated urban and interurban areas with intense traffic congestion problems.", "keywords": [ "Container (type theory)", "Scale (ratio)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Geography", "Cartography" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/981940" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213665632", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-68290-3", "title": "Research on route optimization for bus–drone collaborative delivery under time-dependent road networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Leiming Hou", "Zejian Zhang", "Mingxu Chen", "Jing Liu", "Chao Ma", "Xun Wu" ], "first_author": "Leiming Hou", "venue": "Scientific Reports", "publisher": "Nature Portfolio", "abstract": "With the increasing demand for time-sensitive urban distribution services, traditional ground-based last-mile delivery faces challenges such as traffic congestion, rising costs, and unstable timeliness. This study investigates the bus–drone collaborative delivery route optimization problem under time-dependent road network conditions and mixed-cargo demand. Different from most truck–drone delivery studies, fixed-route buses are introduced as mobile transfer platforms for drones, and the coordination between bus stop sequences and drone launch/recovery decisions is considered. A cost-minimization model is developed by incorporating time-dependent bus travel times, drone payload and endurance constraints, customer time windows, and different delivery time requirements of ordinary and fresh products.An improved adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm (IALNS) is proposed, which integrates greedy initialization, multiple destruction and repair operators, adaptive operator weight updating, improved genetic operations, and a simulated annealing acceptance criterion. Computational results show that IALNS reduces delivery costs by 2.69–6.22% compared with ALNS and by 2.79–7.76% compared with GA. The average convergence curve over 10 independent runs indicates that the algorithm converges stably after about 200 iterations. Ablation experiments show that removing key improvement strategies increases the average delivery cost by 2.89–8.82%. Sensitivity analyses further indicate that increasing the proportion of fresh cold-chain customers raises total cost, while improving drone payload capacity helps reduce total cost. This study provides a reference for integrating public transit resources into urban last-mile delivery systems.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Drone", "Simulated annealing", "Convergence (economics)", "Food delivery", "Public transport", "Key (lock)", "Genetic algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68290-3_reference.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169758763", "doi": "10.1080/03081060.2026.2704035", "title": "Rural multi-period inventory pickup and delivery problem with multi-attribute alternative routes: a case study", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Soheila Saeidi", "Evangelos I. Kaisar" ], "first_author": "Soheila Saeidi", "venue": "Transportation Planning and Technology", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Rural logistics continues to struggle with persistent challenges, including high infrastructure costs, frequent road accidents, toll fees, and inefficient routing practices. Classical single-period inventory routing models fail to adapt routing attributes (transportation costs, risks, route-access tolls, and distances) and inventory management over time. Integrating pickup and delivery, in which transport vehicles pick up goods on return trips after deliveries, remains critical to reducing miles. This study presents a novel mathematical model for the multi-period inventory pickup and delivery problem in rural logistics, considering multi-attribute alternative routes. The model includes routes between locations, each characterized by cost, risk, and toll attributes. It is applied to a mixed urban–rural system where an urban distribution center serves dispersed customers. The model minimizes cost and accident risk using data. A North Florida case study demonstrates effectiveness, with a tailored non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) achieving 7%–14% reductions in cost and risk.", "keywords": [ "Toll", "Pickup", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "TRIPS architecture", "Sorting", "Genetic algorithm", "Supply chain", "Truck" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2026.2704035" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386185459", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2308.12828", "title": "Short Run Transit Route Planning Decision Support System Using a Deep Learning-Based Weighted Graph", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-24", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shalit, Nadav", "Michael Fire", "Dima Kagan", "Eran Ben-Elia" ], "first_author": "Shalit, Nadav", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Public transport routing plays a crucial role in transit network design, ensuring a satisfactory level of service for passengers. However, current routing solutions rely on traditional operational research heuristics, which can be time-consuming to implement and lack the ability to provide quick solutions. Here, we propose a novel deep learning-based methodology for a decision support system that enables public transport (PT) planners to identify short-term route improvements rapidly. By seamlessly adjusting specific sections of routes between two stops during specific times of the day, our method effectively reduces times and enhances PT services. Leveraging diverse data sources such as GTFS and smart card data, we extract features and model the transportation network as a directed graph. Using self-supervision, we train a deep learning model for predicting lateness values for road segments. These lateness values are then utilized as edge weights in the transportation graph, enabling efficient path searching. Through evaluating the method on Tel Aviv, we are able to reduce times on more than 9\\% of the routes. The improved routes included both intraurban and suburban routes showcasing a fact highlighting the model's versatility. The findings emphasize the potential of our data-driven decision support system to enhance public transport and city logistics, promoting greater efficiency and reliability in PT services.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Public transport", "Computer science", "Graph", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Decision support system", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.12828" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1582990675", "doi": "10.2307/25144169", "title": "Canadian Railway Workers and World War I Military Service", "year": 1997, "publication_date": "1997-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mary MacKinnon" ], "first_author": "Mary MacKinnon", "venue": "Labour / Le Travail", "publisher": "Athabasca University Press", "abstract": "HISTORIANS have generally used recruiting records to study the composition of Canadian armed forces during World War I. This note uses another type of information, a sample of firm-level employee records, to compare the characteristics of blue-collar workers who served in the armed forces to those who did not. An understanding of systematic differences in enlistment rates across ethnic and occupational groups is important for explanations of changes in economic welfare during and possibly after the war, as benefits from working in the tight labour markets of the later war years may have carried over into the 1920s. During the war, governments had to leam, and learn quickly, how to allocate manpower between the armed forces and war industries, and also how to deploy men with appropriate civilian skills within the armed forces. Looking at the kinds of workers who served in the armed forces, the types of units they served in, and the kinds of workers who remained in civilian life gives an indication of how well labour was allocated. British research on recruitment patterns has concentrated on the social class and occupational or industrial background of men in the armed forces, while in Canada and Australia attention has focused mainly on the ethnic and immigrant status of recruits and their rural/urban distribution. ' The accuracy and completeness of data collected by the military are always questionable. Some recruits lied about their age and occupation, and officials had little incentive to check the information they were given. During World War I, many immigrants joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), but others returned to their home country to enlist, and reservists were called back for service. Unfortunately, we do not know how many followed these routes, as CEF records cannot", "keywords": [ "Immigration", "Ethnic group", "Military service", "World War II", "Incentive", "Spanish Civil War", "Demographic economics", "Welfare", "Mobilization", "Military personnel", "Political science", "Economic growth" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/25144169" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165685507", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.105034", "title": "Two-phase truck-van-drone collaborative transportation with transshipment: a two-stage heuristic approach enhanced with reinforcement learning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haipeng Cui", "Zhixin Tan", "Xin Jiang", "H T Wang", "Xi Zhang" ], "first_author": "Haipeng Cui", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Heuristic", "Intelligent transportation system", "Minification", "Mathematical model" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.105034" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134818034", "doi": "10.1002/eng2.70676", "title": "Mixed Integer Programming ( MIP ) for UAV Logistics Path Optimization: Charging Station Location and Multi‐Objective Distribution Collaborative Decision‐Making", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Guiquan Jiang" ], "first_author": "Guiquan Jiang", "venue": "Engineering Reports", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Large‐scale UAV logistics deployment faces critical challenges from dynamic energy consumption in complex terrains, disconnected optimization of charging infrastructure and route planning, and multi‐objective conflicts. This study proposes a three‐dimensional “energy‐route‐objective” collaborative framework integrating charging station site selection, dynamic routing, and multi‐objective decision‐making via mixed integer programming (MIP). A two‐level optimization model is constructed: the upper level minimizes station construction costs while maximizing service coverage using discrete location variables; the lower level incorporates hyperspectral remote sensing‐derived terrain adaptive coefficients to quantify elevation/electromagnetic impacts on energy consumption, embedding dynamic constraints and time window penalties. A parallel adaptive large neighborhood search (PALNS) algorithm simultaneously optimizes operating costs, delivery timeliness, and demand fairness. Innovations include a Pareto archiving mechanism with dynamic damage‐repair for multi‐objective convergence; electromagnetic‐interference‐aware energy modeling; and spatiotemporal coupling of station utilization with route traffic. Validation across China's Hengduan Mountains and Jining City logistics networks demonstrates 31% reduction in operating costs; charging station utilization standard deviation decreased from 0.37 to 0.15; 93.8% on‐time delivery rate achieved; PALNS attained 0.87 hypervolume in 285 s (17.6% faster than NSGA‐II); and 89.7% routing success rate in complex terrain. The framework resolves resource‐load mismatches by dynamically synchronizing infrastructure planning and routing, while the terrain‐adaptive module enhances robustness in mountainous areas. The multi‐objective weighting function effectively balances timeliness deviation and cost elasticity. This provides a global optimization paradigm for UAV logistics networks with methodological implications for smart city energy scheduling. Future work will integrate weather forecasting and battery degradation models, and explore quantum computing acceleration.", "keywords": [ "Energy consumption", "Integer programming", "Robustness (evolution)", "Multi-objective optimization", "Base station", "Robust optimization", "Dynamic programming", "Sorting" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70676" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154964166", "doi": "10.9734/jerr/2026/v28i41874", "title": "Optimizing Urban Electric Concrete Mixer Truck Routing with an Improved Ant Colony Algorithm: Balancing Costs and Discharge Profits", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Weijie Peng" ], "first_author": "Weijie Peng", "venue": "Journal of Engineering Research and Reports", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban traffic restrictions and the growing demand for low-carbon logistics have created new challenges for the routing of electric concrete mixer trucks in urban distribution. To address this issue, this study investigates the route planning problem of electric concrete mixer trucks under constraints related to customer demand, battery capacity, and vehicle load. A mixed-integer programming model is developed for a one-to-many urban distribution scenario with the objective of minimizing total distribution cost, including fixed vehicle cost, driver time cost, and charging cost. On the basis of the model structure, an improved ant colony algorithm incorporating enhanced search and pheromone-update strategies is designed to solve the problem efficiently. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed approach, numerical experiments are conducted on randomly generated test instances representing radial and circular customer distribution patterns. The computational results show that fixed vehicle usage cost and time-based usage cost are the dominant components of total distribution cost, accounting on average for 56.03% and 42.47%, respectively, whereas charging cost contributes only 1.50%. In addition, the results suggest that discharge behavior during the distribution process may provide supplementary economic benefits under time-dependent electricity pricing conditions, with average discharge profit reaching 57.22 yuan. The improved ant colony algorithm is able to generate feasible route plans for different spatial distribution scenarios within acceptable computation time, with an average runtime of 252.10 s. Overall, this study provides a useful modeling and solution framework for the cost-oriented planning of electric concrete mixer truck routing in urban logistics.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Profit (economics)", "Electricity", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Battery (electricity)", "Ant colony", "Electric vehicle" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2026/v28i41874" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386523024", "doi": "10.1117/12.2689528", "title": "Optimization of logistics terminal distribution under the background of intelligent logistics", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mingyue Gao", "Jinhua Chu", "Haotian Cui" ], "first_author": "Mingyue Gao", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "With the rapid development of Internet economy, e-commerce and other new commercial forms are gradually favored by people. The urban distribution market presents a strong demand, the logistics industry grows rapidly, and the bottleneck of the \"last kilometer\" of terminal logistics is more prominent. Low distribution efficiency at the end of logistics has become a difficult problem in the development process of logistics industry. How to realize the innovation of distribution theory under the background of intelligent logistics and form the efficiency of terminal distribution operation and decision is directly related to the improvement of the taste and operation performance of modern cities. In this paper, on the basis of fully studying the current situation of logistics problems and related distribution route algorithms, the clustering algorithm combined with ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed. The K-means algorithm is used for clustering analysis of distribution points to obtain local distribution centers and customer points within the distribution range, and then the ant colony algorithm is used to find the optimal distribution route. Finally, taking the Courier data of A city as an example, the effectiveness of this algorithm for terminal delivery is verified, and a new mode of urban smart delivery system is constructed. This paper optimizes the terminal distribution network system to improve the distribution efficiency by reducing the distribution and transportation distance， and greatly reduce the distribution cost, improve customer satisfaction, for the better development of logistics enterprises and solve the logistics terminal distribution problems is of great significance.", "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2689528" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131847758", "doi": "10.1016/j.trf.2026.103564", "title": "From clock-based hours to functional-state windows: A wearable-sensor framework for human-centric routing in urban E-commerce logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrii Galkin", "Yurii Davidich", "Russell George Thompson" ], "first_author": "Andrii Galkin", "venue": "Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Blueprint", "Schedule", "Variance (accounting)", "Poison control" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2026.103564" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409641082", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2025.3559941", "title": "Rapid Solution for Flexible Pickup and Delivery Services Problem Based on Improved Actor-Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ran Tian", "Zhihui Sun", "Longlong Chang", "Jiarui Wu", "Xin Biao Lu" ], "first_author": "Ran Tian", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The problem of the Flexible Pickup and Delivery Services Problem (FPDSP) arises from the actual needs of multi-warehouse management strategies and is one of the key challenges in the current urban distribution logistics industry. The problem aims to quickly calculate the route planning in complex scenarios to ensure that the total traveling time of the vehicle is minimized while meeting the time window requirements. To address this problem, we propose a deep reinforcement learning method based on the Actor-Critic algorithm to quickly calculate the approximate optimal solution of FPDSP. Specifically, we propose a Transformer Model with Parallel Encoders (TMPE). The model efficiently extracts order features through parallel encoders and then uses serial decoders to optimize the fusion of feature information to optimize the order selection process. In addition, we designed a reward function to reduce the number of repeated pickups made by the vehicle at the same consignor’s location between different orders, thereby effectively reducing the vehicle’s total travel time. Experimental results show that our method can quickly find feasible solutions to the problem compared with heuristic methods on seven different datasets. At the same time, compared with all baseline methods, the number of optimal solutions of our method reaches 14, which significantly improves the problem-solving ability. This result provides a new solution for optimizing pickup and delivery logistics in multiple warehouses in cities in the future.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Pickup", "Computer science", "Reinforcement", "Human–computer interaction", "Artificial intelligence", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Distributed computing", "Structural engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3559941" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4226333468", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2204.01335", "title": "Logistics in the Sky: A Two-phase Optimization Approach for the Drone Package Pickup and Delivery System", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-04-04", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fangyu Hong", "Guohua Wu", "Qizhang Luo", "Huan Liu", "Fang, Xiaoping", "Witold Pedrycz" ], "first_author": "Fangyu Hong", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "The application of drones in the last-mile distribution is a research hotspot in recent years. Different from the previous urban distribution mode that depends on trucks, this paper proposes a novel package pick-up and delivery mode and system in which multiple drones collaborate with automatic devices. The proposed mode uses free areas on the top of residential buildings to set automatic devices as delivery and pick-up points of packages, and employs drones to transport packages between buildings and depots. Integrated scheduling problem of package drop-pickup considering m-drone, m-depot, m-customer is crucial for the system. We propose a simulated-annealing-based two-phase optimization approach (SATO) to solve this problem. In the first phase, tasks are allocated to depots for serving, such that the initial problem is decomposed into multiple single depot scheduling problems with m-drone. In the second phase, considering the drone capability constraints and task demand constraints, we generate the route planning scheme for drones in each depot. Concurrently, an improved variable neighborhood descent algorithm (IVND) is designed in the first phase to reallocate tasks, and a local search algorithm (LS) are proposed to search the high-quality solution in the second phase. Finally, extensive experiments and comparative studies are conducted to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Experiments indicate that the proposed SATO-IVND can reduce the cost by more than 14% in a reasonable time compared with several other peer algorithms.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Pickup", "Simulated annealing", "Last mile (transportation)", "Real-time computing", "Mathematical optimization", "Simulation", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.01335" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165560159", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20798087", "title": "A Comparative Algorithmic Analysis of Exact Search Methods for Urban Route Optimization: Re-evaluating the 17-City Traveling Salesman Problem", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alexandros Panagiotakopoulos" ], "first_author": "Alexandros Panagiotakopoulos", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) remains a cornerstone of NP-hard combinatorial optimization, with significant implications for urban logistics and resource management. This study presents a rigorous comparative implementation of two exact algorithmic approaches—Depth-First Search (DFS) with branch-and-bound pruning and a systematic Breadth-First Search (BFS)—to solve a realistic 17-city urban routing instance in Bolgatanga, Ghana. While previous literature concerning this specific instance reported an optimal route of 5080.74 m, the dual-language validation performed in this research (implemented in C# and Ruby) consistently identifies a superior optimal Hamiltonian cycle of 4497.55 m. This represents a significant reduction of 583.19 m (approximately 11.5%) compared to prior published results. The implementations incorporate robust data-validation mechanisms to address asymmetric distance relationships and numerical inconsistencies within the original dataset. The findings demonstrate that while DFS offers superior memory efficiency through recursive call stacks, both exact methods provide identical optimality guarantees for problems of this scale. This research provides a necessary correction to the existing TSP literature for this region and establishes a high-fidelity baseline for future heuristic and metaheuristic comparisons in urban delivery optimization.", "keywords": [ "Travelling salesman problem", "Traveling purchaser problem", "Metaheuristic", "Heuristic", "Vehicle routing problem", "Pruning", "2-opt", "Maxima and minima", "Heuristics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20798087" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165520375", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20798088", "title": "A Comparative Algorithmic Analysis of Exact Search Methods for Urban Route Optimization: Re-evaluating the 17-City Traveling Salesman Problem", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alexandros Panagiotakopoulos" ], "first_author": "Alexandros Panagiotakopoulos", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) remains a cornerstone of NP-hard combinatorial optimization, with significant implications for urban logistics and resource management. This study presents a rigorous comparative implementation of two exact algorithmic approaches—Depth-First Search (DFS) with branch-and-bound pruning and a systematic Breadth-First Search (BFS)—to solve a realistic 17-city urban routing instance in Bolgatanga, Ghana. While previous literature concerning this specific instance reported an optimal route of 5080.74 m, the dual-language validation performed in this research (implemented in C# and Ruby) consistently identifies a superior optimal Hamiltonian cycle of 4497.55 m. This represents a significant reduction of 583.19 m (approximately 11.5%) compared to prior published results. The implementations incorporate robust data-validation mechanisms to address asymmetric distance relationships and numerical inconsistencies within the original dataset. The findings demonstrate that while DFS offers superior memory efficiency through recursive call stacks, both exact methods provide identical optimality guarantees for problems of this scale. This research provides a necessary correction to the existing TSP literature for this region and establishes a high-fidelity baseline for future heuristic and metaheuristic comparisons in urban delivery optimization.", "keywords": [ "Travelling salesman problem", "Traveling purchaser problem", "Metaheuristic", "Heuristic", "Vehicle routing problem", "Pruning", "2-opt", "Maxima and minima", "Heuristics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20798088" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169501985", "doi": "10.7488/era/7434", "title": "Learning to route with deep reinforcement learning approaches for pickup and delivery problems: from single-agent optimization to multi-agent coordination", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-17", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "King Tong Wong" ], "first_author": "King Tong Wong", "venue": "ERA", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rapid expansion of global e-commerce and the urgent transition toward decarbonization have placed unprecedented pressure on urban logistics. While the Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP) remains a cornerstone of transportation optimization, traditional Operations Research (OR) methods, ranging from exact solvers to hand-crafted heuristics, increasingly struggle with the computational complexity and real-time adaptability required by modern, sustainability-driven supply chains. This thesis investigates the potential of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) as a scalable, data-driven alternative for solving complex PDP variants. The research is presented in two major phases. First, it addresses the foundational One-to-One Single Capacitated Vehicle Pickup and Delivery Problem (1-1 SCVPDP). By introducing a novel DRL architecture featuring heterogeneous attention mechanisms and specialized intensification-diversification strategies, this work overcomes the typical exploration-exploitation imbalances in neural combinatorial optimization. The proposed model achieves optimal or near-optimal solutions in sub-second execution times, demonstrating robust generalization across varying problem sizes. Furthermore, the integration of transfer learning reveals that pre-training on diverse, specific instance characteristics significantly enhances the model’s adaptability to complex, unseen environments. The second phase of the research extends these learning-based methodologies to the Sustainable Pickup and Delivery Problem with Soft Time Windows and Time-Synchronized Transfers (SPDP-STW-TST). This multi-agent formulation directly addresses modern regulatory constraints, such as Low-Emission Zones (LEZs) and the necessity for storage-free, vehicle-to-vehicle transfers. To resolve the coordination trap inherent in synchronized scheduling, a Multi-Agent DRL (MADRL) framework is developed, utilizing the Stratified Transfer-Aware Multi-start Policy (STAMP) training algorithm. Due to its ability to navigate complex trade-offs by partitioning and evaluating diverse solution subsets, the STAMP algorithm offers broader applicability to other combinatorial optimization problems where the solution space can be stratified into distinct operational strategies. Results indicate that this approach not only maintains strict compliance with environmental mandates but also achieves a 3.25% average improvement over traditional feasible solutions provided by the Gurobi optimizer. Collectively, this thesis demonstrates that the future of logistics lies in integrated optimization frameworks, where the adaptive power of DRL is combined with mathematical rigor. By providing a framework that is both computationally efficient and environmentally conscious, this research offers a robust decision-making tool for logistics providers navigating the transition toward heterogenous fleets, zero-emission urban freight systems.", "keywords": [ "Pickup", "Adaptability", "Reinforcement learning", "Generalization", "Architecture", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Supply chain", "Transfer of learning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.7488/era/7434" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385622482", "doi": "10.1201/9781003261513-5", "title": "Optimisation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-07", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eiichi Taniguchi", "Russell George Thompson", "Ali Gul Qureshi" ], "first_author": "Eiichi Taniguchi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A vast variety of vehicle routing problems are available in the city logistics-related literature. Chapter 4 introduces a set of vehicle routing models with the focus on the type of their data input such as deterministic vs dynamic or stochastic, types of objective functions such as economic or environmental cost minimisation, and integration of facility location component, etc . These models are not only important from the optimisation point of view but they also form the basis of evaluations of various city logistics schemes.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003261513-5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112094241", "doi": null, "title": "Sustainable Last-Mile Delivery: Exact Algorithms", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-21", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sahin, Munise Kubra" ], "first_author": "Sahin, Munise Kubra", "venue": "Lirias", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This work addresses emerging challenges in urban freight logistics by extending classical vehicle routing problems to account for multi-trip operations, heterogeneous fleets, and access restrictions in city networks. First, we study the heterogeneous fleet multi-depot multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows under shared depot resources, proposing a branch-and-price algorithm with novel heuristics that efficiently solves medium-sized instances. Second, we investigate the vehicle routing problem with access restrictions, where limited-traffic zones impose temporal closures on streets, and develop branch-and-price algorithms based on road networks and multi-graphs to capture Pareto-optimal paths. Finally, we generalise this setting to multiple closure periods, introducing adapted algorithms that effectively manage the added complexity. Across all chapters, computational experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods and highlight the importance of incorporating realistic urban constraints into routing models.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Work (physics)", "Multipath routing", "Static routing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/775912" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1915069469", "doi": null, "title": "Optimisation Stratégique et tactique en logistique urbaine", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-11-26", "type": "dissertation", "language": "fr", "authors": [ "Paolo Gianessi" ], "first_author": "Paolo Gianessi", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "Urban freight transport is a matter of increasing concern in the economic, commercial, social and environmental operations of our cities, due to the constantly increasing growth and urbanization of the civilization. An improved managem ent of the traffic related to the freight transport can have a positive impact in many respects : security, congestion of the road network, noise and air pollution, costs. City Logistics studies the dynamic management of urban freight transport in order to deliver distribution systems solutions that may be suitable for both the community and freight carriers. This thesis originates from the ANR Project MODUM, which proposes a freight distribution system based on a ring of Urban Distribution Centers (UDCs) located in the outskirts of a city. In the first part, this system is studied from both a strategic and a tactical point of view. The Multicommodity-Ring Location Routing Problem (MRLRP) considers long-term decisions, i.e. the installation of the UDCs and the ring connection, without disregarding more tactical aspects. The MRLRP has been tackled by three solution methods, which proved effective on a large set of test instances. In the second part of the thesis, the Vehicle Routing Problem with Intermediate Replenishment Facilities (VRPIRF) is studied. The VRPIRF is a more tactical problem that arises in City Logistics each time both the multi-trip and the multi-depot features, i.e. the possibility for a vehicle to be reloaded at one of a set of facilities, are present. Several exact algorithms, namely two of type Branch&Cut and two of type Branch& Price, have been developed for this problem. computational experiments on benchmark instances taken from the literature have been conducted to assess their performance, leading to very promising results.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Ring road", "Transport engineering", "Urbanization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Order (exchange)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Point (geometry)", "Traffic management", "Computer science", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://theses.hal.science/tel-01241904v1/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2809875891", "doi": null, "title": "Une approche Programmation par Contraintes pour le voyageur de commerce dépendant du temps", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-12-16", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Penelope Aguiar-Melgarejo" ], "first_author": "Penelope Aguiar-Melgarejo", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "In the context of urban deliveries, the optimization of delivery tours is usually modeled as a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Side constraints like time-windows constraining the delivery times at the client or breaks for the drivers are also common in this kind of problem and time is an important dimension to take into account to respect these constraints. With travel times’ variability in big cities time also tends to have a greater influence in costs and therefore it should be included in the optimization of delivery routes. The Time-Dependent Traveling Salesman Problem (TDTSP) is the extended version of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) where arc costs depend on the time when the arc is traveled.In this thesis we propose a set of benchmarks for the TDTSP based on real traffic data (obtained from the city of Lyon) and show the interest of handling time dependency in the problem. A study of how to better model time-dependent travel functions in general and specifically for our approach is performed. We introduce and compare different models to solve the TDTSP with Constraint Programming (CP). A first model is derived in a straightforward way from the classical CP model for the TSP. We show that this model is not able to reason on indirect precedence relations, so that it has poor performance on our benchmark. We introduce a new global constraint which is able to exploit indirect precedence relations on time-dependent data, and we introduce a second model which is based on our new constraint. We experimentally compare the two models on our benchmark.", "keywords": [ "Travelling salesman problem", "Constraint programming", "Traveling purchaser problem", "Mathematical optimization", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Computer science", "Constraint (computer-aided design)", "Context (archaeology)", "2-opt", "Set (abstract data type)", "Bottleneck traveling salesman problem", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-01514369" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2112823600", "doi": "10.1049/cp:20051338", "title": "The intelligent planning of urban MV distribution network considering load uncertainty", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chengshan Wang", "Saiyi Wang" ], "first_author": "Chengshan Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Along with the development of electric power market, urban distribution network planning is faced with many uncertainties including the load uncertainty. It is necessary to improve the conventional certain planning method as the solutions gained from the quondam method are not fit for the changing of loads in the future. In this paper, interval algorithm is adopted to modify the load uncertainty, the mathematic model of distribution network planning and the initialization searching method of automatic routing. What's more, genetic tabu hybrid algorithm (GTHA) is used to optimize the initialization networks. Lastly, the intelligent planning method is applied in an actual case and compared with the solution using the certain planning method, and it is testified that the method described in this paper is suitable to be used in urban MV distribution network planning considering load uncertainty. (5 pages)", "keywords": [ "Initialization", "Computer science", "Genetic algorithm", "Tabu search", "Mathematical optimization", "Interval (graph theory)", "Network planning and design", "Electric power system", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Power (physics)", "Operations research", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:20051338" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W650634367", "doi": null, "title": "FREIGHT TRANSPORT ENERGY CONSUMPTION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EFFICIENCY OF THE MODES IN THE NON-BULK TASK", "year": 1981, "publication_date": "1981-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "R Quarterman" ], "first_author": "R Quarterman", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper looks at the Australian domestic freight task to determine what parts of the task are suitable for the purpose of making comparisons between the modes, and then examines the energy efficiency of road, rail and sea freight when undertaking comparable tasks. Existing information on freight movements in Australia is reviewed, from which it is deduced that the non-urban non-bulk component, which is considered to be the main area where significant potential for modal transfer exists, represents approximately 19 per cent of the total tonne-kilometres carried by all modes. This sector is at present shared between the modes in the proportions road 62 per cent, rail 30 per cent and sea 8 per cent. The general characteristics of energy consumption by transport are then discussed in the context of the overall liquid fuel supply, and it is found that transport as a whole consumes 57 per cent of total oil supplies. All non- urban freight (including bulk movements) consumes 8.3 per cent, with the non-bulk component difficult to estimate accurately, but almost certainly consuming less than 4 per cent of total supplies. Thus it is seen that the fuel conservation potential of intermodal transfers of non-bulk freight is small in percentage terms (probably less than 1 per cent) although the effect measured in terms of numbers of truck or train movements along trunk routes could be very significant. From these preliminary considerations of the freight task and fuel usage in aggregate terms the paper then turns to a detailed examination of the energy efficiency characteristics of road, rail and sea transport in the non-bulk task. (TRRL)", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Context (archaeology)", "Fuel efficiency", "Transport engineering", "Energy consumption", "Task (project management)", "Tonne", "Environmental science", "Modal", "Aggregate (composite)", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/176089" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W429377970", "doi": null, "title": "Intermodal Liner Freight Trains : Opportunities and Limitations", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Behzad Kordnejad" ], "first_author": "Behzad Kordnejad", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The global trend of urbanization is evident and also valid in Sweden and for the Stockholm-Malaren region, also referred to as the Malaren valley, a region consisting of metropolitan Stockholm and areas around the lake of Malaren. In this context, efficient urban freight transportation has emerged as essential for sustainable development of urban areas. Geographic regions are being expanded due to the fact that rapid transport options have expanded the range of action of people and businesses. Metropolitan regions require freight transports that are often categorized by an inflow of consumables and an outflow of waste and recyclable material. Within urban areas there are ports, terminals and storage facilities that require incoming and outgoing transport. Altogether, these shipments have led to increased congestion on the road network within urban areas, which is a contributing factor to why a shift to intermodal land transports have been advocated both in Europe and in Sweden, thus encouraging more freight to be moved from road to rail. Another contributing factor is the relatively low impact on the environment generated by rail transportation. Efficient use of resources and low emissions of greenhouse gases are factors that are in favor of the train as a transport mode.Furthermore, conventional rail freight is commonly competitive on long distances and in end-point relations between two nodes. However, an intermodal liner train, as a transport system for freight differs from conventional rail freight transport systems, as it similar to a passenger train makes stops along the route for loading and unloading. Due to the stops made at intermediate stations it enables the coverage of a larger market area. For regional or inter-regional relations, the concept has the potential of reducing drayage by truck to and from intermodal terminals and to make rail freight competitive also over medium and short distances.The main aim of this thesis project has been to analyze under which conditions a combined transport system with the railway as a base can be implemented in the Stockholm-Malaren region. Based on a case study for a shipper distributing daily consumables in the region, the feasibility of creating a regional rail freight transport system has been evaluated.This study provides a methodology for evaluating the feasibility, regarding costs and emissions, of concepts and technologies within freight transportation chains. This has been accomplished by the development of a cost modal, Intermodal Transport Cost Model (ITCM). From the results of the case study one can conclude that a regional rail based intermodal transport system regarding costs is on the threshold of feasibility in the studied region. As for emissions, all evaluated intermodal transport chains contribute to a significant decrease in CO2 emissions compared to unimodal road haulage. The loading space utilization of the train and the transshipment cost are the most critical parameters. The latter restricting the competitiveness of intermodal services to long distances as it is not proportional to transported distance but rather to the utilization rate of resources. Hence, the concept of cost-efficient small scale (CESS) terminals is introduced in this study.A main prerequisite in order to make the intermodal liner train efficient is a stable and balanced flow of goods with optimized loading space utilization along the route. As the objective is to consolidate small flows, imbalances along the route will constitute an obstacle for the liner train to be competitive. Thus regarding loading space utilization it is necessary to consolidate other freight flows in the train in order to achieve high loading space utilization and a balanced flow along the route. The third parameter which is critical for the results are the fuel prices, where a sensitivity analysis of the results shows that if diesel prices would increase so would the feasibility of the intermodal option. The same is also valid for train length increase as long as the loading space utilization is maintained.The results of the feasibility study indicate that the evaluated transshipment technologies are closing the gap for intermodal transport to unimodal road haulage regarding transport cost over short- and medium distances and that they contribute to a substantial reduction of CO2 emissions. However, it is essential that also the transport quality is ensured, especially regarding reliability and punctuality. Thus a demonstration project is recommended as these aspects require operational testing. This is particularly crucial regarding novel transshipment technologies.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Train", "Transport engineering", "Context (archaeology)", "Urbanization", "Traffic management", "Rail freight transport", "Sustainable transport", "Greenhouse gas", "Business", "Sustainability", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:588491" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133568599", "doi": "10.3390/drones10030174", "title": "UAV–Rider Collaborative Dispatching Under Stochastic Wind Conditions Considering Nonlinear Energy Dynamics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chunxia Shangguan", "Churan Zhang", "Shouqi Cao" ], "first_author": "Chunxia Shangguan", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "To mitigate UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) range limitation risks and scheduling disruptions caused by complex wind fields in urban instant delivery, this paper proposes a UAV–rider collaborative dispatching framework. By incorporating aerodynamic-based nonlinear energy dynamics, the model accurately characterizes power variations under stochastic wind conditions, significantly enhancing the operational reliability of urban delivery missions. First, an aerodynamic-based nonlinear energy function is constructed, coupling payload, airspeed, and random wind vectors to accurately characterize power variations. Second, a scenario-based two-stage stochastic programming framework is adopted, where the rider’s deterministic path is optimized in the first-stage decision to ensure stability, and the UAV’s scenario-dependent flight plan is resolved in the second stage to adapt to wind uncertainty. An improved branch-and-price (IBP) algorithm is designed to solve this large-scale model, where nonlinear energy is evaluated during label extension in the pricing sub-problem, effectively avoiding linearization errors. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed framework improves the mission success probability (the likelihood of completing delivery routes without battery exhaustion across all considered wind scenarios) by 25% under strong-wind conditions by effectively avoiding power failure risks. Furthermore, the IBP algorithm outperforms traditional exact solvers by over 40% in solution efficiency for large-scale cases. These findings demonstrate that energy-aware stochastic dispatching significantly improves the reliability and robustness of UAV-assisted last-mile delivery in windy urban environments, thereby providing an effective operational solution for real-world drone delivery logistics.", "keywords": [ "Wind power", "Nonlinear system", "Robustness (evolution)", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Stochastic programming", "Linearization", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Stochastic process", "Backup" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/10/3/174/pdf?version=1772629142" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117986442", "doi": "10.3390/urbansci10010020", "title": "Electromobility Implementation Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Parcel Delivery: A Case Study of a Fictive Delivery Company in Miskolc", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "János Juhász" ], "first_author": "János Juhász", "venue": "Urban Science", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The growing demand for parcel delivery plays an important role in the integration of electromobility and urban logistics into urban delivery systems, especially in a mid-sized Central European city. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities of adopting electric vehicles (EVs) for last-mile delivery in the Miskolc region, Hungary. The author introduces a practical approach to describe the cost-based optimization of urban parcel delivery, formulated as an Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EV-VRP) that builds on classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) concepts. The developed model focuses on route and vehicle allocation and examines the impact of charging infrastructure and fleet composition on delivery performance, while explicitly evaluating five cost categories: vehicle (including maintenance and service), driver, infrastructure, operation center, and environmental energy. The numerical results validate the model and show that partial fleet electrification can improve cost efficiency and reduce environmental impact even in regions with limited charging capacity. The proposed approach makes it possible to analyze the operational costs of electromobility strategies on last-mile logistics under realistic routing, capacity, and energy constraints. The results confirm that the integration of electric vehicles into city logistics can contribute to more flexible, sustainable, and cost-effective delivery systems. The numerical analysis shows that under the conditions examined, the model results in approximately 20% lower total operational cost compared to the conventional vehicle fleet operating under similar conditions. The cost structure is dominated by labor and vehicle-related components, while infrastructure, operational management, and environmental–energy factors appear with lower intensity.", "keywords": [ "Electrification", "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Total cost", "Electric vehicle", "Operational efficiency" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/10/1/20/pdf?version=1767259067" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131816590", "doi": "10.3390/futuretransp6020055", "title": "Traffic-Informed Optimization of Last-Mile Delivery Using Hybrid Heuristic Approaches", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Afia Serwaa Yeboah", "Deo Chimba", "Malshe Rohit" ], "first_author": "Afia Serwaa Yeboah", "venue": "Future Transportation", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The rapid growth of e-commerce has intensified operational and sustainability challenges in urban last-mile delivery, necessitating routing methods that perform reliably under realistic traffic and spatial conditions. This study evaluates three routing algorithms, Nearest Neighbor (NN), Clarke–WrightSavings (CWS), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), using 1764 real-world Amazon delivery stops grouped into ten operational clusters in the Nashville metropolitan area. Travel distances and times were obtained through the Google Maps Distance Matrix API in driving mode to reflect actual road network structure and typical traffic conditions. Substantial performance differences were observed across algorithms and cluster configurations. NN achieved a strong performance in compact clusters (18.43 miles and 58.48 min in Cluster 4) but performed poorly in dispersed clusters (82.44 miles and 196.48 min in Cluster 9), reflecting high sensitivity to spatial dispersion. In contrast, CWS consistently reduced travel distance and time across clusters, achieving the shortest observed route (18.50 miles and 47.82 min in Cluster 10). Relative to ACO, CWS reduced travel distance by up to 42% (Cluster 9) and reduced travel time by over 45% in high-dispersion clusters. ACO exhibited the highest variability, with distances reaching 98.77 miles and travel times exceeding 218 min. Multi-criteria evaluation using efficiency ratios, distributional analysis, performance quadrant visualization, and a Composite Performance Index (CPI) confirmed the dominance of CWS. CPI scores of 1.00 (CWS), 0.78 (NN), and 0.00 (ACO) reflected balanced spatial and temporal efficiency under identical traffic-informed inputs. The results demonstrate that deterministic savings-based routing provides superior stability, efficiency, and scalability in semi-static urban delivery systems. However, the present study did not benchmark the evaluated algorithms against state-of-the-art exact TSP solvers (e.g., Concorde, LKH) or more recent metaheuristics such as Genetic Algorithms or Variable Neighborhood Search. The objective was to provide a controlled empirical comparison under consistent traffic-informed cost matrices rather than to establish global optimality bounds. Consequently, while the findings strongly support the relative superiority of the Clarke–Wright Savings approach within the evaluated framework, future research incorporating advanced exact and hybrid optimization methods would further contextualize algorithmic performance.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Scalability", "Heuristic", "Cluster (spacecraft)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Travel time", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Mode (computer interface)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7590/6/2/55/pdf?version=1772198891" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2004160210", "doi": "10.2991/emtc-14.2014.20", "title": "Guangxi ’s Logistics Distribution Network Based on the Theory of the Uncertainty Decision-making Model", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hua Qing", "Zhigao Liao", "Tang Sheng-jie", "Qiu Hui" ], "first_author": "Hua Qing", "venue": "Advances in intelligent systems research/Advances in Intelligent Systems Research", "publisher": "Atlantis Press", "abstract": "In the area of modern physical distribution, vehicle routing problem has become the focal point in the research.During the process of transportation, efficient and the reasonable vehicles travel route not only can reduce the overall cost significantly, but also improve customer's satisfaction.This paper base on the current situation of Guangxi inter-city logistics and the conditions of demand uncertainty.It takes advantage of the saving algorithm to solve modeling problem, which will greatly improve the efficiency of logistics distribution.", "keywords": [ "Decision-making models", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/11738.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7135832591", "doi": null, "title": "Single- and multi-objective optimization problems in urban two-echelon networks", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alexandra Anderluh" ], "first_author": "Alexandra Anderluh", "venue": "WU Research", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Increasing urbanization as well as the rapidly growing e-commerce sector contribute to increasing freight volumes especially in urban areas. On the one hand these goods contribute to our high standard of living, but on the other hand transporting these goods has negative effects on the environment and climate as well as on health and quality of life. These are major challenges today’s urban logistics has to respond to. In the field of city logistics, numerous methods are discussed, as for example the use of environmentally friendly vehicles to reduce emissions or the consolidated transport of goods from intermediate storage facilities to the end customers to reduce the number of freight trips in urban areas. However, convincing companies to adapt or change their urban distribution networks requires models which can be used as additional decision support. Therefore, this doctoral thesis contributes to city logistics modeling by investigating optimization problems in two-echelon urban networks. The papers of this thesis deal with mathematical models and metaheuristic solution procedures of two-echelon vehicle routing problems with customer deliveries on both echelons and synchronized meetings between different types of vehicles. All models and settings are tested on a set of instances. First of all, insights into the additional cost of synchronization are provided. Then, the impact of travel time uncertainties on the deterministic solution and the mitigation of this impact by reoptimizing the original solution based on information provided by simulated travel time scenarios is considered. Finally, the trade-off between costs, emissions and disturbance as the negative social impact on citizens caused by noise and congestion is considered in a multi-objective two-echelon vehicle routing problem. All these findings can thus serve as decision support for stakeholders who think of integrating alternatively fueled vehicles in their urban logistic chains.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Urbanization", "Metaheuristic", "City logistics", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Set (abstract data type)", "Production (economics)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Field (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research.wu.ac.at/de/publications/020bcc45-a119-4829-bd5e-0965d7d7e90e" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3004579635", "doi": null, "title": "Multi-echelon multi-product distribution network considering heterogeneous capacitated vehicles", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-31", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cristian Aguayo", "Jorge Amaya", "Sabine Limbourg" ], "first_author": "Cristian Aguayo", "venue": "ORBi (University of Liège)", "publisher": "University of Liège", "abstract": "The current and expected growing number of people living and working in cities, as well as the limited space available inside city centres, implies an always greater exchange of inbound and outbound freight flows between city centres and their surrounding regions. Urban freight transports provide economic benefits to society but are also responsible for negative externalities such as congestion, air and water pollution, climate change, accidents and noise. They are more polluting than long-distance freight transports because of the increasing consumption of fuel due to the frequent stops on their delivery route. Moreover, due to traffic congestion, most of the transport vehicles are using alternative routes which are associated with a longer transport time, higher transport costs and negative impact on society and the quality of life. Regulatory measures are rules made by the city or further governmental authorities. Access restrictions are one of the most applied measures to control urban traffics in specific areas of the city. There are several types of access restrictions from time windows, emissions and noise limits to vehicle weight and size. Policy measures can be of various types such as the implementation of low emission zones, the introduction of cleaner vehicles or the encouragement to use non-motorized transport such as bikes. Measures related to land use planning and infrastructure are usually very cost-intensive and thus include long time planning and long implementations periods. These measures range from on-street as well as off-street loading zones to specific delivery zones and collecting points. Also, Urban Consolidation Centers (UCCs), inside and outside the city, are part of these measures related to land use planning. Over the last years, the idea of consolidation of goods has been downscaled; this idea is associated with micro-depots. The objective of this paper is to determine how to efficiently distribute various products made by small and medium firms to customers from different cities. Some of these firms have delivery vehicles. Besides, some delivery companies are available for collecting or picking up goods from different firms. These delivery companies have several vehicles which can carry products to customers or to small depots which can be located in different points in the cities. We will consider the whole \\textit{distribution network}, allowing us to make decisions at firm, delivering companies and satellite level. We propose a mixed-integer linear program for the specific case of a multi-echelon multi-product distribution network considering heterogeneous capacitated vehicles. The validity of this model is tested on small-scale instances. To solve problems of a more realistic scale, we develop a matheuristic. Acknowledgements With the support of Wallonie-Bruxelles International.", "keywords": [ "Product (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/244418" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396976739", "doi": "10.1108/rs-03-2024-0005", "title": "The heterogeneous impact of China–Europe railway express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yanliang Niu", "Jin Liu", "Xining Yang", "Chuan Wang" ], "first_author": "Yanliang Niu", "venue": "Railway Sciences", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Purpose The spatiotemporal compression effect of China–Europe Railway Express (CR-Express) can reduce the flow costs of resources between China’s node cities. Additionally, it can break through the limitations of low-added-value marine products, significantly impacting the logistics industry efficiency. However, there are few literature verifying and analyzing its heterogeneity. This study explores the impact of CR-Express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities and analyzes the heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach First, this study uses panel data to measure the efficiency of node city logistics industry. Secondly, this study discusses the impact of the opening of CR-Express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities based on the multi-period differential model. Finally, according to the node city difference, the sample city experimental group is grouped for heterogeneity analysis. Findings The results show that CR-Express can promote the urban logistics industry efficiency, with an average effect of 4.55%. According to the urban characteristics classification, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the efficiency improvement effect of logistics industry in inland cities is more obvious. The improvement effect of node cities and central cities in central and western China is stronger, especially in the sample of megacities and type I big cities. Compared with non-value chain industrial products, the CR-Express has significant promotion effects on the logistics efficiency of the cities where main goods are value chain products. Originality/value Under the background of double cycle development, this paper can provide a scientific basis for the investment benefit evaluation of CR-Express construction and the follow-up route planning.", "keywords": [ "China", "Business", "Investment (military)", "Sample (material)", "Node (physics)", "Industrial organization", "Value (mathematics)", "Megacity", "Panel data", "Promotion (chess)", "Economics", "Economy" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/rs-03-2024-0005" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3173684791", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2106.11578", "title": "Online Ordering Platform City Distribution Based on Genetic Algorithm", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-06-22", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yu Hong Du" ], "first_author": "Yu Hong Du", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Since the rising of the takeaway ordering platform, the M platform has taken the lead in the industry with its high-quality service. The increasing order volume leads the competition between platforms to reduce the distribution cost, which increases rapidly because of the unreasonable distribution route. By analyzing platform distribution's current situation, we study the vehicle routing problem of urban distribution on the M platform and minimize the distribution cost. Considering the constraints of the customer's expected delivery time and vehicle condition, we combine the different arrival times of the vehicle routing problem model using three soft time windows and solve the problem using a genetic algorithm (GA). The results show that our model and algorithm can design the vehicle path superior to the original model in terms of distribution cost and delivery time, thus providing decision support for the M platform to save distribution cost in urban distribution in the future.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Genetic algorithm", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Path (computing)", "Mathematical optimization", "Competition (biology)", "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Algorithm", "Real-time computing", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.11578" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2571771491", "doi": null, "title": "Assessing the value of information for retail distribution of perishable goods", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marta Flamini", "Marialisa Nigro", "Dario Pacciarelli" ], "first_author": "Marta Flamini", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper addresses quantitative methods for estimating the value of information from ITS in urban freight distribution. A real-life application on the retail distribution of perishable goods is considered. The problem is formulated as a vehicle routing problem with soft time windows and time-dependent travel times, and solved by using information affected by different degrees of detail and reliability. The practical performance of these solutions is then evaluated by simulation, to assess the joint benefit of using more reliable and detailed information with different solution algorithms.", "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Value (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Value of information", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://iris.uniroma3.it/handle/11590/178149" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2373295371", "doi": null, "title": "Capacity Optimization of HV Distribution Lines Based on Load Supply Capability Analysis", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "GE Shaoyu" ], "first_author": "GE Shaoyu", "venue": "Power System Technology", "publisher": "Power System Technology Press", "abstract": "To reasonably choose current-carrying capacities of HV distribution lines to implement refined planning and intensive construction to select benefiting conductors to reduce invest and increase utilization of supplying equipment,a method to optimize capacity of HV distribution line based on load supply capability analysis is proposed. Firstly,the concepts of power supplying route matrix and operation/wheeling mode vector of main transformer are defined to describe the information of the wireframe of HV distribution network; then based on the analysis of load supply capability of distribution network the minimized demand on capacity of HV distribution line,which makes the load supplying capability of distribution network reaching its limit,is taken as the objective and the constraints are determined through the analysis on normal operation of HV distribution wireframe and N?1 contingency as well as the analysis on operation/wheeling mode and the loop closing of wheeling mode,and then a mathematical model is formed; finally,a modified genetic algorithm is presented and used to solve the proposed optimization model. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method are verified by the calculation of a certain urban distribution network.", "keywords": [ "Wheeling", "Offset (computer science)", "Transformer", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Voltage", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DWJS201403034.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2284691980", "doi": "10.26021/1357", "title": "The Geographic Adaptive Potential of Freight Transportation and Production System in the Context of Fuel and Emission Constraints", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "J. Asuncion" ], "first_author": "J. Asuncion", "venue": "UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury)", "publisher": "University of Canterbury", "abstract": "Freight transportation is an integral element of various supply chains and has a complex and dynamical interrelationship with human economic activities. Modern logistical strategies paved way to the current supply chain organisation and logistics network design resulting in a more global economy and huge economies of scale. Recent trends of volatility of oil price have major implications in the movement of commodities across the supply chains. Likewise, climate change issues have presented urgent challenges in reducing carbon emissions for the transport and logistics sector. Pressure on the sector comes from both governments and consumers alike, demanding future sustainability as well as corporate environmental and social responsibility. The original contribution of this research is to investigate the system-wide dynamics of freight transportation and production in the context of supply chains. A theoretical framework called the ‘Geographic Adaptive Potential’ or GAP is built to understand how constraints in energy and emissions affect the production and distribution of commodities. The changes in the supply chain were investigated in four different components, namely a) the potential to shift to less energy and emissions intensive modes for long-haul freight, b) logistical strategies in the last leg of the chain or urban freight and c) local production and distribution, and d) the accessibility of potential customers to the markets. The design of the GAP components is in correspondence with the links of the supply chain. The analyses yielded an evaluation of the adaptive capacity of the freight transport and production system. For long-haul freight, a GIS-based model was created called the ‘New Zealand Intermodal Freight Network’ or NZIFN. It is an optimisation tool integrating the road, rail and shipping network of New Zealand and calculates that minimum time, operating costs, energy and emissions routes between 2 given locations. The case studies of Auckland to Wellington and Auckland to Christchurch distributions of non-perishable products established that even a marginal increase of rail and coastal shipping share produced around 10% reduction in both freight energy and greenhouse gas emissions. In the study of the last leg of the supply chain, the truck trip generation rates of different food stores were investigated. The strongest factors influencing the trip rates to a store are its size and product variation, the latter being a new parameter introduced in the dissertation. It is defined as the total number of brands for 6 chosen commodities commonly found in the stores. The trip rates together with the truck type and distance travelled were used to compute the freight energy usage of the stores. Results revealed that supermarkets consume the most energy for their delivery operations but relative to its physical size, they are more energy efficient than smaller stores. This is due to the utilisation of advanced logistical strategies such as freight consolidation and the effective use of distribution centres. The localised production chapter was explored in the context of Farmers’ markets and their difference with the conventional supermarket distribution system. Using a freight transport energy audit, the energy intensities of both systems were compared. The findings showed that Farmers’ markets were more energy-intensive than supermarkets owing to the low volumes of goods delivered to the market and the lack of freight consolidation effort in the system. The study on the active mode access of potential customers to both Farmers’ markets and supermarkets captured the interplay between freight and personal transport and is the final component of GAP. The results of the ArcGIS based model called ‘Active Mode Access’ or AMA demonstrated that both Farmers’ markets and supermarkets have the same level of accessibility for walking or biking customers. However, the calculations also showed that almost 87% of New Zealanders have no AMA to stores and are at risk for fuel price increase. Finally, the key result of this dissertation is the assessment that there is actually limited adaptive capacity of the freight transport and production system. This is due to network infrastructure and geographical constraints as well as commodity type and mode compatibility and other operational concerns. Due to these limitations, the GAP model assessed that reduction in energy and allowable emissions will ultimately reduce the amount of commodities moved in the system.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Production (economics)", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Business", "Geography", "Engineering", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9230" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2974961843", "doi": "10.25439/rmt.27598776", "title": "The future of last-mile delivery: a scenario thinking approach", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-09-11", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kolawole Ewedairo" ], "first_author": "Kolawole Ewedairo", "venue": "RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library)", "publisher": "RMIT University", "abstract": "`Last mile' in cities is not merely a logistics problem, but also a significant urban planning challenge. Last mile is the final leg of the supply chain that involves high-frequency, low-volume, and short-haul distribution of goods to end consumers. This last leg is the most important, yet the least efficient part of supply chain. With rapid growth of online retail transactions and increased supply chain complexity of the globalised production networks, the size, scale and scope of last mile-driven logistics problems are most likely to escalate in the immediate future. Transport infrastructure and planning controls are among the key factors that contribute to the severity of last mile delivery (LMD) problems in large cities. However, interrelationships and interdependencies between last mile logistics and transport networks and urban planning controls are neither theoretically evaluated nor empirically tested in the extant literature. This thesis aims to measure and map the potential transportation network impedance to last mile delivery, build future last mile delivery scenarios and formulate a strategic framework to mitigate the risk of last mile delivery failure within Metropolitan Melbourne. A five-stage Scenario Thinking method was applied to understand and analyse the provision of last mile delivery and the associated `critical uncertainties'. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to compute and visualise the potential transportation network impedance to last mile delivery within the Metropolitan Melbourne. Spatial data representing the key constraints of transportation network and planning controls were used to compute the potential transportations network impedance to last mile delivery. A Scenario Thinking (ST) workshop was conducted with 14 participants who represent three major stakeholders, namely operators, administrators and users. This was designed to discuss and identify key planning and transportation constraints contributing to last mile challenges and to formulate future possible and plausible last mile delivery scenarios. Thirty-four major issues that underpin last mile logistics were identified, which were clustered into six thematic dimensions through an iterative consultation process. These include: i) Freight Infrastructure; ii) Infrastructure Supply; iii) Landuse Intensity; iv) Infrastructure Sharing; v) Intersection Controls and vi) Human Behaviour. Infrastructure Supply and Landuse Intensity were found to represent higher uncertainty and higher impact on city logistics provisions. Hence, they were used to build future LMD scenarios. Spatial data of seventeen mappable constraints, including traffic count, population density, zoning, proximity to Melbourne CBD and activity centres, intersection constraint, speed limit, number of lanes, toll, railway boom gate, traffic lights and trams routes, were standardised and aggregated using a composite index technique. The generated LMD impedance index was then mapped using an overlay function to estimate the potential hindrance to last mile delivery as imposed by built and regulatory environment. The mapped outputs illustrate significant spatial variations in LMD impedance levels across different parts of Metropolitan Melbourne. Impedance to last mile reduces with increased distance from the Central Business District, found to be high within the designated activity centres and varies across inner, middle and outer rings. The results reveal that the future outcomes of last-mile delivery is dependent upon which scenario eventuates out of the four scenarios formulated using Infrastructure Supply and Landuse Intensity. The best-best scenario characterises an increase in infrastructure usage, decrease in road congestion, lower delivery cost, and increased last mile delivery productivity and efficiency; whilst the worst-worst scenario represents a decrease in the usage of logistics infrastructure, transport delay and congestion, increased last-mile delivery cost, loss of work productivity, reduced deliveries per day and higher environmental impacts. Further analysis indicates the relative positioning of major stakeholders based on an interest-power matrix. Last mile logistics stakeholders such as Federal, State and Local Governments, and Transurban with high-power tend to exhibit low-interest in provisioning last-mile logistics; while those with high interest such as Drivers and Business owners have low power to influence any positive change to enhance the efficiency of last-mile delivery. Stakeholders with high-power and high-interest were identified to include Public Transport Victoria, VicRoads, Trader Association, Port Authority who could assist in policy-making to help improve last-mile delivery efficiency and curtail carbon footprint within an acceptable level. In this study, a strategic framework is developed to support the formulation of key objectives and future-oriented actions. Five strategies along with key actions were proposed to tackle the LMD challenges associated in Melbourne. These include: land-use zoning, last mile corridor, distribution network strategies, multimodal use strategy and stakeholder engagement strategy. The land use zoning strategy can be implemented to geographically demarcate last-mile delivery zones to improve the efficiency of last-mile delivery to retail businesses within the localised area. The last mile corridor strategy would expedite last-mile delivery along the main arterial networks through the development of linear freight routes to improve last-mile connectivity between key business hubs. This geo-targeted strategy will help reduce the environmental footprint of last-mile delivery, ease traffic bottlenecks and potential conflict between last-mile delivery trucks and commuters by confining truck movements to designated routes. The distribution network strategy would promote consolidation of goods through a holistic integration of people, facilities and transportation infras", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Mile", "Business", "Operations management", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.25439/rmt.27598776" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417066105", "doi": "10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101693", "title": "Environmental and social assessment of transport and cooling systems in last-mile cold-chain vaccine distribution: A case study in Flanders, Belgium", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rafael Arévalo-Ascanio", "Elena Prozorova", "Annelies De Meyer", "Roel Gevaers", "Ruben Guisson", "Wouter Dewulf" ], "first_author": "Rafael Arévalo-Ascanio", "venue": "Research in Transportation Economics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Cold chain", "Flemish", "Sustainability", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Water cooling", "Social cost", "Environmental impact assessment" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101693" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414009622", "doi": "10.1109/icetac65964.2025.11144275", "title": "Coordinated Planning of Charging Stations and Distribution Networks with V2G Interaction and Line Capacity Margin Considerations", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Minghan Yuan", "Kunhua Ji", "Yangyang Liu", "Song Chen", "Tu Jin", "Chunxu Li" ], "first_author": "Minghan Yuan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "To address the transmission congestion problem in urban distribution networks caused by concentrated charging of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs), this paper proposes a coordinated planning method integrating charging stations and distribution networks, which incorporates vehicle-to-grid (V2G) energy storage characteristics and line capacity margins. First, a dynamic traffic network model is established to accurately simulate EV travel routes and obtain spatiotemporal distribution of charging loads based on user equilibrium assignment principle. Second, building upon EV load forecasting results, the proposed method determines optimal locations and capacities of charging stations with dual objectives of minimizing integrated costs and maximizing V2G energy storage capacity. Subsequently, a coordinated planning model considering coupling relationships between transportation and distribution networks is developed, which conducts distribution network expansion planning aiming to minimize comprehensive costs and standard deviation of grid line capacity margins. The normalized normal constraint method is employed to handle the multi-objective optimization problem across two hierarchical layers. Finally, case studies based on actual urban traffic network and a 54-node expandable distribution network demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.", "keywords": [ "Margin (machine learning)", "Capacity planning", "Computer science", "Line (geometry)", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icetac65964.2025.11144275" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1777589764", "doi": null, "title": "Regional Intermodal Transport Systems : Analysis and Case Study in the Stockholm-Mälaren Region", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Behzad Kordnejad" ], "first_author": "Behzad Kordnejad", "venue": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The global trend of urbanization is evident and also valid in Sweden and for the Stockholm-Mälaren region, also referred to as the Mälaren valley, a region consisting of metropolitan Stockholm and areas around the lake of Mälaren. In this context, efficient urban freight transportation has emerged as essential for sustainable development of urban areas. Geographic regions are being expanded due to the fact that rapid transport options have expanded the range of action of people and businesses. Metropolitan regions require freight transports that are often categorized by an inflow of consumables and an outflow of waste and recyclable material. Within urban areas there are ports, terminals and storage facilities that require incoming and outgoing transport. Altogether, these shipments have led to increased congestion on the road network within urban areas, which is a contributing factor to why a shift to intermodal land transports have been advocated both in Europe and in Sweden, thus encouraging more freight to be moved from road to rail. Another contributing factor is the relatively low impact on the environment generated by rail transportation. Efficient use of resources and low emissions of greenhouse gases are factors that are in favor of the train as a transport mode. Furthermore, conventional rail freight is commonly competitive on long distances and in end-point relations between two nodes. However, an intermodal liner train, as a transport system for freight differs from conventional rail freight transport systems, as it similar to a passenger train makes stops along the route for loading and unloading. Due to the stops made at intermediate stations it enables the coverage of a larger market area. For regional or inter-regional relations, the concept has the potential of reducing drayage by truck to and from intermodal terminals and to make rail freight competitive also over medium and short distances. The main aim of this thesis project has been to analyze under which conditions a combined transport system with the railway as a base can be implemented in the Stockholm-Mälaren region. Based on a case study for a shipper distributing daily consumables in the region, the feasibility of creating a regional rail freight transport system has been evaluated. This study provides a methodology for evaluating the feasibility, regarding costs and emissions, of concepts and technologies within freight transportation chains. This has been accomplished by the development of a cost modal, Intermodal Transport Cost Model (ITCM). From the results of the case study one can conclude that a regional rail based intermodal transport system regarding costs is on the threshold of feasibility in the studied region. As for emissions, all evaluated intermodal transport chains contribute to a significant decrease in CO2 emissions compared to unimodal road haulage. The loading space utilization of the train and the transshipment cost are the most critical parameters. The latter restricting the competitiveness of intermodal services to long distances as it is not proportional to transported distance but rather to the utilization rate of resources. Hence, the concept of cost-efficient small scale (CESS) terminals is introduced in this study. A main prerequisite in order to make the intermodal liner train efficient is a stable and balanced flow of goods with optimized loading space utilization along the route. As the objective is to consolidate small flows, imbalances along the route will constitute an obstacle for the liner train to be competitive. Thus regarding loading space utilization it is necessary to consolidate other freight flows in the train in order to achieve high loading space utilization and a balanced flow along the route. The third parameter which is critical for the results are the fuel prices, where a sensitivity analysis of the results shows that if diesel prices would increase so would the feasibility of the intermodal option. The same is also valid for train length increase as long as the loading space utilization is maintained. The results of the feasibility study indicate that the evaluated transshipment technologies are closing the gap for intermodal transport to unimodal road haulage regarding transport cost over short- and medium distances and that they contribute to a substantial reduction of CO2 emissions. However, it is essential that also the transport quality is ensured, especially regarding reliability and punctuality. Thus a demonstration project is recommended as these aspects require operational testing. This is particularly crucial regarding novel transshipment technologies.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Regional science", "Geography", "Urbanization", "Economic geography", "Trend analysis", "City region", "Economy", "Economic growth", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122698" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W416981846", "doi": "10.15760/trec.109", "title": "Analyzing and Quantifying the Impact of Congestion on LTL Industry Costs and Performance in the Portland Metropolitan Region", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-07-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Miguel Figliozzi" ], "first_author": "Miguel Figliozzi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Increased congestion during peak morning and afternoon periods in urban areas is increasing logistics costs. In addition, environmental, social, and political pressures to limit the impacts associated with CO2 emissions are mounting rapidly. A key challenge for transportation agencies and businesses is to improve the efficiency of urban freight and commercial vehicle movements while ensuring environmental quality, livable communities, and economic growth. However, research and policy efforts to analyze and quantify the impacts of congestion and freight public policies on carriers operations and CO2 emissions are hindered by the complexities of vehicle routing problems with time-dependent travel times and the lack of network-wide congestion data. This research focuses on the analysis of costs and CO2 emissions for different levels of congestion and time-definitive customer demands. Travel time data from an extensive archive of freeway sensors, time-dependent vehicle routing algorithms, and problems-instances with different types of binding constraints are used to analyze the impacts of congestion on commercial vehicle emissions.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Traffic congestion", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Environmental economics", "Economics", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=0&article=1097&context=cengin_fac&type=additional" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3037789573", "doi": null, "title": "Selective and co-modal transport : models and algorithms", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-12-02", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Youcef Amarouche" ], "first_author": "Youcef Amarouche", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "The notion of \"co-modality\" was introduced by the European Commission in 2006 as part of its new transport policy. It refers to the \"efficient use of different modes on their own and in combination\" for the purpose of achieving \"an optimal and sustainable utilisation of resources\" [55]. Unlike previous European transport policies, co-modality does not seek to oppose road transportation to its alternatives, but rather seeks to take advantage of the domains of relevance of different transportation modes and of their combinations to optimize services. In this thesis, we focus on developing new solution algorithms for variants of vehicle routing problems for city logistics systems arising in the wake of comodality. We were particularly interested in developing effective solution methods for selective variants of the vehicle routing problem and two-echelon variants. First, we address the Team Orienteering Problem with Time Windows (TOPTW), a selective variant of routing problems that takes into account customer availability. We propose an effective algorithm based on a neighborhood search that alternates between two different search spaces, and uses a long term memory mechanism to benefit from information gathered while exploring the search space, to solve the TOPTW. In the se cond part of this work, we deal with the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-VRP), a variant of the problem that introduces intermediate facilities, refered to as « satellites ». In a two echelon system, freight is first moved from the depot to the satellites using large trucks, and then delivered from the satellites to the customers using smaller vehicles. To solve the 2E-VRP, we introduce a novel algorithm that combines heuristic methods with mathematical programming techniques. Finally, we consider the Orienteering Problem with Hotel Selection (OPHS), another selective variant that shares similarities with the 2E-VRP, namely, the use of intermediate facilities called hotels. For this problem, we propose a new integer linear programming model, valid inequalities and a Branch-&-Cut solution method. Extensive experimentation on benchmark instances available in the literature demonstrate the competitiveness of our solution methods.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Truck", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Relevance (law)", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Modal", "Scope (computer science)", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://theses.hal.science/tel-02884343v1/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4293209362", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-19-0630-5_6", "title": "Study of the Reliability Optimization Model for the Urban Logistics System", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hao Zhang" ], "first_author": "Hao Zhang", "venue": "Uncertainty and operations research", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Computer science", "Integrated logistics support", "Reliability engineering", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0630-5_6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2972805324", "doi": null, "title": "Distribuição de mercadorias através de espaços logísticos urbanos", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-02-20", "type": "dissertation", "language": "pt", "authors": [ "Rafaella de Souza Henriques" ], "first_author": "Rafaella de Souza Henriques", "venue": "Americanae (AECID Library)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight transport is the feeder of the whole consumption chain, and it is essential for the society survival. But it causes conflicts. Unfortunately, in the Brazil most initiatives comes down to restrictive legislation and punishments for carriers. In this context, this study aims to analyze the use of Urban Logistic Space as an intermediary step in the delivery of cargo to its final destination. To develop this work, two mathematical models were elaborated in order to characterize the current situation of urban freight distribution (Model 1 based on classical approaches for vehicle routing problem) and the proposed situation for the use of ELUS as intermediate in urban freight transport (Model 2 based on classical approaches for network design problem). Three scenarios were analyzed: the Scenario 1 to represent the current situation and application of the Model 1, the Scenario 2 represents the proposed situation and application of the Model 2, and the Scenario 3 represents an intermediate situation between the previous, using both models. The routing results, Scenario1, showed that the used trucks have traveled long distances and mostly with low capacity utilization of vehicles. For the design network model, Scenario2, the results showed that the trucks have circulated smaller distances with greater utilization. Furthermore, when placing tricycles to transport the \"last mile\", the costs and CO2 emissions are reduced, corroborating for a greater feasibility of using ELUS, according to Scenario 3.", "keywords": [ "Humanities", "Physics", "Art" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-9HKFGD" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W626696887", "doi": null, "title": "Urban Transport XV: Urban Transport and the Environment", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-06-01", "type": "book", "language": "en", "authors": [ "C. A. Brebbia" ], "first_author": "C. A. Brebbia", "venue": "Medical Entomology and Zoology", "publisher": "Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology", "abstract": "Section 1: Urban transport planning and management Urban traffic analysis from a large scale floating car data system Changes in New Zealand transport mode choices over time by size of city Mode succession in a public transit corridor Estimating trip generation rates for two new development types About the high capacity public transport networks territory functions Random utility approach to re-designing the passengers interchange node Urban intermodality: potentials for connecting the cities' public transport Section 2: Transportation demand analysis High occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes as a means of transport demand management: the Thessaloniki experience Urban travellers' mode choice: towards a new culture for urban mobility A survey of mobility behaviour as an example of research into the demand for urban transport in some Polish cities An analysis of the transportation planning for the 2010 Soccer World Cup in South Africa Integration of traffic flow relations in a simulation environment Section 3: Traffic integration and control Simulation of hybrid buses: a study of fuel economy and emissions Modelling the dynamics of urban transport: a simplistic approach to traffic impact assessment Section 4: Intelligent transport systems GSM/GPS based toll collection system - proposal for Poland Performance measures for managing urban traffic signal systems myTIS: a MAS-based TIS for public transport users Driver behaviour models for a driving simulator-based intelligent speed adaptation system Section 5: Transport modelling and simulation The applications of virtual reality for interdisciplinary planning The transportation planning process in Slovakia Analysis of roundabout capacity under high demand flows Transport modelling supported by GIS - an overview of GIS features now within Cube Section 6: Land use and transport integration A study on connectivity and accessibility between tram stops and public facilities High Speed Rail, a new mode of suburban metropolitan transport The role of the transport road network in the economic development of Saudi Arabia Injecting a rapid rail link into a metropolis Section 7: Public transport systems Synchronization of regional public transport systems Investigating predictors of the demand for public transport in Melbourne, Australia How has the distribution of the population in local cities been changing over time according to the frequency of railways and tramways? Preliminary results of studying optimal LRT network in the City of Zagreb Marginalization due to distance from schools The evaluation of public transport safety facilities in developing countries: a case study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Transit Bus Route Network Design: a model and its application in a real network Optimization of public bus transport in Istanbul Park and ride trips to work in the city of Sao Paulo Service quality attributes in urban bus services: the experience of Belem-Para/Brazil Section 8: Environmental and ecological aspects Urban modal shift management in cities: an indicator based approach Promoting sustainable energy in the New Zealand transport system: policies, programmes and strategic directions SWOT analysis for an environment friendly urban transport system Better ride for freight Attenuation of environment vibration from rail traffic in urban areas Evaluation of polymer modified asphalts containing warm mix additives in rheology Small light urban vehicles: a solution for increasing energy efficiency and decreasing CO2 emissions within city limits Sustainable urban transport - the contested role of car manufacturers Multicriteria analysis measurement of the road transport corridor impact on the environment Section 9: Air and noise pollution Strategic noise mapping of the agglomeration of Bologna, Italy Development and application of a strategic modelling tool for the evaluation of air pollution mitigation strategies for urban freight in Sydney Modelling mobile source emissions by on-board characterization of roadways Comparison of mobile source emission models using aggregated and disaggregated data Methodology to quantify the effect of policies and measures in emission reductions from road transport Section 10: Safety and security Visibility, perception and roundabout safety How to formulate an accident prediction model for urban intersections Perception of the traffic safety level provided in elementary school areas Fog forecasting and service for highways The safety benefits added by lateral roadside clearance to urban streets The acceptability of counter-terrorism measures on urban mass transit in the UK Simulation based validation of time to collision as a safety performance surrogate", "keywords": [ "Public transport", "Transport engineering", "Transport network", "Transportation planning", "Mode (computer interface)", "Demand management", "Urban planning", "Mode choice", "Intelligent transportation system", "Traffic congestion", "Mode of transport", "Traffic flow (computer networking)" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB00735573" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W651782119", "doi": null, "title": "COMPARISONS OF EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE FOR TRUCK AND RAIL", "year": 1991, "publication_date": "1991-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "W G Blevins", "A W Gibson" ], "first_author": "W G Blevins", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "There has been comparatively little published information on the relative energy-efficiency and emission levels of trucks and railways. What little has appeared in print has tended to look at aggregate figures for the two industries, including types of movement for which there is little intermodal competition such as urban deliveries and unit trains of bulk commodities. This sheds little light on the potential to reduce fuel usage and emissions by shifting traffic between the modes. This paper presents figures for the types of movement where the two modes do compete, based on locomotive engine tests, typical truck fuel consumptions, and emission regulations. A variety of railway technologies and truck configurations are examined, representative of the range of equipment in service. Railway equipment includes several Trailer-on-Flatcar and Container-on- Flatcar configurations, as well as conventional carload equipment to serve as a benchmark. Truck configurations include single and double-48-foot (14.65 m) trailers. The analysis covers a representative route across Canada. Three time periods are examined, representative of the recent past, the present, and the future, to give an indication of trends, since technology and operating methods continue to evolve and affect energy use and emissions for both modes. The conclusions are that the railways can move competitive traffic at a fuel saving typically in the range of 65 to 70 percent compared with trucks, and that this advantage will be largely maintained in the future, even in the face of extreme truck configurations such as turnpike doubles. The railways also generate similar reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. For the other major pollutant from diesel engines, NOx, the railways currently show a saving in the range of 30 to 50 percent per net tonne-kilometre, which would be eroded somewhat but by no means eliminated by turnpike doubles. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD Abstract no. 807788.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Train", "Trailer", "Range (aeronautics)", "Engineering", "Container (type theory)", "Track (disk drive)", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/379697" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413503167", "doi": "10.23881/idupbo.025.1-7i", "title": "STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES FOR LAST-MILE DELIVERY OF CPG PRODUCTS TO NANOSTORES IN THE CITY CENTER OF COCHABAMBA", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Santiago Lima", "Agatha Da Silva", "Evelyn Ágreda", "Adriana Bernardes Pereira" ], "first_author": "Santiago Lima", "venue": "Revista Investigación & Desarrollo", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Last-mile logistics represents a major cost and environmental challenge in dense urban centers, particularly in emerging economies. In Bolivia, where over 92% of retail transactions occur through informal nanostores, urban freight operations to supply these channels are hindered by narrow streets, congestion, and a lack of logistics infrastructure. In this direction, this study explores an optimization strategy for last-mile delivery of consumer-packaged goods (CPGs) to nanostores in downtown Cochabamba. We used a mixed-methods approach, including surveys of 243 stores, interviews with logistics managers, and route modeling with VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) Spreadsheet Solver. We considered a cluster-based logistics bay strategy, leveraging abandoned parking bays in the region for this purpose. Results show that the use of designated bays and the proposed route clustering can reduce delivery times by up to 11% and unit costs by 4,7%. These findings inform urban logistics planning and public policy for cities facing similar informal retail challenges.", "keywords": [ "Center (category theory)", "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Geography", "Chemistry", "Geodesy" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www1.upb.edu/revista-investigacion-desarrollo/index.php/id/article/download/339/907" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7150011151", "doi": "10.48084/etasr.16578", "title": "An AI-Driven Framework Combining K-Means Clustering and VRP Optimization for Sustainable Waste Collection", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-04", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Fahima Benhamma", "Ahmed Bellaouar", "Adnen Elamraoui", "Rawya Achiri" ], "first_author": "Fahima Benhamma", "venue": "Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research", "publisher": "Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research", "abstract": "Urban waste management in developing countries faces persistent challenges, including inefficient routing, high operational costs, and significant environmental impact. This study presents a hybrid framework that integrates K-means clustering with Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) optimization to improve municipal waste collection efficiency within a reverse logistics perspective. Applied to the Technical Landfill Center (CET) of Guelma, Algeria, the model groups 23 urban sectors into operationally coherent clusters before optimizing collection routes. The results show a 63.6% reduction in fleet size, a 69.14% decrease in daily travel distance, and estimated annual CO2 savings of 381 metric tons, while maintaining full-service coverage. Built entirely on open-source tools, the proposed framework offers a computationally efficient and interpretable optimization approach, providing a scalable decision-support tool for sustainable city logistics in resource-constrained settings.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Metric (unit)", "Cluster analysis", "Scalability", "Waste collection", "City logistics", "Data collection", "Reverse logistics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/article/download/16578/6530" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415342176", "doi": "10.58830/ozgur.pub893.c3689", "title": "AI-Driven Optimization Techniques for Meal Delivery: Metropolitan Urban Logistics Approach", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "tr", "authors": [ "Serkan Özdemir" ], "first_author": "Serkan Özdemir", "venue": "Özgür Yayınları eBooks", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter explores how integrating predictive modeling with route optimization can enhance the performance of urban meal delivery systems. Three routing strategies—Greedy, Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), and VRP enhanced with LSTM-based predictive rebalancing—were evaluated across varying temporal periods throughout the day. Results show that while VRP reduces delivery durations compared to heuristic routing, the hybrid VRP+LSTM model achieves additional efficiency gains by anticipating spatial–temporal demand fluctuations. These improvements translate into lower delivery times, and greater operational stability. Policy implications emphasize the need for open urban data infrastructures, AI-driven optimization frameworks, and adaptive governance models to support sustainable last-mile logistics. The study demonstrates that hybrid predictive–optimization frameworks can significantly advance intelligent and sustainable urban delivery networks.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Vehicle routing problem", "Heuristic", "Sustainability", "Urban sustainability", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub893.c3689" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7207742173", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-92-2250-6_47", "title": "Optimization of Consolidation Transportation Systems Based on Rail Transit", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shuai Wang", "Ai-Hui Pei", "Xiao Feng", "Manjuan Yang" ], "first_author": "Shuai Wang", "venue": "Lecture notes in electrical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Consolidation (business)", "Rail transit", "Flow network", "Vehicle routing problem", "Sustainability", "Rail transportation", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Rail network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-92-2250-6_47" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160284882", "doi": "10.1007/s10479-026-07243-5", "title": "A Bayesian trust-based hybrid truck-drone coalition framework for resilient and sustainable last-mile delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Armin Mahmoodi", "Seyed Mojtaba Sajadi", "Said M. Easa" ], "first_author": "Armin Mahmoodi", "venue": "Annals of Operations Research", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract This study proposes a novel hybrid Truck-Drone-Coalition (TDC) framework to enhance the resilience and sustainability of last-mile urban delivery systems. The model optimizes four conflicting objectives simultaneously: total delivery cost, service time, operational risk, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, also called drones) energy consumption. To address behavioral uncertainty among coalition partners, we integrate a Bayesian trust update mechanism with a Markov transition process, enabling dynamic adjustment of cooperation levels and automatic activation of fallback outsourcing when trust thresholds are breached. The solution combines an exact Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) core with a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) metaheuristic to ensure feasible routing, coalition stability, and robust Pareto-optimal trade-offs. Validated using real-world urban scenarios (Solomon benchmarks and commercial UAV specifications), the framework demonstrates: (a) 18% fewer delivery disruptions compared to static trust models, (b) 94% on-time delivery rate under high uncertainty (an 11% improvement over the base case), and (c) 9% lower costs and 12% higher energy efficiency through adaptive coalition reconfiguration. Simulation results demonstrate that the Bayesian trust mechanism effectively detects misbehavior, reallocates tasks via third-party outsourcing, and sustains service reliability under coalition instability or UAV breakdowns. Additionally, dynamic Shapley cost-sharing ensures fair cost allocation among coalition members. By integrating trust modeling, cooperative game theory, and risk-aware controls, this research bridges a critical gap in hybrid truck-drone logistics. The findings provide actionable insights for logistics managers seeking cost-effective, flexible, and resilient last-mile solutions. Future work will focus on real-time trust evaluation and dynamic coalition reconfiguration using live operational data.", "keywords": [ "Control reconfiguration", "Resilience (materials science)", "Sorting", "Cooperative game theory", "Service (business)", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Markov decision process", "Pooling", "Service provider", "Game theory" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07243-5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416816228", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5827724", "title": "Scalable Solution of the Stochastic Multi-path Traveling SalesmanProblem via Neural Networks", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Xiaochen Chou", "Ludovica Di Marco", "Enza Messina" ], "first_author": "Xiaochen Chou", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Travelling salesman problem", "Artificial neural network", "Computation", "Generalization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Set (abstract data type)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5827724" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3092359965", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-61834-6_14", "title": "Solving an Urban Goods Distribution Problem as the 2E-CVRP Model Using a MILP-based Decomposition Approach", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Angie Ramírez-Villamil", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres", "Anicia Jaegler" ], "first_author": "Angie Ramírez-Villamil", "venue": "Communications in computer and information science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Truck", "Vehicle routing problem", "Decomposition", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Metaheuristic", "Traffic network", "Operations research", "City logistics", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61834-6_14" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413250591", "doi": "10.1145/3747012.3747022", "title": "The Study on the impact of charging strategy on path planning under charging station queuing time", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-11", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wei Huang" ], "first_author": "Wei Huang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "With the popularization of electric logistics vehicles and the advancement of green transformation in logistics industry, the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRPTW) has become a crucial issue for optimizing urban distribution efficiency and reducing operational costs. This study first establishes a multi-objective optimization model incorporating fixed costs, transportation costs, charging costs, and time window penalty costs. Compared with conventional VRP models, the proposed model introduces nonlinear charging constraints and threshold constraints for both full and partial charging strategies. Specifically, it examines how different charging strategies (full charging vs. partial charging) affect both the final distribution costs and the queuing waiting time of electric logistics vehicles at charging stations. A genetic simulated annealing algorithm is introduced to solve this optimization problem. The research systematically considers the interdependent relationships between charging strategy selection, charging station scheduling, and vehicle routing optimization under time window constraints.", "keywords": [ "Queueing theory", "Computer science", "Path (computing)", "Operations research", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3747012.3747022" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110639346", "doi": null, "title": "Şehir lojistiğinde yer seçimi rotalama ve senkronizasyon problemleri", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "Farham, Mohammad Saleh" ], "first_author": "Farham, Mohammad Saleh", "venue": "OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)", "publisher": "Middle East Technical University", "abstract": "City logistics aims to improve urban freight transportation by considering the costs and benefits of public and private sectors, consolidating segmented freight shipments, and integrating the individual actors in a collaborative environment. This thesis studies network design problems in city logistics systems to address managerial challenges in urban freight transportation. We consider two network design schemes, namely the one and the two-echelon distribution networks, to formulate strategic and tactical level problems in urban freight transportation. In the single-echelon systems, freight is distributed from consolidation centers located on city boundaries to the customers inside the city. In the two-echelon systems, goods are unloaded at the intermediate facilities, called satellites, and consolidated into smaller vehicles suitable for the last-mile delivery in city centers. From an operational level perspective, we highlight the importance of synchronizing first and second echelon vehicles at the satellite locations and discuss the relation of the satellite synchronization problem to the network design problems. We propose mathematical programming formulations for the introduced strategic, tactical, and operational level problems in city logistics, and develop exact and heuristic solution approaches. The exact approaches use column generation to find optimal delivery routes efficiently. The heuristics are based on the hierarchical decomposition of the original problem into its basic decisions. Extensive computational studies in this thesis provide new insights into designing and implementing a practical city logistics system in real-world.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Column generation", "City logistics", "Flow network", "Relation (database)", "Interdependence", "Traffic management", "Heuristic" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11511/45488" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416774505", "doi": "10.1108/imds-06-2025-0910", "title": "Freight parking and charging optimization toward sustainable urban logistics", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bing Qing Tan", "Kai Kang" ], "first_author": "Bing Qing Tan", "venue": "Industrial Management & Data Systems", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Purpose The rapid urbanization and exponential growth of e-commerce have intensified the demand for more efficient but sustainable urban logistics. This research explores the solutions to optimizing urban delivery activities with time windows using electric vehicles while considering the parking availability. Design/methodology/approach A mixed integer linear programming model is formulated to extend electric vehicle routing problem with time windows (EVRPTW) by incorporating parking issues during urban deliveries. Numerical experiments are conducted to assess the model based on random delivery requests. Findings The integration of parking and charging constraints into the EVRPTW model results in severe computational complexity. Parking-related expenses emerge as the dominant cost in urban logistics, which reshapes traditional cost structures. The results present the importance of strategic parking management in urban logistics and necessitate algorithmic design. Originality/value Our research contributes to urban logistics by integrating parking and charging optimization into the classic EVRPTW model. The proposed model provides a more realistic and comprehensive framework for planning electric vehicle-based urban deliveries. Our findings also offer valuable managerial implications for practitioners to achieve a transition toward more efficient and sustainable urban logistics systems.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Vehicle routing problem", "Urbanization", "Urban planning", "Integer programming", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Sustainable transport", "Linear programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-06-2025-0910" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392399327", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-53991-6_38", "title": "A Last Mile Delivery Problem with Multitrip and Time Window Constraints in E-Logistics", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Duygu Nurcan Kızgın", "Ferhan Çebi" ], "first_author": "Duygu Nurcan Kızgın", "venue": "Lecture notes in mechanical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Mile", "Window (computing)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Geography", "Operating system", "Geodesy" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53991-6_38" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2991608335", "doi": "10.31649/2413-4503-2019-10-2-4-9", "title": "Approaches to demand modeling for goods transportation in corn logistics", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Victor Bilichenko", "Viktoriia Kotenko" ], "first_author": "Victor Bilichenko", "venue": "Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The article deals with the concepts and problems of corn logistics in Ukraine. As a direction for increasing the efficiency of corn logistics, the forecasting of demand for transport services for corn transportation through modeling is proposed. It is established that demand modeling is carried out in order to obtain the main indicators of the goods transportation process, as well as their forecasting and further improvement. Probabilistic modeling involves not only building models for analyzing and optimizing the structure of routes and choosing the capacity of transport, but also predicting the volume of traffic with an assessment of their impact on the main indicators of efficiency, reducing the time and resources spent on logistics operations. The basic models of demand for transportation of domestic scientists are considered. The research results of the demand for transport services show that the random nature of demand has to be taken into account. The basic demand-forming unit is the request for transport service - the customer's need for services, backed by purchasing power and presented on the market for its satisfaction. The service request is the basis and the cause of interaction between the elements of the logistics system of goods delivery – a forwarder, a carrier, a goods terminal and a goods owner. The set of potential and real requests for the services of the enterprise form the demand for its services, respectively, the set of requests for services of all enterprises of the region represents the demand for transport services in the region. The works of scientists who use econometric models as a basis for demand modeling (linear OLS regression model, autoregressive model with distributed ADLM lag, unlimited vector VAR autoregressive model) are studied. Such models calculate the elasticity of demand for goods trasportation, depending on the level of economic activity, where the key indicators of the assessment are the industrial production index and gross domestic product by purchasing power parity and different modes of transport. The article also considers the nature, scope, and parameters of demand modeling using programs such as TRANS-TOOLS, STAN, TAPAS, SYNTRADE, INTERLOG, Urban Distribution, and their effectiveness for corn logistics.", "keywords": [ "Service (business)", "Purchasing", "Demand forecasting", "Business", "Process (computing)", "Traffic management", "Goods and services", "Transport engineering", "Environmental economics", "Operations research", "Industrial organization", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://vmt.vntu.edu.ua/index.php/vmt/article/download/164/150" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4378709673", "doi": "10.12133/j.smartag.2021.3.3.202108-sa004", "title": "Time-Varying Heterotypic-Vehicle Cold Chain Logistics Distribution Path Optimization Model", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "LIU Siyuan", "CHEN Tian'en", "CHEN Dong", "Chi Zhang", "Cong Wang" ], "first_author": "LIU Siyuan", "venue": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In view of the problems of constant speed and single carbon emission calculation method in the distribution model of fresh agricultural products in the transportation link of agricultural supply chain, combined with the time-varying characteristics of road network and the new multi vehicle carbon emission calculation method, this study put forward the distribution route optimization model of fresh agricultural products with four optimization objectives, which were the distribution distance, multi vehicle carbon emission, goods loss and vehicle fixed cost. In this model, the calculation of fuel consumption and carbon emission in the model would be affected by many factors, among which the load is the most important factor: Firstly, the average fuel consumption per 100 km of different trucks was calculated, then the CO2 emission factors of various trucks were calculated according to the carbon balance principle, and finally the average value of the results of each truck was taken as the carbon emission factor of the vehicle. According to those characteristics of the model, an improved double strategies co-evolutionary ant colony system (DC-ACS) was proposed. In this study, the main method was used to transform the problem into a solvable single objective problem. Then, the ant colony algorithm combined the coevolution mechanism, adaptive pheromone update strategy and local search mechanism were used to improve the solution effect of the algorithm. Finally, an appropriate fitness calculation method and stagnation avoidance strategy were designed to enhance the ability of the algorithm to jump out of local optimization. The C105 example of Solomon dataset was solved by using the improved ant colony algorithm. The optimal solutions on the four optimization objectives were 937.94 km, 4961.48 CNY, 4081.78 CNY and 7500.87 CNY respectively, which proved the effectiveness of the model proposed in this study. Based on the effectiveness of the model, the experimental results showed that the total distribution cost of the improved ant colony algorithm reduced by more than 14% on average compared with the basic ant colony algorithm on the four optimization objectives, which proved that the improved ant colony algorithm had more advantages. The improved ant colony algorithm was used to solve large-scale examples with different distributions: centralized, random and mixed. The optimal total costs were 19939.53 CNY, 24095 CNY and 24397.58 CNY, respectively. To sum up, the proposed model and algorithm could provide a good reference for the urban distribution path decision-making of cold chain logistics enterprises, a new idea to improve the distribution path optimization model and optimization method of smart agricultural supply chain, and a reference for enterprises to further expand their scale.", "keywords": [ "Cold chain", "Path (computing)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Chain (unit)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Physics", "Mechanical engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doaj.org/article/e472a5cfe70d498bb6a69acac4b1cb3c" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164585379", "doi": "10.1109/iccsse67426.2025.11552528", "title": "Enhancing ACO Stability and Performance for Urban VRP via Clustering and Intersection Penalty", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-17", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jin Xu", "Jinxing Zhao" ], "first_author": "Jin Xu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study addresses a complex variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with capacity constraints and split deliveries. To address this issue, this paper proposes the Clustering and Intersection-aware ACO Algorithm, an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm that incorporates a state transfer strategy based on clustering and modifies the pheromone updating strategy through the introduction of an Intersection Penalty Factor. This reduces redundant path crossings and improves solution quality. The experimental results demonstrate that the Clustering and Intersection-aware ACO Algorithm outperforms the traditional ACO algorithm in urban distribution across a range of map sizes, markedly reducing the overall cost of distribution paths, and yielding a highly stable solution. This research presents a novel approach for optimizing complex VRPs, offering valuable insights for practical logistics scheduling.", "keywords": [ "Stability (learning theory)", "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Cluster analysis", "Vehicle routing problem", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsse67426.2025.11552528" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112609445", "doi": null, "title": "Handbook on Transport and Land Use", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "book", "language": null, "authors": [ "André Alho", "Takanori Sakai", "Giacomo Dalla Chiara" ], "first_author": "André Alho", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "Urban freight denotes vehicle and commodity flows in an urban environment. These flows depend on a complex set of relationships among various stakeholders. In the last decades, urban freight has experienced an incredible pace of evolution, which has occurred due to various technological factors. One example is the ubiquity of internet access and the advance in information technology, leading to e-commerce adoption. Another is the development of algorithms to forecast demand, design and maintain supply chains and plan vehicle routes. In this chapter, we summarize critical changes in urban freight developments and land use. We highlight the interactions between passenger and freight travel, the recent shifts in freight flows and associated planning needs.", "keywords": [ "Pace", "Traffic management", "Commodity", "Plan (archaeology)", "Land use", "Supply chain", "Urban planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781800370258/9781800370258.00030.xml" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4395956074", "doi": "10.54097/hd3cwb22", "title": "Study on Distribution Path Planning of Electric Logistics Vehicles Under Partial Charging Strategy", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jinfeng Lu" ], "first_author": "Jinfeng Lu", "venue": "Academic Journal of Science and Technology", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The current situation of energy consumption and environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, electric vehicles have gradually become an important distribution tool for logistics companies due to their advantages of low energy consumption and low pollution, however, the problems of limited battery capacity and long charging time are still the main obstacles to their effective promotion in the field of logistics and distribution. In order to improve the utilization rate of electric logistics vehicles, the charging method of the vehicle is studied in detail, and it is proposed to use partial charging strategy to optimize the distribution path scheme of electric logistics vehicles with soft time window, and to establish an optimization model with the goal of minimizing the total cost of distribution, and at the same time, consider the constraints of the vehicle's loading, the customer's soft time window, and the battery endurance; the genetic algorithm is improved by using the idea of destruction and repair in the large neighborhood search algorithm, and the problem is solving, and verify the effectiveness of the model and algorithm using the Solomon arithmetic set; and conduct a sensitivity analysis of the distribution cost by adjusting 2 parameters, the battery capacity and charging price of the electric vehicle. The results show that the partial charging strategy can effectively reduce the cost compared with the full charging strategy in the distribution activities of electric logistics vehicles. In the example, the total cost is reduced by 7.69%, the electricity cost is reduced by 8.85%, and the total distance is shortened by 7.4%. In this case, the total cost, electricity cost and time window cost increased by 6.22%, 19.83% and 6.83% respectively. At the same time, some charging strategies can also significantly improve the power utilization rate of the vehicle battery, and reduce the idle and waste of vehicle resources and power resources. This paper proposes a distribution route optimization model of electric logistics vehicles under the partial charging strategy, which can provide beneficial enlightenment for logistics enterprises in the scheme scheduling and distribution model selection in urban distribution, and is of great significance for reducing the distribution cost of logistics enterprises.", "keywords": [ "Path (computing)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Electric vehicle", "Transport engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Business", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Computer network", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://drpress.org/ojs/index.php/ajst/article/download/19179/18967" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411019380", "doi": "10.46254/an15.20250087", "title": "Optimization of Collaborative Truck-Drone-Subway Delivery for Urban Logistics", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "So Rim Han", "Byung Duk Song" ], "first_author": "So Rim Han", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The truck-drone hybrid delivery system has been proposed as an alternative for urban logistics due to its advantages in fast delivery, cost-efficiency, and environmental benefits. However, UAVs face limitations in battery capacity and payload, which make it challenging to meet the increasing demand for logistics services. Additionally, there are constraints in building new logistics facilities in urban areas. Underground logistics has emerged as an alternative solution to address these problems. By utilizing the subway network, the system can avoid urban traffic congestion and manage logistics flows efficiently. Moreover, it minimizes the cost of establishing new facilities by making the most of existing infrastructure. In this study, we propose a new urban delivery system that combines the existing truck-drone hybrid model with the subway network. The established subway network and stations are used to transport goods from suburban areas to urban areas, where they also function as urban logistics hubs. A truck and drones handle the last-mile delivery to customers from the subway stations. Both the truck and multiple drones operate independently; the truck does not act as a mothership for the drones, and they perform deliveries across multiple logistics depots. We developed a mathematical optimization model for a multi-depot, multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows. The developed model was validated through numerical experiments, demonstrating its practical applicability to urban delivery services.The truck-drone hybrid delivery system has been proposed as an alternative for urban logistics due to its advantages in fast delivery, cost-efficiency, and environmental benefits. However, UAVs face limitations in battery capacity and payload, which make it challenging to meet the increasing demand for logistics services. Additionally, there are constraints in building new logistics facilities in urban areas. Underground logistics has emerged as an alternative solution to address these problems. By utilizing the subway network, the system can avoid urban traffic congestion and manage logistics flows efficiently. Moreover, it minimizes the cost of establishing new facilities by making the most of existing infrastructure. In this study, we propose a new urban delivery system that combines the existing truck-drone hybrid model with the subway network. The established subway network and stations are used to transport goods from suburban areas to urban areas, where they also function as urban logistics hubs. A truck and drones handle the last-mile delivery to customers from the subway stations. Both the truck and multiple drones operate independently; the truck does not act as a mothership for the drones, and they perform deliveries across multiple logistics depots. We developed a mathematical optimization model for a multi-depot, multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows. The developed model was validated through numerical experiments, demonstrating its practical applicability to urban delivery services.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Drone", "Transport engineering", "City logistics", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/singapore2025/87.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161137081", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-23660-9_11", "title": "Sustainable Logistics: The Impact of e-Bikes in Last Mile Delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paolo Beatrici", "Francesca Maggioni", "Sebastian Birolini", "Paolo Malighetti" ], "first_author": "Paolo Beatrici", "venue": "Research for development", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Government (linguistics)", "Work (physics)", "Production (economics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-23660-9_11" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W635060637", "doi": null, "title": "Green Lite: Simulation Could Stop the Delivery Business Turning Into a Logistical Trial", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pablo Barceló" ], "first_author": "Pablo Barceló", "venue": "Traffic Technology International", "publisher": "Mark Allen Group", "abstract": "Vehicle routing and scheduling models for urban supply chain logistics management can be used to better track delivery times and refine routing and scheduling based on local road networks, traffic patterns and customer needs. They also need to be adjusted to real-life constraints posed by urban conditions. This article describes the stakeholders to be considered in developing such models. These include: shippers, who should choose optimal locations for warehouses or transfer points, freight carriers, who must optimize fleet size, type and routing, as well as scheduling and dispatching, residents, consumers and clients, and administrators, who set policies guiding traffic and supply. The article d scribes how problems of logistics in urban delivery systems need to be identified and defined and gives evaluation criteria. Covered topics include routing and scheduling models, and the steps to be taken to incorporate elements such as vehicle capacities, delivery time restrictions and distances. City logistics and information and communication technologies are described, in terms of dynamic scheduling to adjust to customer-imposed time windows and other e-commerce elements. Microscopic traffic simulation and dynamic fleet management are also discussed.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Vehicle routing problem", "City logistics", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Supply chain", "Fleet management", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/775831" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4313680449", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4319324", "title": "Integrated Strategic and Tactical Design of Multi-Echelon City Distribution Systems with Vehicles Synchronization: Case of the Greater Montréal Area", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Viviane Agnimo", "Mustapha Ouhimmou", "Marc Paquet", "Julio Montecinos" ], "first_author": "Viviane Agnimo", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Synchronization (alternating current)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Operations management", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Business", "Telecommunications", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4319324" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W631627350", "doi": null, "title": "ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (CVMS)", "year": 2002, "publication_date": "2002-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haiying Li" ], "first_author": "Haiying Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Emerging information based technologies including, Intelligent Transport Systems {US), Geographic Information Systems {GIS), Global Position Systems (GPS) provide powerful tools for increasing the efficiency as well as reducing the impacts of goods movement in urban areas. These technologies when integrated with optimisation techniques also have the potential to improve the safety and reliability of urban freight systems. Vehicle routing and scheduling is a central problem in fleet management. The vehicle routing and scheduling problem is an optimisation process where a set of customers are assigned to trucks and the visiting order of customers are determined to minimise delivery costs. Since this is a NP-hard problem, heuristic techniques must be used to find good solutions within a reasonable time. This paper will outline a new heuristic method for solving the vehicle routing and scheduling problem and show how it can be integrated with GIS and GPS to provide a Commercial Vehicle Management System (CVMS). (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E206301.", "keywords": [ "Vehicle routing problem", "Global Positioning System", "Truck", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Fleet management", "Transport engineering", "Geographic information system", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Heuristic", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/735655" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2618102093", "doi": null, "title": "Population composition mortality and fertility.", "year": 1986, "publication_date": "1986-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "I Alam", "Shah Nm" ], "first_author": "I Alam", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter provides an overview of the population of Pakistan its size growth age and sex composition and provincial and rural/urban distribution; examines the mortality patterns both for males and females at different ages during the life cycle; analyzes the fertility of the population and the changes in it over the years; and discusses the differentials in fertility by the age at which women were married region of residence and rural or urban location. The basic sources of demographic data in Pakistan consist of decennial censuses 4 of which have been conducted to data: 1951 1961 1972 and 1981. The population of Pakistan has been enumerated to be 83.8 million as of March 1981 of which about 40 million (47%) are women. Of all the females about 45% are children below age 15; another 44% are in the reproductive ages 15-49; the rest are over age 50. There are about 111 males per 100 females. This high sex ratio suggests that are either underreported or have have higher mortality rates than males. Females expect to live a shorter life than males at birth 51.8 and 52.9 years respectively although the differential has narrowed over the years. Mortality among infants continues to be high; over 100 girl babies of every 1000 born during a year die before they reach 1 year. Fertility has been traditionally high in Pakistan. The crude birth rate has been above 40/1000 according to all data sources; the total fertility rate was reported to be 6.3 in 1975. Women who married at age 20 or more experienced a much higher decline in fertility between 1960-75 than women who married at younger ages. These findings may suggest some policy implications for a possible route to achieve a decline in Pakistani fertility yet raising the age at marriage within the country may not be easy particularly in rural areas. The rural/urban differentials in fertility did not lead to any conclusive findings. An analysis of the age-specific fertility rate suggests that fertility in urban areas was lower than in rural areas. This finding was reversed when age-specific marital fertility rates were examined. Fertility continues to be high and an average married Pakistani women still still bears more than 7 children during her lifetime. The government has had a national population control program since 1965 to provide services and fertility control advice. In the meantime about 3 million babies are born each year. The population is likely to double in about 23 years if the present rate of population growth (about 3% per year) continues unchecked. Such a high rate of growth has serious consequences for the development of a nation with limited resources and particularly for women and female children since these groups are socially less valued and have less access to these resources.", "keywords": [ "Demography", "Fertility", "Population", "Total fertility rate", "Residence", "Birth rate", "Mortality rate", "Sex ratio", "Geography", "Child mortality", "Infant mortality", "Family planning" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.popline.org/node/347017" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4231182148", "doi": "10.17077/etd.005810", "title": "Value of parking and autonomous vehicles for last-mile delivery", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sara Reed", "Ann Melissa Campbell", "Renato de Matta", "Barrett W. Thomas", "Samuel A. Burer", "Jeffrey W. Ohlmann" ], "first_author": "Sara Reed", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Last-mile delivery is the movement of goods from a transportation hub to their final destination. Parking is a necessary component of traditional last-mile delivery practices, but finding parking can be difficult. This thesis introduces the Capacitated Delivery Problem with Parking (CDPP) to address this challenge of finding parking. Unlike other models in the literature, the CDPP accounts for the search time for parking in the objective. We provide tight bounds for the CDPP using a Traveling Salesman Problem solution that parks at each customer. We also identify model improvements that allow reasonably-sized instances of the CDPP to be solved exactly. We introduce a heuristic for the CDPP that quickly finds high quality solutions to large instances. Computational experiments show that the CDPP outperforms industry practice and models in the literature with the greatest advantage in areas where the search time for parking is high. This analysis provides immediate ways to improve routing in last-mile delivery. To further improve the productivity of the delivery person, we explore autonomous vehicle assisted delivery as an alternative business model. To do so, we introduce the Capacitated Autonomous Vehicle Assisted Delivery Problem (CAVADP). The autonomous vehicle in the CAVADP can drop off the delivery person at selected points where the delivery person makes deliveries to the final addresses on foot. Then, the vehicle picks up the delivery person and travels to the next reloading point. In this way, the delivery person would never need to look for parking or walk back to a parking place. Based on the number of customers, driving speed, walking speed, and the time for loading packages, we characterize the optimal solution to the CAVADP on a solid rectangular grid of customers, a reasonable assumption for an urban environment. To determine in what geographies autonomous-assisted delivery is most valuable, we model the CAVADP on a general graph. To solve this model on realistically-sized instances, we exploit the structure of the optimal solution to develop a number of preprocessing techniques and valid inequalities. Autonomous-assisted delivery reduces the completion time of the delivery tour and provides the most cost-effective business model in all customer geographies. In particular, the reduction in the completion time of the delivery tour is higher in urban environments with 53% average savings relative to traditional delivery practices compared to rural environments with 26% average savings. Increases in productivity from the CAVADP with respect to other business models are greater than the increased operational costs of using an autonomous vehicle. These conclusions support businesses with urban deliveries considering investment in this technology.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Value (mathematics)", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.005810" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165183830", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9925092/v1", "title": "Impacts of Dedicated Loading and Unloading Zones on Parcel Transport and Traffic Dynamics – A Case Study for Berlin-Mitte, Germany", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-19", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ibraheem Adeniran", "Michael Behrisch", "Abdulrahmon Ghazal", "Saskia Seidel", "Carina Kehrt" ], "first_author": "Ibraheem Adeniran", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Competition (biology)", "Solver", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic simulation", "Transport network", "Flow (mathematics)", "Flow network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-9925092/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110528300", "doi": null, "title": "Optimizing Parcel Transport and Traffic Dynamics with Dedicated Loading and Unloading Zones", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Adeniran, Ibraheem Oluwatosin", "Behrisch, Michael", "Seidel, Saskia", "Kehrt, Carina" ], "first_author": "Adeniran, Ibraheem Oluwatosin", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "The growing demand for courier, express, and parcel (CEP) services, driven by the rise in online retail, has intensified competition for urban road space, leading to increased congestion. Delivery vehicles frequently resort to second-row parking, obstructing traffic flow and exacerbating delays for motorised individual transport (MIT). However, neither the competitive dynamic between CEP services and MIT nor the loading and unloading zones (LUZs) have been considered in current urban freight transport models. A prevalent consequence of this competition is the obstruction of traffic flow due to delivery vehicles engaging in second-row parking. For solving this issue, LUZs could be an important contribution. To assess the impact of this transport policy measure, ex-ante simulation-based evaluations are necessary. For this reason, we develop a feedback approach between the microscopic traffic simulation SUMO and the mesoscopic, agent-based transport simulation MATSim, which is linked to the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) solver Jsprit to adequately illustrate the interactions between freight transport and MIT. We also apply this approach to assess the impacts of LUZs on traffic flow and environment. We show the effects of the LUZs in the framework of a case study in the district Mitte of Berlin, Germany. The simulation results reveal that the implementation of designated LUZs improves overall traffic flow, increases network travel speeds, and reduces time losses for other road users.", "keywords": [ "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Solver", "Competition (biology)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic simulation", "Flow (mathematics)", "Transport network", "Flow network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/219020/1/FreightSIM_IOA_20250916.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W818421303", "doi": null, "title": "Use of Section 5310 Transportation Resources in Urban and Rural America: A Baseline Assessment", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tom W. Seekins" ], "first_author": "Tom W. Seekins", "venue": "The Mathematics Enthusiast", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Consistently, people with disabilities living in rural areas and those who serve them report the lack of transportation as a primary concern (Jackson, Seekins, & Offner, 1992; National Council on Disability, 2005). Section 5310 of the Federal Transit Act (49 USC 5310) authorizes a program of capital assistance to help local organizations acquire vehicles to transport elderly individuals and people with disabilities when other public transportation is unavailable or insufficient. To effectively maximize the availability and use of transportation resources, rural disability advocates and transportation planners need data on rural and urban distribution and use of Section 5310 funds (e.g., Gonzales, Seekins, & Kasnitz, 2001). The goal of this RTC: Rural study was to assess and compare the local distribution and use of Section 5310 funds in urban and rural areas. Section 5310 transportation funds are allocated to states, which in turn distribute them to eligible local applicants. Local nonprofit organizations often use these funds to transport their clients to and from their service programs. While this agency-based model transports some people in both urban and rural areas, it does not directly address the general transportation needs of a community’s elderly individuals and persons with disabilities. Critics suggest that agency-based vehicles may be underused, and that agencies may exclude non-clients from riding in the vehicles, even if their destinations coincide with an agency’s route (e.g., Applied Resource Integration, Ltd., 1980; Sundeen, Reed, & Savage, 2005). These critics advocate developing cooperative transportation models. Since 1987, Federal Transit Administration (FTA) programs have encouraged coordination of Section 5310-funded activities; and Executive Order 13330 (2004) required government-wide coordination. However, implementation of collaborative arrangements has not been a central feature of state Section 5310 networks, and federal regulation has not yet required that Section 5310 recipients cooperate (Burkhardt et al., 2004; Government Accountability Office, 2003). There is a particular need to determine whether resources are allocated equitably between urban and rural areas, and whether local coordinated systems are actually being implemented. Further, a baseline of such information is necessary in order to evaluate the effects of future Transit Act regulations and provisions. This RTC: Rural study provides such a baseline.", "keywords": [ "Baseline (sea)", "Section (typography)", "Geography", "Medicine", "Political science", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=ruralinst_independent_living_community_participation" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410369850", "doi": "10.18690/jet.11.2.33-43.2018", "title": "ENERGY ASPECTS OF URBAN LAST MILE DELIVERY", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tomislav Letnik", "Matej Mencinger", "Stanislav Božičnik" ], "first_author": "Tomislav Letnik", "venue": "Journal of Energy Technology", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Cities are growing and, consequently, so is the need for a more efficient supply system to customers located in urban areas. Increasing traffic congestion is hindering the efficiency of deliveries in city centres, which also negatively influences the energy aspects of transport processes. This paper considers an efficient solution for optimizing urban freight deliveries and presents the results of a case study for a small historical city centre. A tool is based on optimal vehicle routing and the assignment of the most optimal loading bay. It results in considerable savings in travel time, travel distance, and energy.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Energy (signal processing)", "Environmental science", "Geography", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.um.si/index.php/jet/article/download/3683/2585" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2743506071", "doi": null, "title": "Artificial Immune Systems in Evolutionary Method for Optimal Distribution Network Design", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-11-11", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hrvoje Keko", "Minea Skok", "Davor Škrlec", "Slavko Krajcar" ], "first_author": "Hrvoje Keko", "venue": "international conference on Modelling and simulation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Planning of urban distribution networks is a complex problem. When the problem is being solved, it is commonly translated into combinatorial optimization problems, like single and multiple depot vehicle routing problems (MDVRP). Since such optimization problems are NP-hard, their exact solving is practically impossible. Evolutionary algorithms have been successful in solving those problems. Despite their relatively high efficiency, expected progress is related to obtaining better stability and lesser dependency on parameters. Moreover, there are several opposed criteria that the distribution networks must satisfy. For instance, there are limits on allowable voltage drops and conductor capacities. An algorithm for successful planning of the distribution networks should implement all of these criteria. In this paper a model of the evolutionary algorithm for solving the MDVRP is shown, based on analogy between the MDVRP and the distribution network planning problem. The algorithm includes an improvement inspired by artificial immune systems’ techniques. Some specifics of the distribution network design are implemented in the immune operator which is a part of the evolutionary algorithm, instead of applying them in post-optimization phase. Some practical examples have been used to investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Evolutionary algorithm", "Estimation of distribution algorithm", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Artificial immune system", "Evolutionary computation", "Optimization problem", "Stability (learning theory)", "Memetic algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.bib.irb.hr/181062" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2541870265", "doi": null, "title": "배송 네트워크에서 드론의 유용성 검증", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "ko", "authors": [ "정예림", "박태준", "민윤홍" ], "first_author": "정예림", "venue": "한국경영과학회지", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper investigates the usefulness of drones in an urban delivery system. We define the vehicle and drone routing problem with time window (VDRPTW) and present a model that can describe a dual mode delivery system consisting of drones and vehicles in the metropolitan area. Drones are relatively free from traffic congestion but have limited flight range and capacity. Vehicles are not free from traffic congestion, and the complexity of urban road network reduces the efficiency of vehicles. Using drones and vehicles together can reduce inefficiency of the urban delivery system because of their complementary cooperation. In this paper, we assume that drones operate in a point-to-point manner between the depot and customers, and that customers in the need of fast delivery are willing to pay additional charges. For the experiment datasets, we use instances of Solomon (1987), which are well known in the Vehicle Routing Problem society. Moreover, to mirror the urban logistics demand trend, customers who want fast delivery are added to the Solomon’s instances. We propose a hybrid evolutionary algorithm for solving VDRPTW. The experiment results provide different useful insights according to the geographical distributions of customers. In the instances where customers are randomly located and in instances where some customers are randomly located while others form some clusters, the dual mode delivery system displays lower total cost and higher customer satisfaction. In instances with clustered customers, the dual mode delivery system exhibits narrow competition for the total cost with the delivery system that uses only vehicles. In this case, using drones and vehicles together can reduce the level of dissatisfaction of customers who take their cargo over the time-window. From the view point of strategic flexibility, the dual mode delivery system appears to be more interesting. In meeting the objective of maximizing customer satisfaction, the use of drones and vehicles incurs less cost and requires fewer resources.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Metropolitan area", "Inefficiency", "Traffic congestion", "Mode (computer interface)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE07001192?q=%5Bdrone%C2%A7coldb%C2%A72%C2%A751%C2%A73%5D&Multimedia=0&SearchAll=drone&isFullText=0&specificParam=0&SearchMethod=0&Sort=1&SortType=desc" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2965996301", "doi": null, "title": "배송 네트워크에서 드론의 유용성 검증 :차량과 드론을 혼용한 배송 네트워크의 경로계획", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "ko", "authors": [ "정예림", "박태준", "민윤홍" ], "first_author": "정예림", "venue": "한국경영과학회지", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper investigates the usefulness of drones in an urban delivery system. We define the vehicle and drone routing problem with time window (VDRPTW) and present a model that can describe a dual mode delivery system consisting of drones and vehicles in the metropolitan area. Drones are relatively free from traffic congestion but have limited flight range and capacity. Vehicles are not free from traffic congestion, and the complexity of urban road network reduces the efficiency of vehicles. Using drones and vehicles together can reduce inefficiency of the urban delivery system because of their complementary cooperation. In this paper, we assume that drones operate in a point-to-point manner between the depot and customers, and that customers in the need of fast delivery are willing to pay additional charges. For the experiment datasets, we use instances of Solomon (1987), which are well known in the Vehicle Routing Problem society. Moreover, to mirror the urban logistics demand trend, customers who want fast delivery are added to the Solomon’s instances. We propose a hybrid evolutionary algorithm for solving VDRPTW. The experiment results provide different useful insights according to the geographical distributions of customers. In the instances where customers are randomly located and in instances where some customers are randomly located while others form some clusters, the dual mode delivery system displays lower total cost and higher customer satisfaction. In instances with clustered customers, the dual mode delivery system exhibits narrow competition for the total cost with the delivery system that uses only vehicles. In this case, using drones and vehicles together can reduce the level of dissatisfaction of customers who take their cargo over the time-window. From the view point of strategic flexibility, the dual mode delivery system appears to be more interesting. In meeting the objective of maximizing customer satisfaction, the use of drones and vehicles incurs less cost and requires fewer resources.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Inefficiency", "Metropolitan area", "Traffic congestion", "Mode (computer interface)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07001192" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409293122", "doi": "10.15802/tstt2025/325475", "title": "USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR OPTIMIZING ROAD TRANSPORTATION WITHIN THE CITY TRANSPORT SYSTEM", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Т. В. Болвановська", "Є. Б. ДЕМЧЕНКО", "I. SKOVRON", "V. MALASHKIN", "A. DOROSH" ], "first_author": "Т. В. Болвановська", "venue": "Transport systems and transportation technologies", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Purpose. The sustainable development of cities is closely linked to solving a complex set of logistical challenges related to the organization of city freight transportation. One such challenge is the development of transportation routes based on the criteria of minimizing both logistics costs and the negative impact of freight transport. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyze mathematical methods for freight transport routing and the information systems required for their effective implementation in city transportation management. Methods. The research employs heuristic methods to determine optimal transportation routes based on the minimum distance criterion, as well as methods of analysis and expert evaluation to examine the key functionalities and application areas of information systems in city freight transportation. Results. The study analyzes the main mathematical methods used for routing freight transport and their application in organizing goods transportation within a city road network. In particular, it explores extensions of the classical vehicle routing problem (VRP) for two-echelon distribution systems and time constraint considerations. The application of these methods is feasible with the use of modern information systems for collecting traffic data and monitoring vehicle performance, enabling real-time route adjustments and order distribution among transport vehicles. The study also assesses the potential use of Google Maps with API for constructing a distance matrix for the traveling salesman problem (TSP), as well as the implementation of Python libraries SciPy and NetworkX, and the MS Excel Solver add-in for optimizing transportation routes. Additionally, an analysis of the functionalities of integrated transportation management systems (TMS) available in the Ukrainian market has been conducted. Scientific novelty. The results of the analysis of functionalities and application areas of modern information systems for city freight transportation provide a scientific and economic rationale for selecting software solutions to address real-time logistics challenges and enhance city logistics efficiency. Practical significance. The research findings can be used to organize and optimize freight transportation by road within city transport systems.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Road transport", "Transport system", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.15802/tstt2025/325475" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412036802", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5212857", "title": "An Alternative Last-Mile Delivery System: Leveraging Microhubs and Crowdshipping", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Amir Shafiee", "Hanieh Rastegar Moghaddam Bajestani", "Sudheer Ballare", "Jane Lin" ], "first_author": "Amir Shafiee", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Business", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5212857" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169855002", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-32026-1_19", "title": "Comparing Kernel Density Estimation and DBSCAN for Central Region Detection in Urban Last-Mile Delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Weslley Moura", "António Grilo", "Paulo Nováis" ], "first_author": "Weslley Moura", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Kernel density estimation", "Kernel (algebra)", "Pattern recognition (psychology)", "Noise (video)", "Support vector machine", "DBSCAN" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-32026-1_19" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1494010872", "doi": null, "title": "Modelo de ruteo de vehículos", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-05-14", "type": "dissertation", "language": "es", "authors": [ "Morales Silva", "Óscar Mauricio" ], "first_author": "Morales Silva", "venue": "reponame:Repositorio Institucional MINERVA", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper offers a model of vehicle routing, which seeks to improve urban deliveries, taking into account the number of vehicles, the characteristics of weight and volume of each one of them and the time windows in the delivery points, in addition to weight and volume of orders to be delivered. We propose an algorithm for finding the shortest route in time of a network of 10 nodes or less, and to process larger networks, employ heuristics models based on near neighbor, wider angle, intersection and opt their combinations. In total were created 27 heuristics that were included in an algorithm, that generate routes for a distribution order delivery network.", "keywords": [ "Heuristics", "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Traffic volume", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Travel time", "Process (computing)", "Traffic network", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://repository.ean.edu.co/handle/10882/1525" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4256069984", "doi": "10.1287/trsc.2015.0585", "title": "Editorial Statement", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-05-01", "type": "editorial", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Martin W. P. Savelsbergh" ], "first_author": "Martin W. P. Savelsbergh", "venue": "Transportation Science", "publisher": "Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences", "abstract": "It is a great honor and definite privilege to be asked to serve as Editor-in-Chief of Transportation Science (TS), especially given the renowned scholars who have preceded me. Their efforts have resulted in the journal it is today. My goal is to follow in their footsteps and to ensure that TS continues to enjoy its excellent reputation and remains at the forefront of the journals that focus on the scientific aspects of transportation. It is an exciting time to be involved with transportation. The changes, technological and societal, taking place in the world around us are having a tremendous impact on transportation and, thus, on the science of transportation. For example, it may not be during my tenure as Editor-in-Chief, but autonomous vehicles will become an integral part of our lives: we will see automated truck platoons on the highways, we will go to work in a driverless vehicle, and we will have packages delivered by drones. Companies like Uber and Flinc will continue to challenge and change public transportation. And how will the big data and analytics movement impact transportation? And the need and desire for more sustainable transportation? And…the list goes on and on. Exciting times indeed, and TS is there to publish the scientific underpinnings that drive the consequent innovations in transportation. In this first issue published under my stewardship, I want to elaborate on what I see as my main duties as Editor-in-Chief of TS. First, to serve the readers of TS and the transportation science community by producing a journal that publishes rigorous articles presenting state-of-the-art research on a wide scope of transportation topics. In doing so, I will take care not to lose sight of the mission of the journal: to publish articles on transportation science. I emphasized science on purpose. It serves as a reminder that an article needs to bring new knowledge to our readership and the community, and that an article should clearly articulate what that new knowledge is. Second, and equally important, to serve the authors that submit articles to the journal; without articles, there is no journal to publish. I will do everything under my control to ensure that authors are treated fairly and respectfully and that papers are reviewed as quickly as possible. I am keenly aware that lengthy reviews are a great source of frustration to authors and that, at times, lengthy reviews can create situations in which articles lose their timeliness. Regarding fairness, I will try to avoid situations of conflict-of-interest and narrow-minded reviews. I will strongly encourage (and work with) associate editors and referees to provide authors with constructive feedback that will help them improve their submissions. Third, to serve the reviewers, i.e., the associate editors and referees, who freely contribute a good deal of their time to the journal and, thus, the community. Beyond recognizing their work, which is a longstanding tradition at TS, I will review the procedures in place in Manuscript Central to support their efforts. That not only includes sending them reminders at appropriately chosen times, but making sure they are kept informed about the complete review process for a submission to which they contribute, e.g., provide them with other referee reports for the paper, the associate editor’s report, and the final decision. Because the time of good reviewers is an extremely scarce commodity, I will work hard with the associate editors to recognize submissions that are not likely to meet the standards of TS or that have yet to be put into readable English and return them to the authors immediately rather then sending them out for review. Such accelerated handling of submissions will also be beneficial to authors as they will not have to wait several months before seeing their article turned down. Although I see the duties above as my highest priorities, be assured that I will regularly discuss and seek input on initiatives that might create value for the readership and the community with the associate editors, the advisory board members, and the INFORMS publication committee, and that I am open to all suggestions that could help make Transportation Science an even better journal. Finally, as I mentioned above, technological and societal changes are taking place in the world around us and are having a tremendous impact on transportation. What will the future bring? Urbanization continues across the globe; already more than 50% of people worldwide live in cities. What does that mean for city logistics and public transportation? Africa is now the fast growing continent in the world (in terms of population). What does that mean for international trade and ocean freight routes? Climate change and global warming are real challenges. In 2012, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation accounted for about 28% of the total U.S. GHG emissions, making it the second largest contributor of U.S. GHG emissions after the electricity sector. How can our community contribute and help reduce GHG emissions? The above examples illustrate a need for more cross-disciplinary approaches, e.g., consider freight and passenger movements together, integrate transportation and economics, and combine engineering solutions and improved decision technology. Scientific advances are needed in all cases. I would like Transportation Science to become the go-to journal to find the answers to these and similar questions, and I encourage submissions addressing these challenges and opportunities.", "keywords": [ "Honor", "Publication", "Work (physics)", "Privilege (computing)", "Reputation", "Public relations", "Business", "Political science", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Law", "Internet privacy" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2015.0585" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2822106869", "doi": "10.24355/dbbs.084-201801101209", "title": "Incorporating Traffic Management Information into Logistics Planning", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-10", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Felix Köster" ], "first_author": "Felix Köster", "venue": "Digitale Bibliothek Braunschweig (Verbundzentrale Göttingen (VZG))", "publisher": "Verbundzentrale des GBV", "abstract": "Today, logistics and traffic management are two important elements for the urban population. Logistic service providers enable the availability of consumer goods to city residents and the traffic management optimizes traffic flows of the city by operating the traffic infrastructure (i.e. traffic signals). This dissertation investigates if logistics and traffic management can achieve a mutual benefit through an information sharing cooperation. The main motivation for a logistics company, which operates in the high cost pressure delivery industry, is a possible reduction of operational costs for their delivery fleet. The motivation of the traffic management to enter a cooperation is a possible reduction of the high traffic burden induced by freight vehicles. In such a cooperation the traffic management could transfer information about the state of the operable traffic infrastructure, and therefore their related current travel time impact, to the logistics company. With this information the logistics company can optimize their delivery tours. This dissertation assesses the benefits of cooperation by analyzing how the delivery tours can be improved and how the freight traffic burden can be reduced. This question is investigated in a case study of an environmental-sensitive traffic management system in the city of Braunschweig, Germany and a city logistics service provider. The air pollution in Braunschweig does not comply with the EU air pollution limit. If the air pollution is high in a hot-spot area, the traffic management changes the traffic infrastructure to reduce the traffic flow into the hot-spot areas, which affects the surrounding traffic situation. In the case study, the degree of information from the traffic management and the tasks of the logistics company are varied and formulated in different dynamic Vehicle Routing Problems. The evaluation of the case study shows that a mutual benefit of the cooperation can be discovered over all variations of the experiments.", "keywords": [ "Traffic management", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Service (business)", "Service provider", "Engineering", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:084-2018011012113" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285277803", "doi": "10.32843/bses.74-17", "title": "THE PARADIGM OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF URBAN TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Svitlana Ilchenko", "Inna Yatskevych", "Yurii Кostiuk" ], "first_author": "Svitlana Ilchenko", "venue": "Black Sea Economic Studies", "publisher": "Black Sea Research Institute of Economics and Innovation", "abstract": "The article is devoted to the problems of effective management of urban transport and logistics systems. The aim of the article is to highlight the paradigm of effective management of urban transport and logistics systems. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: to form the structure of the concept of transport and logistics system; to find out the essence of the city transport and logistics system; to systematize the risks that affect the efficiency of urban transport and logistics systems, and to explore the concept of managing these risks; provide modeling as a useful tool for designing and evaluating urban transport and logistics systems. The set goal has been achieved, and the tasks to achieve it have been completed. The goals of activities that can be achieved with the use of the city transport and logistics system were identified, in the context of which the factors influencing the city transport and logistics system are listed: mobility; environmental friendliness; viability; stability. The links between human security and the city's transport and logistics system have been identified. It was found that ICT and ITS allow to develop efficient and environmentally friendly urban delivery systems. An example of this is probabilistic or dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling with ITS-based time windows. The need for modeling for the public and private sectors is proved. It is shown that in the public sector, the risks associated with natural and man-made hazards in urban freight transport systems directly affect the public well-being and health of the population in emergencies. It has been proven that the public sector is interested in finding a reduction in damage to urban logistics facilities and rapid recovery from natural disasters in terms of delivery of goods needed to maintain a high quality of life in urban areas. The need to include uncertainty in the urban logistics model is described to ensure their good performance in the future. Various methods have been shown to account for uncertainties in supply chain modeling, such as scenario and contingency planning, decision trees, and stochastic programming. Simulation has been shown to be a useful tool for the design and evaluation of urban freight and logistics systems. It has been confirmed that urban transport systems need to be more resilient to limit the effects of natural disasters.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Traffic management", "Context (archaeology)", "Public transport", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Probabilistic logic", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Computer science", "Environmental economics", "Process management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.32843/bses.74-17" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399113428", "doi": "10.1504/ejie.2025.10064385", "title": "Design and development of an optimization model and simheuristic framework for the on-demand delivery problem with driver-experience-based stochastic travel time", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bingbing Qiu", "Shuzhu Zhang", "Jinyue Tian" ], "first_author": "Bingbing Qiu", "venue": "European J of Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "In this research, we investigate an on-demand delivery problem in city logistics, in which delivery requests from online customers are received in real-time and delivery services are conducted in short time. A multi-stage stochastic vehicle routing optimisation model is proposed, which incorporates two unique features arising from city logistics delivery, i.e., driver experience and stochastic travel time. In practice, the estimated travel time is indeed affected by the driver experience and can be gradually improved as drivers learn from accumulative delivery experience. A simheuristic framework is developed to handle the proposed model, in which an improved adaptive large neighbourhood search is designed for searching promising solutions with deterministic travel time, and Monte Carlo simulation is leveraged to assess the solution qualities and facilitate the searching process in stochastic scenarios. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed simheuristic framework can tackle the on-demand delivery problem with satisfactory performance. [Submitted: 22 November 2023; Accepted: 13 April 2024]", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Industrial engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ejie.2025.10064385" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414559787", "doi": null, "title": "Réduire les déchets, mutualiser les flux : planification et ordonnancement pour une écologie industrielle", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-20", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anne-Laure Ladier" ], "first_author": "Anne-Laure Ladier", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "Three families of decision support problems are addressed in different areas of industrial applications.The first deals with planning and scheduling for waste management, aiming to determine an efficient organization under resource constraints. The work focuses on hazardous industrial waste and waste from nuclear dismantling.The second family of problems is the pooling of logistics flows to reduce the impact of transport. The optimization of transhipment and the reduction of distances traveled in vehicle routing are problems that seek an efficient organization in space by exploiting network structures. The work includes the automation of transhipment platforms taking into account their energy consumption, and the efficiency of order picking in traditional platforms with little to no automation. In addition, research is conducted on the uncertainty of demands and travel times in the context of urban freight transport, in the context of the inventory routing problem and with heterogeneous vehicle fleets in terms of energy vectors and capacities.Finally, railway maintenance problems link the two previous domains by determining a time organization under resource constraints, while exploiting a network structure. The objective is to find a time organization under resource constraints by exploiting the network structure. Decision support models are proposed to organize the maintenance of ballast and vegetation around the tracks. These maintenance works, carried out by machines passing on the tracks, must be planned taking into account the availability of the tracks. The problems studied share common characteristics, in particular the multi-criteria aspect of the decision and the management of uncertainty. These aspects are important both in the scheduling of production to generate less hazardous industrial waste and in the planning of railway maintenance, both related to environmental issues. The integration of life cycle analysis makes it possible to determine which scheduling problems make it possible to reduce waste and to size heterogeneous vehicle fleets for urban delivery. The resolution approaches used include linear programming, integer linear programming, optimization-simulation coupling, the development of dedicated matheuristics and metaheuristics.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Pooling", "Decision support system", "Job shop scheduling", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Context (archaeology)", "Automation", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/tel-04980040/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3093548885", "doi": null, "title": "Penentuan lokasi depot dan rute distribusi optimal dengan mempertimbangkan time windows dan emisi CO2 di PT. Wonorejo Makmur Abadi dan PT. Duta Solo", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "id", "authors": [ "Ananda Noor Sholichah" ], "first_author": "Ananda Noor Sholichah", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": ".Adanya aktivitas ekonomi di perkotaan yang dinamis mengakibatkan meningkatnya kebutuhan barang di masyarakat sehingga meningkatnya aktivitas logistik perkotaan. Meningkatnya arus transportasi barang berdampak negatif pada kualitas lingkungan perkotaan, seperti polusi udara yang dihasilkan dari emisi karbon dioksida, kebisingan, dan kemacetan. Adanya koordinasi yang baik antara lokasi depot dengan rute kendaraan merupakan salah satu tantangan terbesar dalam manajemen rantai pasok. Salah satu variasi dari facility location problem dan vehicle routing problem adalah Location Routing Problem (LRP). LRP melibatkan penentuan lokasi fasilitas dan rute kendaraan dari fasilitas untuk melayani pelanggan. PT. Wonorejo Makmur Abadi dan PT. Duta Solo merupakan perusahaan manufaktur tikar yang memiliki kebijakan gratis ongkir untuk pengiriman ke Wilayah Surakarta, Sukoharjo dan Karanganyar. Permintaan mingguan yang tidak tetap membuat perusahaan harus tetap mengirimkan barang meskipun barang yang dikirim sedikit. Kedua perusahaan memiliki pelanggan yang sama, sehingga dibutuhkan kerjasama untuk memilih atau membangun sejumlah depot sebagai pusat distribusi. Pada penelitian ini terdapat tiga kandidat depot, PT. Wonorejo Makmur Abadi sebagai depot A, PT. Duta Solo sebagai depot B dan depot C yang merupakan depot baru yang diusulkan berdasarkan penentuan titik pusat distribusi dengan menggunakan Gravity Location Models. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan Location Routing Problem with Time Windows. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menentuka lokasi depot dan rute distribusi yang optimal untuk meminimalkan total biaya dan emisi CO2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa depot B dan C menjadi pusat distribusi utama, dan biaya optimal yaitu sebesar Rp 25.636.984.Kata Kunci : Penentuan Lokasi, Penentuan Rute, Location Routing Problem with Time Windows, City Logistics, Emisi CO2", "keywords": [ "Physics", "Business administration", "Mathematics", "Agricultural science", "Business", "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/68144/Penentuan-lokasi-depot-dan-rute-distribusi-optimal-dengan-mempertimbangkan-time-windows-dan-emisi-CO2-di-PT-Wonorejo-Makmur-Abadi-dan-PT-Duta-Solo" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171248456", "doi": "10.1007/s12351-026-01076-7", "title": "Integrating electric vehicles into the pickup and delivery problem with crossdock and time window constraints", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Emmanouil Nisyrios", "Athanasios Dimopoulos", "Konstantinos Gkiotsalitis" ], "first_author": "Emmanouil Nisyrios", "venue": "Operational Research", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract Pickup and delivery operations with cross-docking play a critical role in urban freight logistics by enabling rapid consolidation and synchronization of goods flows. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles in such systems is motivated by environmental targets but introduces operational challenges related to limited driving range, battery charge feasibility, and charging constraints under strict time-window requirements. This study investigates whether crossdock-based pickup and delivery systems can be operated feasibly and efficiently when vehicle routing decisions must also satisfy battery-related constraints. To address this question, a mixed-integer linear programming model is developed that integrates battery charge dynamics and opportunistic recharging directly into the crossdock handling process, ensuring energy feasibility across multiple routing phases. Numerical experiments show that, while the use of electric vehicles leads to moderately higher operating costs compared to conventional fleets, feasible and operationally consistent solutions can be achieved without additional routing detours. Overall, the proposed formulation provides an optimization framework for assessing the trade-offs between energy constraints, synchronization requirements, and routing efficiency in sustainable urban logistics systems.", "keywords": [ "Pickup", "Synchronization (alternating current)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Computational intelligence", "Linear programming", "Energy (signal processing)", "Electric vehicle" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12351-026-01076-7.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412381723", "doi": "10.31705/trf.2025.17", "title": "Optimizing freight transportation through e-mobility integration: a case study from Sri Lanka", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "L.R. Rathuge", "Varuna Adikariwattage", "H.R. Pasindu" ], "first_author": "L.R. Rathuge", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The transportation sector globally faces growing pressure to adopt sustainable practices, as freight transport significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and diesel consumption. In Sri Lanka, freight systems exacerbate environmental degradation, with transport-related activities accounting for a substantial portion of air pollution. Electric vehicles (EVs) present a transformative opportunity to reduce emissions and operational costs, yet their integration into freight systems, particularly in developing countries, remains underexplored. This research investigates the optimization of freight transportation through e-mobility integration, addressing challenges such as rural routes, limited charging infrastructure, variable demand, and time-sensitive delivery requirements. While the study focuses on a case involving perishable goods logistics, its findings aim to be broadly applicable to freight transportation, developing a scalable mixed fleet model that combines EVs with conventional vehicles. The research is driven by inefficiencies in Sri Lanka’s freight systems, characterized by dispersed collection points, variable loads, and geographical challenges, which lead to elevated costs and reduced productivity. Transitioning to EVs aligns with national e-mobility goals and global sustainability targets, offering a pathway to lower environmental impact. The primary objective is to determine an optimal strategy for introducing e-mobility into freight transportation, focusing on enhancing the efficiency of collection and distribution networks. The methodology unfolds in five stages. Initially, the current freight system is evaluated by collecting data on route characteristics, fleet performance, and operational metrics to establish a baseline for comparison. Next, accessible EV technologies are investigated, assessing their operating costs, performance parameters such as range and payload capacity, and infrastructure needs like charging solutions. A cost model is developed to compare EVs with conventional vehicles, providing a financial basis for integration. The third stage involves a feasibility assessment to identify routes suitable for EV deployment, considering range limitations, charging infrastructure availability, and payload requirements. In the fourth stage, mixed fleet scenarios are modeled using the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (CVRPTW) and Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), testing various fleet compositions while factoring in route lengths, terrain challenges, and charging constraints. Finally, the best-performing scenario is selected based on cost efficiency, emission reductions, and operational feasibility, validated through global case studies of successful EV integration in urban logistics. Preliminary findings suggest that EVs, such as electric light trucks and three-wheelers, are well-suited for shorter rural routes, complementing conventional vehicles for longer hauls. Technological advancements, including improved battery ranges and solar-powered charging, help overcome rural infrastructure gaps. International examples of EV adoption in urban freight logistics demonstrate significant emissions reductions and cost savings on optimized routes, though challenges like range anxiety persist, which this study addresses through localized modeling.", "keywords": [ "Sri lanka", "Transport engineering", "Traffic management", "Computer science", "Business", "Environmental planning", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dl.lib.uom.lk/bitstreams/afa9a408-5020-426e-a28f-cff8cae805a0/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4206542987", "doi": "10.1016/b978-0-08-102671-7.10238-6", "title": "Freight Flows in Cities", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "reference-entry", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Geneviève Giuliano" ], "first_author": "Geneviève Giuliano", "venue": "Elsevier eBooks", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Truck", "Business", "Traffic management", "Transport engineering", "Population", "Function (biology)", "Supply chain", "Urban economics", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Traffic congestion", "Economic geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102671-7.10238-6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168376520", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2026.04.109", "title": "Urban Parcel Delivery with Mobile Automated Parcel Stations: A Hybrid Clustering, Optimization, and Simulation Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Amir Shafiee", "Hanieh Rastegar Moghaddam", "Jane Lin" ], "first_author": "Amir Shafiee", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The rapid expansion of e-commerce and the growing demand for efficient last-mile delivery have intensified urban freight challenges, including traffic congestion, high operational costs, and environmental impacts. Addressing these issues is essential for creating sustainable and resilient urban logistics systems. This paper introduces an innovative approach leveraging Mobile Automated Parcel Stations (MAPS) and Autonomous Modular Vehicle Technology (AMVT) to enhance the efficiency of urban parcel delivery. By dynamically clustering customer demands and optimizing vehicle routes, the proposed system reduces vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and the number of dispatched vehicles. AMVT enables modular pods to adapt to daily logistics needs through flexible stationing and platooning, enhancing system efficiency. The results demonstrate that proposed system offers operational benefits and reduces energy consumption to achieve better resource utilization compared to traditional systems. This study highlights the potential of combining advanced clustering, optimization, and simulation techniques to meet the growing demands of urban parcel delivery sustainably.", "keywords": [ "Modular design", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Energy consumption", "Cluster analysis", "Efficient energy use", "Resource efficiency" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146526003704/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113770180", "doi": null, "title": "Оцінка надійності логістичних систем міських вантажних перевезень з урахуванням завантаженості вулиць", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-08-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vojtov, Viktor", "Kutiya, Olesya", "Berezhnaja, Natalija", "Karnaukh, Mykola", "Bilyaeva, Oksana" ], "first_author": "Vojtov, Viktor", "venue": "The Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University Series pedagogy", "publisher": "Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University", "abstract": "Mathematical formulation of the problem of forming urban freight transportation is performed. The structure of the system information model is developed, which takes into account material, energy and information flows. Mathematical expressions for calculating the criterion for choosing rational routes ‒ route quality factor are presented. The criterion takes into account the capabilities of the logistics center (information content), cargo weight, congestion (traffic jams), transportation distance and actual delivery time. A distinguishing feature is that it is determined online and takes into account the congestion dynamics of routes during a work shift.The dynamic model of delays in decision making in the logistics chains of urban freight transportation is developed. The model allows calculating the processing time of transportation requests and transportation time itself. It is shown that the total time of freight delivery consists of the travelling time of the vehicle, taking into account route resistance and delay time in all logistic chains of the system.The mathematical model is developed for assessing the reliability of urban freight transportation, taking into account street congestion. The model operates online and allows determining the parameters of the transport process, including traffic jams on city streets.The reliability criterion of the logistics system of urban freight transportation ‒ reliability coefficient is proposed. The criterion takes into account the travelling time of the vehicle and the delay time of receipt of transportation requests at the logistics center, and the time of delays at the transport company. It is shown that in the absence of delays in logistics chains, the reliability coefficient is equal to unity, and if there is a delay, the reliability coefficient is less than unity. The physical significance of the reliability criterion is determined. It is the share of non-fulfillment of transportation requests on time.", "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Traffic congestion", "Mathematical model", "Quality (philosophy)", "Intelligent transportation system", "Path (computing)", "Receipt", "Relation (database)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.uran.ua/eejet/article/view/175064" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124144748", "doi": "10.4324/9781003658856-12", "title": "Economic and Financial Dimensions of ITS in Freight Logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ish Kumar", "Vinay Maitri" ], "first_author": "Ish Kumar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter evaluates how Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) reshape the economics of urban freight by converting data, connectivity, and automation into measurable performance gains. It develops a structured view along four dimensions: cost efficiency, productivity and service reliability, investment returns, and market competitiveness. Analytical tools such as cost–benefit analysis (CBA), total cost of ownership (TCO), and life-cycle perspectives are used to interpret firm-level decisions and system wide outcomes. Comparative evidence from Europe, the United States, and India illustrates these mechanisms through three cases: DHL&s;s digital operations, UPS&s;s network scale routing optimization, and India&s;s e-commerce logistics combined with electronic tolling. The analysis also identifies binding constraints that temper results, including capital intensity, digital divide effects, transition costs, and interoperability and cybersecurity risks. Policy design and shared digital infrastructure emerge as multipliers that enlarge private returns and diffuse benefits to smaller operators. The chapter concludes that sustained value arises where technical capability, process discipline, and governance advance together, aligning economic performance with resilient and cleaner city logistics.", "keywords": [ "Supply chain", "Key (lock)", "Traffic management", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003658856-12" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388485188", "doi": "10.46254/an11.20210401", "title": "Implementation Technologies of an Advanced Cloud-based System for Distribution Operations", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sotiris P. Gayialis", "Evripidis P. Kechagias", "Angeliki Deligianni", "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos", "Georgios Α. Papadopoulos" ], "first_author": "Sotiris P. Gayialis", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Today's era is characterized as the \"digital transformation era\".Digital processes and information systems are used in every aspect of social and business activity.The use of information technology over the internet is so extensive that we interact with it daily without even recognizing it.The technological advances can offer a plethora of improvements for the supply chain processes, especially in the field of distribution planning and execution.At the same time, the development of advanced information systems for usage in urban freight transportation operations is still at an early stage.The scope of this paper is to present the technological content of an advanced routing and scheduling system for transportation and delivery of goods.The system focuses on the routing and scheduling problem in urban areas, as city logistics have become a complex environment for companies to deliver their goods.The presented system deals with both static and dynamic routing and scheduling problems.More specifically, the system can create initial routing plans based on orders, available vehicles, time windows, and traffic forecasting data.Afterward, during the execution of the plans, the system can monitor the fleet, detect deviations from the original plans, and finally, perform rerouting operations when needed.After a brief presentation of the system's modules and functionality, the paper describes thoroughly the technologies used to develop the system.The technological elements of the system are integrated into a cloud environment offering a system that is easy to maintain and can effectively support logistics companies' distribution activities.The system is provided as a Software as a Service with data being maintained on a central host and processed on the cloud.Therefore, logistics companies that decide to implement it can achieve faster, more accurate and more cost-efficient distribution activities while ensuring better customer service.", "keywords": [ "Cloud computing", "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Operating system", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://index.ieomsociety.org/index.cfm/article/downloadArticle/ID/810" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W49911493", "doi": null, "title": "Организация системы автоматизированного управления транспортными потоками города", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "ru", "authors": [ "О. Ф. Кирьянов", "Andrey A. Korobov" ], "first_author": "О. Ф. Кирьянов", "venue": "Вестник Харьковского национального автомобильно-дорожного университета", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The use of present-day information technologies in motor truck route designing for construction of an urban freight flow management system as means of optimization of the main arteries traffic load is considered.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/organizatsiya-sistemy-avtomatizirovannogo-upravleniya-transportnymi-potokami-goroda" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7159899088", "doi": null, "title": "Rethinking Urban Logistics with Micro Vehicles : A Complex Adaptive Systems Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jonas Waidringer", "Fredrik Nilsson" ], "first_author": "Jonas Waidringer", "venue": "Lund University Publications (Lund University)", "publisher": "Lund University", "abstract": "Urban freight distribution remains a critical source of congestion, emissions, and energy waste. Electrification of conventional vans fails to address systemic inefficiencies linked to vehicle size, weight, emissions and energy demands. This paper proposes a shift toward micro vehicles for urban deliveries as a more sustainable and adaptive solution, analysed through a Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) framework. Drawing on a two-year empirical study of two demonstration projects in Stockholm and Gothenburg in Sweden, encompassing 60 electric mopeds, ten battery swap stations, over 25,000 swap cycles, and 2.2 million vehicle-kilometres, we demonstrate that micro vehicles combined with micro-hubs can replace 30–50% of van-based deliveries while reducing CO₂ emissions by 80–90% and particulate matter by 95%. The CAS lens reveals emergent properties including self-organizing routing patterns, adaptive seasonal responses, and co-evolutionary dynamics between technology dissemination, business models, and policy. Findings support policy frameworks that enable decentralized, lightweight logistics infrastructure in urban environments.", "keywords": [ "Electrification", "Swap (finance)", "Urbanization", "Efficient energy use", "Empirical research", "Business model", "Complex adaptive system", "System dynamics", "City logistics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/12c1e10d-7e90-4491-903d-589055e9cfae" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7122449440", "doi": "10.1108/imds-01-2026-997", "title": "Guest editorial: Emerging insights from synchromodality and co-modality research", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-12", "type": "editorial", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xuan Yang", "Pengyu Yan", "Russell George Thompson", "Xiang T.R. Kong" ], "first_author": "Xuan Yang", "venue": "Industrial Management & Data Systems", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Over the past decade, the global transport and logistics sector has undergone a rapid transformation driven by technological innovation, environmental imperatives and the pursuit of operational resilience. Advances in digital platforms, real-time data integration and algorithmic decision support have significantly enhanced the ability to coordinate flows across modes, enabling more flexible and demand-responsive operations (Kong et al., 2025). Within this evolving landscape, synchromodality and co-modality have emerged as two complementary paradigms redefining how multiple transport modes are jointly planned and utilised, supported by new digital infrastructures that allow dynamic switching and seamless multimodal orchestration.Synchromodality refers to the dynamic and real-time management of freight flows across interconnected modes – such as rail, road, barge and air – where shippers can switch between modes in response to operational or environmental conditions (Verweij, 2011). It represents an evolution beyond intermodal and co-modal transport, emphasising synchronisation, digital integration and decision flexibility (Haller et al., 2015; Tavasszy et al., 2017). In contrast, co-modality highlights the joint use of passenger and freight transport infrastructure, advocating for the optimal combination of services within a unified system to enhance both efficiency and sustainability (Zhu et al., 2023). While synchromodality prioritises real-time mode substitution and system-wide coordination, co-modality focuses on shared capacity and the cross-utilisation of transport assets for people and goods. Together, they offer a systemic response to contemporary challenges – congestion, emissions, the energy transition and urban accessibility – by promoting seamless, intelligent and resource-efficient mobility networks.This Special Issue of Exploring Synchromodality and Co-modality: Pathways to Sustainable and Efficient Transportation System, brings together interdisciplinary perspectives and emerging evidence on how digitalisation, optimisation, behavioural insight and governance mechanisms can advance integrated mobility. The collected studies highlight innovative modelling approaches, empirical validations and real-world applications that jointly illustrate how these paradigms can accelerate the transition toward sustainable, adaptive and data-driven transport systems. Beyond the operational layer, the contributions also underscore the socio-technical and institutional changes needed to foster logistics ecosystems capable of real-time responsiveness and cross-modal collaboration.From an academic standpoint, synchromodality has evolved from a classical multimodal concept into a supply-chain-centric framework where flexibility, cooperation and synchronisation form its core principles (Nobis, 2007; Rondinelli and Berry, 2000). Dong et al. (2018) reframed it as “Synchromodality from a Supply Chain Perspective,” arguing that a holistic view of logistics processes amplifies mode-shift potential without sacrificing cost or service levels. Pfoser et al. (2016) identified cooperation and transparency as decisive success factors, while Giusti et al. (2019) emphasised the pivotal role of orchestration platforms in enabling real-time decision-making. More recently, the emergence of digital logistics platforms has further strengthened this paradigm by facilitating decentralised yet coordinated decision-making, allowing multiple actors to align procurement, transport planning and service contracting through market-based or algorithmic mechanisms (Kong et al., 2023). Haller et al. (2015) and Sakti et al. (2023) likewise associated synchromodality with the vision of the Physical Internet, highlighting synchronisation as a foundation for adaptive, platform-driven and learning-based logistics.In parallel, co-modality research has followed a progressive trajectory – from conceptual framing to technological enablement, operational optimisation and stakeholder coordination. Early work by Trentini and Mahléné (2010) introduced the concept of passenger–goods cohabitation as a pathway to reduce economic and environmental externalities. Building on this foundation, Ronald et al. (2016) showed how ICT and on-demand mobility technologies make such integration practically feasible. More recent studies by Yang et al. (2023, 2024) developed crowdsourced and schedule-based co-modality models, demonstrating that synchronised passenger–freight systems can achieve cost-effective, low-emission urban distribution. Finally, Ma et al. (2023) examined cooperative and competitive interactions among operators through game-theoretical analysis, revealing how coordinated arrangements can yield Pareto-improving outcomes. Collectively, these studies trace a clear evolution from conceptual vision to intelligent and collaborative implementation, highlighting synchronisation, cooperation and digital intelligence as the core enablers of sustainable co-modality.Across the globe, synchromodality has found fertile ground in major logistics corridors and ports. In Europe, the Port of Rotterdam epitomises digitally orchestrated logistics through its Port Vision 2030 and integrated platforms such as Pronto, Navigate and Portmaster, which align maritime, barge, rail and truck operations (portofrotterdam.com). Similar ambitions are visible in the Horizon 2020 SYNCHRO-NET project (synchronet.eu), which merged cloud optimisation and smart-steaming technologies to improve both energy efficiency and network robustness. In the USA, the Georgia Ports Authority's Savannah model extends this philosophy inland: its Mason Mega Rail complex and associated hubs synchronise maritime and rail flows (gaports.com), while the Port of Los Angeles' “Port Optimizer™” platform links terminals, carriers, and shippers in a single digital environment, enabling proactive modal decisions (portoflosangeles.org). In China, the Western Land–Sea New Corridor and the Ningbo–Zhou", "keywords": [ "Flexibility (engineering)", "Sustainability", "Digital transformation", "Mode (computer interface)", "Big data", "Sustainable transport", "Efficient energy use", "Multimodal transport" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.emerald.com/imds/article-pdf/126/1/1/11181760/imds-01-2026-997en.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163148896", "doi": "10.1016/j.procs.2026.04.026", "title": "Service Trip Synthesis for Agent-Based Freight Simulations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yantao Huang", "Abdelrahman Ismael", "Hui Shen", "Hyun-Seop Uhm", "Olcay Sahin", "Joshua Auld", "Natalia Zuniga-Garcia" ], "first_author": "Yantao Huang", "venue": "Procedia Computer Science", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Service trips are vital for understanding urban freight movement, infrastructure management, traffic congestion, and economic impacts. This study presents an agent-based framework for synthesizing service trips, with simulation tests on the 6-county Austin network in an agent-based simulation tool POLARIS. Simulated 2.96 million vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) of service trips account for 4.8% of the total regional VMT, with moderate impacts on overall traffic trends. The comparison results of the service trip synthesis demonstrate strong synergy among the proposed models, ensuring a well-distributed spatial representation of service providers, accurate demand and customer generation, and effective vehicle routing. This framework successfully integrates service types, locations, and durations, enabling realistic and strategic service trip planning. Calibration results also indicated that the service trips modeled were generally accurate but lower than expected, primarily due to the trips extending beyond the simulated day. Overall, by integrating key features of service trips into an agent-based framework and validating them through data comparison, this paper provides a valuable tool for improving the understanding and management of urban service trips.", "keywords": [ "Service (business)", "Trip generation", "Travel time", "Service level" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.04.026" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168123198", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.105080", "title": "Optimizing urban parcel deliveries: Containerized consolidation on public transport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cécile Dupouy", "Mellila Kechir", "François Clautiaux", "Olivier Labarthe", "Walid Klibi" ], "first_author": "Cécile Dupouy", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Consolidation (business)", "Public transport", "City logistics", "Rail transportation", "Transportation planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.105080" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2953981803", "doi": null, "title": "Last-Mile Distribution Network Optimization in Emerging Markets: A Case Study in São Paulo, Brazil", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oswaldo Rivas", "Kenneth V. Greene" ], "first_author": "Oswaldo Rivas", "venue": "DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)", "publisher": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "abstract": "As more of the world’s population moves to cities, urban logistics becomes increasingly important to a company’s distribution operations. Urban distribution network studies must address the same strategic questions as traditional large-scale distribution networks including sizing and locating distribution facilities and determining which facilities should serve which customers. These studies are more complex, however, because they must also address operational problems including vehicle routing and daily scheduling. In our case study, we analyze a business-to-business, last-mile distribution network and evaluate how network performance changes in response to combinations of input parameters like vehicle and facility costs, facility availability, and average travel speeds. We extend a mixed-integer linear programming model, incorporating vehicle-routing and location-allocation problems, to determine the appropriate network design and weekly delivery-route schedule to serve customers in a cost-effective manner. Our analysis shows that a multi-echelon distribution model is not always necessary in urban settings; a single-echelon system is preferred when second-tier facilities are relatively expensive. With respect to labor, significant cost-savings, as high as 35%, can be realized by increasing service time of vehicles through overtime or sub-contracting labor. Common urban problems, including traffic; access to infrastructure; and vehicle travel restrictions tend to increase network costs by small amounts, approximately 10%, and in some cases lead to cost savings of approximately 5%.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Geography", "Computer science", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121320" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7151631318", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.104844", "title": "A choice-based optimization framework for crowdsourced last-mile delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mina Akbarpour", "Stefan Røpke", "Soora Rasouli", "Otto Anker Nielsen", "Feixiong Liao", "Yu Jiang" ], "first_author": "Mina Akbarpour", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Crowdsourced last-mile delivery is an emerging paradigm in urban logistics, offering a flexible approach to mitigating operational costs and urban congestion. However, its effectiveness depends on the interplay between three key factors: the strategic placement of parcel service points, the task acceptance behavior of occasional couriers, and the operation of a professional fleet alongside them. This paper addresses these factors simultaneously by developing an integrated simulation-optimization framework that links strategic planning and operational behavior. A key methodological contribution lies in combining a cost-aware facility location model for parcel placement, a behaviorally choice model for courier task acceptance, and a vehicle routing solver for the professional fleet. Using real parcel data and simulated passenger trips from Copenhagen, the results show that the coordinated framework substantially increases courier participation, reduces professional fleet routing workload, and improves overall system efficiency compared with realistic benchmark strategies. The analysis highlights how behavioral modeling and spatial optimization jointly enable cost-effective and scalable collaboration between crowds and fleets in urban delivery networks.", "keywords": [ "Crowdsourcing", "Automation", "Key (lock)", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.104844" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4249845256", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4614-3628-7_10", "title": "Conclusions and Outlook", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jan Fabian Ehmke" ], "first_author": "Jan Fabian Ehmke", "venue": "International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3628-7_10" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4312249075", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-06862-1_38", "title": "Machine Learning Applied to Last Mile Operations: Applying Machine Learning Models for Stops Classification in Urban Logistics", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bernardo Puente-Mejia", "Carlos Suárez-Núñez", "David Calahorrano", "Martin Gavilanes", "Daniel Masaquiza" ], "first_author": "Bernardo Puente-Mejia", "venue": "Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mile", "City logistics", "Computer science", "Global Positioning System", "Transport engineering", "Machine learning", "Last mile (transportation)", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06862-1_38" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3021987409", "doi": "10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110487", "title": "Application of Piecewise Linear Approximation Method for the Estimation of Origin-Destination Matrix", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Miguel Fernández Pérez", "Enrique Lee", "Aldo Fernández", "Avid Roman–Gonzalez" ], "first_author": "Miguel Fernández Pérez", "venue": "International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications", "publisher": "Science and Information Organization", "abstract": "This paper presents a Mixed-Integer Programming Model for the urban freight transport planning problem through the estimation of the Origin-Destination Matrix. The Origin-Destination Matrix is used to know the pattern of travel or vehicle flow between different zones of a city and is estimated from the counting of vehicles on the routes of a road network. For the estimation of the Origin-Destination Matrix, the Entropy Maximization approach is applied. This approach is based on a non-linear optimization model. In order to overcome this difficulty, an optimization model based on the Piecewise Linear Approximation Method is proposed. To test the proposed model, an instance was built based on a road network of a real case. The proposed model obtained good results in a reduced computational time, demonstrating its usefulness for the urban freight transport planning.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Piecewise linear function", "Linear programming", "Entropy maximization", "Matrix (chemical analysis)", "Integer programming", "Piecewise", "Flow network", "Entropy (arrow of time)", "Maximization", "Estimation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume11No4/Paper_87-Application_of_Piecewise_Linear_Approximation_Method.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3169464107", "doi": null, "title": "A MCDA framework for assessing strategic and environmental impacts of electric commercial vehicle implementation", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Bruhn Barfod" ], "first_author": "Michael Bruhn Barfod", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight and commercial vehicles make up about 10% of the share of vehicle-kilometer travelled, but account for approx. 50% of the COX and 90% of the NOX and PM emissions. The stress imposed by this on urban systems is expected to increase, due to the fast growth of commercial vehicle activity. A possible technology-oriented solution is electric commercial vehicles (ECVs) that, along with improvements in vehicle routing efficiency, can lead to mitigating the effect of commercial vehicles in urban areas without radical activity reduction. This paper presents the identification and development of a set of KPIs based on user needs for urban mobility and the aim to promote more sustainable transport solutions. This is done in collaboration with a Danish company that has agreed to test whether an ECV solution can meet the requirements of the commercial sector. The company has a number of workers that service building sites and provide maintenance services within the city of Copenhagen, Denmark, and as a part of the study the company has replaced a portion of their fleet to use ECVs. The project aims at uncovering if optimized planning of the service tasks can overcome the shortcomings of the battery range, and thus result in a greener profile without extra costs. A multi-criteria based model is in this context developed to assess both the environmental as well as strategic impacts of the ECVs performance compared to conventional vehicles undertaking the same type of tasks.", "keywords": [ "Multiple-criteria decision analysis", "Electric vehicle", "Business", "Operations research", "Environmental economics", "Engineering", "Economics", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/a-mcda-framework-for-assessing-strategic-and-environmental-impact" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W878870223", "doi": null, "title": "Toimintamalleja kaupunkilogistiikan kehittämiseen", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kiiskinen, Ellinoora", "Erika Kallionpää", "Pasi Metsäpuro", "Jarkko Rantala" ], "first_author": "Kiiskinen, Ellinoora", "venue": "Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)", "publisher": "Tampere University of Applied Sciences", "abstract": "The lack of non-renewable energy sources and environmental requirements has forced stakeholders to develop their operations into more environmentally friendly direction. Longhaul transportation cover the majority of the kilometres travelled during the trip, but most of the costs and harmful environmental effects compound of distribution and pickups. By investing in urban freight logistics solutions, it is possible to reduce the environmental effects and costs of transport and therefore improve efficiency.\\n\\nThe scope for this study is to define the operations to develop urban logistics and examine which of these operations would be suitable for the city of Tampere. The operations that are used in Europe to develop urban logistics are examined through literature review. The future of these methods and their suitability in Tampere are analyzed by expert interviews and case-cities in Europe.\\n\\nThe most critical methods in developing urban freight logistics are related not only to environmentally friendly and cost-effective equipment but also more effective use of equipment in route and loud factor planning. There are different ways to start to develop the organization’s operations. For example giving subsidies or forcing with laws are ways to direct the operations of the organization. Intensification can also be company driven when the goal might be in getting more profitable operations or improving the image of the company.\\n\\nIn the near future in Tampere the most recommended actions to improve urban freight logistics are those which require only little resources, for example developing the parking and unloading areas, maintaining existing infrastructure and defining the routes for trucks. Over the long haul possible targets for development are low emission zones in the centre-area, where only environmentally friendly vehicles are allowed and consolidation centre, if further studies confirm the benefits of it to overcome the resources required. Other targets for development both in the short and long run are generating common long haul vision for decision makers and companies for the future of the urban freight logistics, sharing real time information with different stakeholders and developing information systems that help to optimize and plan urban logistics.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trepo.tuni.fi//handle/10024/116700" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W804632468", "doi": null, "title": "Assessing Freight Data Needs at the Metropolitan Level", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Isabel C Victoria", "Jolanda Prozzi", "C. Michael Walton" ], "first_author": "Isabel C Victoria", "venue": "12th World Congress on Intelligent Transport SystemsITS AmericaITS JapanERTICO", "publisher": null, "abstract": "A Freight Data Needs Survey was administered to Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) in the U.S. to assess urban freight data needs given the demographic characteristics of the region, the freight issues MPOs have to deal with, and the state-of-the-practice in integrating freight component into the urban travel demand models (TDMs). Special emphasis was given to cargo data because it provides valuable insight into urban freight movements. The results of the survey revealed that, although two-thirds of the responding MPOs are conducting freight planning, only 26% of them have integrated both the passenger and freight components into their TDMs. Among the responding MPOs, 49% to 94% indicated a need for origin-destination patterns, routing details, shipment details, and commodity type information, while cargo data availability varied from 6% to 33%. It is thus obvious that effective freight planning and informed decisions are still largely limited by a lack of reliable data, especially among the small, mid-size, and midlarge MPOs. Given a lack of funding sources these MPOs will have to explore innovative and cost effective means to gather an understanding of freight movements. Data collected by electronic means such as those provided by Intelligent Transportation Systems can be invaluable to urban freight planning.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Business", "Commodity", "Transport engineering", "Traffic management", "Survey data collection", "Geography", "Finance", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/767496" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168394551", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2026.04.125", "title": "Cargo bike simulation in urban hub strategies: the GLEAM use case for Rotterdam", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michiel de Bok", "Sofia Giasoumi", "Sebastiaan Thoen", "Wouter Kuhlman", "Kurt Verlinden", "Jos Streng", "Tim Sjouke" ], "first_author": "Michiel de Bok", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This study presents an extension of an existing urban freight simulation model, with a cycling network model for the evaluation of city logistic policy scenarios involving cargo bikes. The purpose of the simulation is to provide indicators for the evaluation of bottlenecks in the bike lane infrastructure and from cargo bike parking on sidewalks. Simulation of cargo bike flows requires an explicit route choice behavior for cargo bike drivers, and sufficient detail in the zonal network connectors to have an accurate representation of trip ends. This paper presents the simulation results from the urban freight model with the integrated cycling network assignment. Two cargo bike network configurations were analyzed: single carrier hubs and open shared use for micro hubs. The results confirm a strong and varied impact on the emergence of bottle necks in the cycling network and the pressure of cargo bike parking in the city center.", "keywords": [ "Poison control", "Human factors and ergonomics", "Pedestrian", "Occupational safety and health" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235214652600387X/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4200091932", "doi": "10.36334/modsim.2021.m1.muriel", "title": "Assessing last mile delivery strategies � A hybrid solution approach", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-12-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Juan E. Muriel", "Lele Zhang", "Jan C. Fransoo", "Roberto Pérez-Franco" ], "first_author": "Juan E. Muriel", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight is growing faster than other transport activities, and its adverse effects bring consequences to people, the environment and the liveability of cities.Although understanding its dynamics has become a priority for governments, the multiplicity of actors with conflicting objectives makes it a significant urban planning challenge.This paper develops a hybrid (simulation-optimisation) methodology to evaluate the impact of different last mile delivery strategies over the network traffic flow.The model is focused on the use of one type of on-street parking infrastructure: the loading zone (LZ).We refer to on-street LZs as parking areas that occupy space directly on the road lane.The design and management of parking systems, especially on-street LZs, is considered one of the most powerful traffic control measures with a substantial influence on the efficiency of the urban freight system.The methodology considers the decision-making process made by the road users, their interaction, and the variability of stochastic parameters (traffic conditions, competition, cruising, and illegal parking).The framework combines a stochastic cellular automata (CA) traffic microsimulation, with a metaheuristic and a commercial solver.The CA model has two layers, the lower layer describes the road network, its entry and exit points, LZ locations, traffic demand, speed limits, intersections, and traffic light settings.The upper layer manages the agents (private vehicles (PV) and delivery vehicles (DV)), their size, speed, motion, lane changing, vehicle routes, illegal parking decisions and the duration of the delivery stops.To optimise the routes of DVs, we use a greedy randomised adaptive search procedure -GRASP to solve a two-level (trucking and walking) optimisation problem and the CPLEX optimiser to re-optimise mid-route decisions.The model was developed in the Java programming language.The methodology is applied to a CBD network simulating realistic conditions and evaluate three urban logistics strategies: Alternative LZ, Illegal Parking and Last Delivery.Although the results conclude that to minimise the impact of DVs the best strategy is Illegal Parking, important considerations need to be addressed.For instance, the location of the LZs in the study network were equally spread over an edge, with two illegal parking areas.This aspect certainly limited the well-known congestion consequences of illegal parking.For example, LZs that are located close to up-or down-stream intersections with more illegal parking will certainly spread the congestion shockwave to adjacent edges, attaining different results.A similar situation occurs when delivery vehicles parked illegally are blocking the access to buildings, side streets or public transport.The fact that the Illegal Parking strategy derived better results in this study may seem counterintuitive and is likely to be controversial.However, a logical explanation is that the city might be better off by relaxing parking restrictions to help DVs finishing their routes faster, than by tightening regulations that increase DVs cruising time and cause more congestion.Since the benefits and responsibility for the implementation of more relaxed illegal parking measures lie entirely in the city's hands, is an additional incentive to consider it as a feasible traffic management policy.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2021.m1.muriel" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W339328370", "doi": null, "title": "SIMULATION VON ALTERNATIVEN CITY-LOGISTIK-KONZEPTEN AM BEISPIEL FRANKFURT/MAIN", "year": 1997, "publication_date": "1997-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Martin Kaupp" ], "first_author": "Martin Kaupp", "venue": "Internationales Verkehrswesen", "publisher": "Saxon State and University Library, Dresden", "abstract": "The success of a city logistics project is determined by the readiness to cooperate of the parties concerned as well as by the bundling concept chosen. Using the city of Frankfurt for an example, methods for analysing and evaluating city logistics concepts are presented. Quantitative factors for assessing economic and ecological success factors are at the basis of detailled planning, which focusses on practicability. Analysing and modelling a cities' logistics processes and employing geographic systems of information make it possible to conduct tour and route plannings for single consignments. Simulative analyses generate reference numbers on productivity, economic efficiency and ecological implications of different logis-tics concepts, which are then contrasted. A comparison with the actual situation elucidates the bundling potential of alternative concepts. The analyses show that no alternative solution dominates the others from an economic, traffic policy or from an ecological point of view. However, evaluating the costs of each alternative can be a determining factor in the decision making.", "keywords": [ "Productivity", "Point (geometry)", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Economics", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/993350" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7130326663", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6259421", "title": "Designing greener last-mile delivery strategies in two-echelon urban networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Valentina Bonomi", "Diana Jorge", "Tânia Rodrigues Pereira Ramos", "Ana Paula Barbosa-Póvoa" ], "first_author": "Valentina Bonomi", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Function (biology)", "Piecewise linear function", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Sustainability", "Vehicle routing problem", "Urban planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6259421" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4381956031", "doi": "10.1353/sub.2023.a900523", "title": "Breathing Without a Head: Plant Respirations in John Gerrard's Smoke Trees", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Orchid Tierney" ], "first_author": "Orchid Tierney", "venue": "SubStance", "publisher": "University of Wisconsin Press", "abstract": "Breathing Without a Head:Plant Respirations in John Gerrard's Smoke Trees Orchid Tierney (bio) About two hours from where I grew up in Invercargill, Aotearoa New Zealand, is a large finger lake called Lake Wakatipu. The lake is nested in the Southern Alps of the South Island and, at the extremes, its body measures three miles wide and fifty-two miles long. The surrounding mountains are haunting in the evenings when the coniferous wildlife is silent, and for as long as I can remember, Wakatipu has been called the breathing lake. I must have read this moniker on a brochure or travel poster in a hotel or a restaurant—I used to visit the area around the lake regularly during the winter months as a child—but according to local legend, it is the beating heart of a taniwha—an ogre called Matau—that causes the lake's respirations. Matakauri, the hero of this particular myth, set alight the ogre whilst he slept in order to rescue his beloved Manata, the beautiful daughter of a local chief, whom the taniwha had kidnapped. As Matau burned, he left behind his heart, which continued to beat rhythmically in the years that followed Matakauri's daring rescue. The myth brilliantly invokes the scientific expertise of the local Indigenous people, for the lake really does rise and fall regularly throughout the day. Despite being landlocked, Wakatipu has an observable seiche, or standing wave, that occurs every 26.7 minutes and results in a tide that rises and falls almost eight inches. Of course, the seiche is the Western scientific explanation for the lake's regular aquatic behavior. The lake breathes because Matau's heart is still beating. Wakatipu's origin myth proposes a respiration that is both wonderfully metaphorical and scientific, but it also raises questions about the embodiments of breath itself. Namely, I'm curious here as to who is an agent of breath? Who and what breathes? Who can breathe easily in the Anthropocene? Who can breathe easily at all? And yet: what an unnecessarily [End Page 14] cruel question this is when so many people nowadays cannot breathe fluently or joyfully in a global pandemic. Over the course of the past two years, the ventilator has become a vexed symbol of the persistence of life, of political incompetence. Of medicalized racial injustice. The lungs that strain against the COVID-19 virus are sometimes the same lungs that have historically struggled against anthropogenic non-viral forms of air pollution. Industrial air pollutants are indicators of systemic racism, imperialism, colonialism, and the uneven urban distributions of risk. Indeed, in December 2020, a British coroner ruled, for the first time in legal history of the United Kingdom, that emissions of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter on the South Circular Road of London were the cause of nine-year-old Ella Kissi-Debrah's acute respiratory failure in February 2013 (Laville). Toxic airborne pollution is vile matter that forcibly connects gentle lungs with racialized environments. As Timothy Choy notes, \"Air muddies the distinction between subjects and environments, and between subjects. This thickness and porosity rendered by air is part of what makes the air and the airborne such deeply felt elements\" (157). We, human animals, are too porous for the heavy industry and traffic routes that fill the air and the softness of our lungs. And so: we know the matter of the air by the smoothness of respiration; we feel the keen politics of the air when breathing is labored. I can point to numerous examples where respiration in the context of human life is fraught. Indeed, the act of breathing foregrounds the buoyancy of humanity and the formations of life. I want to acknowledge and hold those complexities because breathing in relation to human life, especially for populations of color, disabled people, and transgender communities, is not yet guaranteed. And I want to consider additionally, who and what has been excluded from the formulations of breathing more generally, and how breathing itself has been anthropomorphized at the expense of other forms of more-than-human life. As Jane Bennett suggests, \"humans are always in composition with nonhumanity, never outside of a sticky...", "keywords": [ "Legend", "Mythology", "History", "HERO", "Archaeology", "Geography", "Art", "Literature" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1353/sub.2023.a900523" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3210590189", "doi": "10.13016/f2fx-1ov9", "title": "Adjustment Factors and Applications for Analytic Approximations of Tour Lengths", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Young‐Min Choi" ], "first_author": "Young‐Min Choi", "venue": "University Libraries (University of Maryland)", "publisher": "University of Maryland, College Park", "abstract": "The shortest tour distance for visiting all points exactly once and returning to the origin is computed by solving the well-known Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Due to the large computational effort needed for optimizing TSP tours, researchers have developed approximations that relate the average length of TSP tours to the number of points n visited per tour. The most widely used approximation formula has a square root form: √n multiplied by a coefficient β. Although the existing models can effectively approximate the distance for conventional vehicles with large capacities (e.g., delivery trucks) where n is large, approximations that seek to cover large ranges of n, possibly to infinity, tend to yield poorer results for the small n values. Thus, this dissertation focuses on approximation models for the small n values, which are needed for many practical applications, such as for some recent delivery alternatives (e.g., drones). The proposed models show promise in analyzing the real-world problems in which actual tours serve few customers due to limited vehicle capacity and incorporate realistic constraints, such as the effects of a starting point location, geographical restrictions on movements, demand patterns, and service area shapes. The dissertation may open new research avenues for analyzing the new transportation alternatives and provide guidelines to planners for choosing appropriate models in designing or evaluating transportation problems. Approximation models are estimated from the following experiments: 1) a total of 60 cases are developed by considering various factors, such as point distributions and shapes of service areas. 2) Solution methods for TSP instances are compared and chosen. 3) After the TSPs are optimized for each n, the TSP tour lengths are averaged. 4) Lastly, models for the averaged TSP tour lengths are fitted with ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. After the approximations are developed, some possible extensions are explored. First, adjustment factors are designed to integrate the 60 cases within one equation. With those factors, it can be understood how approximation varies with each classification. Next, the approximations considering stochastic customer presence (i.e., probabilistic TSP) are proposed. Third, the approximated tour lengths are compared with the optimal solutions of vehicle routing problem (VRP) in actual rural and urban delivery networks. Here, some additional factors, such as a circuity factor and service zone shape, are discussed. Lastly, the proposed methodology is applied to formulate and explore various types of existing and hypothetical delivery alternatives.", "keywords": [ "Mathematics", "Computer science", "Applied mathematics", "Econometrics", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/1903/27698" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1562227736", "doi": null, "title": "Environmental and Energy Benefits of Freight Delivery Consolidation in Urban Area", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jane Lin", "Qin Chen", "Kazuya Kawamura" ], "first_author": "Jane Lin", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Among new, innovative city logistics strategies, delivery cooperation has received increasing academic and practical attention mostly in Europe and Japan. The idea is to establish cooperation among the suppliers, carriers and the customers through Urban Consolidation Center (UCC), a public facility usually located at the city boundary; with proper consolidation of loads and routing, the goods are then sent to the customers in the urban area with cleaner vehicles and less vehicle miles traveled (VMT). In this study, the authors investigated the feasibility of UCC in an urban setting at the tactical level with respect to total logistics cost and environmental impact. In other words, whether UCC could reduce the logistics cost which involves the monetary costs for activities from production to consumption, while maintaining acceptable level of energy consumption and vehicular emissions. It is found that under certain conditions, UCC may become a favorable last-mile urban delivery solution to the current one without a UCC. Especially the benefits of UCC strategies become significant when the customer rent cost is high and UCC terminal operation cost is low. UCC becomes more beneficial as the economic scale is greater (i.e., higher numbers of customers and suppliers). In addition, public subsidy for UCC terminals would make urban cooperative delivery more competitive, resulting in lower truck VMT and emissions in the urban area.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Business", "Consolidation (business)", "Transport engineering", "Subsidy", "Energy consumption", "Last mile (transportation)", "Environmental economics", "Operations management", "Finance", "Engineering", "Mile" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/26167/dot_26167_DS1.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164156873", "doi": "10.58631/jtus.v4i6.249", "title": "Integrating Freight Distribution into Urban Rail Transit Networks: Hotspot and Accessibility Mapping in Greater Jakarta", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-11", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Muhammad Efando Haryadi", "Nahry", "Andyka Kusuma" ], "first_author": "Muhammad Efando Haryadi", "venue": "Journal Transnational Universal Studies", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban freight transport in Jakarta remains heavily reliant on road-based networks, leading to severe traffic congestion and environmental degradation. Integrating freight distribution into existing passenger rail networks through Freight-on-Transit (FOT) concepts offers a sustainable alternative. This study aims to identify spatial urban freight demand hotspots within the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area (Jabodetabek) and evaluate their accessibility to commuter rail (KRL) stations for potential logistics node development. Utilizing one-day parcel delivery transaction data, K-Means clustering was applied to isolate 20 distinct demand centroids across major urban corridors. A network-based shortest path analysis via the Open-Source Routing Machine (OSRM) was subsequently conducted to measure actual road-network distances and compute accessibility scores for each hotspot–station pair. The findings reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in logistics demand. Several stations within dense urban corridors, notably Stasiun Angke (Cluster 19) and Stasiun Sudirman (Cluster 5), exhibited the highest potential for rail-integrated logistics due to high demand concentration and close physical proximity of under 3.2 km. Conversely, suburban clusters showed lower feasibility due to substantial network distances. This study provides a practical decision-support framework combining spatial data analytics and infrastructure routing, offering valuable insights for logistics operators and policymakers in planning rail-based micro-consolidation depots to improve last-mile delivery efficiency.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Hotspot (geology)", "City logistics", "Database transaction", "Geographic information system", "Cluster analysis", "Urban planning", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic congestion", "Distribution (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journaltransnationaluniversalstudies.org/index.php/gp/article/download/249/272" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7120386135", "doi": null, "title": "Análise da vulnerabilidade da rede viária urbana na acessibilidade do transporte urbano de cargas sob a ótica da emissão de CO2", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "pt", "authors": [ "João José Borges de Barros dos [UNESP] Santos" ], "first_author": "João José Borges de Barros dos [UNESP] Santos", "venue": "LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)", "publisher": "LA Referencia", "abstract": "Urban mobility in large cities faces significant challenges due to congestion, which impacts the economy, the environment, and public health, exacerbated by rapid urbanization. In Brazil, urban freight transport has been the focus of public policies for its contribution to CO2 emissions. Factors such as the vulnerability of the road network, intensified by floods and accidents, compromise the operational efficiency of this sector, highlighting the need to balance operational and environmental costs in sustainable transport. Proper urban planning and efficient vehicle flow management are essential to mitigate congestion and reduce pollution, demanding an integrated approach that considers economic, spatial, and environmental aspects. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability of the urban road network and its influence on the accessibility of urban freight transport, focusing on CO2 emissions. To this end, studies will be conducted involving: the analysis of the impacts of road network topological characteristics on route choice; the investigation of how these configurations affect the vulnerability and accessibility of freight transport; and the evaluation of the impact of road network vulnerability on CO2 emissions associated with urban freight transport. Chapter 2 identifies factors that increase the vulnerability of the road network for freight transport. Results indicate that poor infrastructure, congestion, and circulation restrictions are the main vulnerability factors, with lack of maintenance and proper planning being critical for safety and efficiency. Chapter 3 analyzes how vulnerability affects road network accessibility, showing that vulnerable areas have reduced accessibility, resulting in longer travel times and operational costs. It is suggested that investments in infrastructure and traffic management policies can improve accessibility. Chapter 4 examines the relationship between accessibility and vulnerability of the urban network, considering different topological configurations and impedances for freight vehicles, evaluating the impact on CO2 emissions. Adapting an integrated indicator of emissions and travel time provides a detailed analysis. Results are fundamental for urban planning, showing that irregular road networks are more vulnerable to disruptions, leading to chaotic traffic redistribution, while regular networks maintain temporary balance but develop new vulnerabilities in the long term. The analysis of vulnerability and its consequences on CO2 emissions highlights the importance of restrictive measures to promote more sustainable and efficient urban freight transport systems.", "keywords": [ "Vulnerability (computing)", "Vulnerability assessment", "Traffic congestion", "Public transport", "Urban planning", "Sustainability", "Balance (ability)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://repositorio.ufc.br/bitstream/riufc/79221/1/2024_tese_jedsantos.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2552491024", "doi": null, "title": "Last-mile delivery optimization using GPS data a case study", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-05-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "García de Dueñas", "Juan Bernardo" ], "first_author": "García de Dueñas", "venue": "USFQ Digital Repository (Universidad San Francisco de Quito)", "publisher": "Universidad San Francisco de Quito", "abstract": "The development of GPS data analysis and processing is contributing to new solutions in urban logistics, such as route characterization or client detection. The city of Quito, Ecuador, has problems regarding freight transportation. The reduction in magnitude of these problems, through the implementation of a responsible enterprise logistics system, can contribute to a better urban and economic development of this Latin-American capital city. This study proposes and analyses a solution in GPS data manipulation methodologies applied to urban freight distribution. The reliability of traditional routing software methods and truck drivers’ empiric knowledge are evaluated by comparing it to mathematical optimization algorithms which consider the city’s transportation network, modeled after the Asymmetric Traveling Salesperson Problem (ATSP). Tools used include Python for manipulating data and optimizing, CartoDB for Graphical Information Systems (GIS), and Compass (a logistics application developed by MIT) for generation of route indicators. The results of this study represent a better understanding of solutions to last-mile delivery operations in Quito, and suggest mathematical optimization is a reliable way to develop freight transportation routes.", "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Truck", "Transport engineering", "Python (programming language)", "Computer science", "Geographic information system", "Compass", "Flow network", "Software", "Vehicle routing problem", "Operations research", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://repositorio.usfq.edu.ec/handle/23000/5868" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160157299", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-16695-1_42", "title": "Physical Internet and Last-Mile Freight Distribution: A Framework for Sustainable Urban Logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Luca Mantecchini", "Francesco Paolo Nanni Costa", "Valentina Rizzello" ], "first_author": "Luca Mantecchini", "venue": "Lecture notes in civil engineering", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "The Internet", "Supply chain", "Sustainability", "Sustainable development", "Urban planning", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16695-1_42" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385062020", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4516191", "title": "Synchronizing Parcel Delivery to Public Transport Networks in Urban Co-Modality Transportation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xuan Yang", "Hao Luo", "George Q. Huang" ], "first_author": "Xuan Yang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Synchronizing", "Modality (human–computer interaction)", "Public transport", "Business", "Environmental planning", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Environmental economics", "Environmental science", "Telecommunications", "Engineering", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4516191" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131808197", "doi": "10.3390/su18052306", "title": "Identification of Truck Travel Endpoints and Traffic Demand Prediction Based on Trajectory Data", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiaoyun Cheng", "Yichen Yao", "Jian Zou", "Tingjia Zhang", "Jitong Shao" ], "first_author": "Xiaoyun Cheng", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The rapid expansion of the logistics industry has led to sustained growth in freight demand across regions. Analyzing the factors that influence truck travel demand and extracting loading/unloading locations from truck trajectory data can offer a theoretical foundation and policy support for freight logistics planning and management. Accordingly, this study is structured around two core tasks: identifying truck trip endpoints and forecasting truck travel demand, aiming to thoroughly examine urban freight travel patterns and their influencing factors. First, truck GPS data is integrated with a non-parametric Lorenz curve fitting method, road network data, and Areas of Interest (AOI) to precisely identify truck route endpoints. Subsequently, a Multi-Feature Dynamic GCN-LSTM model is constructed to predict truck travel demand by comprehensively considering multi-dimensional regional characteristics. Using Xi’an, China, as a case study, the results show that the proposed framework provides a more precise spatial distribution of truck trips and effectively forecasts truck travel demand in the city. This research has significant implications for enhancing urban freight efficiency, optimising the layout and facilities of urban transport networks, developing evidence-based transport policies, and promoting logistics development.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Identification (biology)", "TRIPS architecture", "Demand forecasting", "Trajectory", "Global Positioning System", "Commercial vehicle", "Trip generation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/5/2306/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2896278392", "doi": null, "title": "ROTEIRIZAÇÃO DE ENTREGAS NA ZONA LESTE DA CIDADE DE SÃO PAULO. COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE SOFTWARE PAGO E LIVRE", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-03-14", "type": "article", "language": "pt", "authors": [ "Lucas da Silva Costa", "Michael Santos da Costa", "João Roberto Maiellaro", "Alexandre Formigoni" ], "first_author": "Lucas da Silva Costa", "venue": "South American Development Society Journal", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This work is to compare routing software free and paid, in the case of urban deliveries within the East Zone of the City of Sao Paulo, the case study aims to verify which of the software optimizes the efficiency with better route where the vehicle should use, offering the shortest path between delivery points and the shortest time between them using techniques of linear programming. To perform this work will be ultilizado concepts of Operations Research and the support of software Gorgeous and RoadShow the Routing company.", "keywords": [ "Software", "Shortest path problem", "Vehicle routing problem", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Work (physics)", "Computer science", "Humanities", "Engineering", "Operating system", "Computer network", "Art", "Theoretical computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.sadsj.org/index.php/revista/article/download/40/39" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405376005", "doi": "10.3233/atde241210", "title": "Pipeline for Modeling Urban Traffic Density as the Data Basis for Micrologistics and Autonomous Delivery Robots: Project MoVMi", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-11", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Philipp Münst", "Lara Damer", "Selina Meier", "Marcel Graef", "Rick Voßwinkel" ], "first_author": "Philipp Münst", "venue": "Advances in transdisciplinary engineering", "publisher": "IOS Press", "abstract": "This paper presents a framework for modeling urban traffic density to support micrologistics using automated guided vehicles (AGV), more specifically autonomous delivery robots (ADR). The project MoVMi integrates survey data, pedestrian simulations using SUMO, and AGV interaction modeling in CARLA to optimize last-mile delivery in urban environments. Our approach addresses challenges such as congestion and access restrictions, and balances routing efficiency with delivery time windows. The framework’s adaptability allows application in various cities globally, enhancing urban freight transportation and sustainability. Future work will refine models with real-time data and extend applicability to diverse urban settings.", "keywords": [ "Pipeline (software)", "Robot", "Basis (linear algebra)", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics", "Programming language" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/ATDE241210" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392528949", "doi": null, "title": "Modélisation et analyse des réseaux logistiques urbains et potentiel de leur interconnexion", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-12-06", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hao Jiang" ], "first_author": "Hao Jiang", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "Urban logistics, indispensable to the economy, have been receiving increasing attention due to continuously increasing freight volume by the development of E-commerce and increasing environmental nuisances caused by the multiplication of flows. In face of these challenges, the new clean vehicles will be not the only solution as the main problem lies on the traffic congestion, which implies the necessity to redesign and to reproach the distribution networks in the city. Many researches have been conducted to urban logistics solutions to the inefficiency and unsustainability problems including new transportation means, public policy and infrastructure, multi-echelon networks and optimization of transport management. Since the distribution operations such as Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and depot location problem have already been well studied, our research will be focused on the organizational level and the distribution network design in urban area.Based on current studies, the objective of this thesis is to explore and analyze potentials of different logistics schemes for the city as well as the interests for different logistics actors. To this aim, analytical and optimization models have been developed to study the impact of the major factors (distribution scheme, transportation means, etc.) of the design of logistics networks. Three urban distribution scheme namely direct shipping, Urban Consolidation Center (UCC) and Physical Internet (PI) schemes are analyzed in terms of urban logistics performances economically, environmentally and socially. Furthermore, the optimization of transportation means is investigated. In addition, factors affecting urban logistics performances including vehicle speed, lead time, distance of PI hubs to city center, number of PI hubs are studied respectively. Particularly, current interconnected logistics schemes, with different patterns of sharing of resources, have been compared as to formulate recommendations of logistic schemes for the city.First, Chapter 1 provides a general introduction of the thesis including research context, research problem and questions, research methodology. Followed by is a literature review of solutions to inefficiency and unsustainability problems of urban logistics in Chapter 2, which is classified into four aspects: new transportation means, public policy and infrastructure, logistics network design, and optimization of transport management.Chapter 3 illustrates three various urban logistics distribution schemes namely original, UCC and PI scheme, and develops an analytical model to evaluate the performances respectively. A case study utilizing practical data from industry is conducted as well. Furthermore, a sensitivity study in Chapter 4 is carried out to investigate factors affecting logistics performances, which comprises vehicle speed, lead time, distance of UCC or PI hubs to city center, and number of hubs. Additionally, in Chapter 5, an optimization model concerning the selection of transportation means is established and validated in the second echelon from PI hubs to Point of Sales (PoSs) in PI scheme. In Chapter 6, the potential of Underground Logistics System (ULS) has been explored through a literature review of ULS conceptual study and existing projects. Last but not the least, Chapter 7 concludes the contributions of this thesis, reveals the limitation of the study, and indicates the perspectives of future research.", "keywords": [ "Interconnection", "Network analysis", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Telecommunications", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/tel-04046884v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154665332", "doi": null, "title": "Initiatives and Technologies for Smart Urban Logistics and Sustainable Cities", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Luka Pavlović", "Mladen Jardas", "Adrijana Agatić" ], "first_author": "Luka Pavlović", "venue": "University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE)", "publisher": "University of Zagreb", "abstract": "Rapid urban growth, the rise of online shopping, and increasing demand for fast deliveries are putting significant pressure on city logistics, particularly on the “last mile” of delivery. These pressures contribute to traffic congestion, higher emissions, and inefficient use of urban space. This paper examines how smart urban logistics solutions can make city deliveries more sustainable. Such solutions include the use of micro-hubs (small local distribution centers), consolidation centers, low-emission delivery vehicles, digital technologies, and improved coordination between logistics planning and urban planning. The study is based on a review of relevant literature, as well as examples from European cities. It considers initiatives such as micro-hub networks, clean air zones, car-free city centers, and the 15-minute city concept, supported by selected data from previous studies. The findings demonstrate that effective regulations and appropriate infrastructure can significantly reduce pollution and spatial challenges associated with urban deliveries. When integrated with urban planning, digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, and Digital Twins can improve route planning, enhance transparency, and support better decision-making. However, smart urban logistics also faces challenges, including high infrastructure costs, fragmented regulations, technical complexities, and resistance from stakeholders. To address these issues, the paper proposes a phased approach for implementing smart urban logistics solutions. Overall, the research concludes that a successful transformation requires a comprehensive strategy combining urban planning, policy measures, infrastructure development, digital technology adoption, cooperation between public and private actors, and active citizen involvement.", "keywords": [ "Smart city", "City logistics", "Urban planning", "Sustainable city", "Consolidation (business)", "Digital transformation", "The Internet", "Internet of Things", "Cloud computing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/499890" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154467386", "doi": "10.1109/icat2i69744.2025.11472709", "title": "Hybrid AI Framework for Energy-Efficient Last-Mile Delivery in Urban Areas: A PRISMA-Based Systematic Review", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "type": "review", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jihad Mkhalfi", "Fouad Jawab", "Imane Moufad" ], "first_author": "Jihad Mkhalfi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this article, we conduct a systematic literature review of 28 academic papers published between 2016 and 2024 about hybrid artificial intelligence systems directed towards energy efficient last-mile urban delivery activities. We examine key AI techniques - including the use of machine learning in demand forecasting and adaptive routing processes, reinforcement learning for optimizing energy consumption for last-mile delivery using electric vehicles, multi-agent systems for optimizing highly complex urban logistics, and utilizing various metaheuristic algorithms for optimizing routing and scheduling of delivery vehicles. We identified autonomous delivery that leverages drones and robots guided through Artificial Intelligence mission planning. Despite this research on hybrid artificial intelligence for energy efficient last-mile delivery activities, we found little work focused on a human-centered approach without the utilization of Artificial Intelligence. Thus, we see it as an opportunity for future investigations to improve energy efficient urban delivery simply through the improvement of non-AI based methods. We examined a contribution for hybrid AI-assisted methods to provide evidence towards an existing gap in human-centered inquiry concerning energy-efficient urban delivery activities.", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Field (mathematics)", "Expert system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icat2i69744.2025.11472709" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7138243756", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2026.02.036", "title": "Analyzing truck operations and patterns in different urban contexts in Italy using GPS data", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Leonardo Sasso", "Sabrina Cestaro", "Mariarosaria Di Lauro", "Alireza Motalebi", "Fulvio Simonelli", "Vittorio Marzano" ], "first_author": "Leonardo Sasso", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The widespread availability of GPS (Global Positioning System) data has significantly enhanced the study of truck traffic by enabling detailed analyses of vehicle movement, routing behaviour, and freight patterns. This paper leverages a large dataset of GPS traces collected across Italy to analyse commercial and industrial vehicle operations within the country’s 14 metropolitan areas, by means of a methodology based on machine learning techniques that enables calculation of key behavioural and environmental indicators. Results reveal clear differences between industrial and commercial freight operations in terms of stop duration, route structure, and CO₂ emissions. A more detailed application to Naples highlights spatial and operational freight dynamics within a complex urban setting and showcases the capability of the proposed approach to provide valuable insights for urban freight planning and environmental policy, while demonstrating the utility of GPS big data in large-scale, comparative mobility research.", "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Truck", "Data collection", "Assisted GPS" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2026.02.036" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7114997382", "doi": "10.25560/126305", "title": "Performance optimisations for urban last-mile distribution using autonomous vehicle fleets", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-29", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Liu, Yubin" ], "first_author": "Liu, Yubin", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Many logistics operators are considering deploying autonomous delivery fleets, such as Mobile Parcel Lockers (MPLs) and Autonomous Delivery Robots (ADRs), to address increasing delivery demands and sustainability challenges in cities. These solutions offer economical and efficient responses to urban delivery bottlenecks, such as time spent on parking and manual delivery modes. Regulatory issues, including requirements for using autonomous vehicles on roads and ensuring pedestrian safety with sidewalk ADRs, are major concerns due to varying laws across regions. Additionally, the feasibility, effectiveness, and capacity limits of deploying autonomous delivery modes in traffic-dense cities need validation before large-scale implementation. Considering the envisioned scale of autonomous delivery fleet deployment, conducting feasibility and capacity assessments becomes imperative. This study developed a macroscopic assessment model incorporating cost, delivery efficiency, and pollution emissions to predict the performance of a collaborative delivery pattern integrating human-van delivery, MPL delivery, and ADR delivery in different London boroughs. A congestion game model was proposed to explore customer selection behaviour between MPL and ADR services, providing parameters for future deployments. Mixed-integer programming models for MPL and ADR route planning were established, using reinforcement learning methods and graph theory to ensure solution quality and computational efficiency. Geographic datasets from Illinois, US, were used for the ADR route planning study. Results indicate that MPL and ADR deployment in urban areas reduces operational costs and improves delivery efficiency compared to conventional manual delivery modes. Their lightweight and easy transportability can alleviate urban traffic congestion and parking space occupancy. Rational curb space planning and parking management strategies can facilitate the integration of autonomous delivery vehicles, promoting wider implementation. For logistics operators, differentiated pricing strategies and capacity deployment based on customer preferences, along with vehicle route planning according to customer time windows and activity trajectories, will reduce operational costs and enhance user convenience.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Traffic congestion", "Sustainability", "Delivery Performance", "Scale (ratio)", "Quality (philosophy)", "Reliability (semiconductor)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/126305" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317600120", "doi": "10.31649/2413-4503-2022-16-2-81-87", "title": "Improving the methodology of operational planning of urban cargo transportation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vitalii Ohnevyi", "Yevhenii Smyrnov", "Д. В. Борисюк" ], "first_author": "Vitalii Ohnevyi", "venue": "Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the theory and practice of road haulage there are many different types of transport systems, which differ significantly from each other. Urban freight transport is usually performed by one or more vehicles on pendulum or ring routes, i.e., are a small transport system. In such transport systems there is an uneven operation of vehicles, which is the value of the deviation of production in tons and tonne-kilometers, which occurs daily depending on the influence of many factors. The most significant factors that cause uneven operation of vehicles are the inconsistency of the average technical speed of cars and their downtime under load-unloading.Uneven operation of cars significantly affects their implementation of the transportation plan, and thus leads to a decrease in productivity and profits of the trucking company. At the same time, a review of previously performed scientific papers showed that the issues of taking into account the unevenness of cars in operational planning were not given enough attention.The article proposes to consider the average technical speed and downtime under load-unloading not as determined, but as random variables, the distribution of which is consistent with the normal law. Accordingly, a mathematical apparatus is proposed, which allows to model the operation of a small transport system taking into account the uneven operation of vehicles. Taking into account the probabilistic nature of these values allows to increase the accuracy of modeling the operation of a small transport system and the possible occurrence of queues for loading or unloading in cargo terminals. Based on the use of this mathematical model, the paper improves the methodology of operational planning of urban freight. The use of the proposed technique will reduce downtime of cars and increase the efficiency of the transport company.", "keywords": [ "Haulage", "Downtime", "Transport engineering", "Truck", "Productivity", "Probabilistic logic", "Transport system", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Reliability engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://vmt.vntu.edu.ua/index.php/vmt/article/download/305/271" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417047108", "doi": "10.4018/979-8-3373-3790-6.ch004", "title": "Green Technologies and Sustainable Transport Towards Ecological Logistics", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-05", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "ng", "authors": [ "Ahlem Hamri", "Noomen Guirat" ], "first_author": "Ahlem Hamri", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This work delves into the intersection of sustainability and logistics, beginning with a case study on Tunis, which highlights the challenges of congestion and emissions in urban freight transport. The study quantifies road freight emissions in Tunis, providing valuable insights into their environmental impact and the urgent need for sustainable alternatives.The chapter then transitions to exploring innovations in sustainable transportation, including electric vehicles, drones, and emerging technologies like intelligent transportation systems (ITS). These innovations are reshaping urban logistics, offering pathways to reduce emissions and enhance efficiency. Further, the chapter examines strategies for reducing the carbon footprint in logistics, such as route optimization, the use of biofuels and renewable energies, and reverse logistics practices. These approaches demonstrate how companies can minimize their environmental impact while maintaining operational effectiveness.", "keywords": [ "Ecological footprint", "Sustainability", "Carbon footprint", "Work (physics)", "Sustainable transport", "Greenhouse gas", "Renewable energy", "Green logistics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-3790-6.ch004" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4250870977", "doi": "10.1002/9781119421948.ch4", "title": "Estimating Inter‐establishment Flows", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-02-12", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jesús González-Feliu" ], "first_author": "Jesús González-Feliu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Inter-establishment flow estimates the delivery and pickup of goods to and from various establishments in the city are one of the fundamental points for the estimation and simulation as well as the diagnosis of existing urban freight transport scenarios. This chapter discusses the debate to the collection and production of data by adopting a philosophy and a vision different from that traditional to urban logistics in France. There are several approaches in the literature. They are distribution models, which generate freight origin-destination (O-D) matrices that then used to construct the routes or distances traveled; and direct estimation of distance models, which do not use O-D matrices to estimate the distances traveled. With regard to distribution models, the authors distinguish two predominant visions: trip distribution models and freight distribution models. These models can be estimated by linear regression by applying a linearization using a logarithm.", "keywords": [ "Linearization", "Logarithm", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Estimation", "Computer science", "Construct (python library)", "Econometrics", "Operations research", "Mathematics", "Economics", "Nonlinear system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119421948.ch4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405596368", "doi": "10.32971/als.2024.034", "title": "Challenges of Logistics Processes in Urban Consolidation Centers to Enhance Efficiency and Sustainability", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lívia Vass", "Tamás Bányai" ], "first_author": "Lívia Vass", "venue": "Advanced Logistic Systems - Theory and Practice", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This article highlights the growing importance of Urban Consolidation Centers (UCCs) in sustainable urban logistics, offering a comprehensive literature review of their role in improving efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. Urban Consolidation Centers (UCCs) are gaining recognition as a critical solution for addressing urban freight challenges, such as congestion and pollution, by consolidating deliveries in central urban areas. The article provides an overview of key logistics planning tasks essential for UCC design and operation, including location and layout planning, routing optimization, warehouse design, and the integration of emerging mobility solutions like e-mobility and micromobility. Additionally, it explores various operational strategies, such as cross docking, consignment, and postponement, that contribute to UCCs’ effectiveness. The article summarizes insights from recent studies to present the critical design considerations.", "keywords": [ "City logistics", "Sustainability", "Urban sustainability", "Traffic congestion", "Consolidation (business)", "Business", "Consignment", "Environmental planning", "Transport engineering", "Urban planning", "Engineering", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://als.uni-miskolc.hu/index.php/als/article/download/226/238" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386060561", "doi": "10.2172/1860360", "title": "Technology Integration to Gain Commercial Efficiency for the Urban Goods Delivery System, Meet Future Demand for City Passenger and Delivery Load/Unload Spaces, and Reduce Energy Consumption", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-31", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)", "Anne Goodchild", "Office of Sustainable Transportation. Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)" ], "first_author": "Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This three-year project supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office has the potential to radically improve the urban freight system in ways that help both the public and private sectors. Working from 2018-2021, project researchers at the University of Washington’s Urban Freight Lab and collaborators at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have produced key data, tested technologies in complex urban settings, developed a prototype parking availability app, and helped close major knowledge gaps. All the fruits of this project can be harnessed to help cities better understand, support and actively manage truck load/unload operations and their urban freight transport infrastructure. Project learnings and tools can be used to help make goods delivery firms more efficient by reducing miles traveled and the time it takes to complete deliveries, benefitting businesses and residents who rely on the urban freight system for supplies of goods. And, ultimately, these project learnings and tools can be used to make cities more livable by minimizing wasted travel, which, in turn, contributes to reductions in fuel consumption and emissions. Cities today are challenged to effectively and efficiently manage their infrastructure to absorb the impacts of ever-increasing e-commerce-fueled delivery demand. All delivery trucks need to park somewhere to unload and load. Yet today’s delivery drivers have no visibility on available parking until they arrive at a site, which may be full. That means they can wind up cruising for parking, which wastes time and fuel and contributes to congestion. Once drivers do find parking, the faster they can unload at the spot, the faster they free up space for other drivers, helping others avoid circling for parking. This makes the parking space—and thus the greater load/unload network—more productive. To this end, the research team successfully met the project’s three goals, developing and piloting strategies and technologies to: 1. Reduce parking-seeking behavior in the study area by 20%; 2. Reduce parcel truck dwell time (the time a truck spends in a spot to load/unload) in the study area by 30%; 3. Increase curb space, alley space and private loading bay occupancy rates in the study area. The research team met these goals by creating and piloting on Seattle streets OpenPark, a first-of-its-kind real-time and forecasting curb parking app customized for commercial delivery drivers—giving drivers the “missing link” in their commonly used routing tools that tell them how best to get to delivery locations, but not what parking is available to use when they get there. Installing in-ground sensors on commercial vehicle load zones (CVLZs) and passenger load zones (PLZs) in the 10-block study area in Seattle’s downtown neighbourhood of Belltown let researchers glean real-time curb parking data. The research team also met project goals by piloting three parcel lockers in public and private spaces open to any delivery carrier, creating a consolidated delivery hub that lets drivers complete deliveries faster and spend less time parked. Researchers collected and analysed data to produce the first empirical, robust, statistically significant results as to the impact of the lockers, and app, on on-the-ground operations. In addition to collecting and analyzing sensor and other real-time and historical data, researchers rode along with delivery drivers to confirm real-world routing and parking behavior. Researchers also surveyed building managers on their private loading bay operations to understand how to boost usage.", "keywords": [ "Energy consumption", "Business", "On demand", "Consumption (sociology)", "Delivery system", "Efficient energy use", "Food delivery", "Energy demand", "Environmental economics", "Transport engineering", "Commerce", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1860360" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212363946", "doi": "10.1007/s12065-026-01264-6", "title": "A constraint-aware adaptive pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm for the green pickup and delivery problem with time windows", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhilin Liu", "Yuelin Gao", "Huimin Wang", "Jiang Mengqi" ], "first_author": "Zhilin Liu", "venue": "Evolutionary Intelligence", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Benchmark (surveying)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Pickup", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operator (biology)", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Greenhouse gas", "Sustainable transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-026-01264-6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2309812944", "doi": null, "title": "실크로드 익스프레스(SRX) 운송경로 비교분석에 관한 연구", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-05-01", "type": "article", "language": "ko", "authors": [ "이상재", "조재욱", "김용성", "이용복" ], "first_author": "이상재", "venue": "한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Transportation routes associated with the current SRX can consider various intermodal rail and road routes around the harbor to perform a gateway to the different countries in the Northeast. Especially in promoting Asian Highway UNESCAP (AH, Asian Highway) and Trans-Asian Railway Network (TAR) in conjunction with the northern section of the network may be able to assume a lot of routes. But in building the best Silk Road Express (SRX) path across the Eurasian continent, the most important thing is the win-win development of the neighboring countries concerned. In this study, make the most of the basic infrastructure, the Tumen River Development Programme (GTI), which is directly related to the main railway station and city logistics facilities in regional and economic hub, the systems suitable for container transportation in ISO and non-ISO standards commonly used in international trade were selected by considering comprehensively the five main transport path. Based on this, the time / cost of UNESCAP - distance methodology derived by utilizing the best path to align with TKR.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Container (type theory)", "Business", "Gateway (web page)", "Path (computing)", "Transport network", "Default gateway", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE06397398?q=%5Bproduct%20sound%C2%A7coldb%C2%A72%C2%A751%C2%A73%5D&Multimedia=0&isFullText=0&specificParam=0&SearchMethod=0" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3138374979", "doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/1836/1/012007", "title": "City travelling salesman problem with minimizing truck weight in fragile road", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rio Aurachman" ], "first_author": "Rio Aurachman", "venue": "Journal of Physics Conference Series", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract The process of delivering goods can be modeled in the TSP model; Traveling Salesman Problem. Several existing TSP models try to minimize the mileage so as to minimize transportation costs from vehicles. In the context of city logistics, the quality of the roads used to deliver goods is also used by city residents’ vehicles. The route taken for the first time contains a heavy mass because the cargo being transported still contains all the goods that will be delivered later. Then the mass of the truck cargo will gradually decrease from the heavy mass to the very light mass at the final destination, because the entire load has been delivered. Through this paper, we propose a TSP model development that can choose the order of delivery by considering the road conditions taken, so that a route will be obtained that minimizes the risk of road damage due to the large mass of the load.", "keywords": [ "Travelling salesman problem", "Truck", "Context (archaeology)", "Transport engineering", "Process (computing)", "Computer science", "Order (exchange)", "Quality (philosophy)", "Operations research", "Business", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1836/1/012007/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168696753", "doi": "10.35090/gatech/13350", "title": "Towards Competitive Inland Waterway Logistics: Virtual Models for Modal Shift Assessment", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "José Luis López", "David Ciprés" ], "first_author": "José Luis López", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) holds substantial potential to enhance urban and peri-urban freight sustainability, yet adoption remains limited due to uncertainties in operational, economic, and systemic performance. This paper presents a virtual modelling and simulation framework to assess IWT competitiveness within multimodal logistics networks. The approach combines agent-based modelling, route optimisation, and Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate modal shift potential under uncertain conditions. Competitiveness is measured across environmental, efficiency, reliability, safety, cost, and scalability dimensions. Applied to urban logistics in Ghent and Caen, the framework identifies utilisation thresholds, key drivers for modal shift, and the enabling role of collaboration and emerging Small Flexible Automated and Zero-emission Vessels (SFAZ). The results inform decision-making for more sustainable, Physical Internet-aligned urban logistics systems.", "keywords": [ "Modal", "Multimodal transport", "Key (lock)", "Scalability", "Modal shift", "Traffic management", "Scale (ratio)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/1853/81873" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400840016", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4899319", "title": "Developing Hybrid Lstm Based Platform for Efficient Freight Distribution in Urban Areas", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Izabela Dembińska", "Surjeet Dalal", "Umesh Kumar Lilhore", "Magdalena Rãdulescu" ], "first_author": "Izabela Dembińska", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4899319" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2528359192", "doi": "10.1201/9781315370460-28", "title": "Investigating Relevant Cognitive Abilities in the Velocity-Obstacle-Based Display for Collision Avoidance", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-09-23", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Guy Walker", "Alastair Manson" ], "first_author": "Guy Walker", "venue": "Industrial and systems engineering", "publisher": "CRC Press", "abstract": "Eighty percent of the UK population now lives in an urban area. This drives increasing urban freight movements which, in turn, interact with dense street networks and a strong planning incentive to maximize their capacity and reduce vehicle emissions (Hesse and Rodrigue, 2004). Telematics, in the form of route guidance, is a key enabler for this. There is good evidence for the positive benefits telematics can have (e.g., Asvin, 2008; Dutton, 2011; Giannopoulos, 1996, etc.) but as this technology continues along the s-curve toward full market saturation there are some fundamental questions that still need to be explored. Are some urban road network topologies more energy efficient when paired with telematics CONTENTS 18.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................225 18.1.1 Telematics ................................................................................................................225 18.1.2 Street Patterns and Network Types..................................................................... 226 18.1.3 Network Metrics .................................................................................................... 226 18.1.4 The Problem ............................................................................................................228", "keywords": [ "Collision", "Collision avoidance", "Obstacle", "Psychology", "Cognition", "Cognitive psychology", "Computer science", "Geography", "Computer security", "Neuroscience" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370460-28" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124268643", "doi": "10.65109/zfom8946", "title": "Last-mile Collaboration: A Decentralized Mechanism with Performance Guarantees and its Implementation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-30", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Keyang Zhang", "Jose Javier Escribano Macias", "Dario Paccagnan", "Panagiotis Angeloudis" ], "first_author": "Keyang Zhang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The last-mile urban freight market is characterised by soaring fragmentation, fierce competition and low profit margin. Horizontal collaboration could enable operators to exchange customers and coordinate routes, resulting in reduced costs and higher level of service. Previous research has focused on combinatorial auctions and scalable mechanisms are still limited. In this work, we propose an Iterative, Decentralized, and Auction-based Mechanism (IDAM) which is individually rational and budget balanced. It parallelizes several independent local auctions but still guarantees a bounded performance. When considering its best-case performance, IDAM could be as efficient as the centralized optimization while the worst-case performance depends on the fleet capacity and spatial distribution of customers. A case study of the Inner London Area, involving 50 companies and 1000 customers, showed that our approach achieves up to 76% cost savings.", "keywords": [ "Common value auction", "Scalability", "Profit (economics)", "Bounded function", "Competition (biology)", "Budget constraint", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Combinatorial auction" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.65109/zfom8946" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163576239", "doi": "10.2478/logi-2026-0006", "title": "An Analysis on Shared Charging Hubs for Eco-Friendly Vehicles in Urban Logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "A. Comi", "I. Idone", "E. Marcucci", "V. Gatta", "R. Erriu", "B.S. Balla", "Giuseppe Napoli", "Salvatore Micari", "M. Di Gangi", "Alessia Donato", "Orlando Marco Belcore", "A. Polimeni" ], "first_author": "A. Comi", "venue": "Logi", "publisher": "De Gruyter Open", "abstract": "Abstract Using electric vehicles in urban freight distribution generates opportunities (e.g., zero emissions in urban areas) and challenges (e.g., range of electric vehicles). Their adoption implies that operators need to change the approach to freight distribution. As an example, the reduced range of an electric vehicle substantially reduces the kilometers traveled before a recharging stop. This implies a redefinition of routes, fleet size, personnel, and vehicle charging management. This research investigates the changes that operators must make when using shared charging hubs. Given the interest of logistic companies in reducing both their fixed and operating costs, the use of shared recharging hubs for electric vans and trucks constitutes a relevant applied research theme. This paper explores the pre-feasibility of some possible concrete scenarios. In more detail, the investigated scenarios involve charging hubs located in three different settings: at the depot, based on client distribution, and scattered across the area. The aim is to assess the performance of each scenario under the assumption that the position of the charging hub reflects the choices of operators on the usage of electric freight vehicles. The indicators considered for comparison are the delivery service time, the charging time and the number of routes.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Position (finance)", "Range (aeronautics)", "City logistics", "Service (business)", "Electric vehicle", "Distribution (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2478/logi-2026-0006" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2383707008", "doi": null, "title": "Spatial Optimization of the Logistics Network of Yunnan Province", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hao Jingjin" ], "first_author": "Hao Jingjin", "venue": "Journal of Transport Information and Safety", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Logistics is an important supporting industry of the social and economic development.Reasonable spatial layout of logistics network can effectively promote the efficiency of regional logistics operation.A city logistics competitive measure index system was developed on basis of the four perspectives:economic development,logistics supply level,logistics demand level and informationalized level.The logistics competitiveness of 16 cities in Yunnan province was evaluated by using principal component analysis of multi-source data.Based on the results of city logistics competitiveness measurement,the hub-and-spoke network model was used to optimize the logistics network in Yunnan province.The study concludes as follow:Firstly,Kunming,Qujing,Yuxi and Chuxiong as the center city,are the core of logistics huband-spoke network in Yunnan Province.A logistics circle of the city group is formed,which covers the whole Yunnan Province.Secondly,there are 11 cities including Zhaotong and Baoshan as the secondary nodes of cities,which have radiative surrounding county areas,where each county performances as tertiary logistics nodes.Meanwhile,the main and branch routes between each node are formed with the foundation of comprehensive transportation networks in Yunnan.The study also concludes that the hub-and-spoke logistics network structure has a high degree of spatial collaboration with the transportation networks in Yunnan,and it can effectively reduce logistics cost and improve the efficiency of logistics operations.", "keywords": [ "Business", "City logistics", "Logistics center", "Transport engineering", "Spoke-hub distribution paradigm", "Node (physics)", "Index (typography)", "Computer science", "Marketing", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JTJS201504020.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3103680661", "doi": null, "title": "The blue light rail : a ferry network design problem with pickup and delivery", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kvalheim, Kristina" ], "first_author": "Kvalheim, Kristina", "venue": "NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urbanization, global sustainability issues and a growing population raises concerns for\\ntransportation and city-logistics. Increasing supply of transportation alone is not sufficient\\nto meet a growth in transportation. In addition, concerns for increasing pollution and\\ncongestion set barriers to traffic. Authorities aim for zero-emission logistics in city centers\\nto meet the Paris agreement and thus address climate change to keep global temperatures\\nfrom rising above 2°C. Although zero-emission vehicles can reduce the sustainability\\nproblem, it interferes the overall congestion. The municipally of Bergen has introduced\\na solution to these issues. Whilst increasing the public transportation offer by utilizing\\nthe inner sea, they aim to create a ferry-service for short-distance travelers. Moreover,\\nwaterborne public transportation has shown to be an effective way to provide large-scale\\ntransportation for an urban area, and has already been implemented in cities worldwide,\\nsuch as Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Brisbane.\\nThe idea of a \"Blue Light Rail\" was first introduced in 2017, but due to high uncertainty,\\nthe idea has yet not become practice. Throughout this thesis, a representation of a ferry\\nnetwork design with pickup and delivery (FNDPPD) will be introduced to shed light over\\nsome of the questions yet to uncover. The approach is used to investigate how a Blue\\nLight Rail can supplement the transportation offer in the city of Bergen by most efficiently\\nfulfil demand. Experimentation under high uncertainty is conducted, and the analysis\\nuncover the potentials and shortcomings for the service. Pre-set routes are generated and\\ndemand is distributed using real bus-data. By utilizing a column generation approach,\\nthe model aims to search for the combination of routes that minimizes the required ferries,\\nconcerning an estimated demand. Whilst the model aims to minimize a set of routes,\\nfurther analysis can supplement the research by considering factors such as costs, travel\\ntime or the conflict of interest between the operators and passengers.\\nKeywords – FNDP, PDP, Passenger transportation, Electric vessels, City logistics", "keywords": [ "Pickup", "Light rail", "Light rail transit", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Telecommunications", "Computer science", "Public transport", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2681174" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405319975", "doi": "10.1049/icp.2024.3627", "title": "A scenario-based synchronization framework for construction logistics scheduling in urban areas", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yin Li", "Guojin Li", "Shuxuan Zhao", "Wennan Zhang", "Ray Y. Zhon", "Junliang Wang" ], "first_author": "Yin Li", "venue": "IET conference proceedings.", "publisher": "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "abstract": "A method that boosts the effectiveness of construction logistics is logistics scheduling for on-site and off-site construction in a hybrid paradigm. Inspired by the telecommunications routing system, a two-stage scheduling model with LAN (local area network) and WAN (wide area network) logistics scheduling is proposed. The WAN logistics scheduling focuses on the coordination of cross-city logistics. And the LAN logistic scheduling focuses on logistics in urban areas. A four-step LAN logistics scheduling method is designed, containing: arrival schedule, schedule modification, LAN logistics schedule, and schedule confirmation. A case study is conducted with a BIM-GIS-based residential construction model to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed logistic scheduling problem.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Synchronization (alternating current)", "Distributed computing", "Operations research", "Operations management", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2024.3627" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117350070", "doi": null, "title": "A Heuristic Approach For Solving The Team Orienteering Problem With Stochastic Time-Dependent Travel Times", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Nader Ghaffarinasab" ], "first_author": "Nader Ghaffarinasab", "venue": "OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)", "publisher": "Middle East Technical University", "abstract": "The team orienteering problem (TOP) aims at optimally planning a set of routes subject to distance or duration constraints in such a way that the total collected rewards from a given set of customers is maximized. The problem has many applications in different practical areas such as humanitarian relief and disaster response, tourism and sightseeing planning, home healthcare nurse routing, delivery and courier services, maintenance and inspection scheduling, etc. Motivated by the practical issues in city logistics, this study addresses a team orienteering problem with stochastic time-dependent travel times. This problem assumes that the travel times between pairs of nodes in the underlying network are subject to uncertainty and also depend on the departure time at the origin node. The problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic program and a heuristic procedure based on large neighborhood search (LNS) is proposed to solve it. Computational experiments demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach in solving instances of medium and large sizes in reasonably short computational times.", "keywords": [ "Orienteering", "Heuristic", "Set (abstract data type)", "Duration (music)", "Tourism", "Point (geometry)", "Facility location problem", "Subject (documents)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11511/118148" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415335602", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-07995-4_29", "title": "Graph Neural Network-Based Dangerous Goods Transportation in Smart Cities", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raghad AlOmran", "Fatma Ali", "Areej Alhaj", "Muneerah Raqdan", "Fatema Hamada", "Yehia Kotb" ], "first_author": "Raghad AlOmran", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Intelligent transportation system", "Artificial neural network", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Graph", "Flow network", "Smart city", "Node (physics)", "Encoding (memory)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07995-4_29" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7120599400", "doi": null, "title": "Análise da influência da conectividade viária sobre as emissões de poluentes atmosféricos conforme o perfil logístico", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "pt", "authors": [ "Brenda Arielly Mendonça Rodrigues" ], "first_author": "Brenda Arielly Mendonça Rodrigues", "venue": "LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)", "publisher": "LA Referencia", "abstract": "Freight transport activity, despite being important for the development of a region, is closely related to negative externalities that tend to be intensified by its insertion into urban environment due to the diversity of land use, as well as the complexity of the road network, with its alternative routes possibilities that can influence variations in length and duration of the route and, thus, the occurrence and efficiency of deliveries, reflecting on logistics costs. Therefore, and considering the research gaps found regarding the study of the relationship between road connectivity, diversity of the urban environment and pollutant emissions due to urban freight transport operation, the main purpose of this work is to understand the effects of road network connectivity on air pollutant emissions according to the Logistics Profile, using routes between origin and destination deliveries points as the unit of integration between those subjects. Thus, the study was divided into articles to facilitate the understanding of those relationships mentioned, having defined Logistics Profiles for the city of Fortaleza (CE) using variables of land use, economic profile, settlement and connectivity, through Spatial Syntax centrality indicators (choice and integration) which made a more representative definition. By profiles’ generation it was possible to trace paths between OD pairs using the software AimSun Next 22.00, which also provided CO2 emission values according to the London Emission Model (LEM). The statistical tests carried resulted in a non-significant correlation between connectivity and emission for the routes (very weak/null), however adherence to other authors results was found as well as improvement suggestions for future research.", "keywords": [ "Centrality", "Land use", "Duration (music)", "Unit (ring theory)", "Externality", "Work (physics)", "Diversity (politics)", "Air pollution" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://repositorio.ufc.br/bitstream/riufc/80459/1/2024_dis_bamrodrigues.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7151742551", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-08387-6_12", "title": "Sustainable Urban Logistics and the Suitability of Freight Demand: A Comprehensive Analysis in Paris Region, France", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jesús González-Feliu" ], "first_author": "Jesús González-Feliu", "venue": "Greening of industry networks studies", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Urban planning", "Urban sustainability", "Work (physics)", "Sustainable development" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08387-6_12" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410020226", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5239884", "title": "Cargo Consolidation to Reduce Traffic Congestion – Model, Algorithm, and Application Case", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mario Monsreal", "Seckin Ozkul", "Bill Prieto", "Mohit Sarin", "Jose Luis Rivera", "William L. Eisele" ], "first_author": "Mario Monsreal", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Consolidation (business)", "Computer science", "Algorithm", "Real-time computing", "Business", "Finance" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5239884" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7140203008", "doi": "10.33042/3083-6727-2026-1-196-358-364", "title": "OPTIMIZATION OF URBAN LOGISTICS UNDER UNCERTAINTY AND RISK CONDITIONS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "O. Kalinichenko", "Ye. Salnikov" ], "first_author": "O. Kalinichenko", "venue": "Municipal economy of cities", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Under conditions of a full-scale war, urban logistics has undergone a fundamental transformation, shifting from a commercial function to a critical element of sustaining urban agglomerations. The operating environment of frontline cities, in particular, Kharkiv, is characterized by complex uncertainty: stochastic demand, destruction of transport infrastructure, and direct threats to participants in the freight transportation process. This necessitates a revision of classical deterministic supply chain management approaches in favor of adaptive strategies. The purpose of the article is to formalize and investigate the urban freight routing problem in a war- induced environment by developing a two-stage stochastic model for a heterogeneous vehicle fleet, which accounts for stochastic demand and military risks as sources of disruptions to transport execution and enables minimization of expected total costs considering possible failures, idle time, and forced route replanning. The methodological basis of the study is a simulation–heuristic approach that makes it possible to overcome the computational complexity of the problem caused by the high dimensionality of the scenario space. The proposed algorithm combines a metaheuristic (genetic algorithm) to generate routing solutions with Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate their robustness under uncertainty (air-raid alerts and blockages of network segments). A comparative analysis of the baseline (risk-ignoring) and the developed (risk-adaptive) models on a test case revealed fundamental differences in routing strategies. It was found that accounting for military risks leads to the formation of routes that increase planned mileage by 11,8 % and operating costs by 11,8 % in order to avoid hazardous areas. As a result, it was shown that the proposed approach reduced total expected costs by 13,5 %, confirming the priority of reliability and safety over distance minimization under martial law.", "keywords": [ "Robustness (evolution)", "Minification", "Vehicle routing problem", "Supply chain", "Stochastic programming", "Baseline (sea)", "Stochastic optimization", "Monte Carlo method", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://khgts.kname.edu.ua/index.php/khgts/article/download/6726/6584" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386206231", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4549592", "title": "Generating Online Freight Delivery Demand During Covid-19 Using Limited Data", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Majid Mirzanezhad", "Richard Twumasi-Boakye", "Andrea Broaddus", "Tayo Fabusuyi" ], "first_author": "Majid Mirzanezhad", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak", "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)", "Computer science", "Business", "Virology", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4549592" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112667669", "doi": null, "title": "Last mile drone delivery: complexity and research challenges", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xhafa Xhafa, Fatos", "Domínguez, Cristian", "Juan, Angel A." ], "first_author": "Xhafa Xhafa, Fatos", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Last mile (transportation)", "Mile", "Truck", "Pace", "Product (mathematics)", "Process (computing)", "Heuristic" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2117/423621" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410997363", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5280117", "title": "Air Pollution Impacts from Freight Trip Generation on Urban Neighborhoods", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Diana Gineth Ramirez-Rios", "Lily MacIver", "Genesis Moran-Gonzalez", "Ángelo Joseph Soto Vergel" ], "first_author": "Diana Gineth Ramirez-Rios", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Air pollution", "Transport engineering", "Environmental planning", "Pollution", "Environmental science", "Business", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5280117" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W338764277", "doi": null, "title": "TSP model for electric vehicle deliveries, considering speed, loading and path slope.", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-04-17", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maud Bay", "Sabine Limbourg" ], "first_author": "Maud Bay", "venue": "ORBi (University of Liège)", "publisher": "University of Liège", "abstract": "In the current Transport White Paper, the European Union presents a roadmap for a more competitive and sustainable European transport system. Concerning Urban Freight Transport, responsible for about a quarter of CO2 emissions of the transport sector, one of the goals of the EU is to achieve essentially CO2-free city logistics in major urban centres by 2030 by developing and deploying new and sustainable fuels and propulsion systems. The gradual phasing out of ‘conventionally-fuelled’ vehicles from the urban environment contributes to reduce oil dependence, greenhouse gas emissions and local air and noise pollution. To meet European air quality standards, authorities of some major European cities have already introduced Low Emissions Zones where access to urban areas is limited to freight vehicles that meet certain emissions standards. Greater use of low-emission urban trucks based on electric, hydrogen and hybrid technologies would reduce air emissions, but also noise, letting to use road infrastructure more efficiently by making night deliveries and avoiding morning and afternoon peak periods. In addition to their role in the reduction of polluting emissions, the development of low-emission vehicles also allows to mitigate the dependence of the transportation sector to high fossil fuel prices. Electric vehicles have the potential to be powered by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. However, weaknesses can be found in the limited capacity of the battery and the time needed to recharge, and consequently, the limited driving range of electric vehicle. The main sources for final energy consumption are the vehicle size and the engine characteristics, the load factor, the driving pattern, the gradient which represent the average topology of the country, the speed and the acceleration. To maximize the driving range, a routing model, which aims at minimizing the energy consumption, has to be developed. Our paper focus on the Electric Vehicle Traveling Salesman Problem (EV-TSP): given n cities, find the shortest tour, i.e., the shortest directed cycle containing all cities. The classical objective is to minimize the cost tour scheduling to fulfill delivery requests at each location. In this paper we consider the energy cost and we present an extension of the classical problem to minimize the remaining storage capacity of all electric vehicles at the destination node, knowing that there is no recharge operation on the tour. The objective function accounts not just for the travel distance but also on the load of the vehicle and on its speed while the energy consumption of the engine additionally depends on the path to travel, on the slope of the roads and on the vehicle specifications. Moreover, negative consumption that may happen due to regenerative breaking and kinetic energy capture on downhill paths is taken into consideration. Mathematical model is described and computational experiments are performed.", "keywords": [ "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Environmental science", "Simulation", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/181419" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112330031", "doi": null, "title": "Fuel Savings on a Heavy Vehicle via Aerodynamic Drag Reduction", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Filippone, Antonio; id_orcid 0000-0002-6512-6566", "Mohammed-Kassim, Z" ], "first_author": "Filippone, Antonio; id_orcid 0000-0002-6512-6566", "venue": "Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)", "publisher": "University of Manchester", "abstract": "In this numerical study, the fuel-saving potentials of drag-reducing devices retrofitted on 15 heavy vehicles are analysed. Realistic on-road operations are taken into account by simu- 16 lating typical driving routes on long-haul and urban distributions; variations in vehicle 17 weight are also considered. Results show that the performance of these aerodynamic 18 devices depend both on their functions and how the vehicles are operated. Vehicles on 19 long-haul routes generally save twice as much fuel as those driven in urban areas.", "keywords": [ "Aerodynamic drag", "Aerodynamics", "Fuel efficiency", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Drag", "Drag coefficient" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/83bdac5b-e2c1-430b-92ae-dd554755cece" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161792226", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-16883-2_48", "title": "Logistics of Perishable Goods via Existing Transport Infrastructure", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ali Abbasov", "Sadig Gurbanov", "Adalat Pashayev", "Elkhan Sabziev", "Ulviyya Goyushova" ], "first_author": "Ali Abbasov", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Supply chain", "Production (economics)", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Work (physics)", "Government (linguistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16883-2_48" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213312665", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7468025", "title": "Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search: Pollution-Aware Off-Hour Delivery with Customer-Specific Service Day Restrictions", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Duygu Aghazadeh" ], "first_author": "Duygu Aghazadeh", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Travel time", "Cover (algebra)", "Service (business)", "Total cost", "Level of service", "Time of day", "Balance (ability)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7468025" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406182903", "doi": "10.53555/kuey.v30i1.8964", "title": "Last Mile Delivery Optimization in E-Commerce: Strategies for Urban Logistics", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ankush Mishra" ], "first_author": "Ankush Mishra", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rapid growth of e-commerce has revolutionized the retail landscape, creating unprecedented demand for efficient last-mile delivery. This research paper explores strategies to optimize last-mile delivery in urban logistics, addressing challenges such as traffic congestion, cost management, and environmental sustainability. By analyzing current trends and technologies, including route optimization algorithms, crowd-sourced delivery models, and electric vehicles, the study provides actionable recommendations for stakeholders. This research highlights the critical need for collaboration among logistics providers, policymakers, and technology developers to achieve sustainable and cost-effective urban delivery solutions.", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Mile", "City logistics", "E-commerce", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Operations management", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Geography", "World Wide Web" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://kuey.net/index.php/kuey/article/download/8964/6788" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4221151416", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2202.13954", "title": "Implementation Technologies of an Advanced Cloud-based System for Distribution Operations", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-17", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sotiris P. Gayialis", "Evripidis P. Kechagias", "Angeliki Deligianni", "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos", "Papadopoulos, Georgios A." ], "first_author": "Sotiris P. Gayialis", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Today's era is characterized as the \"digital transformation era\". Digital processes and information systems are used in every aspect of social and business activity. The use of information technology over the internet is so extensive that we interact with it daily without even recognizing it. The technological advances can offer a plethora of improvements for the supply chain processes, especially in the field of distribution planning and execution. The scope of this paper is to present the technological content of an advanced routing and scheduling system for transportation and delivery of goods. The system focuses on the routing and scheduling problem in urban areas, as city logistics have become a complex environment for companies to deliver their goods. The presented system deals with both static and dynamic routing and scheduling problems. More specifically, the system can create initial routing plans based on orders, available vehicles, time windows, and traffic forecasting data. Afterwards, during the execution of the plans, the system can monitor the fleet, detect deviations from the original plans, and finally, perform rerouting operations when needed. After a brief presentation of the system's modules and functionality, the paper describes thoroughly the technologies used to develop the system. The technological elements of the system are integrated into a cloud environment offering a system that is easy to maintain and can effectively support logistics companies' distribution activities. The system is provided as a Software as a Service with data being maintained on a central host and processed on the cloud. Therefore, logistics companies that decide to implement it can achieve faster, more accurate and more cost-efficient distribution activities while ensuring better customer service.", "keywords": [ "Cloud computing", "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Vehicle routing problem", "The Internet", "Scope (computer science)", "Systems engineering", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Process management", "World Wide Web", "Operations management", "Embedded system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.13954" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1703317121", "doi": null, "title": "DUMB22@. Distribució urbana de mercaderies en bicicleta al 22@", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-06-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "ca", "authors": [ "Elisenda Sanclimens Hoja" ], "first_author": "Elisenda Sanclimens Hoja", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "[ANGLES] In 2000, Barcelona undertook the remodeling of an entire district, reconsidered its\r\nfunctions and, without altering the urban net by Cerda, designed a compact model in\r\nwhich dwelling, industry and services could stand together properly. This place was\r\nnamed 22@. The companies, which have settled in the area since then, have in common\r\nthe commodities they work with: knowledge and innovation. In this work the viability of an Urban Delivery of Goods by Bicycle in 22@ is analised,\r\nand its efficiency is compared with the usual delivery by van. We suggest a study area\r\nin which there are 220 companies dedicated to @activities and a logistics microplatform\r\nfrom which the delivery route starts.\r\nThe economic, temporal, environmental and social costs of the traditional freight\r\nsystems by van are analised and compared to those of a delivery system by bicycle. In\r\norder to do that, two scenes are defined, in which the best delivery route is calculated.", "keywords": [ "Order (exchange)", "Work (physics)", "Delivery system", "Transport engineering", "City logistics", "Business", "Food delivery", "Geography", "Engineering", "Cartography", "Operations management", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/17886" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3128369644", "doi": null, "title": "Bundling orders as a business model for crowdsourced delivery platforms with professional couriers", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeffrey Veldboer" ], "first_author": "Jeffrey Veldboer", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "There are many challenges in city logistics, for example, increasing transport flows lead to congestion and pollution. A promising concept to make last mile delivery more sustainable is to use a crowd for deliveries. Based on the rise of the sharing economy and online platforms, a crowdsourced delivery platform can disrupt the traditional logistic system in cities. Although many different initiatives appeared, it remains unclear how such a platform can be organized efficiently. An important aspect in the business model of a crowdsourced delivery platform is the routing of couriers who pickup and deliver parcels. Therefore, this thesis will provide evidence on how a crowdsourced delivery platform can improve its business model and provide added value to all stakeholders. Specifically, it will evaluate how bundling affects routing efficiency for a crowdsourced delivery platform. By means of a simulation study based on a real-world case, it shows that the total travel time and number of couriers that are needed to perform deliveries can be considerably reduced by bundling. A relatively small operational adjustment, namely accumulating orders over time and bundling the parcels that are to be transported, has great potential to improve the performance of a crowdsourced delivery platform. Overall, the findings of this thesis contribute to literature on business models for crowdsourced delivery. It shows that route consolidation, an extensive courier network and economies of scale are key characteristics of a successful crowdsourced delivery business model.", "keywords": [ "Crowdsourcing", "Business model", "Last mile (transportation)", "Value capture", "Delivery Performance", "Service delivery framework", "Business", "Computer science", "Process management", "Marketing", "Service (business)", "World Wide Web" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://feb.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/27175/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414008120", "doi": "10.4018/ijcini.388137", "title": "Quantitative Study of Urban Logistics Path Optimization and Efficient Loading", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yulong Cheng", "Mei Mengmeng Huang" ], "first_author": "Yulong Cheng", "venue": "International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence", "publisher": "IGI Global", "abstract": "The logistics industry is facing challenges such as structural adjustments, industrial optimization, cost reductions, and efficiency improvements, as well as development opportunities such as information technology, smart logistics, and market upgrading. Urban distribution has become an indispensable part of the domestic logistics market, playing an increasingly important role in the urban economy and residents' lives. This research focused on urban supermarket delivery, combined with practical situations, aiming to solve the problems of optimizing traditional routes and vehicle loading. Optimization of delivery routes is a crucial aspect of optimizing the entire delivery network. Reasonably determining the delivery route, taking the shortest distance, spending the least cost, going through the least links, and delivering goods to users at the fastest speed have become key factors in reducing operating costs and improving customer satisfaction.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Path (computing)", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=388137&isxn=9798337311647" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410520493", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5261691", "title": "Quantitative Study of Urban Logistics Path Optimization and Efficient Loading", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mengmeng Huang" ], "first_author": "Mengmeng Huang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Business", "Mathematics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5261691" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W5771432", "doi": null, "title": "Fleet Dispostion Systems with Vehicle Probe Data", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Reinhart Kühne" ], "first_author": "Reinhart Kühne", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "Experiences in congested urban areas show that on about ¼ of the days of a year the traffic develops surprisingly. That’s due to unpredictable events as accidents or weather extremes and to partially planned events with hardly calculable effects as sport events and construction sites. It is Therefore worth to dispose vehicle fleets traffic actuated. For this one needs a comprehensive traffic situation report. Vehicle probes, which are featured with positioning equipment and mobile communication, are particularly suitable to gain such a traffic situation report. A system that is used for route calculation and traffic analysis in many cities in Germany as well as in metropolitan areas in China, using taxis as data collectors is introduced. Accessibility analysis and monitoring of selected roads are possible as well as supplying broadcast stations for digital traffic information. The output of information in navigation system as using fleet disposition with applications in city logistics are exemplified and shown in the context of systems for fleet disposition for specific businesses.", "keywords": [ "Dispose pattern", "Taxis", "Metropolitan area", "Context (archaeology)", "Transport engineering", "Global Positioning System", "Computer science", "Telecommunications", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/46848/1/Artikel_GOR.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2320379791", "doi": "10.1049/cp.2013.1091", "title": "Optimum rearrangment by ga and GIS in distribution network", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "A. Nowbakht", "V. Ghaedi", "R. Sedaghati", "H. Moshtaghian" ], "first_author": "A. Nowbakht", "venue": "22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The ability to provide the necessary power for consumer by the shortest and the safest route accompanying low cost is one of the most important engineers' duties in distributed networks. The purpose of this work is designing a distributed network based on geographic information system (GIS) and genetic algorithm (GA). This procedure has a considerable success in solving distributed network design problems as well as loop and link structured urban distribution networks optimization. (5 pages)", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Geographic information system", "Work (physics)", "Distributed computing", "Loop (graph theory)", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Computer network", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Geography", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.1091" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417052569", "doi": "10.1109/atc67618.2025.11268766", "title": "Potential-Field-Based Formation Control for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarms with a Human-Piloted Leader", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Taku Noguchi", "Masami Yoshida", "Tsuyoshi Yasuda" ], "first_author": "Taku Noguchi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has rapidly expanded its applications in disaster response, surveillance, smart cities, logistics, and defense. However, a single UAV is limited in range and functionality, making cooperative swarm operations increasingly important. In dynamic scenarios such as disaster relief, fully autonomous flights along predefined routes may be insufficient, and human intervention is often requiredTo address this need, we propose an adaptive formation control method for heterogeneous UAV swarms, consisting of a human-piloted leader and multiple autonomous followers, based on the potential field method. The proposed approach enables followers to maintain formation while avoiding obstacles and inter-UAV collisions. Simulation results in representative mission scenarios demonstrate improved obstacle avoidance and formation maintenance, confirming the method’s effectiveness. This approach provides a practical foundation for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of UAV swarm operations across various domains.", "keywords": [ "Obstacle avoidance", "Obstacle", "Swarm behaviour", "Collision avoidance", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Field (mathematics)", "Drone", "Potential field" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/atc67618.2025.11268766" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162863535", "doi": "10.1177/23998083261453980", "title": "Visualizing spatiotemporal flows of on-demand deliveries: A 3D interactive animation of path-reconstructed rider trajectories in Beijing", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chengbo Zhang" ], "first_author": "Chengbo Zhang", "venue": "Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Instant delivery has emerged as a critical component of urban mobility, with its spatiotemporal dynamics significantly shaping street congestion, emissions, and gig labor conditions. Here, I developed a 3D interactive animation to vividly visualize the spatiotemporal trajectories of on-demand deliveries based on 2508 real-world orders delivered by 113 unique riders in Beijing. This visualization transforms fragmented origin–destination (OD) order data into a dynamic exploration of street-level delivery mobility, revealing riders’ multi-stop routing patterns, street flow distributions, and collective urban delivery rhythms. This case demonstrates the potential of dynamic visualization in urban trajectory analytics.", "keywords": [ "Beijing", "Animation", "Visualization", "Trajectory", "Data visualization", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Computer animation", "Flow (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083261453980" } ]