[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2414636365", "doi": "10.1071/wr15132", "title": "A review of biodiversity outcomes from possum-focused pest control in New Zealand", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrea E. Byrom", "John Innes", "Rachelle N. Binny" ], "first_author": "Andrea E. Byrom", "venue": "Wildlife Research", "publisher": "CSIRO Publishing", "abstract": "Worldwide, introduced vertebrate pests impact primary production, native biodiversity, and human health. In New Zealand, extensive pest control (~10 million ha) is undertaken to protect native biota and to prevent losses to the primary sector from wildlife vectors of bovine tuberculosis (TB), primarily possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Control is conducted by TBfree New Zealand and by conservation agencies. Remote, forested terrain is treated using the toxin 1080 via aerial delivery in bait with a return time of ~5 years. Ground-based control is conducted annually using traps and/or poison bait. Possums are controlled to very low abundance by these operations. Aerial 1080 is effective against another forest-dwelling vertebrate pest, the ship rat (Rattus rattus). Possum control has reduced TB rates, but collateral benefits for native biodiversity have not been quantified, making it difficult to demonstrate a return on investment. We review information from 47 accounts of responses of native biota to possum control. Of these, 60% quantified responses to aerial 1080; the remainder were ground-based. Possum control benefited vegetation by increasing foliage and fruit production, and by reducing tree mortality. Controlling ship rats and possums together improved bird populations, but rats recovered rapidly and long-term outcomes for rat-vulnerable birds are unknown.Large-bodied invertebrates also benefited from extensive pest control. We conducted a meta-analysis of 84 response measures from 35 of these 47 studies in order to provide a quantitative assessment of these findings. The analysis demonstrated that both ground and aerial control of this invasive pest in New Zealand has provided substantial collateral benefits for native biota. Few studies have taken advantage of decades of extensive pest control in New Zealand to monitor ecosystem-level outcomes, which have received only short-term attention thus far. Non-treatment experimental controls and replicate sites that enable validated assessments of outcomes for native biota are vital. Future studies would benefit from a standardised set of biodiversity indicators from a range of taxonomic and functional groupings, and from standardising experimental designs so individual studies can contribute to future meta-analyses, to strengthen the evidence base for the impacts of invasive pests on native biota in New Zealand and worldwide.", "keywords": [ "Biodiversity", "Brushtail possum", "Wildlife", "Pest control", "Biology", "Biota", "Introduced species", "Wildlife conservation", "Ecology", "Invasive species", "PEST analysis", "Wildlife management" ], "cited_by_count": 68, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1071/wr15132" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388685666", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2311.07487", "title": "Vertiport Navigation Requirements and Multisensor Architecture Considerations for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-11-13", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Omar García Crespillo", "Chen Zhu", "Maximilian Simonetti", "Daniel Gerbeth", "Lee, Young-Hee", "Wenhan Hao" ], "first_author": "Omar García Crespillo", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) technologies are key enablers for future safe operation of drones in urban environments. However, the design of navigation technologies for these new applications is more challenging compared to e.g., civil aviation. On the one hand, the use cases and operations in urban environments are expected to have stringent requirements in terms of accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability. On the other hand, airborne sensors may not be based on high-quality equipment as in civil aviation and solutions need to rely on tighter multisensor solutions, whose safety is difficult to assess. In this work, we first provide some initial navigation requirements related to precision approach operations based on recently proposed vertiport designs. Then, we provide an overview of a possible multisensor navigation architecture solution able to support these types of operations and we comment on the challenges of each of the subsystems. Finally, initial proof of concept for some navigation sensor subsystems is presented based on flight trials performed during the German Aerospace Center (DLR) project HorizonUAM.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Systems engineering", "Architecture", "Aerospace", "Computer science", "Key (lock)", "Aviation", "Civil aviation", "Avionics", "Aeronautics", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.07487" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7114931069", "doi": "10.1145/3748636.3764159", "title": "The Maximum Coverage Model and Recommendation System for UAV Vertiports Location Planning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chunliang Hua", "Xiao Hu", "Jiayang Sun", "Zeyuan Yang" ], "first_author": "Chunliang Hua", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As urban aerial mobility (UAM) infrastructure development accelerates globally, cities like Shenzhen are planning large-scale vertiport networks (e.g., 1,200+ facilities by 2026). Existing planning frameworks remain inadequate for this complexity due to historical limitations in data granularity and real-world applicability. This paper addresses these gaps by first proposing the Capacitated Dynamic Maximum Covering Location Problem (CDMCLP), a novel optimization framework that simultaneously models urban-scale spatial-temporal demand, heterogeneous user behaviors, and infrastructure capacity constraints. Building on this foundation, we introduce an Integrated Planning Recommendation System that combines CDMCLP with socio-economic factors and dynamic clustering initialization. This system leverages adaptive parameter tuning based on empirical user behavior to generate practical planning solutions. Validation in a Chinese center city demonstrates the effectiveness of the new optimization framework and recommendation system. Under the evaluation and optimization of CDMCLP, the quantitative performance of traditional location methods are exposed and can be improved by 38%–52%, while the recommendation system shows user-friendliness and the effective integration of complex elements. By integrating mathematical rigor with practical implementation considerations, this hybrid approach bridges the gap between theoretical location modeling and real-world UAM infrastructure planning, offering municipalities a pragmatic tool for vertiport network design.", "keywords": [ "Cluster analysis", "Granularity", "Recommender system", "Urban planning", "Capacity planning", "Business system planning", "Optimization problem" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3748636.3764159" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400346561", "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2024.104306", "title": "Exploring noise reduction strategies: Optimizing drone station placement for last-mile delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qichen Tan", "Jiafan Hou", "Yuhong Li", "Renhao Qu", "Peng Zhan Zhou", "Siyang Zhong", "Hong Kam Lo", "Xin Zhang" ], "first_author": "Qichen Tan", "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Noise reduction", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Noise (video)", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Marine engineering", "Telecommunications", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 17, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2024.104306" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170994465", "doi": null, "title": "VR simulation of a vertiport for advanced air mobility: a sustainability-oriented case study", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elahe Aghaeisorkheh" ], "first_author": "Elahe Aghaeisorkheh", "venue": "AMS Degree Thesis (University of Bologna)", "publisher": "University of Bologna", "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility requires new infrastructure, such as vertiports, whose integration into urban environments involves safety, regulatory, sustainability, and public acceptance challenges. This thesis investigates how Virtual Reality can support the early planning and assessment of a conceptual rooftop vertiport. A virtual simulation was developed to represent an eVTOL journey from a rooftop vertiport to a nearby airport, including the surrounding urban environment and different viewpoints. The study also considered European regulatory guidance, sustainability aspects, and urban integration. A preliminary questionnaire-based expert evaluation suggested that VR can support visualization, communication, and stakeholder understanding in early-stage vertiport planning.", "keywords": [ "Virtual reality", "Sustainability", "Stakeholder", "Urban planning", "Visualization", "Augmented reality", "Conceptual model" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://amslaurea.unibo.it/view/cds/CDS5980/>" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412485547", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3308", "title": "Rule-Based Departure Sequencing in a Multi-Vertiport Network to Maximize Throughput", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anubhav Halder", "Farhan Gandhi" ], "first_author": "Anubhav Halder", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations face critical challenges in achieving efficient traffic flow due to infrastructure constraints and the limitations of conventional first-come, first- served (FCFS) scheduling, which restrict resource utilization in multi-vertiport networks. This study develops a high-fidelity air traffic simulation framework that integrates detailed vertiport architecture, a centralized vertipad reservation registry, eVTOL-specific aircraft performance models, realistic charging protocols, and passenger handling processes to capture the operational complexity of UAM systems. A rule-based departure sequencing strategy is implemented to optimize departure order and reduce cascading bottlenecks that arise under FCFS scheduling. The framework leverages the BlueSky simulation platform to model aircraft movement and ground operations across a notional vertiport network in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Results show that rule-based scheduling consistently outperforms FCFS across network configurations. In a three-vertiport network, the rule- based policy increases total completed flights by 11% and reduces cumulative idle time by 23% over a 12-hour period. In a four-vertiport network, throughput improvements persist, with idle time reduced by 30%, highlighting the scalability of the approach. Faster charging equipment further enhances performance, increasing the throughput advantage of rule-based scheduling in the three-vertiport network from 11% to 14%. These results establish that combining strategic departure sequencing with faster charging directly mitigates vertipad congestion, reduces idle time, and improves overall network throughput in UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Throughput", "Computer science", "Computer network", "Telecommunications", "Wireless" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3308" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125963408", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-0959", "title": "Turbulence Coherent Structures Above Vertiports: Insights Into Unsteady Urban Aerodynamics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Alireza Maleki", "Reda R. Mankbadi", "Vladimir V. Golubev" ], "first_author": "Alireza Maleki", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Safe and low noise operation of electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles in Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) corridors depends critically on accurate characterization of turbulence and coherent gust structures above rooftop vertiports in urban environments. This study employs large eddy simulations (LES) of flow around a wall-mounted square cylinder with aspect ratio 7, representing a simplified building and vertiport configuration at Re = 12,000, to investigate the dominant coherent structures above the rooftop. The WALE subgrid scale model is implemented in OpenFOAM and a grid refinement study is conducted to assess the sensitivity of mean and unsteady statistics to mesh resolution. Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD) is applied to moderate resolution cases to extract energetically dominant modes, while Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis on finer grids resolves high frequency shear layer dynamics over the vertiport at manageable computational cost. The results reveal a combination of low frequency wake modes associated with cellular vortex shedding and a robust high frequency shear layer structure near St ≈ 5 that persists across the vertiport region and strongly contributes to the local gust environment. In particular, FFT spectra at a representative mid vertiport location indicate strong multi-component turbulence intensities of approximately 33.0%, 26.1%, and 24.1% in the streamwise, wall-normal, and cross-directional components of velocity, respectively. Comparison among grids with approximately 5–9 million and O (40) million cells shows that moderate resolution meshes are sufficient to capture the key spectral content and turbulence intensities in the mid vertiport region. The resulting physics based description of vortical structures and their spectral signatures above a canonical vertiport provides a foundation for reduced order gust models and turbulence aware design tools for eVTOL operations in complex urban canyons.", "keywords": [ "Turbulence", "Wake", "Vortex shedding", "Large eddy simulation", "Detached eddy simulation", "Lagrangian coherent structures", "Aerodynamics", "Clear-air turbulence", "Fast Fourier transform", "Noise (video)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-0959" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2318251852", "doi": "10.2514/6.2015-2700", "title": "Simulated Tiltrotor Aircraft Operation in Close Proximity to a Building in Wind and Ground-Effect Conditions", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-06-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Larry A. Young" ], "first_author": "Larry A. Young", "venue": "15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference", "publisher": null, "abstract": "A mid-fidelity computational fluid dynamics tool called RotCFD specifically developed to aid in rotorcraft studies has been applied to the study of wake interactions of civiltiltrotor aircraft in the immediate vicinity of buildings, in- and out-of-ground-effect, with and without winds, consistent with notional tiltrotor operations from urban vertiports. Such civil tiltrotor operations from urban vertiports could potentially enable city-center-to-city center commercial transport. However, in order to one day realize such civil tiltrotor operations, though, it is necessary to better understand the wake interaction and interactional aerodynamic operating environment of urban vertiports. In the early 2000s, a series of 7-by-10 Ft. wind tunnel tests were conducted at NASA Ames Research Center that began to explore some of these civil tiltrotor and vertiport wake interactioninteractional aerodynamics issues. This study seeks to validate computation fluid dynamic predictions against these early wind tunnel experimental results and, thereby, continue exploration of this important research area.", "keywords": [ "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Marine engineering", "Environmental science", "Aeronautics", "Meteorology", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20180008736/downloads/20180008736.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412486916", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3003", "title": "Evaluation of Urban-Flow-Informed Gusts on eVTOL Vertiport Approach Acoustics", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Adam A. Rozman", "Sheryl M. Grace" ], "first_author": "Adam A. Rozman", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study examines the impact of gust disturbances on eVTOL acoustics during vertiport approach in an urban setting. A single propeller is modeled using the CREATE\\textsuperscript{TM}-AV Helios ROAM actuator line solver coupled to a Spalart-Allmaras Detached Eddy Simulation off-body solver. The model is compared to sub-scale results from Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel experiments, then disturbances are evaluated using full-scale aircraft dimensions. A gust near a prospective vertiport in Boston, MA is derived from PALM, a Large-Eddy Simulation urban flow modeling tool. A sinusoidal gust with frequency and amplitude comparable to the PALM disturbance is introduced to the propeller in a vertiport descent trajectory to analyze noise sources, then the gust from PALM is introduced. The findings of this paper aim to inform eVTOL design strategies and urban vertiport planning efforts to mitigate noise in densely populated environments.", "keywords": [ "Acoustics", "Computer science", "Flow (mathematics)", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3003" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2329238599", "doi": "10.2514/6.1999-1742", "title": "The Affordable Guided Airdrop System (AGAS)", "year": 1999, "publication_date": "1999-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Glen Brown", "Roy Haggard", "Richard Almassy", "Richard Benney", "Scott Dellicker" ], "first_author": "Glen Brown", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents an overview of the Affordable Guided Airdrop System (AGAS). AGAS is a low cost, high aititude, deployable airdrop system that will be autonomously controlled via an onboard Guidance, Navigation & Control System (GN&C). The AGAS consists of a round parachute that is controlled via four pneumatic muscle actuators (PMAs) which are connected between the system’s payload and risers. The AGAS concept is being developed under the US Air Force New World Vistas Precision Aerial Delivery @WV-PAD) program that is jointly managed by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and the US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Soldier Systems Center (Natick). AFOSR and * Director of Engineering, Senior Member ’ Engineering Manager, AIAA Member * Principal Engineer, AIAA Member ‘Aerospace Engineer, Senior Member : Cyf, Aviation and Airdrop System Div, AIAA Member This paper is declared a work of the US Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 316 Natick have teamed with The Boeing Company and Vertigo Inc. to demonstrate the AGAS concept. A scaled system was demonstrated in September and November 1998 and is currently scaling up to a standard container delivery system (CDS) payload (A-22 container with 2200 pound capacity). This paper presents the current state of development of the AGAS and provides experimentally obtained performance data on the scaled system. The paper also discusses the applications for the AGAS system in the context of the NWV-PAD program and introduces the Guidance Navigation and Control (GN&C) system concept, which will utilize commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. (c)l999 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 41, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-1742" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167707974", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.105075", "title": "Joint planning of vertiports and backup landing sites for urban air mobility networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhonghao Zhao", "Kai Wang", "Wei Zhang", "Shulu Chen", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Zhonghao Zhao", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Backup", "Key (lock)", "Contingency plan", "Beijing", "Resilience (materials science)", "Network planning and design", "Airworthiness", "Interdependence", "Joint (building)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.105075" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393309135", "doi": "10.1029/2023ef003732", "title": "A Cost Model for Ocean Iron Fertilization as a Means of Carbon Dioxide Removal That Compares Ship‐ and Aerial‐Based Delivery, and Estimates Verification Costs", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Emerson", "Laura E. Sofen", "Alexander B. Michaud", "Stephen D. Archer", "Benjamin S. Twining" ], "first_author": "David Emerson", "venue": "Earth s Future", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "abstract": "Abstract We present a cost model for implementing a deployment scale effort for conducting ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine‐based carbon dioxide removal (CDR). The model incorporates basic oceanographic parameters critical for estimating the effective export of newly fixed CO2 into biomass that is stimulated by Fe addition to an Fe‐limited region of the Southern Ocean. Estimated costs can vary by nearly 100‐fold between best‐case and worst‐case scenarios, with best‐case values of $7/net tonne C captured versus worst‐case $1,500/net tonne C captured, without accounting for verification costs. Primary oceanographic factors that influence cost are the net primary productivity increases achieved via OIF, the amount of C exported into the deep ocean, and the amount of CO2 ventilated back to the atmosphere. The model compares ship‐based versus aerial delivery of Fe to the ocean, and estimates aerial delivery can be 30%–40% more cost effective; however, the specific requirements for aerial delivery require additional research and development. The model also estimates costs associated with verification and environmental monitoring of OIF. These costs increase $/net tonne C captured by 3–4‐fold. Best, intermediate, and worst cases for aerial delivery and ship delivery are $21, $83, $2,033, and $24, $94, $4,691, respectively, inclusive of verification costs. The primary goal of this model is to demonstrate the variability in cost of OIF as a CDR method, and to better understand where additional research is needed to determine the major factors that may make OIF a tractable, nature‐based CDR method.", "keywords": [ "Tonne", "Environmental science", "Software deployment", "Primary production", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Waste management", "Ecosystem", "Ecology" ], "cited_by_count": 8, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2023EF003732" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283512295", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2022.06.004", "title": "Exploring economic feasibility for airport shuttle service of urban air mobility (UAM)", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jong Hae Choi", "Yong‐Hwa Park" ], "first_author": "Jong Hae Choi", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Service (business)", "Cash flow", "Level of service", "Transport engineering", "Pricing strategies", "Business", "Environmental economics", "Computer science", "Finance", "Marketing", "Economics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 42, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.06.004" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3158126648", "doi": "10.1007/s10846-021-01370-w", "title": "An Optimization Approach to Minimize the Expected Loss of Demand Considering Drone Failures in Drone Delivery Scheduling", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-04-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maryam Torabbeigi", "Gino J. Lim", "Navid Ahmadian", "Seonjin Kim" ], "first_author": "Maryam Torabbeigi", "venue": "Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Mathematical optimization", "Simulated annealing", "Computer science", "Job shop scheduling", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Integer programming", "Algorithm", "Mathematics", "Schedule" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-021-01370-w" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4282841626", "doi": "10.1177/03611981221094575", "title": "Impact of Airspace Restrictions on Urban Air Mobility Airport Shuttle Service Route Feasibility", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mark T. Kotwicz Herniczek", "Brian German" ], "first_author": "Mark T. Kotwicz Herniczek", "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Initial urban air mobility (UAM) operations are anticipated to include airport shuttle services between airport terminals and city centers. UAM airport shuttle operations have the potential to improve the customer experience and provide airports with new revenue streams but risk interfering with current airport operations. In this paper, we develop a discrete, heuristics-based optimization framework to explore the impact of airspace constraints and the placement of vertiports in the airport terminal area on the feasibility of UAM shuttle operations. The framework is applied to the terminal areas of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Small-scale UAM operations are found to be feasible at all three airports with current terminal-area procedures, particularly if UAM aircraft are classified as helicopters. Scaled-up operations are found to be most feasible at ATL because of the possibility of segregating UAM aircraft from commercial traffic, whereas scaled-up operations at LAX and DFW are expected to require the adoption of new technologies, procedures, and regulations.", "keywords": [ "International airport", "Transport engineering", "Revenue", "Service (business)", "Air traffic control", "Air cargo", "Heuristics", "Aeronautics", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221094575" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162561803", "doi": "10.1016/j.cities.2026.107255", "title": "A spatial planning framework for vertiport siting for urban air mobility systems", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Brent Chamberlain", "Ames Ekbatan", "Katelynn Hall", "Keunhyun Park" ], "first_author": "Brent Chamberlain", "venue": "Cities", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Regional planning", "Spatial planning", "Urban planning", "Land-use planning", "Land use", "Cluster analysis", "Urban spatial structure" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2026.107255" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172444676", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.105124", "title": "Multi-dimensional constraint-based vertiport location optimization for urban air mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Meng Zhou", "Yuanheng Li", "Shaorui Zhou", "Lingxiao Wu", "Fan Wang", "Changmin Jiang" ], "first_author": "Meng Zhou", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Site selection", "Compatibility (geochemistry)", "Exploit", "Mode (computer interface)", "Travel time", "Transportation planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.105124" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203819898", "doi": "10.1109/access.2026.3725460", "title": "5G Deployment and Positioning Analysis for Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Operations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Neusa Maria Franco Oliveira", "Roberto d’Amore" ], "first_author": "Neusa Maria Franco Oliveira", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Deployment of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)/Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) into civil airspace requires robust, reliable, available and affordable positioning solutions. Traditionally, civil aviation is supported by assisted GNSS combined with different near airfield instrument landing systems. This paper discusses how 5G technology can be a solution. In particular, the focus is on how 5G can be deployed at a vertiport for UAS takeoff and landing in a dense urban environment for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). 5G positioning performance is analyzed based on CRLB (Cramer Rao Lower Bound), and four different radio node deployment strategies are compared. Moreover, the positioning performance analysis is also used to define path planning guidelines for paths near the vertiport. Specifically, guidelines from UTM and U-spaces are considered together with the AESA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency) vertical takeoff and landing reference volume type 1 to define two different vertiport configurations – with one and two takeoff/landing areas, respectively. The evaluated positioning performance bounds based on the considered models lead to insights into how UAS can operate with the support from 5G positioning in the two vertiport configurations.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Hybrid positioning system", "Air traffic control", "Global Positioning System", "Mobile telephony" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3725460" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3187910285", "doi": null, "title": "도심항공교통(UAM) 운용을 위한 버티포트(Vertiport) 구축에 관한 연구", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-11-01", "type": "article", "language": "ko", "authors": [ "민재선", "강병엽", "이영재", "Bong Chul Chung", "이재우" ], "first_author": "민재선", "venue": "한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 초록집", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://m.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE10526245" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203924376", "doi": "10.1109/iciba68339.2026.11651855", "title": "A Coordinated Arrival and Departure Sequencing Approach for Flying Vehicles in Multi-Vertiport Terminal Areas", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Junjie Gao", "Yao Cheng", "QIAN Wei" ], "first_author": "Junjie Gao", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Sequence (biology)", "Global Positioning System", "Data collection", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iciba68339.2026.11651855" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4398142159", "doi": "10.3390/drones8050210", "title": "The Challenges of Blood Sample Delivery via Drones in Urban Environment: A Feasibility Study through Specific Operation Risk Assessment Methodology", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sara Molinari", "Riccardo Patriarca", "Marco Ducci" ], "first_author": "Sara Molinari", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In recent years, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) usage in the medical sector as an alternative to traditional means of goods transport has grown significantly. Even though the reduced response time achieved with UASs can be lifesaving in critical situations, their usage must comply with technological constraints such as range, speed and capacity, while minimizing potential risks. In this paper, the feasibility of a drone operation dedicated to the transport of blood samples in an urban area is studied through a safety risk analysis. The assessment utilizes the Specific Operation Risk Assessment (SORA) framework, in line with current European regulations, and extends it to define flight trajectories with minimal risk. A case study in the Helsinki urban area is used as a reference, with an exemplary case of commercial drone transportation of blood samples between the Töölö and Malmi Hospitals. By leveraging the drone performance capabilities and minimizing the risk for people on the ground, this approach demonstrates that medical delivery using drones in densely populated urban environments remains challenging. Nonetheless, it argues that the proposed method can enhance risk awareness and support the planning of feasible operations.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Sample (material)", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Computer science", "Medicine", "Chromatography", "Biology", "Chemistry" ], "cited_by_count": 16, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8050210" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204273982", "doi": "10.1177/03611981261461483", "title": "Simulation-Based Capacity Analysis of Cross-Dock eVTOL Vertiports for Cargo Operations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Matthew Perrett", "Nathan N. Huynh" ], "first_author": "Matthew Perrett", "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Emerging electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have the potential to expedite freight movements, particularly the middle-mile segment. Recent studies on eVTOL have focused on the design of vertiports. However, previous studies focused on passenger transport use cases. This paper, to the best of the author’s knowledge, is the first to analyze ground operations of vertiports that are integrated into existing cross-docks (CDs). Two designs are investigated: (1) vertiports with fixed-use CD doors (VP-CD-Fixed); and (2) vertiports with dual-use CD doors (VP-CD-Dual). Fixed-use CD doors are designed for inbound or outbound cargo, while dual-use CD doors accommodate both. The VP-CD-Fixed and VP-CD-Dual configurations and operations were modeled using an agent-based modeling software, AnyLogic, to enable the analysis of system throughput within 8 h with different unloading times, loading times, and landing/takeoff prioritization schemes. Regulatory criteria from the Federal Aviation Administration Engineering Bulletin 105A were used to guide the selection of realistic vertiport design options. The simulation results show that cargo handling time, the balance between unloading and loading time, stand capacity, operation type, and configuration all have significant effects on vertiport throughput. For example, extended cargo handling times become a critical factor in system throughput; however, their effect differs between VP-CD-Fixed and VP-CD-Dual, and between the two landing/takeoff priority schemes. To support design decisions for VP-CD-Fixed and VP-CD-Dual configurations, an equation is developed to provide rapid estimations of vertiport throughput.", "keywords": [ "Doors", "Air cargo", "Aviation", "Takeoff", "Prioritization", "Systems design", "Plan (archaeology)", "Throughput" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261461483" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3092053223", "doi": "10.3390/drones4040066", "title": "An Evaluation of the Drone Delivery of Adrenaline Auto-Injectors for Anaphylaxis: Pharmacists’ Perceptions, Acceptance, and Concerns", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-10-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "September Beck", "Tam T. T. Bui", "Andrew Lucas Blaize Davies", "Patrick G. Courtney", "Alex Brown", "Jef Geudens", "Paul G. Royall" ], "first_author": "September Beck", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition where delays in medical treatment can be fatal. Such situations would benefit from the drone delivery of an adrenaline auto-injector such as EpiPen®. This study evaluates the potential risk, reward, and impact of drone transportation on the stability of adrenaline during episodes of anaphylaxis. Further, this study examines pharmacists’ perceptions on drone delivery—pharmacists approved the use of drones to deliver EpiPen® during emergencies but had concerns with drone safety and supply chain security. Laboratory simulated onboard drone conditions reflected typical missions. In these experiments, in vitro model and pharmaceutical equivalent formulations were subjected independently to 30 min vibrations at 5, 8.43, and 13.33 Hz, and temperature storage at 4, 25, 40, and 65 °C for 0, 0.5, 3, and 24 h. The chiral composition (an indicator of chemical purity that relates to molecular structure) and concentration of these adrenaline formulations were determined using ultraviolet (UV) and circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD). Adrenaline intrinsic stability was also explored by edge-of-failure experimentation to signpost the uppermost limits for safe transportation. During drone flight with EpiPen®, the temperature and vibration g-force were 10.7 °C and 1.8 g, respectively. No adverse impact on adrenaline was observed during drone flight and laboratory-simulated conditions shown by conformation to the British Pharmacopeia standards (p > 0.05 for CD and UV). This study showed that drone delivery of EpiPen® is feasible. There are more than 15,000 community pharmacies and ≈9000 GP surgeries spanning the UK, which are likely to provide achievable ranges and distances for the direct drone delivery of EpiPen®. The authors recommend that when designing future missions, in addition to medicine stability testing that models the stresses imposed by drone flight, one must conduct a perceptions survey on the relevant group of medical professionals, because their insights, acceptance, and concerns are extremely valuable for the design and evaluation of the mission.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Anaphylaxis", "Medicine", "Medical emergency", "Emergency medicine", "Allergy" ], "cited_by_count": 33, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/4/4/66/pdf?version=1604309689" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386634515", "doi": "10.1109/tcns.2023.3314570", "title": "Safe Schedule Verification for Urban Air Mobility Networks With Node Closures", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qinshuang Wei", "Gustav Nilsson", "Samuel Coogan" ], "first_author": "Qinshuang Wei", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "In Urban Air Mobility (UAM) networks, takeoff and landing sites, called vertiports, are likely to experience intermittent closures due to, e.g., adverse weather. To ensure safety, all in-flight Urban Air Vehicles (UAVs) in a UAM network must therefore have alternative landing sites with sufficient landing capacity in the event of a vertiport closure. In this paper, we study the problem of safety verification of UAM schedules in the face of vertiport closures. We first provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a given UAM schedule to be safe in the sense that, if a vertiport closure occurs, then all UAVs will be able to safely land at a backup landing site. We then extend these results to the scenario of multiple vertiport closures. Next, we convert these conditions to an efficient algorithm for verifying the safety of a UAM schedule via a linear program by using properties of totally unimodular matrices. Our algorithm allows for uncertain travel time between UAM vertiports and scales quadratically with the number of scheduled UAVs. We demonstrate our algorithm on a UAM network with up to 1,000 UAVs.", "keywords": [ "Schedule", "Backup", "Unimodular matrix", "Computer science", "Closure (psychology)", "Event (particle physics)", "Real-time computing", "Simulation", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05312509/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171330180", "doi": "10.3724/sp.j.1249.2026.04441", "title": "Spherical point-merge airspace with take-off and landing procedures for UAV vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhou Zequan", "Chengpeng Jiang", "Jiameng Shen", "Huo Zhiqin", "Luo Xiling" ], "first_author": "Zhou Zequan", "venue": "JOURNAL OF SHENZHEN UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING", "publisher": "Science Press", "abstract": "To address the challenges of complex inbound and outbound flow organization and lack of structured procedural support in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) vertiport operations within urban low-altitude environments, we propose a sphere-based point-merge airspace concept and the corresponding take-off and landing procedure design method by extending the conventional point-merge operation concept. Considering the flight characteristics of UAVs and airspace constraints, a three-dimensional layered airspace model based on sphere-based point-merge is established, comprising approach points, approach rings, multi-layer hovering areas, and departure routes. Corresponding arrival and departure procedures are then designed to match the proposed airspace structure, including dynamic arrival sequencing, hierarchical hovering scheduling, and segregated arrival and departure operations. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed airspace structure and operational procedures. Results show that, under the prescribed simulation settings and randomly generated mission scenarios, all take-off and landing missions successfully complete all predefined operational phases without interruption or omission. The execution times of different flight phases remain highly consistent, demonstrating that the proposed method enables structured flow organization of UAV arrival and departure operations while providing operational feasibility and predictable phase timing.", "keywords": [ "Separation (statistics)", "Flight planning", "Air traffic control", "Arrival time", "Flow (mathematics)", "National Airspace System", "Phase (matter)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2026.04441" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172253856", "doi": "10.3390/fire9080321", "title": "Vertiport Selection and Staging Node Deployment for UAVs in Forest Wildfire Rescue Areas", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yibo Zhang", "Weijun Pan", "Yanqiang Jiang", "Lang Lei", "Qinyue He" ], "first_author": "Yibo Zhang", "venue": "Fire", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In mountainous wildfire response, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) emergency services depend on rapidly deployable and spatially reliable vertiports. However, existing site-selection methods insufficiently support continuous UAV operations in topographically complex terrain. This study develops a geographic information system (GIS)-based framework integrating Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and k-medoids clustering to shift UAV vertiport planning from individual site suitability ranking to networked deployment. The framework organizes feasible vertiport candidates into sector-based support staging nodes for coordinated multi-node wildfire response. Applied to the Xichang wildfire, the selected vertiport candidates reduced the mean first-arrival time by up to 71.4% compared with existing fire stations. Under differentiated reload-time assumptions, the staging node support mode further reduced the mean sortie cycle time by up to 56.85% and increased the mean delivery capacity from 17 to 42 fire-extinguishing bombs per UAV per hour. These results indicate that combining vertiport suitability evaluation with staging node-based logistical coordination improves the spatial organization and operational efficiency of UAV-enabled wildfire suppression. The framework offers decision support for networked UAV vertiport and staging node deployment in mountainous wildfire response.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Node (physics)", "Ranking (information retrieval)", "Decision support system", "Cluster analysis", "Geographic information system", "Mode (computer interface)", "Selection (genetic algorithm)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/9/8/321/pdf?version=1785588462" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110651208", "doi": null, "title": "Next Generation Vertiports - Eine Initialzündung für die Innovative Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Schaller, Andreas", "Nagrare, Samiksha Rajkumar", "Wendt, Kristin", "Nohutcu, Oguzhan" ], "first_author": "Schaller, Andreas", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "Die Luftfahrt steht in naher Zukunft vor bahnbrechenden Veränderungen und viele Unternehmen stehen vor der Herausforderung unbemannte Transporte von Passagieren und Gütern in die kommerzielle Anwendung zu bringen. Die Umsetzung von flexiblen und zugänglichen Luftverkehrsdiensten steht dabei im Vordergrund der sog. Innovative Air Mobility (IAM), wobei einer der zentralen Bestandteile die Ausgestaltung von Start- und Landeplätzen sowie die Umsetzung des operationellen Betriebes an diesen ist. Das Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt hat bereits im 2023 abgeschlossen DLR-internen Projekt HorizonUAM erste Konzepte zur Flugführung von Lufttaxis an Vertiports skaliert demonstriert. Aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen soll nun im DLR-internen Projekt VERTIFIED (Vertiport Research Infrastructure for Innovation Exploration and Demonstration) der Aufbau zweier Vertiportdemonstratoren am Nationalen Erprobungszentrum für unbemannte Luftfahrtsysteme des DLR erfolgen mit dem Ziel diese nach dem Projektende 2028 auch externen Nutzenden des Erprobungszentrums zur Verfügung zu stellen. Neben einem innerstädtischen Vertiportdemonstrator wird ein Demonstrator zur Nachbildung eines Vertiports an einem Verkehrsflughafen aufgebaut, der durch die Lage des Erprobungszentrums am operativen Verkehrsflughafen Magdeburg-Cochstedt die Möglichkeit bietet Erprobungen in einem Flughafenumfeld durchzuführen. Zentraler Bestandteil des Projekts ist die Einbindung DLR-interner und externer Stakeholder aus Forschung und Industrie über ein Stakeholderforum mit dem Ziel einen Anforderungskatalog für die Demonstratoren zu erarbeiten, der als Grundlage für deren Umsetzung dienen soll. Die Betrachtung der Integration von IAM in das Gesamtverkehrssystem erfolgt dabei im 2025 gestarteten DLR-internen Projekt IAM-OSA (Innovative Air Mobility for Optimal Sustainability and Accessibility), dass sich u.a. mit der Fragestellung der optimalen Platzierung von Vertiports sowie dem operationellen Betrieb von Vertiports beschäftigt. Die Arbeiten des Projekts finden hierbei im engen Austausch zum Projekt VERTIFIED statt. Die Einbindung der internen und externen Stakeholder ist dabei von besonderer Bedeutung, da die Projektergebnisse einen wesentlichen Baustein hin zur kommerziellen Umsetzung von IAM leisten sollen. Im Beitrag soll auf die Herausforderung bei der Einbindung von Stakeholdern aus unterschiedlichen Aktivitätsfeldern eingegangen und Herangehensweisen zu deren Einbindung in wissenschaftliche Projekte vorgestellt werden. Daneben werden erste Arbeitsergebnisse aus dem Stakeholderforum in Hinblick auf den Anforderungskatalog für die Ausgestaltung der Vertiportdemonstratoren vorgestellt.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Transportation infrastructure", "Fuel supply", "Air transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/217420/1/VERTIFIED%20-%20DLRK-Tage%20Pr%C3%A4sentation%20Next%20Gen%20Vertiport%20final%202025_09_23.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7155209824", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2026.34.1.110", "title": "A Study on the Integrated Acceptance of Users perceiving the Development of UAM (Urban Air Mobility) Vertiport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jihun Choi" ], "first_author": "Jihun Choi", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Perception", "Field (mathematics)", "Production (economics)", "Identification (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2026.34.1.110" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403912387", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2024.104288", "title": "Potential short- to long-term impacts of on-demand urban air mobility on transportation demand in North America", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kexin Chen", "Ali Shamshiripour", "Ravi Seshadri", "Md Sami Hasnine", "Lisa Yoo", "Jinping Guan", "André Romano Alho", "Daniel Feldman", "Moshe E Ben-Akiva" ], "first_author": "Kexin Chen", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This study applies an agent-based approach to investigate the potential individual-level demand for and system-wide impacts of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) in the short- to long-term, in two real U.S. metropolitan areas . The UAM service we envision in this research provides mobility to on-demand requests from one vertiport to another. The investigations consider the existing electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft models (assuming they are piloted) and vertiport designs, while accounting for the uncertainties in (i) service attributes (e.g., time saving and service price), and (ii) demand characteristics (e.g., perceived waiting time in various conditions). Towards this goal, the state-of-the-art agent-based simulation platform SimMobility is expanded in this research with new modules required for realistic simulation of the demand, supply, and demand–supply interactions. The expanded platform adopts a high-fidelity model system with: (i) a behaviorally sound demand model to mimic the switching behavior from current non-UAM mode to UAM and to capture the individuals’ willingness to pay and plan-action dynamics in decision-making; (ii) a detailed operation model to account for not only the integration of ground and aerial transportation but also fleet rebalancing and the intra-vertiport state dynamics such as charging, gate availability, taxiing, pre-landing hovering (as a result of capacity limitations), etc.; (iii) a demand-driven vertiport placement and capacity generation module. The results show that the UAM market is expected to start narrow (0.187 % to 0.197 % of all trips) and remain niche in the long term (1.45 % to 1.81 % of all trips) for both cities. In addition, the service is expected to increase mobility inequality, even in the long term. The potential UAM users turned out to be primarily high-income in all scenarios (e.g., 46.9 % to 59.2 % in the long term). Moreover, car-oriented individuals are identified as the main users – not only are most UAM trips expected to emerge from drive-alone trips (84.7 % to 92.8 % at launch), but also drive-alone is expected to be the most preferred access/egress mode (78.4 % to 83.6 % share among all UAM trips at launch). Notably, short-range UAM trips (i.e., flight distance below 40 km) constitute the majority of the UAM potential demand (94.6 % in the long-term scenario).", "keywords": [ "Term (time)", "On demand", "Transport engineering", "Natural resource economics", "Environmental science", "Economics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 8, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104288" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7151242989", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6464064", "title": "Autonomous Heliport Digital Twins for Sustainable Vertiport Transition in India: The AHDTCAO Framework", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sanjay Kumar" ], "first_author": "Sanjay Kumar", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Asset (computer security)", "Takeoff", "Sustainability", "Air traffic control", "Automation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6464064" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2920283749", "doi": "10.1109/tencon.2018.8650159", "title": "New Radio Technologies for Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyoungju Ji", "Wonjun Kim", "Byonghyo Shim" ], "first_author": "Hyoungju Ji", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Ultra reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) is a new use case in 5G wireless systems to accommodate emerging mission-critical services and applications. These include driverless vehicles and drone-based deliveries, smart cities and factories, remote medical diagnosis and surgery, and artificial intelligence-based personalized assistants. In order to support URLLC, there should be changes in the air interface (a.k.a. physical-layer). In this article, we provide physical layer challenges and solutions in 5G URLLC downlink. We discuss requirements of URLLC and then present the physical layer issues and new solutions including data structure, multiplexing schemes, and reliability assurance technologies, which have been adopted in the 5G new radio (NR).", "keywords": [ "Physical layer", "Computer science", "Telecommunications link", "Wireless", "Low latency (capital markets)", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Multiplexing", "Latency (audio)", "Computer network", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2018.8650159" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3196494311", "doi": "10.3390/app11177976", "title": "A Smart Capsule Equipped with Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Delivery of Medical Material through Drones", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Donatello Amicone", "Andrea Cannas", "Alberto Marci", "Giuseppe Tortora" ], "first_author": "Donatello Amicone", "venue": "Applied Sciences", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In the last few years, many examples of blood and medicine delivery drones have been demonstrated worldwide, which mainly rely on aeronautical experience that is not common in the medical world. Speaking about drone delivery, attention should focus on the most important thing: the transported lifesaving good. Traditional boxes that monitor temperature are not usually in real time, and are not suitable for drone transportation because they are heavy and bulky. This means that the biomedical characteristics of delivery are of primary importance. A Smart Capsule, equipped with artificial intelligence (AI), is the first system ever proposed to provide a fully autonomous drone delivery service for perishable and high-value medical products, integrating real-time quality monitoring and control. It consists in a smart casing that is able to guide any autonomous aerial vehicle attached to it, specifically designed for transporting blood, organs, tissues, test samples and drugs, among others. The system monitors the conditions of the product (e.g., temperature, agitation and humidity) and adjusts them when needed by exploiting, for instance, vibrations to maintain the required agitation, ensuring that goods are ready to be used as soon as they are delivered. The Smart Capsule also leverages external temperature to reduce energy uptake from the drone, thus improving the drone’s battery life and flight range. The system replaces the need for specialized drivers and traditional road-bound transportation means, while guaranteeing compliance with all applicable safety regulations. A series of 16 experimental tests was performed to demonstrate the possibility of using the smart capsule to manage the flight and internal good delivery. Eighty-one missions were carried out for a total of 364 min of flight. The Smart Capsule greatly improves emergency response and efficiency of healthcare systems by reducing delivery times by up to 80% and costs by at least 28%. The Smart Capsule and its enabling technology based on AI for drone deliveries are discussed in this paper. The aim of this work is to show the possibility of managing drone delivery with an AI-based device.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Casing", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Computer security", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 32, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/17/7976/pdf?version=1630150753" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403883911", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2410.02427", "title": "Machine-learned flow estimation with sparse data -- exemplified for the rooftop of a UAV vertiport", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-03", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hou, Chang", "Luigi Marra", "Guy Y. Cornejo Maceda", "Peng Jiang", "Jingguo Chen", "Yutong Liu", "Gang Xiang Hu", "Jialong Chen", "Andrea Ianiro", "Stefano Discetti", "Andrea Meilán-Vila", "Bernd R. Noack" ], "first_author": "Hou, Chang", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "We propose a physics-informed data-driven framework for urban wind estimation. This framework validates and incorporates the Reynolds number independence for flows under various working conditions, thus allowing the extrapolation for wind conditions far beyond the training data. Another key enabler is a machine-learned non-dimensionalized manifold from snapshot data. The velocity field is modeled using a double encoder-decoder approach. The first encoder normalizes data using the oncoming wind speed, while the second encoder projects this normalized data onto the isometric feature mapping manifold. The decoders reverse this process, with $k$-nearest neighbor performing the first decoding and the second undoing the normalization. The manifold is coarse-grained by clustering to reduce the computational load for de- and encoding. The sensor-based flow estimation is based on the estimate of the oncoming wind speed and a mapping from sensor signal to the manifold latent variables. The proposed machine-learned flow estimation framework is exemplified for the flow above an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle vertiport. The wind estimation is shown to generalize well for rare wind conditions, not included in the original database.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Estimation", "Flow (mathematics)", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Systems engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.02427" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412712664", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2025.104316", "title": "Urban air mobility network design and operations strategy in an urban agglomeration", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ziyu Wang", "Di Lv", "Shuai Dong Jia", "Kai Wang", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Ziyu Wang", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Economies of agglomeration", "Urban agglomeration", "Economic geography", "Urban design", "Urban density", "Business", "Computer science", "Urban planning", "Engineering", "Civil engineering", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 26, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2025.104316" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317383804", "doi": "10.1109/robio55434.2022.10011837", "title": "A Multi-stage Precision Landing Method for Autonomous eVTOL Based on Multi-marker Joint Localization", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-12-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Senwei Xiang", "Minxiang Ye", "Shiqiang Zhu", "Jason J. Gu", "Anhuan Xie", "Zehua Men" ], "first_author": "Senwei Xiang", "venue": "2022 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) has drawn more and more attention from home and abroad in recent years. It is believed autonomous eVTOL will create a new era of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM). To autonomous eVTOL, precision landing is an extremely critical operation for it directly affects flight safety. In this paper, we analyze the special issues an eVTOL will encounter when it lands in the UAM applications. A multi-stage precision landing method based on multi-marker joint localization is proposed accordingly. Our method contains three key elements: a compatible vertiport with multiple visual markers; an accurate, fast detection and localization algorithm for the vertiport and a multi-stage landing strategy. We implement our method on an eVTOL prototype named ZJ-Copter developed by Zhejiang Lab. A series of real-world experiments have been conducted to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. Experiment results show that our method works well in real-world scenarios for autonomous eVTOL without GPS signal during landing process. The positioning accuracy is less than 0.1m (altitude$< \\mathbf{10}\\mathbf{m}$), while the landing accuracy is less than 0.5m.", "keywords": [ "Global Positioning System", "Computer science", "Takeoff", "Process (computing)", "Stage (stratigraphy)", "Real-time computing", "Key (lock)", "Artificial intelligence", "Simulation", "Computer vision", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/robio55434.2022.10011837" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2169684620", "doi": "10.2514/6.2005-1627", "title": "ParaLander: A Medium-weight Demonstrator for Autonomous, Range-optimized Aerial Cargo Delivery", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-05-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Horst Altmann", "Jürgen Windl" ], "first_author": "Horst Altmann", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Precise aerial delivery of sensitive cargo, based on autonomous ram-air parafoil systems, has become a worldwide subject of technological investigations. At EADS, a medium-weight cargo parafoil system, called ParaLander, is currently subject of a demonstrator project. The paper deals with system configuration, aerodynamic predictions, flight mechanics analysis and flight testing. Where possible, analytical results are compared with experimental data.", "keywords": [ "Range (aeronautics)", "Computer science", "Marine engineering", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-1627" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411754508", "doi": "10.54941/ahfe1006491", "title": "Investigating the Acceptance of Vertiport Construction Near Residence Using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hee Seon Yang", "Bill Deng Pan", "Dennis Vincenz", "Dahai Liu" ], "first_author": "Hee Seon Yang", "venue": "AHFE international", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Unmanned Air Mobility (UAM) is an emerging concept of transportation expected to be integrated into urban areas in the coming years. Vertiports are essential facilities for operating UAM for locations where passengers board and disembark after traveling between destinations. This study examines public acceptance of vertiport construction in relation to annual household income and geographical location through a quantitative survey. The research adopts the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to investigate socio-economic and geographic differences in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) acceptance. It specifically assesses perceptions and tolerance levels concerning safety risks, noise disturbances, and privacy concerns related to vertiport implementation. Data were collected via an online survey comprising 19 questions addressing demographics and acceptance levels, with 64 responses obtained. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze the public acceptance of UAM. The findings revealed significant differences in vertiport acceptance based on annual household income. Additionally, the study highlighted significant variations in the acceptance of privacy invasion, also associated with annual household income.", "keywords": [ "Technology acceptance model", "Residence", "Acceptance testing", "Computer science", "Usability", "Human–computer interaction", "Software engineering", "Sociology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1006491" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393339786", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2403.18166", "title": "Incentive-Compatible Vertiport Reservation in Advanced Air Mobility: An Auction-Based Approach", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-27", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pan-Yang Su", "Chinmay Maheshwari", "Victoria Marie Tuck", "Shankar Sastry" ], "first_author": "Pan-Yang Su", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "The rise of advanced air mobility (AAM) is expected to become a multibillion-dollar industry in the near future. Market-based mechanisms are touted to be an integral part of AAM operations, which comprise heterogeneous operators with private valuations. In this work, we study the problem of designing a mechanism to coordinate the movement of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, operated by multiple operators each having heterogeneous valuations associated with their fleet, between vertiports, while enforcing the arrival, departure, and parking constraints at vertiports. Particularly, we propose an incentive-compatible and individually rational vertiport reservation mechanism that maximizes a social welfare metric, which encapsulates the objective of maximizing the overall valuations of all operators while minimizing the congestion at vertiports. Additionally, we improve the computational tractability of designing the reservation mechanism by proposing a mixed binary linear programming approach that leverages the network flow structure.", "keywords": [ "Reservation", "Incentive compatibility", "Incentive", "Business", "Computer science", "Microeconomics", "Economics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.18166" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2621269887", "doi": "10.2514/6.2017-3538", "title": "Six Degree of Freedom Vehicle Tracking System (6DVTS) Implementation for Aerial Delivery Development Testing", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-06-02", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ryan D. Tiaden" ], "first_author": "Ryan D. Tiaden", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Tracking (education)", "Degree (music)", "Development (topology)", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-3538" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416057592", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5723409", "title": "eVTOL Vertiport Siting and Sizing for Urban Air Mobility Integrated with Power Systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Yitang Li", "Hongxun Hui", "Shaohua Yang", "Pengfei Zhao" ], "first_author": "Yitang Li", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Sizing", "Metropolitan area", "Electric power system", "Transportation planning", "Business system planning", "Energy planning", "Traffic congestion", "Linear programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5723409" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396907779", "doi": "10.38195/judik.2024.04.25.2.127", "title": "Planning Direction of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Vertiport Using Parking Building Site", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hye-Lim Kim", "Sungjo Hong" ], "first_author": "Hye-Lim Kim", "venue": "Journal of the Urban Design Institute of Korea Urban Design", "publisher": null, "abstract": "UAM의 활성화를 위해서는 충분한 버티포트의 조성이 필요하며, 주차장 건물과 버티포트의 복합은 버티포트 조성 방법으로 잘 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구는 신도시 주차장 용지에 버티포트를 도입하기 위한 계획 방향 제시를 목적으로 한다. 일부 2기 신도시와 행정중심복합도시의 주차장용지 현황을 분석하고, 문헌 및 사례연구를 통하여 계획 방향을 마련하고, 시사점을 도출하였다. 본 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 대형 주차장용지에는 FATO 1개와 주기장 2개의 버티포트를 건축할 수 있다. 중형 주차장용지에는 FATO 1개만 있는 버티포트를 건축할 수 있다. 중형 주차장용지에 주기장을 갖춘 버티포트를 조성하기 위해서는 접한 도로나 인접 필지의 상부를 함께 이용하는 계획이 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 제도개선이 필요하다. 주변건물보다 높은 위치에 버티포트가 위치하기 위해서 주차장 건물의 고층화가 필요하며, 이를 위한 용적률 상향, 층수 상향, 허용용도의 추가가 필요하다. 버티포트의 진출입사면 확보를 위해 주변 건물의 높이와 배치의 종합적 관리가 필요하다.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Geography", "Environmental planning", "Civil engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.38195/judik.2024.04.25.2.127" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4313569718", "doi": "10.3390/drones7010037", "title": "Repurposing Existing Infrastructure for Urban Air Mobility: A Scenario Analysis in Southern California", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiangyu Li" ], "first_author": "Xiangyu Li", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The deployment of urban air mobility in built-out metropolitan regions is constrained by infrastructure opportunities, land use, and airspace zoning designations. Meanwhile, the availability and spatial distribution of infrastructure opportunities influence the travel demand that can be potentially captured by UAM services. The purpose of this study is to provide an initial assessment of the infrastructure opportunities of UAM in southern California with different mixes of spatial constraints, such as noise levels, school buffer zones, and airspace zones. The corresponding travel demand that can be potentially captured under each scenario is estimated with a home–workplace trip table. The results of the analyses indicate that supply-side infrastructure opportunities, such as heliports and elevated parking structures, are widely available to accommodate the regional deployment of UAM services. However, current spatial constraints can significantly limit the scope of vertiport location choices. Furthermore, the low-income population, blue-collar workers, and young people live farther away from supply-side opportunities than the general population. Moreover, this study proposes a network of UAM based on the top home-based and workplace-based stations for long-distance trips.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Zoning", "Software deployment", "TRIPS architecture", "Transport engineering", "Population", "Business", "Geography", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/7/1/37/pdf?version=1672911524" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4309163179", "doi": "10.1109/apcc55198.2022.9943785", "title": "SimNet: UAV-Integrated Sensor Nodes Localization for Communication Intelligence in 6G Networks", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-10-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye", "Dong‐Seong Kim", "Jae‐Min Lee" ], "first_author": "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "venue": "2022 27th Asia Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Achieving communication intelligence with a low computational cost is necessary for wireless sensor networks for the drone transportation system. This work proposed a novel localization system with low computational and time efficiency that uses an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as anchor node and lightweight neural networks to evaluate the UAV position information. The scheme takes advantage of the capabilities of artificial intelligence models. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme displayed a good performance with the least localization error of 1.75, least training time of 0.0032s, and testing time of 0.00039s without requiring GPS when compared to other algorithms and previous schemes.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Global Positioning System", "Drone", "Wireless sensor network", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Node (physics)", "Real-time computing", "Computational intelligence", "Artificial neural network", "Position (finance)", "Wireless", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/apcc55198.2022.9943785" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4226182508", "doi": "10.1109/access.2022.3162702", "title": "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Map-Less Navigation of a Flying Robot", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oualid Doukhi", "Deok Jin Lee" ], "first_author": "Oualid Doukhi", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Flying robots are expected to be used in many tasks, such as aerial delivery, inspection inside dangerous areas, and rescue. However, their deployment in unstructured and highly dynamic environments has been limited. This paper proposes a novel approach for enabling a micro-aerial vehicle (MAV) system equipped with a laser rangefinder and depth sensor to autonomously navigate and explore an unknown indoor or outdoor environment. We built a modular deep-Q-network architecture to fuse information from multiple sensors mounted onboard a vehicle. The developed algorithm can perform collision-free flights in the real world, while being trained entirely on a 3D simulator. The proposed method does not require prior expert demonstrations, 3D mapping, or path planning. It transforms fused sensory data into a velocity control input for a robot through an end-to-end convolutional neural network (CNN). The obtained policy was compared to a simulation using the conventional potential-field method. Our approach achieves zero- shot transfer from simulation to real-world environments that were never experienced during training by simulating realistic sensor data. Several intensive experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our system for safely flying in dynamic outdoor and indoor environments. The supplementary videos for the actual flight tests can be accessed athttps://bit.ly/2SEw8dQ.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Robot", "Artificial intelligence", "Real-time computing", "Modular design", "Reinforcement learning", "Search and rescue", "Computer vision", "Motion planning", "Sensor fusion", "Software deployment", "Simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 30, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09743451.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127376756", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-2276", "title": "Systematic Multi-Criteria Approach to Determine Suitable Vertiport Locations for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Melissa Lepe", "Jacqueline L. Huynh" ], "first_author": "Melissa Lepe", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is projected to form an integral part of transportation within the near future. As a result, it is critical to analyze environmental and societal concerns that come with its implementation. The scalability, acceptance, and success of AAM operations are highly dependent on the vertiport locations selected. The location of vertiports influences how operations will coexist with surrounding flights, integrate with other modes of transport, and impact local communities. However, determining feasible vertiport locations can be challenging. The following paper provides a systematic approach to determining vertiport locations utilizing multi-criterion decision analysis. The framework utilizes a user-defined objective to assess feasible vertiport locations based on a set of criteria established by existing vertiport considerations. Data used to measure the suitability of a vertiport, as defined by a set of criteria, are obtained from publicly available data from OpenStreetMap and the CalTrans Performance Measurement System. The framework is developed with Orange County, California, as a case study. The multi-criteria approach presented is independent of vehicle configuration and may be expanded to other case study locations. In conjunction with stakeholder and community input, the following methodology is intended to inform and support future vertiport decision-making.", "keywords": [ "Measure (data warehouse)", "Set (abstract data type)", "Stakeholder", "Decision support system", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2276" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3171363916", "doi": "10.1109/icns52807.2021.9441659", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Demand Estimation for Airport Access: A Los Angeles International Airport Case Study", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-04-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mihir Rimjha", "Susan L. Hotle", "Antonio A. Trani", "Nicholas Hinze", "Jerry C. Smith" ], "first_author": "Mihir Rimjha", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) or Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is a concept aerial transportation mode being designed for intracity transport of passengers and cargo utilizing autonomous electric vehicles capable of Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) from dense and congested areas. Airport ground access trips could be among the early adopters of UAM because of the high customer willingness to pay, and substantial time-savings for long-distance or significantly congested access trips. This study aims to estimate demand for UAM in the airport ground access segment of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Travel behavior is derived from the airport passenger survey 2019 provided by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA). A mixed logit model captures the mode-choice behavior that is later modified to include UAM. Total daily originating passenger trips are estimated from the T-100 database. The calibrated model is then applied to calculate the UAM demand. Utilizing the developed UAM demand estimation framework, a feasibility analysis is performed through a series of sensitivity analyses with respect to UAM passenger cost per mile (CPM) and UAM network size (number of vertiports). Furthermore, the Also, UAM demand in specific high-demand corridors (according to the ground access traffic) is analyzed. UAM could capture an estimated 3.6% market share in airport access trips to/from LAX at $2.00 UAM cost per passenger mile, assuming 2.4 passengers per flight (additional to $15 base cost per passenger and $20 landing cost per flight).", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Transport engineering", "International airport", "Mile", "Nested logit", "Air travel", "Last mile (transportation)", "Mode choice", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Public transport", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 24, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icns52807.2021.9441659" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403930875", "doi": "10.5207/jieie.2024.38.5.349", "title": "A Study on the Optimization Design and Characteristics Evaluation of Touchdown and Lift off Area Lights for Vertiports", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sang-Wuk Shin", "Joo-Hyun Rho", "Min-Su Lim", "Jongmin Lim" ], "first_author": "Sang-Wuk Shin", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers", "publisher": "The Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers", "abstract": "This paper presents the development of a Touchdown and Lift off Area light for marking the landing area in airports. To achieve this, the design requirements specified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) were analyzed and incorporated into the optimization design of the optical and power units. Additionally, a prototype Touchdown and Lift off Area light was produced, and its optical, structural, and electrical performance characteristics were measured to verify that the key performance requirements reflected in the design were met. Performance characteristic measurement data confirmed that the designed and manufactured Touchdown and Lift off Area light satisfied the regulatory minimum average intensity of 30.816 cd (>15 cd) and the chromaticity standard range (x=0.1333, y=0.6667 for Green). Furthermore, it was confirmed through respective measurement data that the structural and electrical key performance characteristics exceeded the standard thresholds. As a result of this study, the developed Touchdown and Lift off Area light is set to be installed at the dedicated vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vertiport in Goheung, Jeollanam-do, which is being prepared for urban air mobility (UAM) demonstrations by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.", "keywords": [ "Touchdown", "Lift (data mining)", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Marine engineering", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2024.38.5.349" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7166142127", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7002057", "title": "A Reasoning-Enhanced LLM-based Multi-Role Simulation Model for Vertiport Location Selection", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ming Cheng", "Can Li", "Wei Liu", "Zhongming Jin", "Wanjing Ma" ], "first_author": "Ming Cheng", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Stakeholder", "Generative grammar", "Preference", "Process (computing)", "Generative model", "Fuzzy logic", "Cognition", "Replicate", "Cognitive map" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7002057" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3087629992", "doi": "10.2514/1.i010758", "title": "Heuristic Approach for Arrival Management of Aircraft in On-Demand Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-09-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Priyank Pradeep", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Priyank Pradeep", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Information Systems", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "The arrival sequencing and scheduling problem have been formulated in the urban air mobility (UAM) context for homogeneous and mixed fleets of electric vertical takeoff and landing (EVTOL) aircraft (winged/wingless) expected to land on a vertiport. In this paper, a novel UAM airspace design concept has been proposed to separate arrival air traffic of wingless EVTOL aircraft from winged EVTOL aircraft until merging at the metering fix. Two separate vertiport arrival procedures have also been proposed for the problem based on anticipated UAM traffic density in emergent (low) and early expanded (moderate/high) operations, as proposed by NASA. The objective of the problem is to minimize the makespan (landing completion time) of a given set of EVTOL aircraft. A heuristic approach called insertion and local search combined with two different scheduling methods called 1) mixed-integer linear programming and 2) time advance are proposed to minimize the makespan of the mixed fleet of EVTOL aircraft. Next, the impact of the number of landing pads N on the makespan is studied to aid in early expanded UAM operations. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to see the impact of the following on the sequencing and scheduling algorithms: 1) the number of EVTOL aircraft expected to land [Formula: see text] and 2) the number of EVTOL aircraft used in the local neighborhood search [Formula: see text]. Through numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis, our algorithms demonstrated real-time scheduling capabilities; therefore, they can be potentially used for on-demand UAM arrival operations.", "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Computer science", "Air traffic control", "Air traffic management", "Environmental science", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i010758" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7137459167", "doi": null, "title": "Proposal for a concept of operation (ConOps) for the use of vertiports for unmanned aircraft with vertical landing and takeoff in Colombia", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-15", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Daniel Fernando Cantor Salamanca" ], "first_author": "Daniel Fernando Cantor Salamanca", "venue": "Repositorio Institucional FULL", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Esta investigación, tiene como objetivo proponer el Concepto de Operación (ConOps) del sistema de vertipuertos en Colombia, para sistemas de aeronaves no tripuladas (UAS) de aterrizaje y despegue en vertical (VTOL). Teniendo en cuenta que la operación de aeronaves no tripulada es un concepto de ¨aviación del futuro¨ denominado Movilidad Aérea Avanzada (AAM), uno de los desafíos de la industria, es que este tipo de aeronaves catalogadas como taxi aéreo en su mayoría con línea de vuelo fuera del campo visual del piloto (BVLOS), requieren de una operación segura integrada con la gestión del tráfico aéreo (ATM). De esta forma, Colombia tiene la necesidad de crear y regular, la infraestructura ideal para que los (UAS) despeguen y aterricen de en zonas seguras, teniendo en cuenta la operación de aeronaves tripuladas, personas y los objetos que se encuentren alrededor y la movilidad aérea urbana. Por medio de la disciplina de diseño de sistemas complejos “ingeniería de sistemas (SE)” para el desarrollo de la fase de diseño conceptual del sistema propuesto, delimitando el uso de vertipuertos para aeronaves tipo VTOL con BVLOS, tomando como referencia las propuestas de autoridades como la FAA de Estados Unidos, EASA de la Unión Europea, CASA de Australia y CAA del Reino Unido. El abordaje de este proceso plantea los requisitos funcionales, conocer los interesados y dar un lineamiento al uso de esta infraestructura del sistema por medio de la propuesta del ConOps del sistema de vertipuertos en Colombia.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Work (physics)", "Takeoff", "Field (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://repository.libertadores.edu.co/bitstreams/1660f104-77ce-4e90-a541-a5590ecb91b7/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3174782779", "doi": "10.1504/ijsa.2021.10038862", "title": "Prediction of noise generated by small unmanned aerial vehicle's operation in vertiport vicinity", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vitalii Makarenko", "Вадим Геннадьевич Токарев" ], "first_author": "Vitalii Makarenko", "venue": "International Journal of Sustainable Aviation", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "Noise generation due to civil use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has been identified as an important issue, since they can fly over densely populated areas and the number of potential applicatio...", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Environmental science", "Aerospace engineering", "Remote sensing", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Acoustics", "Physics", "Geology", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijsa.2021.10038862" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110699031", "doi": null, "title": "Extending the vertiport management tool VERTIGER for IAM scenarios: A drone cage demonstration", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-17", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bassimir, Bernd" ], "first_author": "Bassimir, Bernd", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Feature (linguistics)", "Key (lock)", "Face (sociological concept)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/219760/1/IAMSymposium_Poster_Bassimir.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3176187174", "doi": null, "title": "Open Advanced Air Mobility Project Vertiport and Route Decision Support Tool", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-03-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Lewis Shapiro" ], "first_author": "David Lewis Shapiro", "venue": "NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)", "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abstract": "The expected rise of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) presents local and regional planners with unique challenges. Aviation-based urban transportation requires analysis of new planning factors in addition to traditional factors. For example, the planner must be able to analyze community impacts (e.g. aircraft noise) and restrictions (e.g. airspace restrictions, terrain avoidance). This presentation presents a software modeling tool to address these planning challenges.", "keywords": [ "Planner", "Aviation", "Terrain", "Air traffic control", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Decision support system", "Software", "Plan (archaeology)", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200001824/downloads/20200001824.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171908323", "doi": null, "title": "Vertiport Localization for Urban Air Mobility: The Role of Intermodality and Urban Wind Conditions", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesca Monteleone", "Nithya Dhamodharasamy Sundarraj", "Berlingieri Fabrizia", "Quaranta Giuseppe", "and Vincenzo Muscarello" ], "first_author": "Francesca Monteleone", "venue": "Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)", "publisher": "University of Castilla-La Mancha", "abstract": "This paper presents an integrated, interdisciplinary methodology for vertiport localization in dense urban environments and applies it to real-world case studies in the metropolitan city of Milan, Italy.The research combines architectural, urban design, and aerospace engineering perspectives to jointly address intermodality and microscale urban wind condition challenges in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) infrastructure planning-two critical yet often separately treated factors in the current vertiport development research.Potential vertiport sites are first identified through an analysis of intermodal hubs within the existing and planned metropolitan mobility network, considering transport connectivity, urban morphology, and urban development strategies.Then, the local wind dynamics for the selected sites are assessed using high-resolution microscale wind simulations.By cross-comparing intermodal performance and urban wind dynamics, the study identifies site-specific opportunities and constraints for vertiport emplacement.The results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating UAM into complex urban contexts while highlighting potential conflicts between urban form, mobility infrastructure, and wind conditions.Overall, the proposed approach provides a robust framework for efficient localization of vertiports to support informed decision-making for socially acceptable/affordable realization of UAM.", "keywords": [ "Air pollution", "Wind speed", "Urban heat island", "Atmospheric model" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1321865/1/Vertiport%20Localization%20for%20Urban%20Air%20Mobility_Monteleone%20et%20al_DICUAM%2026.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4284680320", "doi": "10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103843", "title": "Urban air mobility infrastructure design: Using virtual reality to capture user experience within the world's first urban airport", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-07-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stewart A. Birrell", "William Payre", "Katie Zdanowicz", "Paul Herriotts" ], "first_author": "Stewart A. Birrell", "venue": "Applied Ergonomics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Human factors research can play an important role in the successful design of infrastructure to support future mobility. Through engaging users and stakeholders early in the design process we can gain insights before the physical environments are built. This paper presents data from a truly novel application of Virtual Reality (VR), where user experience and wayfinding were evaluated within an emerging future transport infrastructure to support urban air mobility (UAM) - the urban airport (aka vertiports). Urban airports are located in city centres where drones or 'flying cars' would land and take off from. Previous quantitative studies have investigated passenger experience in traditional airports using field observation and surveys, but this paper is the first to present qualitative research on user experience in this emerging mobility infrastructure using an immersive VR environment. Twenty participants completed a series of six scenarios aimed at understanding customer 'exciters' and 'pain points' within an urban airport. Results and recommendations from this empirical research will help inform the design of all future mobility infrastructure solutions, through improving user experience before the infrastructure is physically deployed. Finally, this paper highlights the benefits of engaging users at an early stage of the design process to ensure that future transport infrastructure will be accessible, easy to navigate and a pleasure to use.", "keywords": [ "Urban design", "Process (computing)", "User experience design", "Computer science", "Smart city", "Transport engineering", "Urban planning", "Human–computer interaction", "Engineering", "Computer security", "Civil engineering", "Internet of Things" ], "cited_by_count": 22, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687022001661/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4321484913", "doi": "10.1016/j.trip.2023.100761", "title": "Study on facility location of air taxi skyports using a prescriptive analytics approach", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-02-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Akhouri Amitanand Sinha", "Suchithra Rajendran" ], "first_author": "Akhouri Amitanand Sinha", "venue": "Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The current study identifies infrastructure locations for air taxi operations in New York City (NYC) using a prescriptive analytics approach. Based on the potential air taxi demand estimated by prior studies, 14 unique sites are identified by an unsupervised machine learning technique called clustering large applications (CLARA) in Step-1. However, developing all the suggested stations simultaneously might be challenging for any business, and therefore, an integer programming model is developed in Step-2 to propose opening these centers in multiple phases, considering parameters such as rental cost, daily number of trips, easy access to road facilities, and employee salary, while maximizing the demand satisfaction. Sensitivity analysis is then conducted to identify the impact of various market penetration strategies (such as aggressive, defensive and balanced), inflation in the rental cost and employee salary, and the emergence of latent demand on the phased opening of the facilities. The clustering algorithm results indicate seven air taxi facilities to be established in the Manhattan borough, four in Queens, two in Brooklyn, and one in New Jersey, spread across three phases. Larger vertiports are suggested for airports, such as John F Kennedy and LaGuardia international airports, since they serve approximately 55% of the overall demand. Results also showed that varying percentages of the budgeted rental cost and employee salary have minimal effect on the total number of stations.", "keywords": [ "Renting", "Salary", "Operations research", "Analytics", "Cluster analysis", "TRIPS architecture", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Operations management", "Business", "Marketing", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 26, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100761" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399908541", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4873044", "title": "Lighting Systems Design for Urban Air Mobility Vertiport: Critical Analysis and Experimental Validation", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Moon Yong Ha", "Ho Il Jang", "Min-Su Lim", "Chengzhang Lyu", "Venkata Dinavahi" ], "first_author": "Moon Yong Ha", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Architectural engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4873044" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170137958", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202607.1561.v1", "title": "Multi-Objective Layout Optimization and Siting of Urban Vertiports Based on an Improved NSGA-III", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-21", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Qing Liu", "Zhanxu Liu" ], "first_author": "Qing Liu", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rise of urban air mobility (UAM) has made vertiport siting a critical planning problem linking ground and air transport. Conventional location studies typically treat demand as exogenous, capacity as a hard constraint, and vertiports as always available, thereby failing to capture demand feedback, in-facility congestion, and weather disruptions in real operations. This paper develops a demand-endogenous, capacity-coupled, distributionally robust six-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. In-facility delay under graded capacity is characterized by M/M/c queues; a multinomial logit mode-choice mechanism lets demand evolve endogenously with the layout, forming a demand-congestion fixed-point coupling; and a Wasserstein distributionally robust framework adds a worst-case serviceable-reliability objective. To solve the six-dimensional many-objective problem, a reference-point-based improved NSGA-III is designed, featuring a three-layer nested evaluation (outer evolution-middle fixed point-inner robust dual) with evaluation caching and vectorized acceleration (a surrogate model is retained as an optional extension). A case study of Huangpu District, Guangzhou, shows that the proposed algorithm attains the best hypervolume (the combined convergence-diversity metric) at the lowest computational cost, with IGD+ comparable to NSGA-II and superior to standard NSGA-III and MOEA/D. The model further internalizes the self-limiting effect of in-facility congestion on hub over-concentration (a congestion-coverage tension) and quantifies the price of robustness: the guaranteeable worst-case serviceable reliability decreases monotonically as the uncertainty budget grows while nominal coverage remains saturated; it also reveals the significant influence of endogenous demand feedback on the UAM-captured demand and in-facility congestion.", "keywords": [ "Multinomial logistic regression", "Acceleration", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Robust optimization", "Nonlinear programming", "Nonlinear system", "Monotonic function", "Budget constraint" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202607.1561.v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4308092385", "doi": "10.1109/dasc55683.2022.9925834", "title": "The High Density Vertiplex Advanced Onboard Automation Overview", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Louis J. Glaab", "Marcus A. Johnson", "Robert G. McSwain", "Steven C. Geuther", "Quang V. Dao", "Jeffrey R. Homola" ], "first_author": "Louis J. Glaab", "venue": "2022 IEEE/AIAA 41st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "While many studies have been performed examining Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations from UAM Maturity Level (UML) UML-1 to UML-4, [1], [2] some uncertainty exists regarding the integration and role of onboard autonomous systems, airspace management systems, ground control and fleet management systems, and how they integrate with vertiport automation systems to ensure safe high-density future operations. One thrust of the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) High Density Vertiplex (HDV) sub-project is to perform rapid prototyping and assessment of an Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Ecosystem within the terminal operational area to help inform future research investments and technology development. Another thrust within HDV is to perform integration, testing, and safety risk assessments required to acquire operational credit for several NASA small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) enabling technologies to expand test capabilities and to expedite technology transfer and ultimate effective usage. Both thrusts leverage sUAS to serve as surrogates for the highly-technologically-similar envisioned UAM aircraft as well as to provide significant contributions to sUAS Part-135 operators. This report provides an overview of the activities accomplished within the Advanced Onboard Automation (AOA) schedule work package of HDV.", "keywords": [ "Automation", "Systems engineering", "Unified Modeling Language", "Computer science", "Schedule", "Leverage (statistics)", "Engineering", "Software", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 22, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc55683.2022.9925834" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162634002", "doi": "10.1007/s42524-026-5420-z", "title": "Vertiport location planning for urban air mobility under flight network connectivity uncertainty", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wenjing Liu", "Ziyu Wang", "Yini Chen", "Shuai Jia" ], "first_author": "Wenjing Liu", "venue": "ENGINEERING Management", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Key (lock)", "Aviation", "Trajectory", "Global Positioning System" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-026-5420-z" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401757820", "doi": "10.1063/5.0221902", "title": "Aeroacoustic investigation of side-by-side urban air mobility aircraft in full configuration with ground effect", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "M. Sadegh Araghizadeh", "Bidesh Sengupta", "Hakjin Lee", "Rho Shin Myong" ], "first_author": "M. Sadegh Araghizadeh", "venue": "Physics of Fluids", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) aircraft has emerged as the solution to the growing traffic congestion problems and increasing demand for efficient air mobility. However, noise pollution is one of the major concerns for gaining social acceptance as UAM is being designed for future transport in highly populated urban areas at low altitudes. The noise generated by UAM aircraft can exceed the acceptable noise level due to the ground effect when it approaches a vertiport. This study investigates the ground effects on the aerodynamic and noise performance of side-by-side UAM aircraft in full configuration by utilizing coupled vortex methods and acoustic analogy, respectively. The simulation results show that fuselage and ground directly influence the aerodynamic loads of the rotor blade, wake structure, acoustic signature, and noise directivity. As the aircraft approaches the ground, the sound pressure level (SPL) increases, and the impact of the fuselage becomes more noticeable, especially above the rotor system, due to the stronger upwash wake by the airframe and the ground. Moreover, the most pronounced ground effect on the noise characteristics of the UAM aircraft is the high-frequency tonal noise, and the overall sound pressure level (OASPL) in the aft quadrant of the UAM aircraft is higher than the forward quadrant due to the higher loading in the rear of the rotor plane. The results of the noise hemisphere analysis show that the maximum OASPL increases by more than 3 dBA as the altitude of UAM aircraft gets closer to the ground.", "keywords": [ "Physics", "Side impact", "Far side of the Moon", "Side effect (computer science)", "Aerospace engineering", "Ground effect (cars)", "Mechanics", "Ground level", "Structural engineering", "Thermodynamics", "Ground floor", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 25, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221902" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127569123", "doi": "10.1080/23249935.2026.2625143", "title": "Optimising eVTOL vehicle scheduling problem in on-demand urban air mobility system with capacitated vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dongbo Guo", "Enjian Yao", "Rongseng Chen", "Tianyu Zhang", "Yongxiang Zhang" ], "first_author": "Dongbo Guo", "venue": "Transportmetrica A Transport Science", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM), utilising Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles, is set to revolutionise urban transportation. This paper addresses the critical eVTOL Vehicle Scheduling Problem (eVTOL-VSP) for optimising services in an on-demand UAM system with capacitated vertiports. After delineating the differences between the eVTOL-VSP, the Airline Scheduling Problem (ASP), and the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRPTW), we define the eVTOL-VSP by integrating flight assignment, eVTOL routing, charging, and takeoff-landing strategies. By detailing eVTOL operational processes, we construct a discrete space-time-state network and formulate a mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP) to simultaneously optimise the aforementioned subproblems. The objective is to minimise costs and maximise the benefits of the serviced flights. Utilising the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), we decompose the complex model into manageable subproblems, which are efficiently solved using a forward dynamic programming algorithm. Validation using both illustrative and real-world UAM networks demonstrates the effectiveness of our ADMM-based solution framework, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for eVTOL scheduling optimisation and enhancing the efficiency and safety of UAM systems.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Job shop scheduling", "Air traffic control", "Vehicle routing problem" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2026.2625143" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3006566235", "doi": null, "title": "Design of the numbers of vertiports and air taxis for business realization of on-demand air mobility in Tokyo", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Johanes Julio Budiman", "冠 中野" ], "first_author": "Johanes Julio Budiman", "venue": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "publisher": "National Institute of Informatics", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Realization (probability)", "Business", "Telecommunications", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Transport engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/download.php/KO40002001-00002019-0011.pdf?file_id=148152" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402941308", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4970457", "title": "Lighting Systems Design for Urban Air Mobility Vertiport: Critical Analysis and Experimental Validation", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Moon Yong Ha", "Ho Il Jang", "Min-Su Lim", "Chengzhang Lyu", "Venkata Dinavahi" ], "first_author": "Moon Yong Ha", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Architectural engineering", "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4970457" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7126282159", "doi": null, "title": "Heterogeneous Vertiport Selection Optimization for On-Demand Air Taxi Services: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-29", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Aoyu Pang", "Maonan Wang", "Zifan Sha", "Wenwei Yue", "Li, Changle", "Chung Shue Chen", "Man-On Pun" ], "first_author": "Aoyu Pang", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a transformative solution to alleviate urban congestion by utilizing low-altitude airspace, thereby reducing pressure on ground transportation networks. To enable truly efficient and seamless door-to-door travel experiences, UAM requires close integration with existing ground transportation infrastructure. However, current research on optimal integrated routing strategies for passengers in air-ground mobility systems remains limited, with a lack of systematic exploration.To address this gap, we first propose a unified optimization model that integrates strategy selection for both air and ground transportation. This model captures the dynamic characteristics of multimodal transport networks and incorporates real-time traffic conditions alongside passenger decision-making behavior. Building on this model, we propose a Unified Air-Ground Mobility Coordination (UAGMC) framework, which leverages deep reinforcement learning (RL) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication to optimize vertiport selection and dynamically plan air taxi routes. Experimental results demonstrate that UAGMC achieves a 34\\% reduction in average travel time compared to conventional proportional allocation methods, enhancing overall travel efficiency and providing novel insights into the integration and optimization of multimodal transportation systems. This work lays a solid foundation for advancing intelligent urban mobility solutions through the coordination of air and ground transportation modes. The related code can be found at https://github.com/Traffic-Alpha/UAGMC.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic congestion", "Plan (archaeology)", "Public transport", "Work (physics)", "Intelligent transportation system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.21316" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164162053", "doi": "10.4050/f-0082-2026-0043", "title": "Flow Interaction Between Urban Structures and Vertiport Platforms: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Alireza Maleki", "Vladimir Golubev", "Reda Mankbadi", "Vadim Voropayev" ], "first_author": "Alireza Maleki", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "To examine the unsteady aerodynamic environment surrounding vertiports, this research performs high-fidelity Large-Eddy Simulations of two full-scale square cylinders with aspect ratios of 2 and 1, representing prospective urban and vertiport configurations. To ensure realistic conditions, a volumetric momentum-source term is utilized to generate atmospheric turbulence internally within the computational domain. Numerical results reveal severely disturbed flows, with total turbulence intensities reaching a peak of 38% near the first vertiport structure. While the downstream vertiport benefited from a 40% reduction in maximum turbulence intensity due to the sheltering effect of the upstream building wake, the flow in its vicinity still maintains a powerful content. To evaluate operational safety conditions, multiple flight trajectories were analyzed approaching two distinct end-points located 4m and 11m above the center of each vertiport model from three directions: aligned with the wind, against the wind, and sidewise. Based on the evaluation of transient velocity components across these trajectories, and following the Federal Aviation Administration compliant 8:1 approach slopes, this study proposes a robust operational strategy centered on lateral approaches followed by vertical descents from higher altitudes. This maneuver sequence is designed to avoid the severe and sudden gust-induced disturbances prevalent in the immediate vicinity of the vertiport.", "keywords": [ "Turbulence", "Wake turbulence", "Aerodynamics", "Flow (mathematics)", "Upstream (networking)", "Transient (computer programming)", "Wake", "Computer simulation", "Aviation", "Reduction (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0043" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7166316003", "doi": "10.1016/j.ast.2026.113051", "title": "Vertiport arrival airspace design, analysis, and capacity assessment: Integrating the point merge system into UAM", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhening Chang", "Minghua Hu", "Jianan Yin", "Hua Xie", "S G Wang" ], "first_author": "Zhening Chang", "venue": "Aerospace Science and Technology", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Merge (version control)", "Sizing", "Takeoff", "Takeoff and landing", "Time of arrival", "Arrival time", "Air traffic control" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2026.113051" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3155220596", "doi": "10.9766/kimst.2017.20.3.345", "title": "Wind Tunnel Test for the Inflation Characteristics of the Korean Low Cost Low Altitude Aerial Delivery System", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Seung Pil Kim", "Kybeom Kwon", "Youn-Seok Choi", "Chung Hyoung Seog", "Insik Jung" ], "first_author": "Seung Pil Kim", "venue": "Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology", "publisher": "Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Low altitude", "Altitude (triangle)", "Wind tunnel", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002228660" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134345409", "doi": null, "title": "Design of the numbers of vertiports and air taxis for business realization of on-demand air mobility in Tokyo", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "ジョハネス ジュリオ ブディマン", "マサル ナカノ", "Masaru Nakano", "Johanes Julio Budiman", "冠 中野" ], "first_author": "ジョハネス ジュリオ ブディマン", "venue": "KeiO Associated Repository of Academic Resources (Keio University)", "publisher": "Keio University", "abstract": "修士学位論文. 2019年度システムエンジニアリング学 第295号", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Realization (probability)", "Air traffic control", "Key (lock)", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=KO40002001-00002019-0011" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402760957", "doi": "10.3390/drones8090517", "title": "Preanalytic Integrity of Blood Samples in Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Medical Transport: A Comparative Study", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Noel Rouven Stierlin", "Fabian Loertscher", "Harald E. Renz", "Lorenz Risch", "Martin Risch" ], "first_author": "Noel Rouven Stierlin", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles or uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs)—commonly known as drones—into medical logistics offers transformative potential for the transportation of sensitive medical materials, such as blood samples. Traditional car transportation is often hindered by traffic delays, road conditions, and geographic barriers, which can compromise timely delivery. This study provides a comprehensive analysis comparing high-speed drone transportation with traditional car transportation. Blood samples, including EDTA whole blood, serum, lithium-heparin plasma, and citrate plasma tubes, were transported via both methods across temperatures ranging from 4 to 20 degrees Celsius. The integrity of the samples was assessed using a wide array of analytes and statistical analyses, including Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman plots. The results demonstrated that drone transportation maintains blood sample integrity comparable to traditional car transportation. For serum samples, the correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.830 to 1.000, and the slopes varied from 0.913 to 1.111, with minor discrepancies in five analytes (total bilirubin, calcium, ferritin, potassium, and sodium). Similar patterns were observed for EDTA, lithium-heparin, and citrate samples, indicating no significant differences between transportation methods. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of drones to enhance the efficiency and reliability of medical sample transport, particularly in scenarios requiring rapid and reliable delivery. Drones could significantly improve logistical operations in healthcare by overcoming traditional transportation challenges.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 8, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/8/9/517/pdf?version=1727088300" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133513278", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202603.0043.v1", "title": "Configuration Analysis on Two-Pad Vertiport Capacity Using Discrete Event Simulation", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-02", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Taufiq Mulyanto", "Toto Indriyanto", "Adetya Purba" ], "first_author": "Taufiq Mulyanto", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "A vertiport is a key supporting infrastructure for providing takeoff and landing facilities for aircraft within the rapidly growing Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) ecosystem, particularly in urban areas or Urban Air Mobility (UAM) which faces significant challenges such as dense urban obstacles and limited available space, urging improvement in the vertiport space usage. The configuration variation on a two-pad vertiport is modeled and simulated using AnyLogic Discrete Event Simulation (DES), varying number of stands, operational concepts, and aircraft turnaround times, while considering Linear and Satellite topology to analyze their influence on the vertiport output capacity. The results indicate that each configuration responds differently with turnaround time variation, showing delays and capacity reduction for shorter time. Increasing number of stands provides a significant capacity benefit for longer turnaround times across all simulated configurations, with capacity gains ranging from 100–120%. Overall, the linear–independent vertiport achieves the highest total capacity of 163 and 229 aircraft for the 4 and 6 stand variants, respectively, while the satellite vertiport attains the highest total capacity of 266 and 299 aircraft for the 8 and 10 stand variants. However, considering urban space usage, the satellite vertiport benefits in lower stands number while linear vertiport benefits in higher stands number.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Turnaround time", "Event (particle physics)", "Discrete event simulation", "Satellite", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Baseline (sea)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/e4d08226cbe2db2e7664015cd0cc0f8c/download_pub" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171648924", "doi": "10.47116/apjcri.2026.07.20", "title": "A Review of Domestic and International Research Trends on the Feasibility of Vertiport-Based Emergency Medical Systems", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-30", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Min Jun Park", "Kyoung Soon Min" ], "first_author": "Min Jun Park", "venue": "Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "MEDLINE", "Government (linguistics)", "Emergency medical services", "Public health", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2026.07.20" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4306709140", "doi": null, "title": "Pathways to a Sustainable Aviation Ecosystem: De-Risking the Design of Decarbonized Airport and Vertiport Energy Systems", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-10-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": "OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)", "publisher": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information", "abstract": "With its extensive vehicle and energy use data, supply and demand modeling capabilities, ARIES platform, and visualization tools, NREL can help planners discern the best energy system designs to meet the business, sustainability, and operational goals of individual airports.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Ecosystem", "Sustainable energy", "Transport engineering", "International airport", "Energy (signal processing)", "Business", "Environmental resource management", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Ecology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1892295" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4381057169", "doi": "10.3397/nc_2023_01_1103", "title": "Noise footprint assessment at a vertiport for different approach and departure procedures of a tilt-wing air-taxi", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Bauer" ], "first_author": "Michael Bauer", "venue": "NOISE-CON proceedings", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Community noise at vertiports is one of the most important questions related to upcoming urban air mobility (UAM) operations. While fixed-wing and/or fixed-rotor aircraft can mainly be treated by their changing operational parameters, such as rotor or propeller rpm, tilt-wing or tilt-engine configurations are more difficult to simulate because of their constantly changing noise emission and spatial radiation characteristics. The work presented in this paper is providing an overview of the noise situation at a virtual vertiport which is being approached and departed by a tilt-wing air-taxi in different ways. Several different departure procedures are simulated with the same generic air-taxi. For the noise emission semi-empiric methods were used. During the air-taxi's descent and climb, different tilt configurations are included, mainly defined by the time dependent engine's tilt-angle, but also related to different approach paths. Each approach or departure procedure is generating individually time dependent changing noise emission characteristics which are used for noise footprint mapping around the touch-down or lift-off point. Different noise metrics are computed, including some which are representative to indicate noise annoyance among the vertiport's neighborhood. It is expected that each procedure will generate its own specific community noise situation in the vicinity of the vertiport, and thus may provide an early recommenddation for later operations. The results are compared towards each other. Additionally, a simulated certification flyover according to ICAO Chapter 13 - which is about the noise certification of tilt-rotor aircraft - is set into relation to the vertiport's community noise.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Tilt (camera)", "Climb", "Cruise", "Rotor (electric)", "Aircraft noise", "Computer science", "Simulation", "Marine engineering", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc_2023_01_1103" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404411885", "doi": "10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749675", "title": "Demand-Capacity Balancing Algorithms for Urban Air Mobility Operations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kushal A. Moolchandani", "Hanbong Lee" ], "first_author": "Kushal A. Moolchandani", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Demand-Capacity Balancing is one of strategic air traffic management methods that can be applied for safe and conflict-free operations. This paper proposes demand-capacity balancing algorithms specifically for application to Urban Air Mobility operations. NASA previously developed and simulated a demand-capacity balancing algorithm for urban air mobility operations that resolved predicted demand-capacity imbalances at vertiports by assigning pre-departure delays to aircraft. In contrast, the algorithms proposed in this paper resolve imbalances at enroute waypoints in addition to vertiports and make use of aircraft speed changes in addition to pre-departure delay as an imbalance resolution mechanism. These new algorithms are implemented in a new fast-time simulation tool that has been developed for NASA's urban air mobility airspace service development research. The implementation of these algorithms along with results of their simulations for a set of traffic scenarios is presented, followed by a discussion of insights derived and proposals for development of future demand-capacity balancing services for urban air mobility.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749675" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3211680845", "doi": "10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594333", "title": "Computation of a Database of Trajectories and Primitives for Decision-Based Contingency Management of UAVs over Congested Areas", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-10-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Markus Ortlieb", "Florian‐Michael Adolf", "Florian Holzapfel" ], "first_author": "Markus Ortlieb", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "We present a novel approach to enable provably safe contingency path planning in complex high-risk environments within a strict regulatory framework. We decompose the flight planning task between a network of vertiports into an offline and an online phase. This work focuses on the offline phase covering the flight planning, which can be validated to fulfill regulatory boundary conditions and target safety levels before flight. In the online phase the planning task is collapsed to a trajectory selection problem, which is low dimensional and provides only solutions with guaranteed feasibility. The proposed method computes a tree of trajectories with constant time separation of branches and leading to both the destination and diversion vertiports from each fork point. We further extend the planning tree with motion primitives to enable transitions between flight levels and local holding patterns for temporal deconfliction without a change of the lateral flight profile. We demonstrate the method in a realistic urban scenario and provide metrics for memory and time complexity of the algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Trajectory", "Task (project management)", "Motion planning", "Tree (set theory)", "Contingency", "Computation", "Path (computing)", "Contingency plan", "Event (particle physics)", "Real-time computing", "Distributed computing" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594333" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163509946", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-4406", "title": "Capacity Estimation for Multi-FATO Vertiports Using a CTMC Queueing Model: Layout Comparison", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Seong-Jin Park", "H Hyounglyul Kim" ], "first_author": "Seong-Jin Park", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Vertiports, the takeoff and landing infrastructure for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), typically consist of a small number of final approach and takeoff areas (FATOs) and gates connected in series, where resource saturation and bottlenecks frequently arise. Because bottlenecks shift dynamically with the operating state of the vertiport, capacity cannot be accurately estimated using only average resource service rates. To capture these interactions, this study develops a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) model that represents the coupled landing–gate–takeoff flow. Capacity is defined as the maximum landing throughput that satisfies a target average waiting-time criterion. The proposed framework is then used to compare and analyze capacity under different layouts and operating policies, thereby quantifying how resource connectivity and operating rules affect vertiport capacity.", "keywords": [ "Queueing theory", "Estimation", "Estimation theory", "Markov process" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-4406" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399443416", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-61963-2_30", "title": "A Conceptual Design for Threat Detection System in UAM Vertiport Using Video Recognition and Flight Data", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Donghyun Yoon", "Juho Lee", "Jinyong Lee", "Youngjae Lee" ], "first_author": "Donghyun Yoon", "venue": "Communications in computer and information science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61963-2_30" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391329698", "doi": "10.1007/s10668-023-04254-1", "title": "Sustainable green circular economic model with controllable waste and emission in healthcare system", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kaviya Sri Suthagar", "Umakanta Mishra" ], "first_author": "Kaviya Sri Suthagar", "venue": "Environment Development and Sustainability", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Circular economy", "Healthcare system", "Health care", "Business", "Waste management", "Environmental economics", "Engineering", "Economics", "Economic growth", "Ecology" ], "cited_by_count": 29, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04254-1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125680545", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6079811", "title": "Mitigating Spatiotemporal Fragmentation: A Resilient Rolling Horizon Optimization Framework for Ad-hoc Emergency Vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "K. Daisy Li", "Zili Huang", "Chaofeng Li", "Pumin Hou" ], "first_author": "K. Daisy Li", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Software deployment", "Resilience (materials science)", "Heuristic", "Time horizon", "Horizon", "Optimization problem", "Function (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6079811" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160145267", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.104903", "title": "Vertiport siting and UAM network design with eVTOL performance: An MILP for direct-transfer mode choice", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Di Lv", "Wei Zhang", "Yuhao Wang", "Weimin Zhen", "Kai Wang" ], "first_author": "Di Lv", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mode (computer interface)", "Network planning and design", "Flow network", "Mode choice", "Optimal design" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.104903" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402688020", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-4627", "title": "Energy Demand Analysis for eVTOL Charging Stations in Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abenezer G. Taye", "Priyank Pradeep", "Peng Wei", "James C. Jones", "Timothy Bonin", "Derek Eberle" ], "first_author": "Abenezer G. Taye", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Electric-powered aircraft, commonly known as eVTOLs (electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft), are expected to enable urban air mobility (UAM) operations. A critical factor for the successful deployment of UAM with eVTOLs is understanding the electrical energy demand at their charging stations. This paper introduces a methodology based on an energy consumption model for eVTOLs to determine the charging requirements for UAM operations. We apply this method to a case study in a large UAM network within the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area, using a 4-hour operational time horizon. Our approach to forecasting charging demand incorporates key factors that significantly influence energy consumption in UAM, such as aircraft models, wind forecasts, and a detailed list of flight missions over the specified forecast period. Additionally, we have integrated the charging process with the demand forecasting process to ensure an accurate estimation of the aggregated power demand at each vertiport during the forecasting time horizon. The results of our study demonstrate that the charging demand at a vertiport is primarily affected by the number of departing flight missions and their departure schedules. The insights gained from this study are essential for planning and developing efficient charging infrastructure, thereby ensuring the sustainable implementation of eVTOLs in urban environments.", "keywords": [ "Energy analysis", "Environmental science", "Energy (signal processing)", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 8, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-4627" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416039924", "doi": "10.54941/ahfe1006996", "title": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM): Preliminary Task Analysis for a Terminal Corridor Vertiport Concept of Operation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Kim‐Phuong L. Vu", "Thomas Z. Strybel", "Vernol Battiste", "Quang V. Dao" ], "first_author": "Kim‐Phuong L. Vu", "venue": "AHFE international", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) refers to a transportation system of cargo and passenger in urban areas. UAM concepts include a mix of onboard, remotely operated, and increasingly autonomous operations (NASA, 2017). Although mature concepts will likely employ remotely piloted vehicle operations or increasing autonomous systems to operate a fleet or network of UAM vehicles, early UAM concepts will likely employ onboard human pilots operating the vehicles (Holbrook et al., 2020). In this paper, a task analysis is presented for a potential near-term UAM concept of operation. The use case is that of terminal UAM operations in a designated corridor with the following operators: UAM fleet manager, onboard UAM pilots, Tower Controller, Vertiport Manager and Automation. The results of the task analysis highlight the roles, responsibilities, and tasks performed by different operators that can inform future design of UAM terminal operations.", "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Task (project management)", "Tower", "Air traffic control", "Transit (satellite)", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1006996" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170155027", "doi": "10.21447/jusre.2026.17.2.9", "title": "A Study on Key importance Factors for the Overlapping Designation of UAM Vertiports as Urban Planning Facilities", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Youngil Lee", "Jaehong Park" ], "first_author": "Youngil Lee", "venue": "The Korean Association of Urban Policies", "publisher": null, "abstract": "When installing vertiports during the commercialization phase of UAM, it is necessary to designate them as overlapping urban planning facilities. This study aims to identify the relative importance of key variables that influence the decision to overlap urban planning facilities. To this end, based on the results of prior research, a Focus Group Interview (FGI) was conducted to derive the key variables affecting the decision to overlap when locating vertiports. As a result of the AHP analysis, safety was found to be the most important factor for all six target facilities. Next, considering the form of the public transportation system, accessibility was highly important, followed by the importance of acceptability and economic feasibility factors. In the case of economic factors, the importance of potential usage demand factors was found to be high. Regarding safety factors, the safety of travel routes was the top priority for all facilities, making the securing of travel routes the most important factor when making overlapping decisions. A characteristic of accessibility factors is that connecting transportation methods for plazas/parks and port facilities appear to be highly important.", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Transportation planning", "Urban planning", "Port (circuit theory)", "Public transport", "Analytic hierarchy process" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21447/jusre.2026.17.2.9" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125698660", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6083298", "title": "Density Dependent Wind Aware Vertiport Placement for Optimized Urban Air Mobility Networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Shixiong Zhou", "Tian Luan", "Fan Yang", "Shuai Dong Jia" ], "first_author": "Shixiong Zhou", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Weighting", "Wind speed", "Elevation (ballistics)", "Variance (accounting)", "Inefficiency", "Population", "Kilometer", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6083298" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134892107", "doi": "10.1109/icnc68183.2026.11416848", "title": "DeepSet-Enhanced Edge Reinforcement Learning for UAV Autonomous Landing and Takeoff at Portable Vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Zhirun Li", "Tiying Gao", "Chengyi Qu" ], "first_author": "Zhirun Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution", "Reinforcement learning", "Control system", "Control (management)", "Takeoff and landing", "Quadcopter" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc68183.2026.11416848" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3212940656", "doi": "10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594379", "title": "A Proposed Communication, Navigation & Surveillance System Architecture to Support Urban Air Traffic Management", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-10-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rija Gillani", "Somia Jahan", "Irfan Majid" ], "first_author": "Rija Gillani", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The long outstanding human inspiration to be able to traverse intra-city destinations aerially, avoiding traffic congestions is on the brink of materialization. Flight trials of Air Taxis pave the way for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). However, the greater challenge resides in formulating the Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) structure and procedures to enable multiple aircraft to safely navigate their way in urban skies. The key technologies enabling UATM are Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems. This paper presents a proposed configuration for CNS System to support UATM. Aircraft for UAM are supposed to operate within the aerial bounds of the cities away from conventional air traffic. Thus air traffic would be much denser and the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system required to control air mobility must provide integrity, robustness, security and high geo-spatial accuracy. Additionally, there is also a need for fast and accurate communication between traffic controller and the air vehicle. Communication requirements for UAM include Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vertiport to vertiport and Vertiport to Vehicle communication. Navigation requires Self-positioning and Situational-awareness. Surveillance needs to be able to perform Ground stations detecting and tracking aircraft, position and Identification updates. The paper presents the concept of operation, architecture of CNS systems fulfilling these requirements. The region of flight operations is the capital city of Islamabad and adjoining regions. The viability of the proposed structure is verified through simulations carried out in GNU Octave software.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Situation awareness", "Computer science", "Air traffic management", "Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast", "Robustness (evolution)", "Real-time computing", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594379" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387027024", "doi": "10.17208/jkpa.2023.08.58.4.73", "title": "Establishment of UAM (Urban Air Mobility) Network and Estimation of Vertiport Size in Seoul Metropolitan Area", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gayoung Son", "Kyu Hyuk Kim", "Tai Jin Song", "Sungjo Hong" ], "first_author": "Gayoung Son", "venue": "국토계획", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Estimation", "Environmental science", "Geography", "Small area estimation", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.17208/jkpa.2023.08.58.4.73" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171302762", "doi": "10.3724/sp.j.1249.2026.04451", "title": "Multi-objective location optimization of urban logistics UAV vertiports considering noise and energy constraints", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wang Lili", "Song Peiqiao", "Tan Lin" ], "first_author": "Wang Lili", "venue": "JOURNAL OF SHENZHEN UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING", "publisher": "Science Press", "abstract": "To improve the scientific planning of logistics unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) vertiports for urban last-mile delivery scenarios, a two-stage multi-objective optimization model is proposed. In the first stage, service coverage and construction cost are taken as the optimization objectives, and a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to identify the saturation point of coverage growth, thereby determining a reasonable range for the number of vertiports. In the second stage, a noise and energy consumption evaluation model is established by comprehensively considering service coverage, population density, noise propagation factors, elevation differences, and wind-speed disturbances. Based on this model, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) is adopted to optimize the spatial layout of logistics UAV vertiports under multiple objectives. A case study is conducted using Liushi Town, Wenzhou, China. Three representative solutions are selected from the Pareto-optimal solution set, representing the cost-oriented, environment-oriented scheme, and the coverage-oriented planning strategies, respectively. The results show that the cost-oriented solution achieves the lowest construction cost at the expense of service coverage; the environment-oriented solution reduces noise impacts by avoiding noise-sensitive areas but results in lower delivery efficiency; and the coverage-oriented solution maintains a higher level of service coverage but requires a larger number of vertiports, leading to increased noise exposure. The proposed method provides technical support for logistics UAV vertiport planning in the context of the low-altitude economy.", "keywords": [ "Genetic algorithm", "Sorting", "Noise (video)", "Context (archaeology)", "Energy consumption", "Range (aeronautics)", "Population", "Service (business)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2026.04451" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7126258208", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2601.21316", "title": "Heterogeneous Vertiport Selection Optimization for On-Demand Air Taxi Services: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-29", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Aoyu Pang", "Maonan Wang", "Zifan Sha", "Wenwei Yue", "Li, Changle", "Chung Shue Chen", "Man-On Pun" ], "first_author": "Aoyu Pang", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a transformative solution to alleviate urban congestion by utilizing low-altitude airspace, thereby reducing pressure on ground transportation networks. To enable truly efficient and seamless door-to-door travel experiences, UAM requires close integration with existing ground transportation infrastructure. However, current research on optimal integrated routing strategies for passengers in air-ground mobility systems remains limited, with a lack of systematic exploration.To address this gap, we first propose a unified optimization model that integrates strategy selection for both air and ground transportation. This model captures the dynamic characteristics of multimodal transport networks and incorporates real-time traffic conditions alongside passenger decision-making behavior. Building on this model, we propose a Unified Air-Ground Mobility Coordination (UAGMC) framework, which leverages deep reinforcement learning (RL) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication to optimize vertiport selection and dynamically plan air taxi routes. Experimental results demonstrate that UAGMC achieves a 34\\% reduction in average travel time compared to conventional proportional allocation methods, enhancing overall travel efficiency and providing novel insights into the integration and optimization of multimodal transportation systems. This work lays a solid foundation for advancing intelligent urban mobility solutions through the coordination of air and ground transportation modes. The related code can be found at https://github.com/Traffic-Alpha/UAGMC.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Traffic congestion", "Plan (archaeology)", "Public transport", "Work (physics)", "Intelligent transportation system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21316" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393216328", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2024.104059", "title": "Integrated optimisation of strategic planning and service operations for urban air mobility systems", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhongyi Jin", "Kam K.H. Ng", "Chenliang Zhang", "Lingxiao Wu", "Ang Li" ], "first_author": "Zhongyi Jin", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Strategic planning", "Business", "Service (business)", "Process management", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 31, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104059" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124124014", "doi": null, "title": "Risk Considerations for Vertiport Planning at Airports: An Integrated Approach to Safety, Security, Environment, and Privacy", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Paul David Lieten", "Samiksha R. Nagrare", "Nirupama Vinayakumar Nair" ], "first_author": "Paul David Lieten", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "Die Integration von Vertiports in bestehende Flughäfen stellt eine zentrale Herausforderung für die zukünftige Innovative Air Mobility dar. In einer frühen Planungsphase müssen sicherheitsrelevante, infrastrukturelle und operative Risiken systematisch identifiziert und bewertet werden. Der Beitrag stellt einen qualitativen, integrierten Risikoansatz vor, der die vier Dimensionen Safety, Security, Environment und Privacy berücksichtigt. Mithilfe definierter Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) und der ICAO-Risikomatrix werden potenzielle Gefahren priorisiert und transparente Entscheidungsgrundlagen für geeignete Minderungsmaßnahmen geschaffen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine frühzeitige, ganzheitliche Risikobetrachtung entscheidend für einen sicheren, nachhaltigen und gesellschaftlich akzeptierten Vertiportbetrieb ist.", "keywords": [ "Information privacy", "Key (lock)", "Risk management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/221310/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164159825", "doi": "10.4050/f-0079-2023-1258", "title": "An Airport and Vertiport/Aircraft Compatibility Approach of Electric Vertical Takeoff & Landing Aircraft Design", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Gaël Le Bris", "Loup-Giang Nguyen" ], "first_author": "Gaël Le Bris", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Most ongoing electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft projects focus on the development of products that meet the needs of urban air mobility (UAM). The use cases that eVTOL aircraft could fulfill include intra-urban passenger mobility, cargo delivery, and emergency medical services (EMS). As UAM intends to provide point-to-point mobility service, it will need to leverage heliport facilities and create new vertiports on existing city real estate (e.g., high-rise building and parking garage rooftops). In order to achieve this, eVTOL aircraft design shall be, as far as practicable, compatible with the infrastructure available. The various aspects of eVTOL/vertiport and airport compatibility were investigated, and a list of criteria was established. The paper describes how key eVTOL design features interact with aviation facilities, and how and why careful aircraft design taking the ground infrastructure into consideration is important to maximize compatibility and facilitate UAM implementation by minimizing the need for costly and impactful capital investments. Considerations should be given to several features, including but not limited to the general aircraft configuration, passenger accessibility, electric and hybrid propulsion systems, and the charging and refueling systems. The review of existing heliport/vertiport facilities representing the diversity of the ground infrastructure in selected large metropolitan areas against over 100 eVTOL concepts and original designs provide an insight of the challenges ahead. The assessment of aviation risks expands the aircraft/airport compatibility conversation to fostering operational safety and efficiency 'by design'. Finally, the role of standardization in further reducing compatibility issues through industry standards and best practices in aircraft design, airport/vertiport design, and aircraft/airport operations is also discussed.", "keywords": [ "Compatibility (geochemistry)", "Standardization", "Aviation", "Runway", "Takeoff and landing", "Takeoff", "Aviation engineering", "Airplane" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-1258" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400273744", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3335.c1", "title": "Correction: Efficient noise footprint computation for urban air mobility maneuvers in vertiport environments", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-04", "type": "erratum", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Furkat Yunus", "Carmine Varriale", "Mirjam Snellen" ], "first_author": "Furkat Yunus", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Footprint", "Computer science", "Noise (video)", "Computation", "Artificial intelligence", "Geography", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2024-3335.c1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411452911", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace12060560", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Vertiport’s Capacity Simulation and Analysis", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Antoni Kopyt", "Sebastian Dylicki" ], "first_author": "Antoni Kopyt", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This study shows a comprehensive simulation to assess and enhance the throughput capacity of unmanned air system vertiports, one of the most essential elements of urban air mobility ecosystems. The framework integrates dynamic grid-based spatial management, probabilistic mission duration algorithms, and EASA-compliant operational protocols to address the infrastructural and logistical demands of high-density UAS operations. It was focused on two use cases—high-frequency food delivery utilizing small UASs and extended-range package logistics with larger UASs—and the model incorporates adaptive vertiport zoning strategies, segregating operations into dedicated sectors for battery charging, swapping, and cargo handling to enable parallel processing and mitigate congestion. The simulation evaluates critical variables such as vertiport dimensions, UAS fleet composition, and mission duration ranges while emphasizing scalability, safety, and compliance with evolving regulatory standards. By examining the interplay between infrastructure design, operational workflows, and resource allocation, the research provides a versatile tool for urban planners and policymakers to optimize vertiport layouts and traffic management protocols. Its modular architecture supports future extensions. This work underscores the necessity of adaptive, data-driven planning to harmonize vertiport functionality with the dynamic demands of urban air mobility, ensuring interoperability, safety, and long-term scalability.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Computer science", "Modular design", "Interoperability", "Duration (music)", "Workflow", "Resilience (materials science)", "Probabilistic logic", "Systems engineering", "Distributed computing", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/6/560/pdf?version=1750330358" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113579914", "doi": null, "title": "Design and implementation of a Catalan vertiport network and feasability study as an addition to the TMB public transport network", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-17", "type": "dissertation", "language": "ca", "authors": [ "Monsó Corbella, Genís" ], "first_author": "Monsó Corbella, Genís", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": "En aquest document es mostra tot el procés de disseny i desenvolupament d’una xarxa de vertiports metropolitana, adaptada al territori català. El procés es comença partint d’una possible necessitat futura, i el primer pas és el disseny de la xarxa de vertiports amb previsions de trànsit i d’operacions. Es dimensionen els diversos ports, amb diversos tipus, diferenciant entre grans terminals i hubs de pas, sempre tenint en compte la ubicació i el volum d’usuaris i operacions a gestionar. Tot aquest procés es fa seguint les indicacions de la IATA i l’OACI, i tot basat en el document creat per la EASA, consultable a la bibliografia. Finalment, es fa un estudi econòmic, generant un balanç estimat d’ingressos i despeses. D’altra banda, estimant una inversió inicial, es determina la viabilitat econòmica de la incorporació d’aquesta xarxa a la xarxa de transports metropolitans de l’àrea de Barcelona.", "keywords": [ "Catalan", "Postal service", "Russian federation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2117/411521" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167041832", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21131698", "title": "Topological Game Self-Play Scheduling Framework for eVTOL Vertiport Low-Altitude Landing and Takeoff", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-02", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lanhaijian" ], "first_author": "Lanhaijian", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This preprint proposes an AlphaZero-inspired topological game self-play scheduling framework to resolve core scheduling bottlenecks of high-density eVTOL vertiport urban air mobility (UAM). A modular 2.5D low-altitude airspace topological primitive system is defined to construct generable vertiport simulation environments, transforming multi-eVTOL takeoff/landing slot competition into a temporal occupancy combinatorial multi-agent cooperative-competitive game. The framework integrates Topology-aware Mixture-of-Experts (TopoMoE) graph neural networks for multi-scale airspace feature encoding and temporal discount improved MCTS-UCT for long-horizon sequential slot reasoning. A hierarchical multi-objective reward function balances flight safety, pad throughput, delay and power consumption, and teacher-student policy distillation generates lightweight airborne decision modules supporting distributed independent vehicle scheduling without central UTM solvers. Different from separated arrival/departure scheduling models, this work realizes unified modeling of landing and takeoff tasks under one graph topology and MCTS pipeline. It eliminates reliance on manual scheduling rules and global centralized optimization, featuring interpretable multi-step temporal planning, modular airspace extension, communication-fault-tolerant distributed coordination, self-emergent cooperative flight yielding behaviors and integrated arrival-departure decision-making. Staged simulation verification schemes, four core scientific assumptions and five-phase experimental roadmaps are provided for quantitative benchmarking against FCFS heuristics and MILP solvers. The research provides a novel distributed self-play scheduling technical path for dense urban vertiport operation and a general topological game paradigm for low-altitude time-resource scheduling problems.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Modular design", "Heuristics", "Dynamic priority scheduling", "Takeoff", "Two-level scheduling", "Network topology", "Fair-share scheduling" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21131698" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409947911", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace12050382", "title": "Variable Aircraft Spacing Quadratic Bézier Curve Trajectory Planning for Cascading Delay Mitigation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael R. Variny", "Travis W. Moleski", "Jay Paul Wilhelm" ], "first_author": "Michael R. Variny", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Congested airspace conflict resolution during terminal operations is a common air traffic management issue that may produce cascading delays. Vehicles needing emergency clearance to land, at either traditional airports or vertiports, would require others on approach to move out of the way and, in some instances, cause a wave of delay to propagate through all vehicles on approach. Specifically, uncrewed aerial systems utilizing near-maximum arrival rates would be greatly impacted when requested to move off their approach path and may interfere with others. Vertiports further complicate crowded approaches because vehicles can arrive from many different angles at the same time to maximize landing area usage. Traditional air traffic management techniques were studied for vertiport applications specific to high-capacity operations. This work investigated methods of uniformly re-directing vehicles on approach to a vertiport that would be impacted by an emergency vehicle to minimize or avoid cascading delays. A route of time-optimal Bézier curves as well as Dubins paths optimized for interception heading was generated and flown on as an alternate maneuver when an unaccounted-for emergency vehicle initiated a bypass of an air traffic fleet. A comparison to flight on a holding pattern showed that the Bézier and Dubins route improved delay times and mitigated a cascading delay effect.", "keywords": [ "Quadratic equation", "Trajectory", "Variable (mathematics)", "Bézier curve", "Quadratic model", "Computer science", "Control theory (sociology)", "Mathematics", "Physics", "Geometry", "Mathematical analysis", "Control (management)" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/5/382/pdf?version=1745913646" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3190212027", "doi": "10.1002/jwmg.22108", "title": "Brown Treesnake Mortality After Aerial Application of Toxic Baits", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Scott M. Goetz", "Eric T. Hileman", "Melia G. Nafus", "Amy A. Yackel Adams", "Amanda R. Bryant", "Robert N. Reed", "Shane R. Siers" ], "first_author": "Scott M. Goetz", "venue": "Journal of Wildlife Management", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Quantitative evaluation of control tools for managing invasive species is necessary to assess overall effectiveness and individual variation in treatment susceptibility. Invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam have caused severe ecological and economic effects, pose a risk of accidental introduction to other islands, and are the greatest impediment to the reestablishment of extirpated native fauna. An aerial delivery system for rodent‐based toxic baits can reduce brown treesnake abundance and heterogeneity among individuals may influence bait attraction or toxicant susceptibility. Previous baiting trials have either been simulated aerial treatments or relied on slightly different bait capsule compositions and the results of aerial delivery of toxic baits under operational conditions may not be directly comparable. We monitored 30 radio‐tagged adult snakes (990–1,265 mm snout‐vent length) during an aerial baiting operation in a 55‐ha area using transmitters equipped with accelerometers and receivers programed to display a status code indicating mortality if a snake failed to move for >24 hours. We used known‐fate models to estimate mortality and evaluate a priori hypotheses explaining differences in mortality based on size, sex, and treatment effects. Eleven radio‐tagged snakes died in the aerial baiting treatment period (0.37, 95% CI = 0.21–0.55) and no individuals (0.00, 95% CI = 0.00–0.04) died during the non‐treatment period. Our data provide strong evidence for an additive size‐based treatment effect on mortality, with smaller adults (0.59, 95% CI = 0.35–0.80) exhibiting higher mortality than larger snakes (0.14, 95% CI = 0.02–0.37) but did not support a sex effect on mortality. The high mortality of snakes during the treatment period indicates that aerial baiting can reduce brown treesnake abundance, but further refinement or use in combination with other removal tools may be necessary to overcome size‐based differences in susceptibility and achieve eradication. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.", "keywords": [ "Toxicant", "Biology", "Invasive species", "Abundance (ecology)", "Toxicology", "Wildlife", "Ecology", "Medicine", "Toxicity" ], "cited_by_count": 16, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jwmg.22108" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154624098", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2026.3680351", "title": "Heterogeneous Vertiport Selection Optimization for On-Demand Air Taxi Services: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-16", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Aoyu Pang", "Maonan Wang", "Zifan Sha", "Wenwei Yue", "Changle Li", "Chung Shue Chen", "Man-On Pun" ], "first_author": "Aoyu Pang", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a transformative solution to alleviate urban congestion by utilizing low-altitude airspace, thereby reducing pressure on ground transportation networks. To enable truly efficient and seamless door-to-door travel experiences, UAM requires close integration with existing ground transportation infrastructure. However, current research on optimal integrated routing strategies for passengers in air-ground mobility systems remains limited, with a lack of systematic exploration. To address this gap, we first propose a unified optimization model that integrates strategy selection for both air and ground transportation. This model captures the dynamic characteristics of multimodal transport networks and incorporates real-time traffic conditions alongside passenger decision-making behavior. Building on this model, we propose a Unified Air-Ground Mobility Coordination (UAGMC) framework, which leverages deep reinforcement learning (RL) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication to optimize vertiport selection and dynamically plan air taxi routes. Experimental results demonstrate that UAGMC achieves a 34% reduction in average travel time compared to conventional proportional allocation methods, enhancing overall travel efficiency and providing novel insights into the integration and optimization of multimodal transportation systems. This work lays a solid foundation for advancing intelligent urban mobility solutions through the coordination of air and ground transportation modes. The related code can be found athttps://github.com/Traffic-Alpha/UAGMC", "keywords": [ "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Reinforcement learning", "Deep learning", "Optimization problem", "Intelligent transportation system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2026.3680351" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3200531056", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202109.0232.v1", "title": "Air Corridors: Concept, Design, Simulation, and Rules of Engagement", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-09-14", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sabrina Islam Muna", "Srijita Mukherjee", "Kamesh R. Namuduri", "Marc D. Compere", "Mustafa İlhan Akbaş", "Péter Molnár", "Ravi Subramanian" ], "first_author": "Sabrina Islam Muna", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Air corridors are an integral part of the advanced air mobility infrastructure. They are the virtual highways in the sky for transportation of people and cargo in the controlled airspace at an altitude of around 1000 ft. to 2000 ft. above the ground level. This paper presents fundamental insights into the design of air corridors with high operational efficiency as well as zero collisions. It begins with the definitions of air cube, skylane or track, intersection, vertiport, gate, and air corridor. Then, a multi-layered air corridor model is proposed. Traffic at intersections is analyzed in detail with examples of vehicles turning in different directions. The concept of capacity of an air corridor is introduced along with the nature of distribution of locations of vehicles in the air corridor and collision probability inside the corridor are discussed. Finally, the results of simulations of traffic flows are presented.", "keywords": [ "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Transport engineering", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Track (disk drive)", "Environmental science", "Meteorology", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202109.0232/v1/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3169530753", "doi": "10.11440/rssj.40.281", "title": "完全自動運用型ドローンシステム「SENSYN DRONE HUB」による植物季節観測", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-11-20", "type": "article", "language": "ja", "authors": [ "永井 信", "拓真 宮川", "内田 徹夫", "吉井 太郎", "福住 直樹", "松隈 裕輔" ], "first_author": "永井 信", "venue": "日本リモートセンシング学会誌", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/rssj/40/5/40_281/_article/-char/ja/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154682855", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2026.112027", "title": "Sustainable and smart urban air mobility: A semi-desirable hub location and sizing approach for vertiport planning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zahra Zare", "Levent Erişkin", "Mümtaz Karataş" ], "first_author": "Zahra Zare", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The growing demand for sustainable and smart transportation has increased interest in Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Conversely, the effectiveness and public acceptance of UAM largely depends on strategically positioning vertiports where Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) aircraft will operate. To that end, vertiports must balance accessibility to demand nodes with the obnoxiousness they generate, such as noise, visual pollution, and safety risks. This study considers a transportation framework where vertiports serve as hubs within UAM. In this framework, travelers first commute to the vertiport, move between vertiports via VTOLs, and complete their final leg of journey with ground transportation. We model the vertiports as semi-desirable facilities by capturing their pull (public benefit) effects and push (obnoxious) effects. Despite the growing literature on vertiport planning, existing hub-based formulations rarely integrate this dual nature with budget-limited, size-differentiated network design. To address this gap, we develop a weighted goal programming formulation based on the hub location problem to jointly determine optimal vertiport locations and sizes under budget considerations. The vertiport size accounts for both how much inflow-outflow each vertiport can handle and the degree of obnoxiousness it generates to its surrounding society. To illustrate the applicability of the model, we perform a case study that considers 50 cities located in southwest part of Ohio, USA. We then generate a representative set of solutions for the problem to provide decision support to planners. Results reveal that explicitly incorporating the dual nature of vertiports yields more balanced and socially acceptable network designs and provides a decision-support framework for integrating UAM into future smart mobility systems. • A semi-desirable hub location and sizing model for vertiport location planning is proposed. • The model balances accessibility benefits and community disutility impacts. • To solve the bi-objective problem, we formulate a weighted goal program. • To demonstrate the applicability of the model, we conduct a case study. • The proposed framework supports sustainable and smart urban air mobility system.", "keywords": [ "Sizing", "Smart city", "Key (lock)", "Sustainable development", "Sustainable city" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2026.112027" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406936716", "doi": "10.31673/2786-8362.2024.026490", "title": "FEATURES OF DEVELOPING A MOBILE APPLICATION FOR SERVICE DELIVERY USING UNMANNED AERIAL DELIVERY VEHICLE AND PERSONAL DELIVERY DEVICES", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ю. І. Катков", "С. О. Сєрих", "Д. М. Сарбаш", "В. В. Антонов" ], "first_author": "Ю. І. Катков", "venue": "Scientific Notes of the State University of Telecommunications", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Features of developing a mobile application for service delivery using unmanned aerial delivery vehicle and personal delivery devices.The food delivery app market is not only extremely dynamic and rapidly growing but also very diverse.Logistics forms the basis of on-demand service apps, and therefore, the delivery process is key to its realization.The logistics and supply chain industry is rapidly evolving, and one of the most interesting innovations is the delivery of ordered goods by drones for airborne delivery (unmanned aerial delivery vehicle -UADV) and ground delivery robots (personal delivery devices -PDD) on demand to enhance the efficiency and speed of last-mile delivery.Companies are transitioning to the use of UADV/PDD on demand by automating and scaling current service operations.Therefore, the concept of using UADV/PDD on demand for quick and efficient transportation of goods has attracted significant attention in recent years.The technology of delivering ordered goods by UADV/PDD on demand is revolutionary.With their ability to maneuver quickly and access hard-to-reach places, this technology offers numerous advantages that can streamline the delivery process.However, their implementation presents both specific challenges and unique opportunities, requiring careful consideration during the development of mobile apps for delivery services.The article demonstrates that during the development of mobile apps for delivery services, it is necessary to consider the technical features of using UADV/PDD, provides a classification of UADV/PDD that can be used in on-demand delivery logistics to users.The advantages and disadvantages of each group of UADV/PDD regarding their application in the delivery logistics of various cargoes under different conditions are considered.Based on this, conclusions are drawn regarding the rationality of using certain types of UADV/PDD on demand for food delivery, as well as the tasks of developing mobile apps for delivery services.Keywords: logistics,", "keywords": [ "Service delivery framework", "Computer science", "Food delivery", "Service (business)", "Delivery system", "Engineering", "Business", "Biomedical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.dut.edu.ua/index.php/sciencenotes/article/download/3107/2998" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3202523659", "doi": "10.1080/03014223.2021.1977345", "title": "Alternatives for mammal pest control in New Zealand in the context of concerns about 1080 toxicant (sodium fluoroacetate)", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-10-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bruce Warburton", "Charles Eason", "Penny Fisher", "N.G. Hancox", "Brian J Hopkins", "Graham Nugent", "Shaun Ogilvie", "Thomas A. A. Prowse", "James G. Ross", "Phil E. Cowan" ], "first_author": "Bruce Warburton", "venue": "New Zealand Journal of Zoology", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "ABSTRACT The ongoing use of 1080 toxin for the control of mammal pests in New Zealand remains highly contentious. Several reviews over the last 25 years identified information gaps and areas of concern, both social and scientific. In this paper these areas of concern are discussed and the extensive scientific and social research that has been undertaken to clarify and address them is reviewed. Although there has been a major national investment in research aimed at finding an alternative to 1080, that has not yet been fully achieved because of low or inconsistent efficacy and/or low cost‐effectiveness of alternatives, regulatory difficulties in obtaining approval for aerial delivery of any alternative, and toxic residue concerns. Finding an alternative that has similar efficacy while satisfying the demands for species‐selectivity, no residues, and humaneness is a continuing challenge. The most promising prospect appears to be through understanding the genome of the target animals and opportunities for genetic manipulation, either by developing species‐specific designer lethal toxicants based on genome mining, or by gene editing to develop non‐lethal technologies. Both will require considerable time and funding for research, and considerable effort and engagement to address social and regulatory hurdles.", "keywords": [ "Gene drive", "Biology", "Toxicant", "Context (archaeology)", "Pest control", "Environmental planning", "Biotechnology", "Ecology", "Gene", "Genetics" ], "cited_by_count": 21, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.1977345" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213347323", "doi": "10.1145/3829641.3829793", "title": "Optimization of Landing Pad Size for Small and Medium-Sized UAV Vertiports Based on Monte Carlo Simulation", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Haoran Jiang", "Weixiang Cai", "Kuihu Huang", "Shiyu Zong" ], "first_author": "Haoran Jiang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "To address the trade-off between landing pad size and construction cost in the design of vertiports for small and medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a multi-factor coupled optimization method based on Monte Carlo simulation is proposed. The method integrates the error characteristics of four positioning technologies (ordinary GNSS, RTK, PPK, and visual guidance), a Gaussian Copula-based wind-turbulence correlation meteorological model, and differentiated wind field parameters and safety thresholds corresponding to three operational scenarios (low-density suburban, medium-density urban fringe, and high-density urban core). By conducting simulations of UAV landing accuracy under various weather conditions, the quantitative relationships among the landing pad size, success rate, and relative cost are established. Simulation results indicate that the three high-precision positioning technologies, i.e., RTK, PPK, and visual guidance, exhibit highly consistent performance across all scenarios, each meeting the safety requirements with relatively small landing pad dimensions, with RTK requiring the smallest size in the urban core scenario. In contrast, ordinary GNSS, although capable of meeting the thresholds, requires an impractically large landing area and is therefore economically inefficient. Sensitivity analysis reveals a significant influence of the wind sensitivity coefficient on the minimum landing pad size, while the wind-turbulence correlation coefficient shows no significant effect under the default turbulence variability level. A refined cost model incorporating a net present value approach is also presented to support economic trade-off analysis. The study provides quantitative parameter recommendations and decision-making support for the differentiated design of vertiports for small and medium-sized UAVs.", "keywords": [ "Monte Carlo method", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Correlation coefficient", "Gaussian", "Computer simulation", "Wind speed" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3829641.3829793" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133530192", "doi": "10.7781/kjoss.2026.38.1.029", "title": "Web Crippling Performance of Steel Modular Deck Systems for UAM Vertiports Subjected to Concentrated Loads", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Seung Yup Lee", "Dae Kyung Kim", "Jiwoon Yi" ], "first_author": "Seung Yup Lee", "venue": "Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction", "publisher": "Korean Society of Steel Construction", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Deck", "Modular design", "Modular construction" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.7781/kjoss.2026.38.1.029" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4398770422", "doi": "10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124172", "title": "Aerial drone fleet deployment optimization with endogenous battery replacements for direct delivery of time-sensitive products", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tanveer Hossain Bhuiyan", "Victor Walker", "Mohammad Roni", "Imtiaz Ahmed" ], "first_author": "Tanveer Hossain Bhuiyan", "venue": "Expert Systems with Applications", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Drone", "Computer science", "Battery (electricity)", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 16, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124172" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4284706647", "doi": "10.23919/at-ap-rasc54737.2022.9814169", "title": "Concept for a Short-Range Fallback Communication System for Drones in Medical Applications", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rainer Poeschl", "Stefan Kunze" ], "first_author": "Rainer Poeschl", "venue": "2022 3rd URSI Atlantic and Asia Pacific Radio Science Meeting (AT-AP-RASC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Goal of the research project KIMoNo is the implementation of a drone based delivery system for medical products and samples. To ensure the communication between drone and a ground team even in remote areas, a fallback communication system is required. In this paper a brief overview of communication systems for drones is presented and a concept for the fallback communication system is proposed.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Communications system", "Computer science", "Range (aeronautics)", "Telecommunications", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.23919/at-ap-rasc54737.2022.9814169" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4205623161", "doi": "10.3390/app12020848", "title": "Design and Simulation of a Digital Twin Mobility Concept: An Electric Aviation System Dynamics Case Study with Capacity Constraints", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Philipp Winkler", "Sergio Gallego-García", "Marcel Groten" ], "first_author": "Philipp Winkler", "venue": "Applied Sciences", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Vertical mobility, as a commercial service, has been considered for scheduled volume and long-distance mobility services. To overcome its limits and increase its potential coverage, flexibility, and adaptability, centralized mobility hubs, similar to airports, will need to be constructed. Within this context, a customized and on-demand air mobility concept providing high flexibility in location combinations and time schedules could provide a solution for regional mobility needs. The aim of this research was to provide a generic framework for various mobility schemes as well as to design a holistic air mobility management concept for electric vertical mobility. A system dynamics simulation case study applied the conceptual model for an on-demand air mobility network of electric aircraft in a regional area with capacity constraints including vertiports, aircraft, charging, and parking stations. Therefore, bottlenecks and delays were quantified using a digital twin tool for customized scenarios. Simulation results showed that optimized maintenance management and the redistribution of aircraft units improved service indicators such as the number of customers served, and customer wait times as well as a reduction in the amount of time an aircraft spent on the ground. As a result, a digital twin air mobility network model with simulation capabilities may be a key factor for future implementation.", "keywords": [ "Mobility model", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Aviation", "Computer science", "Adaptability", "Transport engineering", "Context (archaeology)", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/2/848/pdf?version=1642679227" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161802097", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-3369", "title": "Acoustics Analysis for Evaluation for Vertiport Locations: Joby Aviation's Above and Beyond Compliance Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jeremy J. Bain", "Austin Thai", "Greg Goetchius", "Sergei Nikolaev", "David Josephson", "Ryan Naru" ], "first_author": "Jeremy J. Bain", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Joby Aviation has been developing an electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft to operate as an air taxi in urban environments, including airports, existing heliports, and newly developed vertiports. One of the most critical challenges is acoustics, where the regulatory environment and community concerns are unique to each location around the world. In the U.S., federal noise requirements for aircraft and helicopters assume the presence of an existing airport and do not account for the introduction of new vertiports into existing cities. Joby has created a methodology for evaluating community noise within the current NEPA and CEQA processes while going beyond legal compliance to more accurately represent the lived experience of communities by incorporating the existing ambient soundscape into the analysis. Once a location has been selected for study, viable flight paths are first filtered to account for local wind, buildings, and other flight traffic. Then, the local ambient soundscape is assessed, which may include measurements at representative locations around the vertiport. The next step involves simulating flight operations to compute noise levels relative to the existing ambient. This can involve tools of various modeling capabilities, such as the FAA's Aviation Environmental Design Tool, Advanced Acoustic Model, and SoundPLAN. Joby's approach, using the local ambient values anchored to measurements, allows assessment of the change in noise caused by introducing new aviation sources. Sample results from this process are shown. The results show that Joby's aircraft is much quieter than traditional helicopters and can operate near communities, near or below the current urban ambient soundscape.", "keywords": [ "Compliance (psychology)", "Noise (video)", "Line (geometry)", "Measure (data warehouse)", "Field (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-3369" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172445718", "doi": "10.17615/q75e-4x66", "title": "Healthcare Launchpad: A Strategic Framework for Shared-Use Vertiport Siting in North Carolina’s Research Triangle", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maxwell Neuwirth" ], "first_author": "Maxwell Neuwirth", "venue": "UNC Libraries", "publisher": null, "abstract": "As electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft approach certification, their integration offers a transformative alternative to traditional helicopters. Existing research overlooks healthcare-specific operational requirements, instead prioritizing urban passenger transit. This study evaluates vertiport siting for healthcare-specific uses in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina through industry professional interviews and a two-scenario geographic information system (GIS) suitability analysis. Qualitative findings reveal a consensus that initial deployment should focus on medical cargo and non-emergent personnel transport, utilizing a vertiport shared between hospital systems. The suitability analysis identified high potential parcel clusters for vertiport development, notably in North Research Triangle Park (RTP), Genlee, Mills Park, and Sandy Plains. Locations like Genlee and North RTP offer closer proximity to area hospitals, while Sandy Plains presents a unique opportunity for co-location with a new public safety complex. The study concludes that a vertiport functioning as a depot offers superior siting flexibility compared to as a ground network link, as it decouples infrastructure requirements from the geographic constraints of immediate hospital proximity. The viability of eVTOLs in healthcare depends on resolving sociotechnical barriers, including hardware standardization and financial and legal uncertainty. Strategic recommendations include an owner-operator management framework and a public-private partnership with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to mitigate initial financial and regulatory risks.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "General partnership", "Sociotechnical system", "Standardization", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Transformative learning", "Focus group" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.17615/q75e-4x66" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7206509763", "doi": null, "title": "Disseny de vertiport en entorn U-Space per a UAS de fins a 600 kg", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-28", "type": "dissertation", "language": "es", "authors": [ "Ismael Ríos Tolbaños" ], "first_author": "Ismael Ríos Tolbaños", "venue": "Hispana", "publisher": null, "abstract": "[ES] El Trabajo Fin de Máster consistirá en el diseño conceptual y estructural de un vertipuerto destinado a permitir operaciones de Sistemas Aéreos no Tripulados (UAS) de hasta 600 kg, incluyendo su aplicación práctica mediante la implantación en un entorno urbano real bajo criterios U-Space. En una primera fase, se realizará un análisis de necesidades operativas, normativas y funcionales, identificando los requisitos específicos que deberá cumplir el vertipuerto para operaciones con UAS de 25 kg ampliable hasta 600 kg. A continuación, se llevará a cabo un estudio de alternativas de diseño y fabricación, así como de emplazamientos potenciales en el entorno urbano seleccionado, evaluando la viabilidad técnica, operativa y normativa de cada opción. Tras seleccionar la opción óptima, se desarrollará el diseño del vertipuerto, considerando su integración en el entorno urbano y la operatividad segura dentro del espacio aéreo U-Space. Finalmente, se elaborará un análisis económico, contemplando los costes asociados al diseño, implantación y operación del vertipuerto.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "High rise", "Field (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hispana.mcu.es/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=62390502" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162450599", "doi": "10.7717/peerj-cs.3828", "title": "International standard-compliant vertiport marker detector for instrument landing systems of urban air mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyeonjeong Heo", "JeongHoon Song", "K LEE" ], "first_author": "Hyeonjeong Heo", "venue": "PeerJ Computer Science", "publisher": "PeerJ, Inc.", "abstract": "Vertiports, dedicated takeoff and landing sites for urban air mobility (UAM), require precision landing technologies for safe operations. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) have recently introduced new symbols for vertiport identification, yet existing vertiport detectors still predominantly depend on fiducial markers such as ArUco or AprilTag. To address this, this study proposes a vision-based detector for FAA- and EASA-compliant vertiport markers to support precision landing in UAM operations, assuming a nadir-oriented camera viewpoint consistent with regulatory concepts that foresee vertical takeoff and landing segments where standardized vertiport markings provide visual cues. The proposed approach identifies international standard-compliant vertiport identification symbols, estimates relative position and attitude via geometric transformation, and displays pose estimation results on instruments similar to an instrument landing system. The proposed method is validated by analyzing relative position and angle errors in indoor camera and drone flight experiments, where multiple images under diverse relative poses are statistically analyzed and officially defined test criteria are adopted to obtain ground-truth data. The results show high accuracy and robustness under both controlled indoor and real flight conditions, and the instrument visualization demonstrates the practical applicability of the proposed approach to typical UAM landing operations.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Takeoff", "Takeoff and landing", "Robustness (evolution)", "Drone", "Detector", "Visualization", "Position (finance)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3828" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167033783", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21131697", "title": "Topological Game Self-Play Scheduling Framework for eVTOL Vertiport Low-Altitude Landing and Takeoff", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-02", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lanhaijian" ], "first_author": "Lanhaijian", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This preprint proposes an AlphaZero-inspired topological game self-play scheduling framework to resolve core scheduling bottlenecks of high-density eVTOL vertiport urban air mobility (UAM). A modular 2.5D low-altitude airspace topological primitive system is defined to construct generable vertiport simulation environments, transforming multi-eVTOL takeoff/landing slot competition into a temporal occupancy combinatorial multi-agent cooperative-competitive game. The framework integrates Topology-aware Mixture-of-Experts (TopoMoE) graph neural networks for multi-scale airspace feature encoding and temporal discount improved MCTS-UCT for long-horizon sequential slot reasoning. A hierarchical multi-objective reward function balances flight safety, pad throughput, delay and power consumption, and teacher-student policy distillation generates lightweight airborne decision modules supporting distributed independent vehicle scheduling without central UTM solvers. Different from separated arrival/departure scheduling models, this work realizes unified modeling of landing and takeoff tasks under one graph topology and MCTS pipeline. It eliminates reliance on manual scheduling rules and global centralized optimization, featuring interpretable multi-step temporal planning, modular airspace extension, communication-fault-tolerant distributed coordination, self-emergent cooperative flight yielding behaviors and integrated arrival-departure decision-making. Staged simulation verification schemes, four core scientific assumptions and five-phase experimental roadmaps are provided for quantitative benchmarking against FCFS heuristics and MILP solvers. The research provides a novel distributed self-play scheduling technical path for dense urban vertiport operation and a general topological game paradigm for low-altitude time-resource scheduling problems.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Modular design", "Heuristics", "Dynamic priority scheduling", "Takeoff", "Two-level scheduling", "Network topology", "Fair-share scheduling" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.hongqiao.tech/Topological_Game_Self_Play_Scheduling_Framework_EN.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7214450219", "doi": "10.1111/exsy.70423", "title": "Data‐Driven Vertiport Site Selection: A Two‐Stage Framework With Multi‐Source Urban Data and Scalable Optimization", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhirong Zhang", "Yucheng Wang", "Yuan Liang", "Qixiu Cheng", "Yong Fang" ], "first_author": "Zhirong Zhang", "venue": "Expert Systems", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is increasingly recognized as a promising solution to alleviate urban congestion and improve transportation efficiency, playing a key role in developing sustainable urban infrastructure. A central challenge for UAM deployment is the siting of vertiports, requiring the balancing of various urban factors such as demand, traffic, housing prices, and noise. Existing methods rely on heuristic or simplified optimization and are tailored to individual cities, resulting in poor transferability and limited scalability. This paper introduces a novel two‐stage framework for UAM vertiport location selection. In the first stage, we develop DRAG‐Net, a Dual‐stream Recency‐biased Attention Graph Network, to learn transferable candidate‐site representations from multi‐source urban data and identify potential vertiport locations. In the second stage, we apply the non‐dominated sorting genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II) to generate Pareto‐optimal layouts from these candidate sites, maximizing demand coverage while minimizing noise. To evaluate effectiveness and generalization, we construct comprehensive datasets for Beijing and Shanghai that integrate geographical, socio‐economic, and temporal features. The results show that the model trained in Beijing and effectively transferred to Shanghai preserves the learned spatial structure and achieves an effective multi‐objective trade‐off between demand and noise, thus supporting its cross‐city generalizability. Furthermore, we enhance interpretability by employing SHAP analysis, which provides model‐agnostic explanations and transparent insights into the decision process. Overall, this study establishes a scalable and generalizable framework for UAM infrastructure planning by combining predictive modelling with multi‐objective optimization and interpretable analysis.", "keywords": [ "Interpretability", "Beijing", "Scalability", "Transferability", "Sorting", "Heuristic", "Software deployment", "Key (lock)", "Particle swarm optimization" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70423" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400289513", "doi": "10.1121/10.0026988", "title": "Use-case study for a smaller German community and beyond, with realistic traffic scenario and three alternative vertiport locations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-01", "type": "conference-abstract", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael W. Bauer" ], "first_author": "Michael W. Bauer", "venue": "The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America", "publisher": "Acoustical Society of America", "abstract": "Future individual air traffic will be based on air vehicles, such as drones and air-taxis. While drones, e.g., for delivery of goods may be processed decentralized, passenger air-taxis will be operated at vertiports in city centers, e.g., connected to big rail hubs, close to civil airports, but also in smaller communities in the vicinity of larger cities. Here, air-taxi noise—mainly take-off and approach—can impact residential areas inside the community but also in its neighborhood. In cooperation with a midsized community near to Munich/Germany, three potential vertiport locations in the community’s area are investigated under the aspect of noise and potentially related noise annoyance. To create a use-case with results, transferable to similar situations, realistic numbers for daily air-taxi movements between the use-case vertiport and five neighbor cities are included. These connections imply two different types of air-taxis: one tilt-wing eVTOL for the ranges up to 75 miles, and one multicopter aircraft serving on distances up to 30 miles. The UAM noise use-case study is performed for all three vertiport positions, optimized flight paths, and different flight profiles. The results regarding community noise, but also for en-route noise between the neighboring vertiports, are discussed in this paper.", "keywords": [ "German", "Computer science", "Econometrics", "Environmental science", "Geography", "Mathematics", "Archaeology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0026988" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2950042073", "doi": null, "title": "Drone deliveries of medical goods in urban healthcare", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sofia E. Magnusson", "Pauline Pettersson Hagerfors" ], "first_author": "Sofia E. Magnusson", "venue": "Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)", "publisher": "Chalmers University of Technology", "abstract": "There is an ongoing trend of centralization and specialization in the healthcare sector that entails requirements for fast, flexible and reliable deliveries of medical goods between healthcare facilities.Logistics systems in healthcare are additionally highly impacted by the importance of high patient safety.Due to the potential time savings compared to road-based transports in urban areas, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), more commonly known as drones, are emerging as a mode of transport.This qualitative single case study intends to combine findings in healthcare and logistics, and from a patient safety perspective assess the potential benefits of a drone-based delivery system of medical goods.The study combines literature on patient safety, centralization and the state of the art of drones, together with a comprehensive current state analysis of the urban delivery system of medical goods in Gothenburg, Sweden.The analysis is based on a total of 17 interviews, six observations and historical data on delivery statistics.The study shows that the delivery system of medical goods in Gothenburg is extensive and complex, partly due to centralization and scattered facilities, and includes both regular and on-demand deliveries chosen based on required delivery lead time.It is also shown that transports are impacted by an unpredictable traffic environment today, resulting in long and unreliable delivery lead times.Thus, there are benefits, primarily related to the possibility to reduce delivery lead time, which can be enabled by a drone-based delivery system.Additional benefits are increased flexibility and reliability of deliveries, reduced risk of errors and potential for security improvements.Through the translation of patient safety aims into logistics performance indicators, we further show that these benefits could improve patient safety in a healthcare organization.Furthermore, characteristics of medical goods are mapped in order to investigate the compatibility and suitability with drone deliveries.We conclude that urgently needed replaceable medical goods with low economic value and low risk of theft, which are lightweight and frequently delivered on-demand in low volumes between facilities, are suitable for drone deliveries.This study mainly focuses on urban drone deliveries of medical goods from a strategic point of view, hence, it is of great importance to explore operational and design aspects of drone delivery systems in future research.The findings from this study can be used as guidance for healthcare organizations' strategic decisions upon the use of drones as a mode of transport for medical goods.", "keywords": [ "Health care", "Drone", "Business", "Data science", "Medical emergency", "Medicine", "Computer science", "Economics", "Economic growth" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://studentarbeten.chalmers.se/publication/256792-drone-deliveries-of-medical-goods-in-urban-healthcare" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399176381", "doi": "10.31462/icearc.2023.tra299", "title": "Determination of vertiport locations using k-means algorithm for urban air mobility (UAM) in İzmir province", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oğuz Köse", "Mustafa Özuysal" ], "first_author": "Oğuz Köse", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Remote sensing", "Meteorology", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.31462/icearc.2023.tra299" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411729243", "doi": "10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100544", "title": "Fire prevention and suppression strategies for lithium-ion battery fires at vertiports: An e-Delphi panel consensus study", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Carl Ison" ], "first_author": "David Carl Ison", "venue": "Next research.", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Lithium (medication)", "Delphi method", "Lithium-ion battery", "Battery (electricity)", "Delphi", "Environmental science", "Fire protection", "Panel discussion", "Computer science", "Medicine", "Business", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100544" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3029404329", "doi": "10.2298/tsci2004331s", "title": "A thermodynamic model for a packing dynamical system", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haiyan Song" ], "first_author": "Haiyan Song", "venue": "Thermal Science", "publisher": "Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences", "abstract": "So far shock and vibration are the inherent properties of all packing systems, and various mitigation measures have been considered using packing materials, which result in a large packing size. Now the thing changes, this paper gives an effective thermodynamic technology that can completely avoid shock and vibration. An aerial delivery system is used as an example to elucidate the novel packing system, which requires zero loading velocity when loaded. A thermodynamic model is established to reveal the main factors affecting the packing system.", "keywords": [ "Shock (circulatory)", "Atomic packing factor", "Vibration", "Mechanics", "Zero (linguistics)", "Materials science", "Thermodynamics", "Physics", "Acoustics" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0354-98362004331S" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171302005", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-92-1319-1_28", "title": "Detection, Surveillance, and Flight Path Monitoring of UAM in Final Approach Paths of Vertiports Using Optical System", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-26", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jongjin Jeon" ], "first_author": "Jongjin Jeon", "venue": "Lecture notes in mechanical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Path (computing)", "Optical path", "Trajectory", "Tracking (education)", "Control system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-92-1319-1_28" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4206525106", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-2167", "title": "Second Generation UAM Community Noise Assessment Using the FAA Aviation Environmental Design Tool", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stephen A. Rizzi", "Menachem Rafaelof" ], "first_author": "Stephen A. Rizzi", "venue": "AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2167.vid Vehicles serving the urban air mobility (UAM) market are anticipated to operate in communities close to the public at large. The approved model for assessing environmental impact of air traffic actions in the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration’s Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), does not support analysis of such operations due to a combined lack of a UAM aircraft performance model and aircraft noise data. This paper discusses second-generation developments to assess the acoustic impact of UAM fleet operations on the community using AEDT and demonstrates its use for representative UAM operations. In particular, methods were developed to add broadband self noise into computed noise-power-distance data, and vertiport-centric operations were evaluated for two concept vehicles.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Noise (video)", "Broadband", "Environmental impact assessment", "Aircraft noise", "Aeronautics", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Environmental science", "Telecommunications", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2167" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416684282", "doi": "10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101673", "title": "Equity analysis of urban transportation network resilience with urban air mobility integration", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhiao Ma", "Zhuowei Wang", "Yiyang Peng", "Yingying Xu", "Anthony Chen", "Xin Yang", "Jianjun Wu" ], "first_author": "Zhiao Ma", "venue": "Case Studies on Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Beijing", "Resilience (materials science)", "Megacity", "Equity (law)", "Urban resilience", "Cluster analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101673" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212182949", "doi": "10.46254/na11.20260315", "title": "Energy-Constrained Vertiport Location Optimization for Advanced Air Mobility Emergency Logistics in Northeastern North Carolina", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Kuldeep Rawat", "Kevin Kupietz" ], "first_author": "Kuldeep Rawat", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper formulates Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) emergency logistics infrastructure planning as an energy-constrained facility-location problem applied to the 21-county Northeastern North Carolina (NENC) region. A reduced-order physics-based energy model evaluates depot-to-county mission feasibility under battery capacity (40, 60, 80 kWh), payload (35 kg/77lbs and 113 kg/250lbs), mission type (one-way vs. round-trip), and wind conditions. The resulting binary coverage matrix drives three integer programming models: set covering, maximum coverage location (MCLP), and p-median assignment. An equity extension incorporates CDC Social Vulnerability Index weights. A dual-depot scenario pairing Elizabeth City with Edenton (Chowan County), drawn from a prior routing simulation in this research series, is also evaluated. Key findings: Elizabeth City as a single depot covers 66.7% of NENC counties under 40 kWh round-trip constraints, while an optimally placed single depot achieves 95.2%, missing only Vance County; two strategically placed vertiports achieve complete 100% coverage at 40 kWh round-trip, and a single depot suffices at 60 kWh; the Elizabeth City–Edenton dual-depot configuration achieves complete coverage under both one-way and round-trip missions at 60 kWh; under the tested NENC geography, uniform-wind assumption, and capped wind-energy model, battery capacity, not wind, is the dominant infrastructure lever. Equity analysis confirms that the optimized two-depot network covers all eight of the highest social-vulnerability counties, including Tyrrell (SVI = 0.96), Hyde (0.95), and Northampton (0.93), eliminating the equity gap present under the single-depot baseline, where these communities remain unserved. Results provide a quantitative foundation for phased AAM emergency logistics infrastructure planning in NENC.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "Global Positioning System", "Emergency response", "Facility location problem" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/milwaukee2026/315.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412937992", "doi": "10.2322/jjsass.73.126", "title": "Prediction of Hazardous Winds Directly Above a Vertiport for Urban Air Mobility Using a Pressure Observation Network", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jin Fujisawa", "Midori Maki" ], "first_author": "Jin Fujisawa", "venue": "JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES", "publisher": "The Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences", "abstract": "The concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), involving the operation of various small aircraft in urban areas, is gaining significant attention. In order to facilitate takeoffs and landings, access to vertiports on building rooftops and other locations is anticipated. However, encountering hazardous turbulence unique to urban spaces during the descent phase over vertiports could potentially lead to serious accidents. Therefore, the development of a warning system that provides both real-time and predictive turbulence information is imperative. To tackle this issue, this study proposes a method for predicting turbulence near the vertiport ground surface by deploying small pressure sensors in the surrounding buildings. A machine learning algorithm for predicting air turbulence based on multi-point pressure sensing is constructed and its effectiveness is shown through outdoor experiments. We will also propose a method to prevent significant degradation in prediction performance caused by pressure sensor failures.", "keywords": [ "Meteorology", "Environmental science", "Hazardous waste", "Atmospheric pressure", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.73.126" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7135632726", "doi": null, "title": "Design and implementation of a Catalan vertiport network and feasability study as an addition to the TMB public transport network", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marc Torrentó Vila" ], "first_author": "Marc Torrentó Vila", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": "This project explores the conceptualization, design, and feasibility of a pioneering vertiport network across Catalonia, envisioned as a complementary addition to the existing Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) public transport infrastructure. The aim is to integrate Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft into the urban and regional mobility landscape, offering a sustainable, efficient, and futureoriented transport solution capable of addressing critical challenges such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and limited connectivity in peripheral and underserved areas. Through a comprehensive methodology that includes demand analysis, air route design, technical layout planning, economic modelling, and environmental impact assessment, the study proposes an integrated vertiport network with strategic hubs, notably a central vertiport located at Barcelona-El Prat Airport. This vertiport is designed in detail following the standards and recommendations of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), ensuring its compatibility with both current and future aviation operations. The project also includes a full feasibility study covering financial investment, operational costs, expected revenues, and return on investment. The economic analysis demonstrates that, although the implementation requires a considerable initial capital expenditure, the system is expected to be profitable within a few years of operation, with robust projections for passenger adoption and growth. Additionally, the study evaluates the social and environmental benefits of the network, particularly its potential to reduce carbon emissions and urban noise pollution compared to road-based transport alternatives. Overall, the findings support the deployment of a Catalan vertiport network as a transformative solution for regional mobility. The project provides a replicable model for other urban areas seeking to incorporate advanced aerial mobility into existing transport frameworks and aligns with broader smart city initiatives and sustainability objectives.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Public transport", "Software deployment", "Civil aviation", "European union", "Agency (philosophy)", "Transport network", "Runway", "Flow network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/9d47a8df-9b78-4842-b864-006d4b479c82/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212160292", "doi": "10.1016/j.cja.2026.104477", "title": "VertiSPOT: A UE–Simulink co-simulation testbed for distributed multimodal low-altitude perception around vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Donghui YANG", "Yuhao WANG", "Shulu Chen", "Yong Sun", "Kai WANG", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Donghui YANG", "venue": "Chinese Journal of Aeronautics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Low-altitude surveillance is a key enabler for safe management of future high-density, heterogeneous Urban Aerial Mobility (UAM). Around vertiports, dense buildings and mixed traffic make single-station centralized perception unreliable, motivating distributed heterogeneous sensing for non-cooperative targets. We present VertiSPOT (Vertiport distributed Sensing and Perception-Oriented Testbed), a high-fidelity Unreal Engine (UE)–Simulink co-simulation testbed that integrates city-scale scenes, occlusion-aware raycasting, realistic UAM traffic scheduling, and configurable camera, LiDAR, and radar deployments. We formulate sensor deployment as visibility-aware optimization with trajectory priors and provide a realistic vertiport case study to validate deployment and perception strategies. VertiSPOT supports synchronized multimodal acquisition, automatic annotation of 2D and 3D bounding boxes, and standardized interfaces to benchmark sensor deployment strategies and distributed perception strategies with edge–cloud collaboration. In a detailed urban region of more than two square kilometers, we collect over 36000 synchronized time steps, yielding over 806000 labeled images with 3.8 million 2D boxes and 548000 valid 3D boxes for six aircraft categories. We report stage-wise and end-to-end evaluations using representative 2D and 3D detectors to quantify sensing coverage, perception accuracy, and multimodal complementarity. The evaluations show that heterogeneous sensing improves target observability, while perceiving small and distant aircraft remains the main challenge for both image- and point-cloud-based methods. Result-level fusion further improves 3D detection accuracy, confirming the complementary value of multimodal sensing.", "keywords": [ "Testbed", "Perception", "Feature (linguistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1000936126004152/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4296593716", "doi": "10.1007/s42405-022-00524-w", "title": "Correction to: Vertiport Performance Analysis for On-Demand Urban Air Mobility Operation in Seoul Metropolitan Area", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-13", "type": "erratum", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Byeong Tak Park", "Hyeonmi Kim", "Sang Hyun Kim" ], "first_author": "Byeong Tak Park", "venue": "International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Regional science", "Geography", "Engineering", "Archaeology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42405-022-00524-w.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4327571681", "doi": "10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110217", "title": "Impact of heterogeneous building arrangement on local turbulence escalation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-03-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyunmin Yeo", "Sang Lee" ], "first_author": "Hyunmin Yeo", "venue": "Building and Environment", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Wake", "Freestream", "Turbulence", "Downwash", "Detached eddy simulation", "Vortex", "Vortex shedding", "Boundary layer", "Mechanics", "Meteorology", "Geology", "Flow (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110217" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3167955928", "doi": "10.2322/jjsass.69.98", "title": "Modelling and Simulation of the Impulsive Load in the Emergent Landing of an Urban Air Mobility for Designing a Safe Vertiport", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yusuke Mihara", "Masaru Nakano" ], "first_author": "Yusuke Mihara", "venue": "JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES", "publisher": "The Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences", "abstract": "A flying car which is also called electrical Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) or Urban Air Mobility is envisioned to be a new air mobility. The purpose of this study is to verify the safety of passengers, a vehicle body and a take-off and landing area (vertiport), and to calculate a design strength requirement of a vertiport by simulating the impulsive load on emergent landing. The impulsive load simulation based on equation of motion of a flying car with or without a parachute is conducted to evaluate the dynamic effects of the impulsive load to a vertiport, a vehicle body and fuselage, and passengers. The spring-damper mechanism is introduced to evaluate force and acceleration of a fuselage. As a result, a conventional heliport and an emergency take-off and landing area in Tokyo have enough strength against the impulsive load of a landing flying car. Moreover, the crushable of a fuselage, and a seat, and an air bag need to absorb most of the impulsive load to protect passengers. A destroy probability against a vertiport by the impulsive load of repeated landing is calculated based on operational frequency with Poisson process.", "keywords": [ "Fuselage", "Landing gear", "Automotive engineering", "Acceleration", "Damper", "Engineering", "Structural engineering", "Simulation", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.69.98" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3006034876", "doi": "10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.01.003", "title": "The potential for automation to transform urban deliveries: Drivers, barriers and policy priorities", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Daniela Paddeu", "Graham Parkhurst" ], "first_author": "Daniela Paddeu", "venue": "Advances in transport policy and planning", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Externality", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Sustainability", "Environmental planning", "Environmental economics", "Engineering", "Economics", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 24, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/5036569" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163544615", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-4535", "title": "Probabilistic Risk Modeling for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Vertiport Operations With Non-Cooperative Airspace Users", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Suhwan Oh", "Hyoungkeun Yoon", "Taegyeong Yun", "Seonghyun Lee", "Yonghee Jang", "Joonseo Kim", "Junghyun A. Kim" ], "first_author": "Suhwan Oh", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Probabilistic logic", "Air traffic control", "Key (lock)", "Aviation", "Constraint (computer-aided design)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-4535" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283806773", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2203.05702", "title": "Vertiport Selection in Hybrid Air-Ground Transportation Networks via\\n Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-10", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yue Yu", "Mengyuan Wang", "Mehran Mesbahi", "Ufuk Topcu" ], "first_author": "Yue Yu", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban air mobility is a concept that promotes aerial modes of transport in\\nurban areas. In these areas, the location and capacity of the vertiports--where\\nthe travelers embark and disembark the aircraft--not only affect the flight\\ndelays of the aircraft, but can also aggravate the congestion of ground\\nvehicles by creating extra ground travel demands. We introduce a mathematical\\nmodel for selecting the location and capacity of the vertiports that minimizes\\nthe traffic congestion in hybrid air-ground transportation networks. Our model\\nis based on a mathematical program with bilinear equilibrium constraints.\\nFurthermore, we show how to compute a global optimal solution of this\\nmathematical program by solving a mixed integer linear program. We demonstrate\\nour results via the Anaheim transportation network model, which contains more\\nthan 400 nodes and 900 links.\\n", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Bilinear interpolation", "Mathematical optimization", "Ground transportation", "Mathematical model", "Integer (computer science)", "Traffic congestion", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.05702" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2070198124", "doi": "10.2514/3.43854", "title": "U.S. Air Force concepts for accurate delivery of equipment and supplies.", "year": 1967, "publication_date": "1967-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "RICHARD J. DUCOTE", "Ralph J. Speelman" ], "first_author": "RICHARD J. DUCOTE", "venue": "Journal of Aircraft", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "For many reasons it is often impractical to land and off-load an aircraft or use conventional parachute delivery techniques to provide logistic support for military troops engaged in combat. This problem of getting supplies and equipment to the point of need involves both resupply and assault phases. Each phase has peculiar characteristics which, in addition to the type and quantity of cargo needed, permit one of a family of aerial delivery systems to provide the necessary support. Descriptions of these systems and their characteristics, which provide a high degree of flexibility in the aerial delivery of cargo, are presented. The impact of new aircraft such as the C-141, C-142, and C-5A on mission versatility and capability are discussed as well as problem areas associated with making more effective use of aircraft capability.", "keywords": [ "Flexibility (engineering)", "Aeronautics", "Point (geometry)", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Systems engineering", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/3.43854" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399174118", "doi": "10.3390/drones8060233", "title": "Monitoring Nodal Transportation Assets with Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Taraneh Askarzadeh", "Raj Bridgelall", "Denver Tolliver" ], "first_author": "Taraneh Askarzadeh", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Using Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to monitor the condition of nodal transportation assets—airports, seaports, heliports, vertiports, and cargo terminals—presents a transformative approach to traditional inspection methods. The focus on nodal assets rather than linear assets like roads, railways, bridges, and waterways fills a gap in addressing the dynamic challenges specific to transportation hubs. This study reviews scholarly literature on applying UAV-based remote sensing (URS) techniques to assess the condition of various transportation hubs, which are critical junctures in global logistics networks. Utilizing a systematic literature review framework, this study reviewed 486 publications from 2015 to 2023 to extract insights from the evolving discourse on URS applications. The findings suggest that these emerging methods resulted in substantial enhancements in time saving, cost efficiency, safety, and reliability. Specifically, this study presents evidence on how URS approaches can overcome the constraints of conventional inspection methods by enabling rapid, high-precision mapping and surveillance in complex and constrained environments. The findings highlight the role of UAVs in enhancing operational workflows and decision making in transportation planning and maintenance. By bridging the gap between traditional practices and innovative technology, this research offers significant implications for stakeholders in the field, advocating for a shift towards more dynamic, cost-effective, and precise asset management strategies.", "keywords": [ "Workflow", "Asset management", "Bridge (graph theory)", "Asset (computer security)", "Computer science", "Transformative learning", "Bridging (networking)", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Transport engineering", "Process management", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/8/6/233/pdf?version=1717065872" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396986227", "doi": "10.1016/j.trb.2024.102967", "title": "Risk-aware urban air mobility network design with overflow redundancy", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qinshuang Wei", "Zhenyu Gao", "John-Paul Clarke", "Ufuk Topcu" ], "first_author": "Qinshuang Wei", "venue": "Transportation Research Part B Methodological", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Flow network", "Backup", "Network planning and design", "Metropolitan area", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Aviation", "Computer science", "Air traffic management", "Air traffic control", "Throughput", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 22, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2024.102967" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165795528", "doi": "10.15167/cunietti-stefano_phd2026-05-26", "title": "Planning aerial drone infrastructures: a multi-criteria analysis approach to identify suitable areas for vertiports and corridors", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-26", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stefano Cunietti" ], "first_author": "Stefano Cunietti", "venue": "CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)", "publisher": "University of Genoa", "abstract": "This dissertation addresses the emerging challenge of integrating drones into civil airspace, with a particular focus on the planning of infrastructures such as vertiports and aerial corridors. Within the broader context of the Digital European Sky and the implementation of U-space, the research explores how geospatial analysis and multi-criteria decision-making (MCA) can support infrastructure placement strategies. Building upon regulatory frameworks developed by EASA and technological advancements promoted through SESAR initiatives, this study proposes a spatial methodology to assess the suitability of locations for vertiports and corridors. The approach considers a wide range of criteria including drone performance, safety constraints, regulatory limitations, environmental factors, and social acceptance. The analysis is implemented through a GIS-based framework, incorporating urban and extra-urban case studies. By generating detailed suitability maps, the research identifies the most promising zones for infrastructure development, while also highlighting limitations due to regulatory, environmental, or technical constraints. Additionally, positioning and connectivity coverage analyses using 4G and 5G mobile antennas were conducted to assess the spatial quality of drone operations. The results contribute to a more informed and sustainable integration of Urban Air Mobility into existing spatial and transport planning practices. The methodology developed can serve as a reference for public administrations, planners, and industry stakeholders involved in the design of drone-based transport systems. This dissertation addresses the emerging challenge of integrating drones into civil airspace, with a particular focus on the planning of infrastructures such as vertiports and aerial corridors. Within the broader context of the Digital European Sky and the implementation of U-space, the research explores how geospatial analysis and multi-criteria decision-making (MCA) can support infrastructure placement strategies. Building upon regulatory frameworks developed by EASA and technological advancements promoted through SESAR initiatives, this study proposes a spatial methodology to assess the suitability of locations for vertiports and corridors. The approach considers a wide range of criteria including drone performance, safety constraints, regulatory limitations, environmental factors, and social acceptance. The analysis is implemented through a GIS-based framework, incorporating urban and extra-urban case studies. By generating detailed suitability maps, the research identifies the most promising zones for infrastructure development, while also highlighting limitations due to regulatory, environmental, or technical constraints. Additionally, positioning and connectivity coverage analyses using 4G and 5G mobile antennas were conducted to assess the spatial quality of drone operations. The results contribute to a more informed and sustainable integration of Urban Air Mobility into existing spatial and transport planning practices. The methodology developed can serve as a reference for public administrations, planners, and industry stakeholders involved in the design of drone-based transport systems.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Geospatial analysis", "Context (archaeology)", "Spatial planning", "Urban planning", "Digital mapping", "Quality (philosophy)", "Spatial contextual awareness" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1289896" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2971387633", "doi": "10.1093/jisesa/iez082", "title": "Tolerance to a Combination of Low Temperature and Sterilizing Irradiation in Male Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae): Simulated Transport and Release Conditions", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-08-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gratian N. Mutika", "Andrew Gordon Parker", "Marc J. B. Vreysen" ], "first_author": "Gratian N. Mutika", "venue": "Journal of Insect Science", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "abstract": "Recently, aerial delivery of sterilized adult tsetse flies has been developed based on the release of chilled adult sterile males. The long-distance transport of irradiated male tsetse pupae for chilled adult release systems requires exposure of the mature pupae to irradiation and to low temperatures for both the pupae and adults. The effect of these treatments on mating of adult Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Vanderplank, Diptera: Glossinidae) males was investigated. Male G. p. gambiensis pupae were stored at 10°C for 5 d and irradiated with 110 Gy within the first 24 h of cold storage. In addition, to simulate a chilled adult release environment, 6-d-old adult males were stored at 5.1 ± 0.4°C for 6 or 30 h. Mating performance was compared to untreated controls in walk-in field cages. A significantly lower proportion of males that had been irradiated and stored at low temperature succeeded in securing a mating compared to untreated males. Premating time, copulation duration and spermathecal fill were similar. Insemination levels were slightly lower for adult males stored at low temperature for 30 h compared to 6 h or control. Although the mating behavior of the males was affected by the treatments given, the data presented confirm the suitability of using long-distance transport of chilled and irradiated male G. p. gambiensis pupae followed by releasing the emerged adult male flies using a chilled adult release system. However, the data indicate that the chilling duration of the adults should be minimized.", "keywords": [ "Biology", "Glossinidae", "Sterile insect technique", "Pupa", "Mating", "Insemination", "Adult male", "Animal science", "Toxicology", "PEST analysis", "Reproduction", "Zoology" ], "cited_by_count": 26, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article-pdf/19/5/1/33020788/iez082.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170147984", "doi": "10.1007/s42524-026-5447-1", "title": "A multitier vertiport and tethered UAV cooperative ISAC scheme for eVTOL operation enabled by radar point clouds", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "L Lin-Lin Chen", "Shulu Chen", "Yang Fei", "Yuhao Wang", "K Wang", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "L Lin-Lin Chen", "venue": "ENGINEERING Management", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Radar", "Man-portable radar", "Point cloud", "Base station", "Air traffic control", "Air traffic control radar beacon system", "Point-to-point", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Trajectory", "Fire-control radar" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-026-5447-1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3043852396", "doi": "10.1109/access.2020.3011401", "title": "Trajectory Optimization and Replanning Framework for a Micro Air Vehicle in Cluttered Environments", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyeonbeom Lee", "Hoseong Seo", "Hyeong-Geun Kim" ], "first_author": "Hyeonbeom Lee", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "In the present study, we propose a trajectory optimization and replanning algorithm for micro air vehicles (MAVs) in cluttered environments. To generate the path of an MAV in a cluttered environment, we first design an offline global path optimization algorithm. This algorithm generates a global trajectory for safe aerial delivery; this trajectory enables an MAV to avoid static obstacles marked in the navigation map and satisfies the MAV's initial and arrival velocities. The MAV's trajectory is replanned by exploiting dynamic movement primitives (DMPs) and a time adjustment algorithm to enable computationally efficient unknown obstacle avoidance in local path planning. To validate the applicability of the proposed algorithm, we compare simulation results with those obtained using an existing approach based on DMPs. Furthermore, an autonomous flight is demonstrated in an outdoor environment using a custom-made MAV driven by the proposed approach.", "keywords": [ "Trajectory", "Obstacle avoidance", "Computer science", "Path (computing)", "Trajectory optimization", "Motion planning", "Obstacle", "Collision avoidance", "Real-time computing", "Artificial intelligence", "Control theory (sociology)", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09146544.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203699691", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2608.14974", "title": "Demand-Driven Vertiport Siting and Discrete-Event Fleet Simulation for On-Demand Urban Air Mobility Network Design", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-15", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Hossein Z. Saghazadeh", "Yonas Ayalew", "Reza Ahmari", "Parham Kebria", "Abdollah Homaifar" ], "first_author": "Hossein Z. Saghazadeh", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "This paper presents a demand-driven framework for on-demand Urban Air Mobility (UAM) network design that links vertiport siting, fleet simulation, and door-to-door travel-time feasibility. Demand is estimated from commuter and passenger activity data, converted into spatial trip-end points, and clustered using K-means to generate candidate vertiport locations. Candidate networks are screened using range and minimum station-spacing constraints, then evaluated with a discrete-event simulation that models multi-vehicle dispatch, deadhead relocation, battery swaps, and service regularity. Flight time and energy consumption are computed using a point-mass eVTOL performance model. In a Greater Los Angeles case study, the preferred design expands from four stations and four eVTOLs at low demand to sixteen stations and twelve eVTOLs at the highest tested demand level. Results show that larger fleets improve completion time and vehicle-arrival regularity but do not eliminate deadhead flights, indicating that spatial demand imbalance remains an operational burden. The travel-time savings analysis further suggests that UAM is most defensible for longer or congestion-heavy trips where sufficient non-flight time remains after accounting for flight time.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Range (aeronautics)", "Energy consumption", "Service (business)", "Consumption (sociology)", "Demand forecasting", "Network planning and design", "Battery (electricity)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.14974" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161379266", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6776373", "title": "A Behavioral Game-Theoretic Framework Integrating Spherical Fuzzy Sets and CPT for NIMBY-Sensitive Urban Vertiport Siting", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Hui Zhao", "Fei Han" ], "first_author": "Hui Zhao", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Fuzzy logic", "Loss aversion", "Nash equilibrium", "Resilience (materials science)", "Prospect theory", "Game theory", "Stakeholder", "Cumulative prospect theory" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6776373" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2997141812", "doi": "10.2514/6.2020-2203", "title": "Fairness in Decentralized Strategic Deconfliction in UTM", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Antony D. Evans", "Maxim Egorov", "Steven Munn" ], "first_author": "Antony D. Evans", "venue": "AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Decentralized strategic deconfliction is a critical function in Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM), that serves as the enabler of safe operations for cooperative traffic. In this paper we explore the implications of different approaches to strategic decentralized trajectory deconfliction in UTM on fairness. First-come, first-served (FCFS) allocation of resources has long-standing acceptance in the aviation community and is applied both tactically and strategically in air traffic management. However, it is unclear what the fairness implications are for a FCFS allocation of access to airspace in a decentralized UTM architecture. In this paper, simulation is used to explore how a FCFS approach to strategic deconfliction in UTM – based on when operators file their flight plans – performs in terms of fairness. Fairness is quantified by comparing average ground delay across operators and by calculating a normalized fairness metric that accounts for operator cost of delay. Two scenario types are simulated: (1) two package delivery operators serving a common region from separate warehouses; and (2) two air taxi operators serving the same network of 7 vertiports. Results are generated for a range of traffic densities and differences in file-ahead time between operators. Results indicate that, for a decentralized FCFS approach to strategic deconfliction based on when operators file their flight plans, there may be a significant imbalance in delays between operators based on how far in advance they are able to file ahead, and on traffic demand levels. To ensure fairness at envisioned traffic densities it may therefore be necessary to constrain how early flight plan requests can be prioritized over later requests – similar in concept to a freeze horizon in TBFM.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Operator (biology)", "Enabling", "Metric (unit)", "National Airspace System", "Range (aeronautics)", "Aviation", "Operations research", "Distributed computing", "Engineering", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 24, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-2203" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391302168", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-0334", "title": "Design of UAM Network and Ecosystem Integration", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Anjan Chakrabarty", "Vaishali A. Hosagrahara", "Andrew Lei" ], "first_author": "Anjan Chakrabarty", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper investigates the routes and procedures to bring Supernal’s Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles to market in Los Angeles Metropolis. Integration of UAM traffic in the National Airspace System (NAS) is challenging, more so in a busy airspace surrounding Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), one of the busiest airports in the world. In this paper we analyze the current air traffic pattern in the LAX region and design possible vertiport locations and optimal routes connecting them. These selected routes are evaluated in our high-fidelity simulator for deployment in entry into service and submitted to Provider of Services for UAM (PSU), an entity that supports UAM operators with meeting UAM operational requirements that enable safe, efficient, and secure use of the airspace. By integrating with a Vertiport Management System (VMS), we simulate the entire ecosystem that is needed to bring UAM to the market.", "keywords": [ "Ecosystem", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Ecology" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-0334" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165148764", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20753929", "title": "Supplementary tables for Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management - Systematic Mapping of the Literature on Vertiport Location in Urban Environments", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-19", "type": "supplementary-materials", "language": "en", "authors": [ "John Heberty De Freitas", "Ronaldo Martins da Costa", "Michelle Carvalho Galvão da Silva Pinto Bandeira" ], "first_author": "John Heberty De Freitas", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "To map and synthesize research on locating urban vertiports for vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, including electrically powered variants. A systematic mapping review used a predefined protocol with research questions, selection criteria, and structured data extraction. In 2025, searches covered five themes: urban air mobility, location-allocation, optimization, network and routing, and vertical takeoff and landing aircraft across major scientific databases. From 1,056 records, duplicates were removed, and screening yielded 31 studies. Most studies propose mathematical optimization models, predominantly integer linear programming formulations solved with commercial optimization tools. Some incorporate vertiport capacity and socio-environmental criteria such as noise, land use, and equitable access, while others address only operational factors. Applications on real networks with observed demand data are common; specialized simulation is less frequent. Evaluations mainly report travel time, demand coverage, and costs, and often include sensitivity analyses and limited validation procedures. Research is progressing in modeling vertiport networks, but validation remains weakly standardized, and uncertainty treatment is still limited. Comparable evaluation protocols and stronger socio-environmental robustness are needed to better support planning decisions in advanced air mobility.", "keywords": [ "Robustness (evolution)", "Takeoff", "Integer programming", "Linear programming", "Takeoff and landing", "Protocol (science)", "Sensitivity (control systems)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20753929" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386043260", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2308.09075", "title": "Fast Decision Support for Air Traffic Management at Urban Air Mobility Vertiports using Graph Learning", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-17", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Prajit KrisshnaKumar", "Jhoel Witter", "Steve Paul", "Hanvit Cho", "Karthik Dantu", "Souma Chowdhury" ], "first_author": "Prajit KrisshnaKumar", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) promises a new dimension to decongested, safe, and fast travel in urban and suburban hubs. These UAM aircraft are conceived to operate from small airports called vertiports each comprising multiple take-off/landing and battery-recharging spots. Since they might be situated in dense urban areas and need to handle many aircraft landings and take-offs each hour, managing this schedule in real-time becomes challenging for a traditional air-traffic controller but instead calls for an automated solution. This paper provides a novel approach to this problem of Urban Air Mobility - Vertiport Schedule Management (UAM-VSM), which leverages graph reinforcement learning to generate decision-support policies. Here the designated physical spots within the vertiport's airspace and the vehicles being managed are represented as two separate graphs, with feature extraction performed through a graph convolutional network (GCN). Extracted features are passed onto perceptron layers to decide actions such as continue to hover or cruise, continue idling or take-off, or land on an allocated vertiport spot. Performance is measured based on delays, safety (no. of collisions) and battery consumption. Through realistic simulations in AirSim applied to scaled down multi-rotor vehicles, our results demonstrate the suitability of using graph reinforcement learning to solve the UAM-VSM problem and its superiority to basic reinforcement learning (with graph embeddings) or random choice baselines.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Computer science", "Schedule", "Graph", "Real-time computing", "Transport engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.09075" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408735111", "doi": "10.1016/j.team.2025.03.001", "title": "Advanced Air Mobility for commuting? An exploration of economic, energy, and environmental feasibility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Daniel Perez", "Heeseung Shon", "Bo Zou", "Kenneth D. Kuhn" ], "first_author": "Daniel Perez", "venue": "Transport Economics and Management", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) presents an emerging alternative to traditional car driving for commuting in metropolitan areas. However, its feasibility has not been thoroughly studied nor well understood at the operational level. Given that AAM has not been in place, this study explores the economic, energy, and environmental feasibility of AAM for commuting at an early stage of AAM deployment. We propose a time-expanded network model to characterize the dynamics of eVTOL operations between a vertiport pair in different states: in-service flying, relocation flying, charging, and parking, while respecting various operational and commuter time window constraints. By jointly considering eVTOL flying with vertiport access and egress and using real-world data, we demonstrate an application of the model in the Chicago metropolitan area in the US. Different vertiport pairs and eVTOL aircraft models are investigated. We find substantial travel time saving if commuting by AAM. While vehicle operating cost will be higher using eVTOLs than using auto, the generalized travel cost will be less for commuters. On the other hand, with current eVTOL power requirement, the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of AAM will be greater than those of auto driving, with an important contributor being the significance presence of empty flights relocation. These findings, along with sensitivity analysis, shed light on future eVTOL development to enhance the competitiveness of AAM as a viable option for commuting.", "keywords": [ "Energy (signal processing)", "Natural resource economics", "Environmental science", "Economics", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.team.2025.03.001" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7214096785", "doi": "10.25916/sut.33950830", "title": "Integrating Vertiport Infrastructure into Airports in Australia to support AAM aircraft: `A Simulation-Based Assessment Framework and Policy Impact Analysis'", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-21", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "Salim Hijazeen" ], "first_author": "Salim Hijazeen", "venue": "Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology)", "publisher": "Swinburne University of Technology", "abstract": "This thesis examines how a new generation of small aircraft powered by electricity or hydrogen could be integrated into existing Australian airports. Using Melbourne Airport as a case study, a computer-based simulation was developed to explore infrastructure requirements, passenger movements, aircraft turnaround operations, and air traffic management. The research identifies challenges that airports may face when introducing these aircraft and provides practical guidance for future planning. The findings can help improve transport connectivity, support more sustainable aviation, and assist industry and government in preparing for the safe and efficient introduction of these new forms of air transport.", "keywords": [ "Government (linguistics)", "Air transport", "Air traffic control", "Aviation", "Face (sociological concept)", "Electricity", "Drone" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.25916/sut.33950830" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7214108503", "doi": "10.25916/sut.33950830.v1", "title": "Integrating Vertiport Infrastructure into Airports in Australia to support AAM aircraft: `A Simulation-Based Assessment Framework and Policy Impact Analysis'", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-21", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "Salim Hijazeen" ], "first_author": "Salim Hijazeen", "venue": "Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology)", "publisher": "Swinburne University of Technology", "abstract": "This thesis examines how a new generation of small aircraft powered by electricity or hydrogen could be integrated into existing Australian airports. Using Melbourne Airport as a case study, a computer-based simulation was developed to explore infrastructure requirements, passenger movements, aircraft turnaround operations, and air traffic management. The research identifies challenges that airports may face when introducing these aircraft and provides practical guidance for future planning. The findings can help improve transport connectivity, support more sustainable aviation, and assist industry and government in preparing for the safe and efficient introduction of these new forms of air transport.", "keywords": [ "Government (linguistics)", "Air transport", "Air traffic control", "Aviation", "Face (sociological concept)", "Electricity", "Drone" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.25916/sut.33950830.v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124258730", "doi": "10.29327/9786527220244.1234907", "title": "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF VERTIPORT IMPLEMENTATION FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY AT HUMBERTO DELGADO AIRPORT USING EVTOL TECHNOLOGY", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Maria Emília Baltazar", "Jorge Miguel dos Reis Silva", "Tiago Anseriz da Nave" ], "first_author": "Maria Emília Baltazar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "Field (mathematics)", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.29327/9786527220244.1234907" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379379646", "doi": "10.3403/30426830u", "title": "Vertiports - Infrastructure and equipment for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) of electrically powered cargo unmanned aircraft systems (UAS)", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-05", "type": "standard", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Aerospace engineering", "Aeronautics", "Marine engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/30426830u" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415531491", "doi": "10.1016/j.trip.2026.101945", "title": "An integrated optimization framework for urban air mobility: Planning vertiports, fleet size, and routes for eVTOL operations with application in Dubai", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Faisal Alkaabneh", "Rose Falou", "Jabir Mumtaz", "Bayan Hamdan" ], "first_author": "Faisal Alkaabneh", "venue": "Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The introduction of electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft (eVTOLs) as airport shuttle services offers the potential to reduce congestion and deliver significant time savings. For eVTOLs to become operational, proper infrastructure must be in place in terms of vertiport locations and fleet size. eVTOLs have limited passenger capacity and operate with batteries requiring recharging. Developing a model to determine optimal vertiport placement, fleet size, vehicle assignments, trip schedules, and recharging plans is therefore critical to Urban Air Mobility (UAM) success. To tackle this challenge, we present an optimization approach based on a modified profit-collecting location-routing mixed-integer programming model with partial recharging and multi-trips. The formulation incorporates a battery discharge function dependent on eVTOL speed and traveled distance, multi-trip operations within the planning horizon, and trip-level profit based on passenger proximity to a destination. Using data from the Roads and Transport Authority of Dubai, United Arab Emirates, we conduct comprehensive numerical analysis examining the impact of eVTOL speed on vertiport locations and profitability. We further quantify the impact of eVTOL type, recharging infrastructure design, demand levels, and autonomy levels on system performance. Four key policy implications emerge: (i) investing in vertiport recharging infrastructure is only justified when trip energy consumption exceeds battery capacity; (ii) nonautonomous operations remain economically superior under current acceptance levels despite higher pilot costs; (iii) higher cruise speeds do not always increase profits due to greater energy consumption; and (iv) the proposed joint optimization approach outperforms heuristic planning by 4%–30%. • A joint optimization model for fleet sizing, vertiport siting, routing, and recharging of eVTOLs. • Incorporates partial recharging, speed-dependent battery discharge, and multi-trip operations. • Real-world case study in Dubai International Airport using data from Dubai Road and Transport Authority. • Results show 10%–30% higher profit versus heuristic or peak-demand planning strategies. • Policy insights on eVTOL speed, autonomy, and recharging infrastructure investment.", "keywords": [ "Schedule", "Profit (economics)", "Energy consumption", "Integer programming", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Transportation planning", "Park and ride", "Train", "Function (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.101945" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164184483", "doi": "10.4050/f-0082-2026-0150", "title": "A Deployable Vertiport Node Concept Using Cherokee MC2 and MVP for Operations and Infrastructure in Rotorcraft, eVTOL, VTOL, and UAS Missions", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Justin Vandy" ], "first_author": "Justin Vandy", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper develops an engineering concept and research framework showing how Cherokee MC2 (Mobile Command Center) and MVP (Mobile Vertipad Platform) can individually, and then as a combined system, resolve key operational and infrastructure challenges facing rotorcraft, eVTOL, VTOL, and UAS missions across civil, commercial, and military contexts. The investigation synthesizes current vertiport / vertipad design guidance, UAM and UTM operational architectures, and recent research on rotor downwash and degraded visual environment hazards to derive a deployable \"vertiport node\" architecture for austere and time-critical operations. MC2 is treated as the digital and procedural core enabling command, control, communications, data fusion, and manned–unmanned teaming, while MVP is treated as the physical landing interface enabling rapid, load-bearing, illuminated vertical-lift operations without fixed infrastructure. The primary contribution is a traceable topic-to-capability mapping supported by standards and research, plus a modeling, simulation, and optimization workflow to validate safety zones, capacity, scheduling, and resilience. Conclusions identify practical deployment pathways and research gaps for certification-aligned operations.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Workflow", "Node (physics)", "Key (lock)", "Interface (matter)", "Cherokee" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0150" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3206497687", "doi": null, "title": "Micro-encapsulated zinc phosphide for the control of brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand: an old poison finding new favour", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "James G. Ross", "Ray J. Henderson" ], "first_author": "James G. Ross", "venue": "Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University)", "publisher": "University of Nebraska–Lincoln", "abstract": "The brushtail possum is a signifcant epidemiological and environmental pest in New Zealand with US$30 million spent on possum control activities in 2002. The bulk of the control effort is reliant on the widespread, aerial delivery of bait containing sodium monofluoroacetate (1080). Over the past 10 years, the continued use of 1080 has come under rigorous public and scientific scrutiny. In response to these concerns, there has been an extensive search for cost-effective and 'environmentally- safe' alternatives. Two promising alternatives have been cholecalciferol and brodifacoum although both have issues concerning risk to non-target avian and mammalian species.", "keywords": [ "Brushtail possum", "Zinc", "Zoology", "Biology", "Toxicology", "Materials science", "Metallurgy" ], "cited_by_count": 10, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10182/12523" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407302263", "doi": "10.2514/1.i011460", "title": "On-Demand Urban Air Mobility Scheduling with Operational Considerations", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jaeyoul Ko", "Jaemyung Ahn" ], "first_author": "Jaeyoul Ko", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Information Systems", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "This paper introduces an on-demand sequencing and scheduling framework for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) with electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Safety and efficiency, considering factors such as battery state of charge and charging infrastructure, are critical factors for UAM operations. A new scheduling framework integrating considerations for battery consumption, parking and charging infrastructure, vertiport throughput, and fleet heterogeneity to maximize the operational efficiency of the eVTOL UAM fleet is proposed. A solution methodology utilizing a genetic algorithm and receding horizon scheduling achieves near-optimal solutions with an average optimality gap of 5.8% and a runtime of less than 1 min for dynamic scheduling. A case study based on the 2024 Paris Olympic air taxi operations demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed problem formulation and solution method.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i011460" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4383650573", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-35678-0_20", "title": "User Acceptance of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) for Passenger Transport: A Choice-Based Conjoint Study", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vivian Lotz", "Ansgar Kirste", "Chantal Lidynia", "Eike Stumpf", "Martina Ziefle" ], "first_author": "Vivian Lotz", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Conjoint analysis", "Computer science", "Automation", "Perception", "User group", "Traffic congestion", "Transport engineering", "World Wide Web", "Engineering", "Preference", "Psychology" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35678-0_20" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4320853722", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2302.05849", "title": "Graph Learning Based Decision Support for Multi-Aircraft Take-Off and Landing at Urban Air Mobility Vertiports", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-02-12", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Prajit KrisshnaKumar", "Jhoel Witter", "Steve Paul", "Karthik Dantu", "Souma Chowdhury" ], "first_author": "Prajit KrisshnaKumar", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Majority of aircraft under the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept are expected to be of the electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicle type, which will operate out of vertiports. While this is akin to the relationship between general aviation aircraft and airports, the conceived location of vertiports within dense urban environments presents unique challenges in managing the air traffic served by a vertiport. This challenge becomes pronounced within increasing frequency of scheduled landings and take-offs. This paper assumes a centralized air traffic controller (ATC) to explore the performance of a new AI driven ATC approach to manage the eVTOLs served by the vertiport. Minimum separation-driven safety and delays are the two important considerations in this case. The ATC problem is modeled as a task allocation problem, and uncertainties due to communication disruptions (e.g., poor link quality) and inclement weather (e.g., high gust effects) are added as a small probability of action failures. To learn the vertiport ATC policy, a novel graph-based reinforcement learning (RL) solution called \"Urban Air Mobility- Vertiport Schedule Management (UAM-VSM)\" is developed. This approach uses graph convolutional networks (GCNs) to abstract the vertiport space and eVTOL space as graphs, and aggregate information for a centralized ATC agent to help generalize the environment. Unreal Engine combined with Airsim is used as the simulation environment over which training and testing occurs. Uncertainties are considered only during testing, due to the high cost of Mc sampling over such realistic simulations. The proposed graph RL method demonstrates significantly better performance on the test scenarios when compared against a feasible random decision-making baseline and a first come first serve (FCFS) baseline, including the ability to generalize to unseen scenarios and with uncertainties.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Reinforcement learning", "Computer science", "Takeoff and landing", "Air traffic control", "Aviation", "Graph", "Schedule", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Air traffic management", "Operations research", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.05849" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128222874", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5343372", "title": "Integrating Urban Air Mobility with Highway Infrastructure: A Strategic Approach for Vertiport Location Selection in the Seoul Metropolitan Area", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Donghyun Yoon", "Minwoo Jeong", "Jinyong Lee", "Seyun Kim", "Yoonjin Yoon" ], "first_author": "Donghyun Yoon", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Air pollution", "Urban area", "Megacity", "Population" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5343372" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385624461", "doi": "10.1109/icufn57995.2023.10201012", "title": "BANDA: A Novel Blockchain-Assisted Network for Drone Authentication", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-07-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "Igboanusi Ikechi Saviour", "Jung-Hyeon Kim", "Dong‐Seong Kim", "Jae Min Lee" ], "first_author": "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The development of a comprehensive and decisive drone defense integrated control system (DDS) that can provide maximum security is crucial for smart aerial mobility to sustain the emerging drone transportation system (DTS) for priority-based logistics and mobile communication. This study developed a robust drone defense control system that uses blockchain technology to verify and authenticate the legitimacy of a drone operation and verify its package delivery to forestall possible disruption of aerial vehicular mobility, malicious attacks, and invasions. The system accepts inputs about the drone information and attached package in real-time over the cloud and verifies them using a proof of authority algorithm and smart contract and authenticates them using a decentralized application that is deployed on the drone, the ground control station, and the DDS before executing the appropriate neutralization response. To maintain a proper balance between scalable authentication, security, and speed of responsiveness in taking action, the legacy and the proposed blockchain-assisted approach run in parallel, and the disparity in the result is adjudged a perceived illegitimate aerial mobility intention in real-time. With the deployment of the BANDA on three (3) public networks, the Avalanche Fuji achieved a 97.7 ms authentication latency adjudging it an efficient and effective drone defense security approach for ensuring the sustainability of DTS as an autonomous vehicle for mobility.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Scalability", "Authentication (law)", "Blockchain", "Software deployment", "Computer network", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 13, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icufn57995.2023.10201012" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W243108062", "doi": null, "title": "BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TECHNICAL REPORTS AND ARTICLES COVERING COMPLETE AERIAL DELIVERY RESEARCH ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED AT THE ARMED FORCES FOOD AND CONTAINER INSTITUTE", "year": 1963, "publication_date": "1963-01-01", "type": "paratext", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Schembor, Edward H." ], "first_author": "Schembor, Edward H.", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Container (type theory)", "Library science", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": true, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0400338" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7130693864", "doi": "10.65998/ijees.v1i3.47", "title": "The Current Opportunities and Challenges in Drone Technology", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-07-20", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohamed Emimi", "Mohamed Khaleel", "Abobakr Alkrash" ], "first_author": "Mohamed Emimi", "venue": "International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Sustainability", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The process of globalization is being significantly influenced by the integration of technology, and among the technological advancements, drone technology stands out as a prominent example. Drones have witnessed a remarkable increase in their usage across various disciplines, including agriculture, healthcare, and military domains. In agriculture, drones provide farmers with real-time data, empowering them to make well-informed decisions about the utilization of farm inputs. Additionally, drones serve a vital role in the healthcare sector by enabling the aerial delivery of essential medical supplies, such as blood, vaccines, drugs, and laboratory samples, to remote areas in developing nations during critical health emergencies. In the military realm, drones contribute to enhancing security and surveillance operations by monitoring enemy movements and facilitating targeted actions. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that despite their numerous benefits, drones can pose risks, such as potential injuries to individuals and damage to property, especially when operated by untrained personnel or in the event of component failures during flight. Moreover, extremist elements can be hijacking drones to further their agendas and redirect the payload accordingly. This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the current developments in agricultural, medical, and military drones through a rigorous examination of their strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Adversary", "Payload (computing)", "Process (computing)", "Event (particle physics)", "Globalization", "Health care" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ijees.org/index.php/ijees/article/download/47/23" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3201231067", "doi": "10.3390/en14185998", "title": "Energy Consumption Model of Aerial Urban Logistic Infrastructures", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-09-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Giuseppe Aiello", "Rosalinda Inguanta", "Giusj D’Angelo", "Mario Venticinque" ], "first_author": "Giuseppe Aiello", "venue": "Energies", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In the last decade, logistic systems based on small aerial vehicles (drones) have become attractive for urban delivery operations as a sustainable alternative to ground vehicles because they are not affected by the congestion of the road network, thus allowing for faster and more reliable services. Aerial logistic systems, however, require a substantially different approach to operations management and need specifically designed supportive infrastructures. While the research on urban aerial delivery mostly focuses on the optimization vehicle operations, the appropriate design of supportive infrastructures is seldom considered. This paper focuses on the energy efficiency of aerial logistic systems, and proposes a new original methodology to obtain a realistic estimate of the overall energy consumed by a swarm of drones employed for urban delivery, taking into account the extension of the area served and its specific features. The methodology proposed offers relevant information for the decision problems related to the appropriate sizing of the infrastructures, the dimensioning of the swarm of drones and the capacity of the energy storage system. The paper also reports a comparison with ground vehicles in the same scenarios, showing the relevant tradeoffs. The results obtained demonstrate how an appropriate design of the supportive infrastructures for urban aerial logistics may significantly impact the overall efficiency of the delivery system.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Dimensioning", "Computer science", "Energy consumption", "Sizing", "Efficient energy use", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5998/pdf?version=1632293457" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7141209947", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6482030", "title": "A Stochastic Two Stage Mixed Integer Programming Approach to Vertiport Network Design Under Adoption Uncertainty", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohammed Almasabi", "Yu Man Zhang" ], "first_author": "Mohammed Almasabi", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Robustness (evolution)", "TRIPS architecture", "Stochastic programming", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Population", "Core (optical fiber)", "Stochastic modelling", "Representation (politics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6482030" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165207369", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20753930", "title": "Supplementary tables for Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management - Systematic Mapping of the Literature on Vertiport Location in Urban Environments", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-19", "type": "supplementary-materials", "language": "en", "authors": [ "John Heberty De Freitas", "Ronaldo Martins da Costa", "Michelle Carvalho Galvão da Silva Pinto Bandeira" ], "first_author": "John Heberty De Freitas", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "To map and synthesize research on locating urban vertiports for vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, including electrically powered variants. A systematic mapping review used a predefined protocol with research questions, selection criteria, and structured data extraction. In 2025, searches covered five themes: urban air mobility, location-allocation, optimization, network and routing, and vertical takeoff and landing aircraft across major scientific databases. From 1,056 records, duplicates were removed, and screening yielded 31 studies. Most studies propose mathematical optimization models, predominantly integer linear programming formulations solved with commercial optimization tools. Some incorporate vertiport capacity and socio-environmental criteria such as noise, land use, and equitable access, while others address only operational factors. Applications on real networks with observed demand data are common; specialized simulation is less frequent. Evaluations mainly report travel time, demand coverage, and costs, and often include sensitivity analyses and limited validation procedures. Research is progressing in modeling vertiport networks, but validation remains weakly standardized, and uncertainty treatment is still limited. Comparable evaluation protocols and stronger socio-environmental robustness are needed to better support planning decisions in advanced air mobility.", "keywords": [ "Robustness (evolution)", "Takeoff", "Integer programming", "Linear programming", "Takeoff and landing", "Protocol (science)", "Sensitivity (control systems)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20753930" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7140066477", "doi": null, "title": "Design and implementation of a vertiport network in the Barcelona metropolitan area and feasibility study as an addition to the TMB public transport network", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-26", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Usman Tariq Bibi" ], "first_author": "Usman Tariq Bibi", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": "This project presents the conceptual design and comprehensive feasibility assessment of a vertiport network for the Barcelona Metropolitan Area, framed as a strategic response to persistent urban congestion. Urban Air Mobility (UAM), enabled by technologically advanced and sustainable electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, is introduced as a novel solution. The central objective is to evaluate the potential integration of this vertiport network within the TMB (Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona) public transport system, demonstrating its primary value in alleviating chronic congestion along the metropolitan periphery’s principal road corridors, namely the Ronda de Dalt and Ronda del Litoral. The study employs a multi-faceted methodological framework, commencing with a state-of-the-art review of UAM systems, eVTOL technology, and the prevailing regulatory landscape. This is followed by a detailed demographic and mobility analysis of the metropolitan area to identify strategic transport corridors and quantify potential demand. This analysis directly determines the optimal placement of a phased vertiport network, with the detailed conceptual design of the Les Glòries vertiport serving as a key case study, and informs the subsequent operational traffic simulation used to validate the network’s robustness against projected peak demand. The analysis reveals that the proposed UAM network demonstrates greatest value by complementing, rather than replacing, the existing TMB network. The subsequent traffic simulation validates this design, confirming its operational robustness and capability to manage peak demand without systemic bottlenecks. Furthermore, the economic feasibility study concludes that the system can achieve a positive annual operational balance, with its viability significantly enhanced through a proposed public-private partnership model involving TMB as the infrastructure provider. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that the integration of eVTOL operations within TMB’s multimodal framework is technically feasible, operationally sound, and economically plausible in the medium term. The project represents a strategic opportunity for Barcelona to enhance sustainable urban mobility and solidify its standing as a leader in innovative transport solutions. Successful implementation, however, will be contingent on proactively managing critical environmental and societal factors, particularly acoustic impact and public acceptance, which must be central to future development phases.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Robustness (evolution)", "General partnership", "Public transport", "Network planning and design", "Traffic congestion", "Transport network", "Sustainable transport", "Principal (computer security)", "Private transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2117/459170" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171844755", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21710679", "title": "Enabling Scalable Vertiport Network Design via Terrain-Aware Spatial Filtering and sPCA-Based Candidate Reduction", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elif ERKEK", "Martin Lindner", "Hartmut Fricke" ], "first_author": "Elif ERKEK", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Key (lock)", "Network planning and design", "Scale (ratio)", "Noise reduction" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21710679" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117482555", "doi": "10.3390/drones10010017", "title": "Urban Medical Emergency Logistics Drone Base Station Location Selection", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hongbin Zhang", "Liang Zou", "Yongxia Yang", "Jack Ma", "Jingguang Xiao", "Peiqun Lin" ], "first_author": "Hongbin Zhang", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In densely populated and traffic-congested major cities, medical emergency rescue incidents occur frequently, making the use of drones for emergency medical supplies delivery a new emergency distribution method. However, establishing drone transportation networks in urban areas requires balancing spatiotemporal fluctuations in emergency needs, meeting hospitals’ mandatory constraints on response time, and addressing factors like airspace restrictions and weather impacts. By analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of medical emergency logistics in large cities, this study constructs a drone base station location optimization model integrating dynamic and static factors. The model combines multi-source data including emergency needs, geographic information, and airspace limitations. It employs kernel density estimation to identify hotspot areas, uses DBSCAN clustering to detect long-term stable demand hotspots, and applies LSTM methods to predict short-term and sudden demand fluctuations. The model optimizes coverage rate, response time, and cost budget control for drone transportation networks through a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Using Guangzhou as a case study, the results demonstrate that through “dynamic-static” collaborative deployment and multi-model drone coordination, the network achieves 96.18% demand coverage with an average response time of 673.38 s, significantly outperforming traditional vehicle transportation. Sensitivity analysis and robustness testing further validate the model’s effectiveness in handling demand fluctuations, weather changes, and airspace restrictions. This research provides theoretical support and decision-making basis for scientific planning of urban medical emergency drone transportation networks, offering practical significance for enhancing urban emergency rescue capabilities.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Software deployment", "DBSCAN", "Robustness (evolution)", "Cluster analysis", "Base station", "Kernel density estimation", "Emergency management" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010017" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408732371", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5189744", "title": "Fire Prevention and Suppression Strategies for Lithium-Ion Battery Fires at Vertiports: An E-Delphi Panel Consensus Study", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Carl Ison" ], "first_author": "David Carl Ison", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Delphi method", "Lithium (medication)", "Battery (electricity)", "Lithium-ion battery", "Delphi", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Medicine", "Physics", "Psychiatry" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5189744" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171818851", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21710678", "title": "Enabling Scalable Vertiport Network Design via Terrain-Aware Spatial Filtering and sPCA-Based Candidate Reduction", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elif ERKEK", "Martin Lindner", "Hartmut Fricke" ], "first_author": "Elif ERKEK", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Key (lock)", "Network planning and design", "Scale (ratio)", "Noise reduction" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21710678" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401023321", "doi": "10.1016/j.ast.2024.109422", "title": "Hybrid AI-based 4D trajectory management system for dense low altitude operations and Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yibing Xie", "Alessandro Gardi", "Man Liang", "Roberto Sabatini" ], "first_author": "Yibing Xie", "venue": "Aerospace Science and Technology", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a promising solution to address some of the challenges of transportation congestion and associated pollution, especially in large cities. However, the development of drone transportation and UAM services is limited by the capacity of the low altitude airspace where these new vehicles will operate. Without suitable regulatory advancements and associated traffic management systems, air traffic in the densest low-altitude sectors may incur congestion, which, in addition to affecting operational efficiency, can increase systemic risk and fuel emergency occurrences, thereby affecting the safety of people and property in the air and on the ground. To address these challenges, this study aims to develop an intelligent Uncrewed Aircraft Traffic Management (UTM) system that leverages the complementary strengths of metaheuristic and machine learning algorithms for an effective management of dense low altitude airspace. The UTM system determines time-based three-dimensional airspace Demand-Capacity Balancing (DCB) solutions by processing real-time data updates and dynamically replanning flight paths and DCB decisions in any given context, while also providing UAM operators with relevant inputs for autonomous decision-making. Simulation-based verification activities in representative conditions show that the proposed UTM system has the ability to effectively resolve overload instances and minimize potential conflicts in low-altitude airspace, with an operationally acceptable running time. We conclude that the proposed hybrid algorithm can support a successful implementation of UAM services in and around cities, and it has high potential to address critical airspace resource constraints also in traditional Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM).", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Context (archaeology)", "Computer science", "Traffic congestion", "Low altitude", "National Airspace System", "Air traffic management", "Transport engineering", "Aviation", "Altitude (triangle)", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2024.109422" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4378906632", "doi": "10.21810/jicw.v6i1.5274", "title": "Radicalization of Airspace Security: Prospects and Botheration of Drone Defense System Technology", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "Dong Seong Kim", "Jae‐Min Lee" ], "first_author": "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "venue": "The Journal of Intelligence Conflict and Warfare", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The development of a comprehensive and decisive drone defense integrated control system that can provide maximum security is crucial for maintaining territorial integrity and accelerating smart aerial mobility to sustain the emerging drone transportation system (DTS) for priority-based logistics and mobile communication. This study explores recent developments in the design of robust drone defense control systems that can observe and respond not only to drone attacks inside and outside a facility but also to equipment data such as CCTV security control on the ground and security sensors in the facility at a glance. Also, it considered DDS strategies, schema, and innovative security setups in different regions. Finally, open research issues in DDs designs are discussed, and useful recommendations are provided. Effective means for drone source authentication, delivery package verification, operator authorization, and dynamic scenario-specific engagement are solicited for comprehensive DDS design for maximum security Received: 2023-03-07 Revised: 2023-04-27", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer security", "Computer science", "Authorization" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/jicw/article/download/5274/4492" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172401840", "doi": "10.1016/j.urbmob.2026.100265", "title": "Urban air mobility vertiports: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review of physical site selection, design, and integration with ground transport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chuancheng Li", "Yin Zhang", "Qunfeng Ji" ], "first_author": "Chuancheng Li", "venue": "Journal of Urban Mobility", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is increasingly discussed as a complement to congested surface transport, but its implementation depends on vertiports that can be planned, designed and integrated within dense urban environments. Existing research remains fragmented across aviation engineering, transport modelling and urban planning, leaving limited synthesis of how siting, physical design and ground-transport integration interact. This study examines the physical planning of UAM vertiports and identifies the urban constraints shaping their implementation. Using a scoping-review design, the study analysed 81 peer-reviewed publications published between 2015 and 2025, combining bibliometric mapping with qualitative synthesis. The results suggest that vertiport research is gradually expanding from simplified coverage and clearance models towards approaches that address demand uncertainty, land-use compatibility, noise, wind, equity and multimodal access. However, the literature still provides limited guidance on translating these constraints into transferable design parameters, particularly for rooftop operations, charging layouts, passenger transfer and governance across planning scales. The review contributes an integrated perspective linking network-level siting, neighbourhood constraints, building-scale design and terminal/user experience, and clarifies priorities for future empirical, regulatory and design research.", "keywords": [ "Urban design", "Urban planning", "Neighbourhood (mathematics)", "Transportation planning", "Regional planning", "Equity (law)", "Corporate governance", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2026.100265" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167074835", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20825094", "title": "Enabling Scalable Vertiport Network Design via Terrain-Aware Spatial Filtering and sPCA-Based Candidate Reduction", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-15", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elif ERKEK", "Martin Lindner", "Hartmut Fricke" ], "first_author": "Elif ERKEK", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Large-scale vertiport network design for Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) faces computational scalability challenges, as regional candidate generation can yield tens of thousands of feasible parcels and millions of binary variables in Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models. Yet existing methods lack systematic pre-optimization filtering to reduce the decision space while preserving operational and geographic realism. This study proposes a terrain-aware, data-driven spatial reduction strategy that serves as a pre-optimization candidate screening stage and investigates associated computational challenges in regional-scale vertiport network design. By integrating terrainbased distance accumulation with Spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA), correlated accessibility and land-use criteria are synthesized into structurally consistent decision-space representations. sPCA mitigates multicollinearity among spatial determinants and extracts dominant structural drivers without subjective weighting. Applied to a regional case study in Saxony, Germany, the framework reduces 74,944 feasible grid cells to 236 candidate locations, decreasing MILP binary variables by two orders of magnitude and reducing solution times from more than 96 hours to 18 minutes under identical solver configurations. The proposed approach enables integration of GIS-based spatial analytics and operations research, supporting geographically consistent and computationally tractable vertiport network planning for large-scale IAM systems.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Solver", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Linear programming", "Binary number", "Analytics", "Grid", "Network planning and design", "Principal component analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20825094" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379794560", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-4499", "title": "Autonomous Landing of eVTOL Vehicles via Deep Q-Networks", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sabrullah Deniz", "Yufei Wu", "Yang Shi", "Zhenbo Wang" ], "first_author": "Sabrullah Deniz", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-4499.vid Urban Air Mobility (UAM) promises a new mode of transportation system providing disruptive innovative operation safely and efficiently in a highly constrained urban environment. The UAM is attracting interest from a wide range of stakeholders, institutions, and businesses due to the technological advances in electric and distributed propulsion, which makes it easier to construct unique aircraft types with the capability for electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL). The autonomous landing of an eVTOL vehicle to a ground vertiport needs highly automated systems, while in a piloted helicopter the landing is directed by the Air Traffic Control unit and pilot. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based method to locate the landing marker and land the eVTOL vehicle on it using only low-resolution images captured by a camera pointed downward. The proposed approach is based on Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) using a high-level control policy to navigate the eVTOL vehicle toward the landing marker. We have implemented different approaches, including DQNs and double DQNs algorithms. We trained and tested the vehicle in the Robotic Operating System (ROS) Gazebo simulation environment within a small-scale environmental setting. The performance of our model has a promising result to land the vehicle autonomously by following the generated policy throughout the network. The precise and safe landing of eVTOL vehicles is one of the key steps towards addressing conflict and delays during peak hours at the vertiport for future UAM applications.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Reinforcement learning", "Key (lock)", "Propulsion", "Range (aeronautics)", "Construct (python library)", "Real-time computing", "Automotive engineering", "Simulation", "Artificial intelligence", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-4499" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2103545779", "doi": "10.2514/6.2001-2066", "title": "Status of an on-board PC-based airdrop planner demonstration", "year": 2001, "publication_date": "2001-05-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Philip D. Hattis", "Thomas J. Fill", "David S. Rubenstein", "Robert Wright", "Richard Benney", "David LeMoine" ], "first_author": "Philip D. Hattis", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Precision airdrop from high altitude is important for a range of missions while limiting risk to carrier aircraft. Since 1998 the New World Vistas program has sponsored development of a Draper Laboratory onboard Precision Aerial Delivery Planner and a Planning Systems, Inc. WindPADS wind/density field estimator to address these mission requirements. The resulting system derives an airdrop Computed Aerial Release Point on-board the carrier aircraft while in-flight to the Drop Zone (DZ). This enables adaptation to DZ changes while accurately accounting for current environment data. Reference trajectories for low-glide airdrop systems are also generated en route to the DZ. Two Ethernet-connected laptop personal computers are being used for the Planner, with its embedded airdrop simulation, and for WindPADS. The Planner PC also has access to data from the carrier aircraft 1553 data bus. Interfaces between the PCs and to the carrier aircraft have been successfully tested. Data is being collected by the Army to improve the Planner's", "keywords": [ "Planner", "Computer science", "On board", "Operating system", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 15, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-2066" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125505599", "doi": "10.36466/klc.17.2.2", "title": "The Relative Importance of Sustainability Indicator on UAM Vertiport Development from the Perspective of Urban and Architecture using AHP Method", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Hai-Ju Chung", "Yong-jin Ahn" ], "first_author": "Hai-Ju Chung", "venue": "The Journal of Korea Landscape Council", "publisher": null, "abstract": "UAM은 현대도시의 교통혼잡을 분산하기 위해 도심항공교통을 상용화하는 방안으로 수직 이착륙장인 버티포트 인프라를 기반으로 여객 및 화물 운송을 담당하는 미래 혁신 교통사업으로 주목받고 있다. 기존 선행연구는 교통시설 활용에 초점을 둔 버티포트 계획지표를 제시한 바 있으나, UAM의 특성이 반영되지 않은 한계점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해, 본 연구는 도시·건축 지속가능성 측면에서 UAM 버티포트 계획지표의 상대적 중요도를 도출하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해, 선행연구 분석 및 FGI를 통해 버티포트의 계획지표를 크게 사회적, 경제적, 환경적 지속가능성으로 구분한 이후, 각 항목별 세부 계획지표를 선정하여 건축, 도시분야전문가를 대상으로 AHP 설문을 진행하였다. 분석결과, 사회적 지속가능성이 가장 높은 중요도를 보였고 경제적, 환경적 지속가능성 순으로 집계되었다. 또한, 도시분야 전문가와 건축분야 전문가를 구분한 분석결과, 세부 항목별 중요도 차이가 확인되었으나, 공통적으로 바이오필릭 버티포트설계, 교통계획과의 정합성, 지구특화계획 도입은 상위 계획지표로 확인되었다.", "keywords": [ "Analytic hierarchy process", "Sustainability", "Perspective (graphical)", "Architecture", "Sustainable development", "Urban planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.36466/klc.17.2.2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167034161", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20825093", "title": "Enabling Scalable Vertiport Network Design via Terrain-Aware Spatial Filtering and sPCA-Based Candidate Reduction", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-15", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elif ERKEK", "Martin Lindner", "Hartmut Fricke" ], "first_author": "Elif ERKEK", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Large-scale vertiport network design for Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) faces computational scalability challenges, as regional candidate generation can yield tens of thousands of feasible parcels and millions of binary variables in Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models. Yet existing methods lack systematic pre-optimization filtering to reduce the decision space while preserving operational and geographic realism. This study proposes a terrain-aware, data-driven spatial reduction strategy that serves as a pre-optimization candidate screening stage and investigates associated computational challenges in regional-scale vertiport network design. By integrating terrainbased distance accumulation with Spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA), correlated accessibility and land-use criteria are synthesized into structurally consistent decision-space representations. sPCA mitigates multicollinearity among spatial determinants and extracts dominant structural drivers without subjective weighting. Applied to a regional case study in Saxony, Germany, the framework reduces 74,944 feasible grid cells to 236 candidate locations, decreasing MILP binary variables by two orders of magnitude and reducing solution times from more than 96 hours to 18 minutes under identical solver configurations. The proposed approach enables integration of GIS-based spatial analytics and operations research, supporting geographically consistent and computationally tractable vertiport network planning for large-scale IAM systems.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Solver", "Reduction (mathematics)", "Linear programming", "Binary number", "Analytics", "Grid", "Network planning and design", "Principal component analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20825093" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203480015", "doi": "10.70401/jbde.2026.0042", "title": "Supply-demand matching for vertiport location and capacity allocation optimization in urban low-altitude logistics: A case study of Nanjing", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Wang Duxin", "Zhao Xu" ], "first_author": "Wang Duxin", "venue": "Journal of Building Design and Environment", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rapid development of the low-altitude economy has positioned vertiports as critical heavy-asset hubs in urban logistics networks, where siting decisions affect both delivery access and facility utilization. Existing maximum-coverage models do not explicitly represent station throughput or allocated order volumes. This study therefore retains the original three-stage framework-demand assessment, hierarchical facility polygon intersection point set (HFPIPS) candidate generation, and capacitated location-allocation, while correcting the demand surface to use area-weighted land-use shares and clarifying that the utilization floor is an application-specific minimum-throughput rule rather than a new algebraic form. In Nanjing, 8,811 demand grids and 10,283 planning candidates produce 2,678,898 radius-feasible pairs, reduced to 374,873 pairs by demand-adaptive pruning. Under a 300 s single-thread budget, the high-coverage capacitated facility location problem (CFLP) returns a verified feasible incumbent of 195 stations delivering 156,300 orders/day (78.13%), with 66.79% average utilization, 22.50% minimum utilization, and 0.953 km average delivery distance. At the same 195-site budget, a deterministic maximal covering location problem (MCLP)-greedy baseline achieves 97.05% nominal geometric coverage but only 63.87% capacity-feasible delivery. Removing the utilization floor delivers only 29 additional orders while opening four extra sites and permitting utilization as low as 1.58%. Land-use coefficient contrast tests change delivery by less than 0.27 percentage points and preserve the selected station set. The results support capacity-aware planning, while building-level engineering data, heterogeneous fleets, temporal demand, and unresolved solver gaps remain limitations.", "keywords": [ "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Solver", "Matching (statistics)", "Facility location problem", "Set (abstract data type)", "Baseline (sea)", "Polygon (computer graphics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.70401/jbde.2026.0042" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404132873", "doi": "10.1109/taes.2024.3493853", "title": "A Data-Driven Approach for Performance Evaluation of Autonomous eVTOLs", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mrinmoy Sarkar", "Xuyang Yan", "Biniam Gebru", "Abdul-Rauf Nuhu", "Kishor Datta Gupta", "Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis", "Abdollah Homaifar" ], "first_author": "Mrinmoy Sarkar", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "In this article, we develop a data-driven performance-based evaluation framework for an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in the context of urban air mobility applications. First, a two-stage comprehensive simulation framework is developed to generate a benchmark database for the performance evaluation of both autonomous aircraft system (AAS) traffic management (AAS-TM) algorithms and high-fidelity eVTOL dynamical models. In the developed simulation framework, we implement AAS-TM algorithms and incorporate real-world constraints, e.g., vertiport infrastructures and different wind conditions. From the developed simulation framework, we generate 1 213 010 flight profiles. These flight profiles are used in a model-based eVTOL performance evaluation tool as inputs to compute the physical performance of three types of eVTOLs. Due to the high computational cost of model-based eVTOL performance evaluation approaches, a clustering-based sampling procedure is employed to reduce the redundancy in the generated flight profiles and utilize the resampled flight profiles to form an eVTOL performance analysis dataset. We then train and compare several machine learning models on the eVTOL performance analysis dataset to predict: performance variables-flight conditions, aerodynamic coefficients, aircraft electronics, and electric motor and propeller efficiencies. Finally, we deploy the proposed data-driven models in the framework and reduce the eVTOL performance inference time to real time.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3493853" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164040583", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9212891/v1", "title": "AI-Enabled Two-tiered Site Selection and Optimization Model for Waterfront Urban Air Mobility Vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ben Yang", "Jianjia He", "Yuning Zhang" ], "first_author": "Ben Yang", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Site selection", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Genetic algorithm", "Multi-objective optimization", "Population", "Service (business)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-9212891/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3125447953", "doi": "10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322085", "title": "Collisionless Fast Pattern Formation Mechanism for Dynamic Number of UAVs", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gunasekaran Raja", "V. Saran", "Sudha Anbalagan", "Ali Kashif Bashir", "Muhammad Ali Imran", "Nidal Nasser" ], "first_author": "Gunasekaran Raja", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an emerging technology that assists in various automated activities where human involvement is minimal. Though individual UAVs are extremely useful entities, their productivity can further be increased by deploying multi-UAVs. Pattern formation among multi-UAVs is one of the key functionalities in a swarm environment that is essential for several UAV missions namely military expedition, search and rescue operations, drone based delivery mechanisms etc. In this paper, to facilitate pattern formation among UAVs in an effective manner, a Time-Interleaved Pattern Formation (TIPF) Mechanism is proposed. The existing systems work for a fixed number of drones whose pattern switching mechanisms are preprogrammed. However, the TIPF mechanism enables switching patterns among dynamic number of drones (UAVs) on the fly by inducing a small delay between each UAV movement. The TIPF mechanism avoids collision, which occurs due to the simultaneous movement of UAVs. The proposed TIPF mechanism encompasses a Centralised Coordinate Calculation (CCC) algorithm to easily calculate the coordinates of UAVs in a given pattern. Further, this mechanism has also been simulated and tested in our proposed virtual IP based Software In The Loop (V-SITL) environment. This proposed V-SITL environment offers increased scalability on account of the entire UAV system being simulated in a single computer. The TIPF mechanism has been simulated for 8 drones in a dynamic manner for square and triangle patterns. The simulation results show that the pattern formation time avoids collision in a time interleaving rate of 52.63%.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Drone", "Mechanism (biology)", "Swarm behaviour", "Scalability", "Interleaving", "Search and rescue", "Real-time computing", "Simulation", "Distributed computing", "Robot", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 13, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322085" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399499010", "doi": "10.2514/1.d0416", "title": "DeepDispatch: Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Vehicle Dispatch Algorithm for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elaheh Sabziyan Varnousfaderani", "Syed Arbab Mohd Shihab", "Esrat F. Dulia" ], "first_author": "Elaheh Sabziyan Varnousfaderani", "venue": "Journal of Air Transportation", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Near-future air taxi operations with electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft will be constrained by the need for frequent recharging and limited takeoff and landing pads in vertiports and will be subject to time-varying demand and electricity prices, making the dispatch problem unique and particularly challenging to solve. Previously, the authors have developed optimization models to address this problem. Such optimization models, however, suffer from prohibitively high computational run times when the scale of the problem increases, making them less practical for real-world implementation. To overcome this issue, the authors have developed two deep reinforcement learning-based dispatch algorithms, namely, single-agent and multi-agent double dueling deep Q-network dispatch algorithms, where the objective is to maximize operating profit. A passenger transportation simulation environment was built to assess the performance of these algorithms across 36 numerical cases with varying numbers of vehicles and vertiports and amounts of demand. The results indicate that the multi-agent dispatch algorithm can closely approximate the optimal dispatch policy with significantly less computational expenses compared to the benchmark optimization model. The multi-agent algorithm was found to outperform the single-agent counterpart with respect to both profits generated and training time. Additionally, we implemented a heuristic-based algorithm, faster but less effective in generating profits compared to our two deep reinforcement learning-based algorithms.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence", "Automotive engineering", "Algorithm", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0416" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167627175", "doi": "10.1080/12265934.2026.2691194", "title": "UAM vertiport location selection using XGBoost-based GIS data analysis: A Seoul-Daejeon case study", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "U. Won Huh", "Jeongmin Kim", "Daewoon Park", "Kyowon Song" ], "first_author": "U. Won Huh", "venue": "International Journal of Urban Sciences", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a next-generation urban mobility solution with the potential to alleviate congestion and enhance overall mobility efficiency. One of the critical challenges in UAM is determining optimal locations for vertiports. In this study, we propose a novel approach utilizing geospatial data processing and machine learning (XGBoost) for UAM vertiport location selection. 15 social, economic, transportation, and safety-related variables were collected and processed into a 1km × 1km grid. The model was trained using 4 expert-selected vertiport locations in Seoul (Gimpo Airport Vertiport, Yeouido Park Heliport, Jamsil Han River Park, and Suseo Station) and then applied to Daejeon, to assess its generalizability. To evaluate the consistency between the XGBoost model prediction and expert selection, two validation methods were employed: the Top-N Hit Rate and Rank-Biased Overlap (RBO). As a result, XGBoost achieved robust prediction performance, with SHAP analysis indicating height and accessibility to transportation infrastructures as the influential factors. The Top-10 Hit Rate indicated substantial overlap between the XGBoost model prediction and expert selection, while the RBO analysis revealed moderate agreement in ranking structure, particularly among high-ranked candidate locations. The model successfully identified vertiport candidate locations in Daejeon that align with expert intuition, demonstrating both accuracy and versatility. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of machine learning-based vertiport location selection and provide insights into urban air mobility infrastructure planning.", "keywords": [ "Geospatial analysis", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Ranking (information retrieval)", "Feature selection", "Consistency (knowledge bases)", "Model selection", "Geographic information system", "Location data" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2026.2691194" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160609431", "doi": "10.18154/rwth-2026-04549", "title": "Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Networks for Deterministic and Probabilistic Wind Nowcasting Within a Wake Vortex Warning System for Vertiport Operations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sooseok Lee", "Frank N. Holzäpfel", "Anton Stephan", "Dieter Moormann" ], "first_author": "Sooseok Lee", "venue": "Meteorological Applications", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Nowcasting", "Probabilistic logic", "Wake", "Wake turbulence", "Hybrid system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2026-04549" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417317000", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5873342", "title": "A Two-Stage Optimization Framework for Vertiport Location and Vehicle-to-Path Assignment in Urban Air Mobility: Balancing Cost and Service Performance", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Zhirong Zhang", "Xinyi Zheng", "Jin Quan Zheng", "Yong Fang", "Zhiyuan Liu", "Qixiu Cheng" ], "first_author": "Zhirong Zhang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Robustness (evolution)", "Scalability", "Key (lock)", "Service (business)", "Cluster analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5873342" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407123562", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2502.00399", "title": "Integrating Urban Air Mobility with Highway Infrastructure: A Strategic Approach for Vertiport Location Selection in the Seoul Metropolitan Area", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Donghyun Yoon", "Minwoo Jeong", "Jin-Yong Lee", "Kim, Seyun", "Yoonjin Yoon" ], "first_author": "Donghyun Yoon", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "This study focuses on identifying suitable locations for highway-transfer Vertiports to integrate Urban Air Mobility (UAM) with existing highway infrastructure. UAM offers an effective solution for enhancing transportation accessibility in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, where conventional transportation often struggle to connect suburban employment zones such as industrial parks. By integrating UAM with ground transportation at highway facilities, an efficient connectivity solution can be achieved for regions with limited transportation options. Our proposed methodology for determining the suitable Vertiport locations utilizes data such as geographic information, origin-destination volume, and travel time. Vertiport candidates are evaluated and selected based on criteria including location desirability, combined transportation accessibility and transportation demand. Applying this methodology to the Seoul metropolitan area, we identify 56 suitable Vertiport locations out of 148 candidates. The proposed methodology offers a strategic approach for the selection of highway-transfer Vertiport locations, enhancing UAM integration with existing transportation systems. Our study provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers, with recommendations for future research to include real-time environmental data and to explore the impact of Mobility-as-a-Service on UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Regional science", "Business", "Geography", "Environmental planning", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.00399" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112433838", "doi": null, "title": "Design and implementation of a vertiport network at the Barcelona metropolitan area and feasibility study as an addition to the TMB public transport network", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cholakian Li, Neo" ], "first_author": "Cholakian Li, Neo", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": "This thesis investigates the design, implementation, and feasibility of an electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vertiport network in the Barcelona metropolitan area, integrated as an extension of the TMB (Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona) public transport system. The primary objective is to evaluate whether autonomous two-seat EHang EH216 aircraft can serve as a reliable, low-emission, time-saving urban mobility option for international tourists, while complementing existing ground-based services. To reach this goal, first an overview of urban air mobility state of the art is done, touching upon the legal framework, vertiport structure and eVTOL models. Afterwards the traffic of the Barcelona metropolitan area is analyzed to determine suitable locations for a vertiport network as well as which niche it fits. Finally, once the locations are found, demand and vertiport economic viability are studied, in addition to figuring out its deseign and integration with the TMB system. In the end, a vertiport network centered in Pla¸ca Catalunya reaching out to the tourist-heavy areas of Parc G¨uell, Barceloneta and Sagrada Familia is determined to be the way forward. Studying the expected demand of Pla¸ca Catalunya, a suitable design was proposed and its costs and revenues were determined. Extrapolating the results to the surrounding vertiports, the profitability of the entire network was studied and deemed to be profitable in the long term. An additional economic study was done to find business strength and weaknesses and potential demand stimulating strategies to finally confirm vertiport feasibility.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Profitability index", "Revenue", "Public transport", "Popularity", "Urban area", "Transit (satellite)", "State (computer science)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2117/445669" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164158377", "doi": "10.4050/f-0082-2026-0173", "title": "Dynamically Controlled Vertiport Operations for Different UAM Aircraft Combining Live Sensor Feedback and Predictive Downwash/Outwash Scenarios", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Damian Rogers", "Luca Belluomini" ], "first_author": "Damian Rogers", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper introduces a novel concept for an AI-powered system designed to manage vertiport takeoffs and landings by proactively addressing the safety-critical issues of downwash and outwash. The proposed system utilizes a stream of live feedback from on-site sensors, combined with a robust predictive modeling engine, to generate optimal, aircraft-specific approach and landing trajectories in real-time. By leveraging a comprehensive database of pre-computed downwash/outwash scenarios for a multitude of UAM aircraft configurations, the AI can accurately predict the unique outwash operational footprint for each individual landing operation, based on the approaching aircraft and under the prevailing conditions. This powerful predictive capability allows the system to calculate and assign an optimal approach vector that actively minimizes risk by directing hazardous airflows away from personnel, active walkways, and other sensitive ground assets. This represents a paradigm shift from static, reactive safety measures to a proactive, intelligent, and performance-based operational model; thereby paving the way for the safe, efficient, and large-scale implementation of UAM aircraft and air taxi operations.", "keywords": [ "Downwash", "Footprint", "Drone", "Civil infrastructure", "Multirotor", "Model predictive control" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0173" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203902755", "doi": "10.33090/sfcc.9.4.13", "title": "Analysis of the Effect of Information Integration through a Vertiport Integrated Operation System on Operational Delay Reduction: Focusing on Monte Carlo Simulation", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-31", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chang-Beom Lee", "Dae-Yong Kim" ], "first_author": "Chang-Beom Lee", "venue": "Journal of Convergence and Consilience(JCC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "연구목적 본 연구는 다수 버티포트의 자원상태를 취합·연계하는 버티포트 통합운영시스템이 제한된 지상자원 조건에서 운항 지연을 줄이는 효과를 분석하였다. 연구방법 4개 버티포트와 버티포트별 1 FATO-2 STAND를 가정하고, 비허브출발편의 V1 우선선택 확률 50%, STAND 조업시간 15분, 최대 공중 대기 10분 조건에서 단독형 운영(Mode 1)과 연동형운영(Mode 2)을 비교하였다. 트래픽 부하별로 1,000회 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 수행하고 반복별 평균지연에 대한 대응표본 t-검정을 적용하였다. 결과 결과 50편 조건에서 Mode 1과 Mode 2의 편당 평균지연은 각각 81.10분과 20.31분으로 나타나 75.0% 감소하였다. 반복별 평균지연의 차이는 60.79분(95% CI 59.52∼62.06)이었으며, 대응표본 t-검정 결과 통계적으로 유의하였다(t(999)=93.98, p<.001). Mode 2에서는 설정된 시뮬레이션 조건상 공중대기와 회항이 발생하지 않았으며, 목적지 수용을 위해 필요한 대기는 출발 전 지상대기로 조정되었다. 결론 정정보 연동은 물리적 자원을 늘리지 않고도 목적지 수용 가능시각과 출발시각을 정렬하여 편당 평균 운항지연을 완화하였다. 통합운영시스템은 승인·통제 주체를 대체하지 않고 정보 취합·정합화·모니터링과 운항 의사결정을 지원하는 체계로 활용될 수 있다.", "keywords": [ "Mode (computer interface)", "Monte Carlo method", "Information integration", "System integration", "Block cipher mode of operation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.33090/sfcc.9.4.13" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165394583", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20716162", "title": "Supplemental Materials for \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing\"", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-16", "type": "supplementary-materials", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kaiying Wang", "Luyao Wang", "Mingjun Liao" ], "first_author": "Kaiying Wang", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This record contains the supplemental materials for the manuscript entitled \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing.\" The supplemental materials include the group judgment matrices for AHP-based weighting and detailed scenario-level sensitivity analysis results for rooftop and ground-based candidate sites.", "keywords": [ "Weighting", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Risk assessment", "Suitability analysis", "Evaluation methods", "Impact assessment" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20716162" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386736910", "doi": "10.1109/access.2023.3315694", "title": "Intelligent Scheduling Algorithms for the Enhancement of Drone-Based Innovative Logistic Supply Chain Systems", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ameen Banjar", "Mahdi Jemmali", "Loai Kayed B. Melhim", "Wadii Boulila", "Talel Ladhari", "Akram Y. Sarhan" ], "first_author": "Ameen Banjar", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and location-tracking technologies has revolutionized our daily lives by enhancing the functionality of logistical services. However, these advancements have also placed significant pressure on the current supply networks and have impeded further growth within the logistics industry. This article presents an inventive logistic supply chain solution utilizing drone-based delivery to tackle the logistic supply chain issues. The proposed solution goal is to minimize the maximum amount of time required to finish all assigned delivery tasks. The goal was met by developing a set of sophisticated algorithms based on the combination of dispatching rule, randomization, and iterative methods to optimize the performance of the supply chain processes and effectively accomplished the aim of time savings. The deployed system enables the management of a larger volume of shipments and increases the efficiency of logistic supply chain management. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithms have the potential to decrease the maximum duration required to complete the delivery operations assigned to the drones in 1520 cases. The algorithm that exhibited the highest level of performance was the MID algorithm, which attained a staggering percentage of 87.7%, an average deviation from the optimal solution of 0.001, and an execution time of 0.0215 s. Moreover, the MID algorithm was determined to outperform the top two algorithms in the literature after comparing their outputs.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Supply chain", "Drone", "Algorithm", "Supply chain management", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Duration (music)", "Real-time computing", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3315694" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160607555", "doi": "10.29327/23189258.1524158", "title": "A CRITIC-WISP Multicriteria Framework for Sustainable Vertiport Planning in Urban Air Mobility: Operational, Socio-Environmental, and Decision Analysis", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Silmara Scontre", "Thiago Fernandes Lima", "Bruno Pereira Diniz", "Daniel Augusto de Moura Pereira", "Marcos dos Santos" ], "first_author": "Silmara Scontre", "venue": "Anais do ... Simpósio de Engenharia de Produção", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Decision analysis", "Decision support system", "Sustainability", "Sustainable development", "Decision model", "Urban planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.29327/23189258.1524158" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7151693360", "doi": null, "title": "Unmanned aircraft systems — Part 2: Operation of vertiports for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aircraft (UA)", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-08-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": "Vytautas Magnus University", "publisher": null, "abstract": "49.020", "keywords": [ "Remotely operated underwater vehicle", "Control system", "Airframe", "Drone" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12259/308777" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388562351", "doi": "10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311204", "title": "Airspace Performance Observations of Scalable Autonomous Operations in a High Density Vertiplex Simulation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gita Hodell", "Madison T. Goodyear", "Faisal G. Omar", "Ashley N. Gomez", "Abhinay I. Tiwari", "Jeffrey R. Homola" ], "first_author": "Gita Hodell", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) High Density Vertiplex (HDV) sub-project aims to develop and demonstrate progressive automation technologies that contribute to the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) concept. Using Human-and-Hardware-In-The-Loop (HHITL) techniques, HDV demonstrates initial vertiport automation services at vertiports with increased air traffic volume in both simulated and live test environments. In 2023, the Scalable Autonomous Operations (SAO) simulation was conducted in which prototype vertiport, airspace, and ground control station technologies were assessed on technical performance. During the SAO simulation, an observational study captured an initial impression of the HDV airspace performance, potential disruptions to the airspace, and highlighted some capability and procedural gaps. Observations took place in two parts. In the first part, five scenario use cases (Nominal, Missed Approach, Speed Change, Divert, and Multi-Aircraft Divert) were conducted with three human operator roles (Vertiport Manager, Fleet Manager, and Ground Control Station Operator). Researchers collected metrics on throughput, closest point of approach, and airborne delay. In the second part of the study, the Missed Approach scenario was observed under three traffic density levels (20, 40, and 60 operations per hour) to challenge the automation to correctly identify slots in the vertiport arrival schedule. The results showed that the automation successfully found a slot for the Missed Approach vehicle in the 20 operations per hour condition, after some delay it found one in the 40 condition, and it did not find one in the 60 condition. The observations of technical and human performance throughout the five scenario use cases and the Missed Approach case study indicated that for HDV to increase traffic density and maintain or increase throughput, airspace monitoring services should be able to detect and resolve conflicts between aircraft. Furthermore, the roles and responsibilities of human operators need additional definition when it comes to responding to vehicle conflicts.", "keywords": [ "Automation", "Scalability", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Schedule", "Throughput", "Simulation", "National Airspace System", "Real-time computing", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311204" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3198901053", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-75067-1_19", "title": "Intelligent and Fuzzy UAV Transportation Applications in Aviation 4.0", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-26", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mahmoud Golabi", "Mazyar Ghadiri Nejad" ], "first_author": "Mahmoud Golabi", "venue": "Studies in systems, decision and control", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Fuzzy logic", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Path (computing)", "Genetic algorithm", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Machine learning", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75067-1_19" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405323986", "doi": "10.3390/drones8120752", "title": "Limited Impact of Drone Transport of Blood on Platelet Activation", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nico Callewaert", "Inge Pareyn", "Tessa Acke", "Brian Desplinter", "Kyana Van de Pitte", "Joke Van Vooren", "Mathieu De Meyer", "Ellen Seeldraeyers", "Frank Peeters", "Simon F. De Meyer", "Karen Vanhoorelbeke", "Claudia Tersteeg" ], "first_author": "Nico Callewaert", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The rapid transportation of blood samples and blood products using drones has high potential in the medical sector. However, before this can be implemented, sufficient evidence that drone transportation is not affecting clinical outcomes is needed. Currently, limited data on the stability of blood, and specifically on platelet activation, after transport using drones are available. Therefore, the impact of drone transportation on platelet activation parameters was analyzed. Blood was drawn from 20 healthy volunteers and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), potassium, free hemoglobin, PFA-100 closure time, platelet factor 4 (PF4) plasma levels and platelet activation membrane markers were determined in blood that was transported by drone and compared to non-transported samples. In addition, a control group was included where blood samples were transported by car. Transport by both drone and car increased LDH and potassium levels, but the values mostly remained within the total allowable error. Both drone and car transportation impacted platelet activation, as indicated by a small increase in the baseline P-selectin expression and increased PF4 plasma levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the impact of drone transport on platelet activation. Transportation of blood tubes from healthy individuals using drones has only minimal impacts on blood stability and platelet activation parameters, and is comparable to blood transportation by car. Therefore, the effects observed as a result of drone transportation will likely not impact clinical decision making.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Platelet activation", "Platelet", "Medicine", "Immunology", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/8/12/752/pdf?version=1733997543" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283366854", "doi": "10.3390/drones6070155", "title": "Quality Analysis of Tuberculosis Specimens Transported by Drones versus Ground Transportation", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Diosdélio Malamule", "Susana Moreira", "Carla Madeira", "Carla Lutucuta", "Gabriella Ailstock", "Luciana Maxim", "Ruth Bechtel", "Olivier Defawe", "Sofia Omar Viegas" ], "first_author": "Diosdélio Malamule", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "There are many challenges that impact the current referral network for Tuberculosis (TB) sputum specimens in Mozambique. In some cases, health facilities are remote and the road infrastructure is poor and at times impassable, leading to delays in laboratory specimen transportation and long turn-around times for results. Drone transportation is a promising solution to reduce transportation time and improve access to laboratory diagnostics if the sample quality is not compromised during transport. This study evaluated the impact of drone transportation on the quality of TB sputum specimens with suspected Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 156 specimens were collected at five (5) health centers and sent to the Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS) National TB Reference Laboratory. Specimens were then equally divided into two aliquots; one to be transported on land and the other by air using a drone. Control and study group specimens were processed using the NALC-NaOH method. Agreement between sample and control specimens was acceptable, indicating that drone transportation did not affect the quality of TB specimens. The authors recommend additional studies to validate drone transportation of TB specimens over a longer period of time to give further confidence in the adoption of drone delivery in Mozambique.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Tuberculosis", "Sputum", "Medicine", "Sample (material)", "Tuberculosis control", "Environmental health", "Referral", "Medical emergency", "Business", "Pathology", "Nursing" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/7/155/pdf?version=1656057391" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165377325", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20716163", "title": "Supplemental Materials for \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing\"", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-16", "type": "supplementary-materials", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kaiying Wang", "Luyao Wang", "Mingjun Liao" ], "first_author": "Kaiying Wang", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This record contains the supplemental materials for the manuscript entitled \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing.\" The supplemental materials include the group judgment matrices for AHP-based weighting and detailed scenario-level sensitivity analysis results for rooftop and ground-based candidate sites.", "keywords": [ "Weighting", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Risk assessment", "Suitability analysis", "Evaluation methods", "Impact assessment" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20716163" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415931073", "doi": "10.3390/s25216751", "title": "Secure and Intelligent Low-Altitude Infrastructures: Synergistic Integration of IoT Networks, AI Decision-Making and Blockchain Trust Mechanisms", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuwen Ye", "Xirun Min", "Xiangwen Liu", "Xiangyi Chen", "Xiangyi Chen", "Kefan Cao", "S. M. Ruhul Kabir Howlader", "Xiao Chen", "Xiao Chen" ], "first_author": "Yuwen Ye", "venue": "Sensors", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The low-altitude economy (LAE), encompassing urban air mobility, drone logistics and sub 3000 m aerial surveillance, demands secure, intelligent infrastructures to manage increasingly complex, multi-stakeholder operations. This survey evaluates the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) networks, artificial intelligence (AI) decision-making and blockchain trust mechanisms as foundational enablers for next-generation LAE ecosystems. IoT sensor arrays deployed at ground stations, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and vertiports form a real-time data fabric that records variables from air traffic density to environmental parameters. These continuous data streams empower AI models ranging from predictive analytics and computer vision (CV) to multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and large language model (LLM) reasoning to optimize flight paths, identify anomalies and coordinate swarm behaviors autonomously. In parallel, blockchain architectures furnish immutable audit trails for regulatory compliance, support secure device authentication via decentralized identifiers (DIDs) and automate contractual exchanges for services such as airspace leasing or payload delivery. By examining current research and practical deployments, this review demonstrates how the synergistic application of IoT, AI and blockchain can bolster operational efficiency, resilience and trustworthiness across the LAE landscape.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Blockchain", "Payload (computing)", "Resilience (materials science)", "Internet of Things", "Identifier", "Authentication (law)", "Ontology", "Analytics", "Cloud computing" ], "cited_by_count": 14, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/21/6751/pdf?version=1762329535" } ]