[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4312422883", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4271364", "title": "Drone Fleet Deployment Optimization for Direct Delivery with Time Windows and Battery Replacements", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tanveer Hossain Bhuiyan", "Mohammad Roni", "Victor Walker" ], "first_author": "Tanveer Hossain Bhuiyan", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Battery (electricity)", "Drone", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Operating system", "Physics", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4271364" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410115288", "doi": "10.1109/icns65417.2025.10976768", "title": "Optimal Air Corridor Design for Efficient Integration of AAM Vehicles into the NAS", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marielle Korringa", "Paul Snyder", "Michael Ullrich", "Sreejith Vidhyadharan", "Robbie Lunnie" ], "first_author": "Marielle Korringa", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) corridors are a vital concept in the growing field of urban air mobility (UAM) and are critical for facilitating safe and efficient integration of AAM/UAM aircraft with the National Airspace System (NAS). These corridors are designated airspace routes designed for the safe operation of crewed and uncrewed aircraft carrying passengers and goods in platforms such as electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. AAM corridors will eventually shape the future of air mobility and will change how both people and goods move within and between cities. With defined routes and altitude for AAM operations, it will ensure separation between these different aircraft types and significantly reduce the risk of collisions. As the NAS becomes more complex, AAM corridors will also help by improving the management of traffic by being integrated with existing air traffic control systems to limit disruptions. Also, by providing specific routes for AAM/UAM vehicles, these corridors can lower congestion in complex airspace, improve operational speed, and reduce travel times. AAM/UAM operations are likely to expand as time goes on and should be scalable, so they can accommodate the expected increase in traffic volume while still prioritizing safety and minimizing the risks to airspace operations, ground activities and infrastructure. This study proposes an AAM corridor operating at an altitude above 2,000 feet, connecting the cities of Thompson and Fargo in North Dakota, with designated vertiports at each location. Several key design considerations have been identified as important when designing AAM corridors, including focusing on minimizing the impact on existing NAS operations by accounting for current air traffic and addressing public concerns such as noise and safety, by avoiding more densely populated areas. Furthermore, the study examines the establishment of the route for AAM/UAM vehicles during airport entry and departure operations. In addition to designing the route between Thompson and Fargo, dedicated take-off and landing paths were developed for both vertiports. A weighted heatmap was generated encompassing the area between Thompson and Fargo analyzing the available data, complemented by detailed heatmaps for the four-square-mile regions surrounding each vertiport. The A* algorithm was then utilized to determine the optimal routes based on these heatmaps, using several real world datasets to identify the paths that best balance efficiency and safety. Once the path was calculated a curve fitting algorithm was used to smooth calculated paths. The development of AAM corridors will facilitate a structured, safe, and efficient integration of AAM/UAM vehicles into the current airspace system. The results presented in the paper use real-world data captured from both the airport and vertiport in each city as well as between the two cities. Future research could include AI-driven dynamic corridor adjustment and integration of multi-vehicle traffic in AAM corridors.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icns65417.2025.10976768" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379877863", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-3899", "title": "Modular Open Architecture UAS Test Platform System of Systems", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jason T. White" ], "first_author": "Jason T. White", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3899.vid Galaxy’s Constellation Concept Macro-/Micro- Swarming solution combines critical capabilities into an ad-hoc mesh network of unmanned systems working collaboratively and autonomously to self-identify/orient/navigate/execute tasking according to a cloud-based collecting of actionable objectives. The multi-tiered swarming capability uses airships as a network of “motherships” for deploying interchangeable group 1-2 drone swarms logically scaling into various types of large platforms deploying smaller platforms. Task coordination is reinforced with AI/ML processes. Over time, the system learns via backend ongoing trend analysis and aggregated user/command/op-briefing feedback and begins automating objectives/resourcing. This same process is employed for cargo/munitions delivery resource loading, wide-area distribution/staging optimization, and detection of people/equipment/vehicles/objects of interest. Acquired sensing data is arrayed atop 3D area maps (generated from sensors mixed with data repositories) for real-time terrain recognition and location triangulation to provide assured position, navigation, and timing of asset coordination. In the military, through persistent deployment and rotation of carrier airships and tactical drones, a dynamic mesh network is sustained as a C2 and C4ISR capability linking assets in non-contested air space to forward operating areas providing wide-area internet coverage, IT connectivity, and tactically adaptable infrastructure for the warfighter. For domestic use, in the air, the same deployment schema applies, except the system acts as a flying laboratory for airspace integration where the adaptable airborne infrastructure is used as a scalable test system for regulatory development. On the ground, vertiports are utilized in sustained operations with controlled “congested scenario” scaling to mixed “hub and spoke” deployments from air-to-air and air-to-ground “vertiports” for the development of Advanced Regional Mobility Corridors (ARMC).", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Computer science", "Drone", "Scalability", "Constellation", "Cloud computing", "Architecture", "Distributed computing", "Systems engineering", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3899" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404681327", "doi": "10.54254/2755-2721/106/20241289", "title": "Rapid Delivery System of Emergency Medical Supplies Based on UAV Robot", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yike Li" ], "first_author": "Yike Li", "venue": "Applied and Computational Engineering", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper reviews the rapid advancements and innovations in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, focusing on their application in emergency medical supply delivery. It highlights key developments in lightweight materials, power systems, modular designs, and multifunctional use, which have significantly enhanced UAV capabilities. Case studies from various countries demonstrate UAVs' effectiveness in delivering medical supplies during natural disasters and crises. The paper also explores emerging technologies such as autonomous operation, 5G communication networks, and integrated healthcare platforms, which are improving the reliability and safety of drone-based deliveries. The review provides insights into the current challenges, such as technical limitations and regulatory hurdles, while identifying potential pathways for future advancements.", "keywords": [ "Delivery system", "Computer science", "Robot", "Aeronautics", "Medical emergency", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Medicine", "Biomedical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/17312.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412485099", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3752", "title": "On the Use of Perforated Sheets To Reduce Propeller Noise in Ground Effect", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sung Tyaek Go", "Esmaeel Masoudi", "Abhishek Gautam", "Mahdi Azarpeyvand" ], "first_author": "Sung Tyaek Go", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "It is well known that a propeller hovering in close proximity to a solid ground plane can increase thrust levels for a given power. However, previous experimental studies have shown that this can lead to undesirable increases in noise levels, which can become an issue for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) when electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are taking off or landing from a vertiport landing pad. In this paper, we test a design for a vertiport landing pad which consists of a plane of perforated sheets placed some distance above a solid ground plane, thereby effectively increasing the distance between the propeller and the solid ground plane when taking off and landing. Experiments were undertaken in an anechoic chamber of a single propeller operating above a plane of perforated sheets which are supported below by a solid ground plane. Far-field noise measurements were undertaken to investigate the effect of the perforated sheets on the noise produced by the propeller. Preliminary results of the far-field acoustic measurements are presented and show that the perforated sheets have a negligible effect on the far-field noise.", "keywords": [ "Acoustics", "Noise (video)", "Propeller", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Marine engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/474233173/go-et-al-2025-on-the-use-of-perforated-sheets-to-reduce-propeller-noise-in-ground-effect.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391770296", "doi": "10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422483", "title": "ORB Keypoint Based Flying Object Region Proposal for Safe & Reliable Urban Air Traffic Management *", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-24", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Swarn Singh Rathour", "Takahiro Ito", "Kimiyoshi Machii", "Mikio BANDO", "Taku Shimizu" ], "first_author": "Swarn Singh Rathour", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper describes the development of a ground-mounted sensing system designed for urban air mobility (UAM) operational aircraft's landing and takeoff within designated UAM Vertiport zones. One of the significant challenges associated with adopting visible feature-based methods for detecting UAM operational aircraft is their complex shapes and patterns, which can complicate the extraction of consistent and distinctive visible features for accurate detection. To address this challenge, we developed a system that focuses on extracting keypoint features from foreground images, forming a basis for reliable region proposals encompassing all types of flying objects. The resulting system was experimentally evaluated using drones of varying shapes and sizes, flying at distances ranging from 15 to 120 meters. The experiments demonstrated the system's capability to detect small drones, as small as 0.178x0.232x0.127 meters, flying at approximately 100 meters. Additionally, the system exhibited the ability to detect flying birds. The paper also demonstrates the use of the developed visible image-based flying object region proposal system to assess the retraining and finetuning needs of state-of-the-art deep learning-based object detection models.", "keywords": [ "Orb (optics)", "Computer science", "Object (grammar)", "Artificial intelligence", "Physics", "Image (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422483" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401723038", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-4581-4_24", "title": "Designing Reactive Route Change Rules with Human Factors in Mind: A UATM System Perspective", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeongseok Kim", "Kangjin Kim" ], "first_author": "Jeongseok Kim", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic rerouting of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in the context of urban air traffic management (UATM). Focusing on the interaction between human managers and the UATM network, we present a novel approach to reactive rerouting based on step-oriented simulation and condition-action rules. Our framework enables human intervention in response to congestion observed at vertiport corridors, allowing managers to request detours for approaching eVTOLs. We formulate the problem within the knowledge representation and reasoning (KR&R) paradigm and employ a multi-shot approach within an Answer Set Programming (ASP) solver to drive the step-oriented simulation. The structure of the paper follows a logical progression, including related work, preliminaries, a problem statement, proposed solutions, and a discussion, followed by a concluding section.", "keywords": [ "Perspective (graphical)", "Cognitive science", "Psychology", "Computer science", "Epistemology", "Artificial intelligence", "Philosophy" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-981-97-4581-4_24.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2318132393", "doi": "10.2514/6.1993-4875", "title": "Civil tiltrotor transportation for the 21st century", "year": 1993, "publication_date": "1993-08-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ron Reber" ], "first_author": "Ron Reber", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Civil tiltrotor technology can change the way people travel by offering convenient, safe, cost-effective air transportation. Tiltrotors can operate from airports or from smaller facilities called vertiports which can be strategically placed to provide convenient access to the transportation system. In evaluating the economic viability of this mode of travel, the entire cost of the system must be included to realize the benefits of such a system, not just the cost of the aircraft or their cost of operation. When the system is developed, tiltrotors, because of their time savings and cost-competitiveness, will be able to compete in the 100-500 mile range with airplanes as well as high speed rail. While each mode has its advantages, tiltrotor will do well because it can add a flexibility to the system that can complement the other modes and make the overall system more efficient. Tiltrotor technolow is here todav! The ability to take off and land anywhere; to fly at turboprop speeds; to fly to twice the range of today's best helicopters. These attributes are all available today in an aircraft that doesn't need a runway or an airport from which to operate. Tiltrotor technology is being developed for the U.S. military in the form of the V-22 Osprey (See Figure 1). Figure 1. V-22 Osprey And, this technology is directly transferable to civil aircraft which will be the regional airliners of tomorrow (See Figure 2) W", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-4875" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125275198", "doi": "10.1007/s13272-025-00936-w", "title": "Scientific assessment for urban air mobility (UAM)", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bianca Isabella Schuchardt", "Adriana Andreeva-Mori", "Parimal H. Kopardekar", "Vadim Kramar", "James Murphy", "Mayara Condé Rocha Murça", "Dávid Sziroczák" ], "first_author": "Bianca Isabella Schuchardt", "venue": "CEAS Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract This review article is the revised and expanded version of the Scientific Assessment for UAM document that the urban air mobility (UAM) working group of the International Forum for Aviation Research (IFAR) developed at the request of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The assessment began with a study of the industry landscape, which includes an overview of existing market studies, proposed aircraft designs and concepts, and potential paths for industry evolution. The subsequent scientific assessment, developed through cooperative efforts among international domain experts, captures 17 focus areas relevant to UAM. Each focus area presents opportunities for further research. The assessment was delivered to the ICAO in 2023. This revised and expanded version reflects the UAM domain’s status quo, incorporating the most recent developments and trends identified in 2024. Key takeaways include: the need for further study of the impact of autonomous systems on the industry; infrastructure requirements (including vertiports and weather sensing) to support the industry sector; and data requirements (covering domains such as cybersecurity, emissions, and safety) to ensure safe and scalable UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Civil aviation", "Domain (mathematical analysis)", "Air transport", "Key (lock)", "Focus (optics)", "Focus group" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13272-025-00936-w.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411560114", "doi": "10.3390/drones9070454", "title": "Parametric Modeling and Evaluation of Departure and Arrival Air Routes for Urban Logistics UAVs", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhong‐Ming Li", "Yifei Zhao", "Xinhui Ren" ], "first_author": "Zhong‐Ming Li", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy, the intensive take-offs and landings of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) performing logistics transport tasks in urban areas have introduced significant safety risks. To reduce the likelihood of collisions, logistics operators—such as Meituan, Antwork, and Fengyi—have established fixed departure and arrival air routes above vertiports and designed fixed flight air routes between vertiports to guide UAVs to fly along predefined paths. In the complex and constrained low-altitude urban environment, the design of safe and efficient air routes has undoubtedly become a key enabler for successful operations. This research, grounded in both current theoretical research and real-world logistics UAV operations, defines the concept of UAV logistics air routes and presents a comprehensive description of their structure. A parametric model for one-way round-trip logistics air routes is proposed, along with an air route evaluation model and optimization method. Based on this framework, the research identifies four basic configurations that are commonly adopted for one-way round-trip operations. These configurations can be further improved into two optimized configurations with more balanced performance across multiple metrics. Simulation results reveal that Configuration 1 is only suitable for small-scale transport; as the number of delivery tasks increases, delays grow linearly. When the task volume exceeds 100 operations per 30 min, Configurations 2, 3, and 4 reduce average delay by 88.9%, 89.2%, and 93.3%, respectively, compared with Configuration 1. The research also finds that flight speed along segments and the cruise segment capacity have the most significant influence on delays. Properly increasing these two parameters can lead to a 28.4% reduction in the average delay. The two optimized configurations, derived through further refinement, show better trade-offs between average delay and flight time than any of the fundamental configurations. This research not only provides practical guidance for the planning and design of UAV logistics air routes but also lays a methodological foundation for future developments in UAV scheduling and air route network design.", "keywords": [ "Parametric statistics", "Arrival time", "Parametric model", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Geography", "Engineering", "Statistics", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070454" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4294934823", "doi": "10.5139/jksas.2022.50.9.599", "title": "Computational Simulation of Coaxial eVTOL Aircraft in Ground Effect", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jin-Yong Yang", "Hyeokjin Lee", "Rho-Shin Myong", "Hakjin Lee" ], "first_author": "Jin-Yong Yang", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences", "publisher": "Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Science", "abstract": "로터 시스템을 사용하는 도심 항공 모빌리티(Urban Air Mobility, UAM)는 이착륙 시 버티포트(Vertiport)에서 지면 효과를 경험하게 된다. UAM의 안전한 운용을 위해서는 지면 효과가 비행체의 공력성능에 미치는 영향성이 선행적으로 분석되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)를 적용하여 지면 효과가 동축 반전 프로펠러를 장착한 쿼드콥터 형상 전기동력 수직이착륙기 전기체의 공력성능 및 후류 구조에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 동축 반전 프로펠러 시스템의 상하부 프로펠러에서 지면 효과 영향성은 상이하게 관찰되었다. 지면과의 이격 거리가 변화하더라도 상부 프로펠러의 성능에는 큰 변화가 없었지만, 지면과 가까워질수록 하부 프로펠러에서는 평균 추력과 토크 값이 크게 증가하였다. 또한 이격 거리가 감소함에 따라 추력 변동의 진폭이 증가하는 경향성이 나타났다. 지면 효과에 의해 프로펠러 후류는 하류 방향으로 충분히 전파되지 못하고 지면을 따라 발달한 Outwash 흐름에 의해 확산되었다. 프로펠러 시스템 사이에서 지면 확산 유동이 충돌하는 분수 와류(Fountain Vortex)의 형성을 확인하였다.", "keywords": [ "Lattice Boltzmann methods", "Coaxial", "Outwash plain", "Fountain", "Aerospace engineering", "Physics", "Vortex", "Mechanics", "Computational physics", "Computer science", "Geology", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2022.50.9.599" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410446275", "doi": "10.1177/02783649251339772", "title": "A center-less quadrotor design with a soft enveloping grasper for aerial grasping and delivery tasks", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-05-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yu Herng Tan", "Wenjie Li", "Huichan Zhao" ], "first_author": "Yu Herng Tan", "venue": "The International Journal of Robotics Research", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a fast and effective platform that can be used for item delivery. However, the use of a conventional multirotor structure often require the payload to be manually loaded and unloaded, increasing the turnaround times and reducing efficiency of such systems. While adding a conventional gripper can enable grasping and releasing of payload, the typical solution of attaching such grippers in an underslung manner below the UAV leads to undesirable flight dynamics when payload is carried. In this paper, we aim to unify the goal of effective aerial delivery with direct grasping capabilities, improving the flight dynamics of load-carrying UAVs while enabling loading and unloading of payload without human presence or external receiving stations. To do so, we propose a design that optimizes the structure of UAVs for payload transportation by hollowing out the center of the UAV for the payload bay. This positioning of the payload prevents large changes in the center of mass and moment of inertia of the UAV between loaded and unloaded states, hence improving the control authority of the vehicle. Combined with a soft enveloping grasper, the proposed UAV successfully demonstrated the full mission profile of approach, capture, grasp, carry, and release. In addition, grasping an object from below as well as controlled perching were also performed with the same grasper, demonstrating its multifunctionality. The proposed UAV configuration in this work provides a compact, adaptable, and dynamically stable aerial grasping platform and strategy for delivery and pick-and-place tasks.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Center (category theory)", "Human–computer interaction", "Engineering", "Simulation", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer vision" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02783649251339772" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412699059", "doi": "10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101038", "title": "Innovation of food delivery: Acceptance of drone use among consumers in Peru based on TAM and BRT", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nidia Chahua-Huaqui", "Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentales", "Juana Quispe-Presentación", "Ana Ruiz-Cordero" ], "first_author": "Nidia Chahua-Huaqui", "venue": "Sustainable Futures", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This study examines the factors influencing consumer adoption of drone-based food delivery services, making a significant contribution to the literature by being the first to integrate the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT) to analyze consumers' intentions to use drone food delivery services. A correlational research design was employed, with data obtained from 259 consumers in Peru. The study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the hypothesized relationships between perceived benefits, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived ease of use, and adoption intention. The results indicate that perceived benefits, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a positive and significant effect on adoption intention, while perceived ease of use had no significant effect on attitude. These findings suggest that consumers prioritize efficiency, social influence, and control over usability concerns. The application of PLS-SEM enabled an analysis of the relationships between constructs, thereby ensuring the validity and reliability of the model. The bootstrapping technique confirmed the statistical significance of the paths, reinforcing the theoretical contributions of the study. Businesses should emphasize the advantages of drone-based delivery while leveraging social validation strategies.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Business", "Technology acceptance model", "Marketing", "Usability", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101038" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3120415963", "doi": null, "title": "Automated Aerial Baiting for Invasive Brown Treesnake Control: System Overview and Program Status", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shane R. Siers", "John D. Eisemann", "William C. Pitt", "Larry C. Clark", "Scott M. Goetz", "Robert J. Gosnell", "Aaron F. Collins", "Eric T. Hileman", "Melia G. Nafus", "Amy A. Yackel Adams", "Michael C. Messaros", "William G. N. Coon" ], "first_author": "Shane R. Siers", "venue": "Lincoln (University of Nebraska)", "publisher": "University of Nebraska–Lincoln", "abstract": "The economically and ecologically catastrophic introduction of invasive brown treesnakes to the Pacific Island of Guam has long served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of invasive species and the seeming impossibility of their management on a landscape scale. USDA Wildlife Services and federal and private partners have engineered a system for the automated manufacture and aerial delivery of toxic baits for landscape-scale suppression of brown treesnakes in large and remote forest plots. The helicopter-borne dispensing module can launch four bait cartridges per second, and a single payload of 3,600 cartridges can treat 30 ha of forest at 120 baits/ha in 15 to 30 minutes depending on flightpath efficiency. In this paper we recap the research, development, testing, and implementation of the system, including the procedures for monitoring biological responses to bait applications during an experimental suppression within a 55-ha forest plot surrounded by a snake-proof barrier.", "keywords": [ "Wildlife", "Invasive species", "Forestry", "Scale (ratio)", "Geography", "Ecology", "Archaeology", "Cartography", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=vpc29" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408032228", "doi": "10.3390/drones9030179", "title": "The Impact of Clinical Sample Transportation by Unmanned Aerial Systems on the Results of Laboratory Tests", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maanit Shapira", "Ben Cohen", "Sarit Friemann", "Yana Tal", "Zila Teper", "Mickey Dudkiewicz", "Shirley Portuguese", "Wasef Na’amnih", "Dikla Dahan Shriki" ], "first_author": "Maanit Shapira", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Transport by unmanned aerial systems (UASs) (e.g., drones) could save time and personnel. Our study aimed to assess the effect of drone transportation on the clinical laboratory results of biological samples by examining its impact on pre-analytical and analytical processes. We performed a cross-sectional study of healthy volunteers from Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center between July and November 2022. Blood and urine samples were transferred to the central laboratory at Hillel Yaffe Medical Center. Overall, 40 healthcare workers aged 21–67 years (57.5% females) with a mean age of 45.8 (SD = 11.3) years from Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center were recruited in the study. There were no significant differences between transportation modes in the complete blood count levels. We found a significant difference between the transportation modes for GGT (p = 0.01) and PT (p = 0.04), despite the very similar mean results of these tests. In Bland–Altman plots, GGT and PT samples fell within the 95% limits of agreement and were indicated as not clinically relevant; however, glucose and LDH did not meet the 95% acceptance criterion and showed a potential clinical effect. There was full agreement between the two types of transportation for urine glucose, nitrites, and urine cultures. UAS transport is an appropriate method for maintaining the quality of most routine clinical laboratory specimens, similar to the routine procedure of using a vehicle. For the 34 biochemistry, hematology, and coagulation assay parameters, only glucose and LDH did not meet the 95% acceptance criterion and showed a potential clinical effect.", "keywords": [ "Sample (material)", "Aeronautics", "Aerial survey", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Geography", "Remote sensing", "Chemistry", "Chromatography" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9030179" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406737706", "doi": "10.1007/s00291-024-00801-y", "title": "Planning an airport shuttle network with air taxis using choice-based optimization", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Thomas Hagspihl", "Rainer Kolisch", "S. Schiffels" ], "first_author": "Thomas Hagspihl", "venue": "OR Spectrum", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract Airports and airlines share a common interest in providing passengers with fast and convenient access to airports. With the introduction of air taxis as a new means of transport, the opportunity will soon emerge to introduce air taxi shuttle services to airports. In this context, for each individual airport the question arises where the facilities for landing, ground handling and take-off, also called vertiports, should be located in the area surrounding the airport. We formulate the problem as a hub location problem with multiple allocation, with the objective to maximize the number of passengers who choose to reach the airport by air taxi. In our model, we explicitly incorporate passengers’ choice behavior with respect to available means of transport using a multinomial logit model. We linearize the problem and provide guidance on the steps needed to use the model in practice. In an extensive case study, we apply the model to real data for Munich Airport, perform a stated preference study to parameterize the multinomial logit model, suggest locations for vertiports throughout Bavaria as a result, and investigate to what extent the introduction of air taxi shuttle flights can reduce travel times to Munich Airport.", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00291-024-00801-y.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391402042", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3897783/v1", "title": "Computational and Experimental Static Stability Analysis of Rectangular Prisms", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Keith Bergeron", "Casey P. Fagley", "Mehdi Ghoreyshi", "Timothy M. Siefers" ], "first_author": "Keith Bergeron", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract Rectangular prism-shaped cargo containers are investigated for future aerial delivery and helicopter sling load operations. The aerodynamic stability characteristics of two representative container shapes, the Twenty-foot-equivalent (TEU) and Internal Slingable Unit (ISU®)-90, are analyzed using a combined computational simulation and wind tunnel experimentation campaign. Integrated forces and moments, as well as static stability, are examined for the two shapes at Mach of 0.15, and 0.2. Six models are used in total, three for each of the two container shapes, with axial, normal, and side orientations. The findings provide insights into the aerodynamic stability of rectangular prisms as cargo containers in various flight conditions, which have implications for aerial delivery and helicopter sling load operations. Specifically, the computational simulations and experimental surface flow measurements identify flow separation and reattachment processes which directly influence longitudinal, lateral and directional stability characteristics.", "keywords": [ "Stability (learning theory)", "Longitudinal static stability", "Mathematics", "Computer science", "Physics", "Mechanics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3897783/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2314498447", "doi": "10.2514/6.1999-1739", "title": "Wind tunnel study of cruciform parachutes folded in various configurations", "year": 1999, "publication_date": "1999-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jean Potvin", "L. Esteve", "G. Peek", "R. Alamat", "Jonathan Little" ], "first_author": "Jean Potvin", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As part of the US. Air Force New World vistas Precision Aerial Delivery program, a series of wind tunnel tests was initiated to study the feasibility of a “drogue-to-main” crutiorm parachute concept, to be used in ballistic cargo drops of the HALO type. The drogue-to-main concept consists in using the main parachute as a drogue, by deploying it Srst in a folded or reefed cort@uratior~ which allows a stable, but rapid descent of the payload. Near its intended landing point, the main is then allowed to unfold at a preset altitude. The main attraotions of this concept resides in its simplicity and weight savings that result in using only one parachute system to carry out two important phases of a cargo airdrop. In the following we present results collected during wind tunnel tests ofthe drogue-to-main. concept as applied to cruciform parachutes. Such tests were aimed at first iden@ing the best folded/reefed conf&m-ations according to its total drag and stability, and by its unfolding ease during the drogue-to-main transition. We also present the results of drop tests of the same tunnel models performed from a manned flying sport parachute. These test were aimed at gathering “open a?’ data needed for tunnel blockage correction of tunnelgathered data. *Member AIAA * Student Member AIAA Copyright @ 1999 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved.", "keywords": [ "Cruciform", "Wind tunnel", "Structural engineering", "Marine engineering", "Engineering", "Mechanics", "Materials science", "Aerospace engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-1739" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2045747102", "doi": "10.1068/b220303", "title": "Sensory spatial systems simulation (S4) applied to the master planning process: East Coast and West Coast case studies", "year": 1995, "publication_date": "1995-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "C. R. Bragdon", "J M Juppé", "A X Georgiopoulos" ], "first_author": "C. R. Bragdon", "venue": "Environment and Planning B Planning and Design", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Historically, the approach to community planning and the preparation of a master plan has involved a two-dimensional visual ‘land-use’ methodology. Typically, land has been treated as a surface two-dimensional plane. This traditional approach is inadequate for preparing creative solutions for existing urban problems or more importantly for strategically planning and positioning a community for the 21st century. A more visionary approach involves sensory spatial systems simulation (S4) which examines a community three-dimensionally from a spatial perspective, incorporating all five senses, and simulating potential planning solutions by using multimedia technology including visualization, geographic information systems, and computer-aided design. This (S4) approach is being applied for the development of an intermodal transportation planning vertical flight demonstration for the 1996 Summer Olympics to be held in Atlanta, Georgia, and for upgrading the more conventional approach to military master planning with Fort Lewis, Washington, as a 21st-century model. One research initiative is underway for the Federal Aviation Administration to develop an S4 blueprint for the Olympics which could have applicability into the next century, by developing a comprehensive intermodal plan including vertistops and vertiports. A second research project has been initiated with the US Department of the Army to develop a three-dimensional master plan, using S4 principles, for Fort Lewis, Washington, including joint use, multiple use, and adaptive use of space, three-dimensionally.", "keywords": [ "East coast", "Process (computing)", "Geography", "West coast", "Civil engineering", "Computer science", "Oceanography", "Engineering", "Geology", "Physical geography" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1068/b220303" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399526130", "doi": "10.1109/tase.2024.3409058", "title": "Autonomous Heavy Object Pushing Using a Coaxial Tiltrotor", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sunwoo Hwang", "Dongjae Lee", "Changhyeon Kim", "H. Jin Kim" ], "first_author": "Sunwoo Hwang", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Aerial physical interaction (APhI) with a multirotor-based platform such as pushing a heavy object demands generation of a sufficiently large interaction force while maintaining the stability. Such requirement can cause rotor saturation, because the rotor thrust enlarged for interaction force may leave a reduced margin for attitude stabilization. We first design an H-shaped coaxial tiltrotor that can generate a sufficiently large interaction force than a conventional multirotor. We then propose an overall framework composed of high-level robust controller and low-level control allocation for the coaxial tiltrotor to ensure robustness against uncertain motion of the unknown interacting object and to overcome the saturation issue. To guarantee the robustness at all time, we design a controller based on a nonlinear disturbance observer (DOB). Then, we formulate a problem of computing low-level actuator inputs avoiding rotor saturation as a tractable nonlinear optimization problem, which can be solved real-time. The proposed framework is validated in extensive real-world experiments where the 3.3 kg tiltrotor successfully pushes a cart weighing up to 60 kg. An ablation study with the tiltrotor shows effectiveness of the proposed control allocation law in avoiding rotor saturation. Furthermore, a comparative experiment with a conventional multirotor shows failure in the same setting, which validates the use of the coaxial tiltrotor. An experimental video can be found athttps://youtu.be/Gdmcmoz_UjUNote to Practitioners—The motivation of this work is to enable heavy object manipulation, especially pushing operation, using a multirotor platform. To push a heavy object, which has not been treated in existing works, is challenging due to the presence of a large unknown interaction wrench and rotor saturation issue. To resolve this problem, we first build an H-shaped coaxial tiltrotor that can effectively utilize rotor thrusts to generate horizontal interaction force. Then, a robust controller is designed to address uncertainty in the interaction wrench for the tiltrotor. Finally, we propose an optimization-based control allocation to avoid rotor saturation. Real-world experiments including heavy object pushing and ablation study with respect to the control allocation law are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed framework. We validate the use of the coaxial tiltrotor in additional comparative experiments with a conventional multirotor which fails in pushing a 60 kg cart. The proposed framework can be utilized in various applications such as disaster relief operations, emergency rescue and aerial delivery.", "keywords": [ "Coaxial", "Engineering", "Object (grammar)", "Grippers", "Computer science", "Control engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2024.3409058" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409438890", "doi": "10.3390/s25082429", "title": "FMCW Radar-Aided Navigation for Unmanned Aircraft Approach and Landing in AAM Scenarios: System Requirements and Processing Pipeline", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paolo Veneruso", "Luca Manica", "Enrico Miccio", "Roberto Opromolla", "Carlo Tiana", "Giacomo Gentile", "Giancarmine Fasano" ], "first_author": "Paolo Veneruso", "venue": "Sensors", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This paper focuses on the use of Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave radars as an aiding source to provide precision navigation during approach and landing operations in Advanced Air Mobility scenarios. Specifically, the radar system requirements are delineated through an analysis of operational constraints defined by regulatory guidelines, including approach trajectories and vertiport infrastructure to ensure compatibility with Urban Air Mobility scenarios. A preliminary radar design is proposed which is integrated within a multi-sensor navigation architecture including a GNSS receiver, an inertial measurement unit, and two cameras. The radar is designed to detect high-reflectivity targets placed in the landing area and uses a matching algorithm to associate these detections with their known positions, enabling reliable corrections to the aircraft navigation state. Radar measurements are tightly integrated into an Extended Kalman Filter alongside data from other sensors, refining the vehicle navigation state estimate and ensuring seamless transitions between long-range and short-range sensing modalities. A high-fidelity simulation environment validates the proposed multi-sensor architecture under different visibility conditions and accordingly disactivating the radar to validate its contribution. The results demonstrate significant improvements in navigation performance when the radar is integrated within the multi-sensor architecture thanks to its important role in providing accurate estimates at high ranges from the landing pattern and during low-visibility operations. The reported statistics of the multi-sensor architecture performance are compared with the assumed required navigation performance in the scenarios of interest, demonstrating the radar contribution and showing the effects of designed radar angular resolution on the multi-sensor architecture.", "keywords": [ "Radar", "Computer science", "Radar engineering details", "Inertial navigation system", "Real-time computing", "Radar lock-on", "Man-portable radar", "3D radar", "GNSS applications", "Radar configurations and types", "Radar imaging", "Remote sensing" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082429" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2323661274", "doi": "10.2514/6.2013-1380", "title": "Drogue Assisted Variable Glide Slope Control", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-03-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "James E. Moore" ], "first_author": "James E. Moore", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper describes a method for glide slope control intended for the “on final” terminal guidance phase of a parafoil aerial delivery system (PADS). The glide slope control is accomplished by a new method of drogue attachment and deployment which reduces the glide ratio and airspeed of a parafoil while not fully arresting the gliding flight. Photographic results of a prototype drogue deployment for a sub-scale parafoil are used to demonstrate the validity of the approach. Results from a six degree of freedom (6DOF) parafoil dynamics model are presented which reflect a proposed add-on to a 2,200 lbs. capable, 3:1 glide ratio PADS. A comparison of simulated terminal miss distance with and without drogue augmentation is presented.", "keywords": [ "Variable (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Control (management)", "Control theory (sociology)", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-1380" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416975973", "doi": "10.1631/fitee.2500541", "title": "Eixão-UAM: LLM-assisted iterative design of a low-altitude urban air mobility corridor in Brasilia", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Li Weigang", "Juliano Adorno Maia", "Emília Stenzel", "Lucas Ramson Siefert" ], "first_author": "Li Weigang", "venue": "Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "The development of urban air mobility (UAM) systems requires scalable, regulation-aware planning of low-altitude airspace and supporting infrastructure. This study proposes an end-to-end framework for the design, simulation, and iterative optimization of a structured UAM corridor over Brasilia’s central road axis (Eixão-UAM), aligned with the Brazilian unmanned aircraft traffic management (BR-UTM) ecosystem. In addition, this study proposes a multilayered aerial configuration stratified by unmanned aerial vehicle class, supported by a modular ground infrastructure composed of vertihubs, vertiports, and vertistops. A takeoff-scheduling simulator is developed to evaluate platform allocation strategies under realistic traffic and weather conditions. Initial experiments compare a round-robin (RR) baseline with a genetic algorithm (GA), and results reveal that RR outperforms GA v1 in terms of the average waiting time. To address this gap, a large language model (LLM) assisted optimization loop is implemented using GPT-4o Mini and Gemini 2.5 Pro. The LLMs act as reasoning partners, supporting the root-cause diagnoses, fitness function redesign, and rapid prototyping of five GA variants. Among these, GA v5 achieves a 59.62% reduction in maximum waiting time and an approximately 10% reduction in average waiting time over GA v1, thereby approaching the robustness of RR. In contrast, GA v2–v4 and GA v6 perform less consistently, showing an importance of fitness function design. These results underscore the role of an iterative, LLM-guided development in enhancing classical optimization, demonstrating that generative artificial intelligence (AI) can contribute to simulation acceleration and the cocreation of operational logic. The proposed method provides a replicable blueprint for integrating LLMs into early-stage UAM planning, offering both theoretical insights and architectural guidance for future low-altitude airspace systems.", "keywords": [ "Modular design", "Genetic algorithm", "Robustness (evolution)", "Fitness function", "Blueprint", "Function (biology)", "Iterative method" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2500541" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317632944", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-2196", "title": "VSLAM and Vision-based Approach and Landing for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Evan Kawamura", "Chester V. Dolph", "Keerthana Kannan", "Nelson Brown", "Thomas Lombaerts", "Corey A. Ippolito" ], "first_author": "Evan Kawamura", "venue": "AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-2196.vid Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) aircraft have many challenges in landing accurately and safely in urban, suburban, and rural environments. Localization in large and open rural environments could utilize GPS, but AAM aircraft in urban environments will encounter GPS degradation. Another challenge involves flight operation time, i.e., flying during the day or at night. There are different guidelines, landmarks, and landing light configurations at runways, heliports, and vertiports for daytime and nighttime applications. Tailoring feature detection methods for AAM approach and landing during the day and night pose different issues and challenges. It is easier to detect edges, lines, and other runway markers during the day than at night. Conversely, it is easier to see landing light configurations and patterns at nighttime than daytime. Consequently, utilizing the same feature detector for daytime and nighttime operations may not be feasible. This paper focuses on a vision-based precision approach and landing (PAL) by comparing ORB SLAM 2, a Vision Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) algorithm, and a novel EKF that combines onboard IMU measurements with coplanar pose from orthography and scaling with iterations (COPOSIT). Conducting unmanned aerial system (UAS) flight tests at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) with landmarks and fiducials distributed around the landing zone provides a simulated AAM approach and landing data to test vision-based PAL methods to provide Alternative Position, Navigation, and Timing (APNT) solutions for AAM PAL applications. The novel vision-based PAL EKF with IMU and COPOSIT provides accurate state estimation when distributed landmarks and fiducials are in the field of view.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Inertial measurement unit", "Global Positioning System", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer vision", "Extended Kalman filter", "Runway", "Simultaneous localization and mapping", "Feature (linguistics)", "Pose", "Flight test", "Kalman filter" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-2196" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410722139", "doi": "10.3390/drones9060396", "title": "Optimization Methods for Unmanned eVTOL Approach Sequencing Considering Flight Priority and Traffic Flow Imbalance", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhiqiang Wei", "Xinlong Xiao", "Xiangling Zhao", "Jie Yuan" ], "first_author": "Zhiqiang Wei", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Approach sequencing is important for multiple unmanned electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles landing in vertiport. In this study, the additional intermediate transition ring (AIR) approach procedure in a balanced traffic flow scenario, the single ring movement-allowed (SRMA) approach procedure in an imbalanced traffic flow scenario, and the additional ring and allowing of movement (ARAM) approach procedure in a mixed scenario are proposed and designed to improve the efficiency of approach sequencing. Furthermore, a priority loss classification method is proposed to consider the unmanned eVTOL flight priority difference. Finally, a multi-objective optimization model is constructed with the constraints of inflow, outflow, moment continuity, flow balance, and conflict avoidance. The objectives are minimizing the power consumption, total operation time, and priority loss. Comparison experiments are conducted, and the final results demonstrate that the ARAM approach procedure can reduce the average holding time by 8.4% and 7.6% less than the branch-queuing approach (BQA) and AIR in a balanced traffic flow scenario, respectively. The ARAM approach procedure can reduce the average holding time by 6.5% less than BQA in an imbalanced traffic flow scenario.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060396" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411927107", "doi": "10.2514/1.c038188", "title": "Annoyance Model Assessments of Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Operations", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stephen A. Rizzi", "Andrew W. Christian", "Stefan J. Letica", "Shane V. Lympany" ], "first_author": "Stephen A. Rizzi", "venue": "Journal of Aircraft", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "As urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles begin to enter service, consideration must be given to vertiport siting and flight routing to help reduce community noise impact and promote adoption by the community. A possible early strategy to reduce annoyance is to operate the vehicles in areas of existing high ambient noise. In order to assess the effectiveness of such a strategy, an annoyance model that takes audibility into account is needed. This paper reviews a recently developed annoyance model that includes audibility as a factor and applies it to two flight operations. A simple overflight case is first undertaken to demonstrate the approach. A point-to-point operation in the New York City area is then considered to demonstrate how annoyance varies across an urban soundscape. The cases considered use modeled UAM vehicle noise propagated to a set of ground observers as the signals and either recorded or modeled ambient acoustic data as the maskers.", "keywords": [ "Annoyance", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Aerospace engineering", "Transport engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038188" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386053184", "doi": "10.7840/kics.2023.48.8.984", "title": "Consideration of Cybersecurity threat for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Operations", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sanghoon Jeon" ], "first_author": "Sanghoon Jeon", "venue": "한국통신학회논문지", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is rapidly becoming an alternative to traditional ground transportation, owing to the development of hyper-connected communication technology. However, safely transitioning from ground transportation to an air transportation system requires research in various fields. To ensure safe and efficient urban flight management, the operation of air and passenger transportation services requires the integration of various technologies and regulations across multiple fields. This includes safe operations for aircraft, vertiports and air control centers in the physical domain, and information security technology operations for cybersecurity in the cyber domain. As UAM systems become increasingly reliant on connected technologies and data, effective countermeasures against cybersecurity threats are essential for ensuring their safe and secure operation. This could involve implementing robust cybersecurity protocols and leveraging advanced anti-threat technologies to identify and respond to potential threats. However, urban aviation operations face unique potential threats that are not typically encountered by general aircraft services. These include interference from ground operations, sabotage, exposure of aviation information, interception, tampering, theft, and fraudulent use. Moreover, vulnerabilities in the operation and management of manned and unmanned aircraft, pilots, remote pilots, vertiports, and air traffic control centers can be exposed and exploited. Therefore, this study aims to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities associated with UAM operations, and propose security requirements and reliable countermeasures to ensure their safe and secure operation against cyber threats.", "keywords": [ "Computer security", "Aviation", "Air traffic control", "Domain (mathematical analysis)", "Air traffic management", "Control (management)", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Engineering", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.7840/kics.2023.48.8.984" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2330625446", "doi": "10.2514/6.2005-909", "title": "Three-Dimensional Segmented Trajectory Optimization for Runway-Independent Aircraft", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-01-10", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Min Xue", "Ella M. Atkins" ], "first_author": "Min Xue", "venue": "43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Vertical or short takeofi and landing aircraft can increase passenger throughput at crowded urban airports via the use of vertiports or stub runways. The concept of simultaneous non-interfering operations has been proposed to reduce terminal area tra‐c delays by creating approach and departure corridors that do not intersect existing flxedwing routes. This paper introduces an optimization technique for segmented 3-dimensional simultaneous non-interfering trajectory design based on an incremental search strategy which combines k-ary tree and Dijkstra’s algorithm. Existing flxed-wing tra‐c corridors are modelled as impenetrable obstacles. The objective function is based on the existing Quasi-Static Acoustic Mapping noise database for Blade-Vortex Interaction noise prediction and also population density distribution. Flight envelope limits are represented as search-space constraints. Final approach trajectories for Baltimore-Washington International airport are presented, illustrate the efiects of population density, entry region, varied number of trajectory segments. This optimization tool will provide airport and airspace designers with a host of alterative trajectory options for analysis of potential landing sites, associated tra‐c procedures, and entry options.", "keywords": [ "Runway", "Computer science", "Trajectory", "Trajectory optimization", "Population", "Dijkstra's algorithm", "Engineering", "Shortest path problem", "Geography", "Graph" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-909" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410484468", "doi": "10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.05.021", "title": "Urban and regional Air Mobility (URAM) and relocation decisions in the United States: Insights from a machine learning-supported path analysis", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-05-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ningzhe Xu", "Javier Pena-Bastidas", "Chenxuan Yang", "Jun Liu", "Trayce Hockstad", "Steven L. Jones" ], "first_author": "Ningzhe Xu", "venue": "Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Relocation", "Transport engineering", "Path (computing)", "Business", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.05.021" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387158586", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2309.15621", "title": "A City-centric Approach to Estimate and Evaluate Global Urban Air Mobility Demand", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-27", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lukas Asmer", "Roman Jaksche", "Henry Pak", "Petra Kokus" ], "first_author": "Lukas Asmer", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is expected to effectively complement the existing transportation system by providing fast and safe travel options, contributing to decarbonization, and providing benefits to citizens and communities. A preliminary estimate of the potential global demand for UAM, the associated aircraft movements, and the required vehicles is essential for the UAM industry for their long-term planning, but also of interest to other stakeholders such as governments and transportation planners to develop appropriate strategies and actions to implement UAM. This paper proposes a city-centric forecasting methodology that provides preliminary estimates of the potential global UAM demand for intra-city air taxi services for 990 cities worldwide. By summing all city-specific results, an estimate of the global UAM demand is obtained. By varying the parameters of the UAM system, sensitivity studies and different market scenarios are developed and analyzed. Sensitivity analyses show how strongly demand decreases when air taxi ticket prices increase. Considering low ticket prices and high vertiport densities, possible market development scenarios show that there is a market potential for UAM in over 200 cities worldwide by 2050. The study highlights the significant impact of low ticket prices and the need for high vertiport densities to drive UAM demand. This highlights the need for careful optimization of system components to minimize costs and increase the quality of UAM services.", "keywords": [ "Ticket", "Business", "Air quality index", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Air travel", "Environmental economics", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Economics", "Aviation", "Meteorology", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.15621" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125528196", "doi": "10.1186/s13049-026-01547-y", "title": "Prehospital transfusion strategies in haemorrhagic shock", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Brian Burns", "Brodie Nolan", "Ian Ferguson", "Michael B. Peddle", "Christopher Partyka", "Geoff Healy", "Stacy A. Shackelford", "Bryan A. Cotton" ], "first_author": "Brian Burns", "venue": "Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine", "publisher": "BioMed Central", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Massive transfusion protocols are established in-hospital practices for managing haemorrhagic shock, yet critical bleeding accounts for up to 40% of trauma deaths, with half occurring before hospital arrival. This has driven interest in prehospital transfusion, a concept originating in military settings where early blood product administration during prolonged evacuations demonstrated significant survival benefits. Despite compelling military evidence showing improved 24-h and 30-day survival with prehospital transfusion, civilian adoption faces substantial challenges. Global interest in this domain is increasing, particularly in regions with trauma populations remote from immediate access to major trauma centres. MAIN BODY: Current prehospital transfusion strategies have evolved toward low titre group O whole blood utilisation, which offers simplified logistics, reduced donor exposures, and physiologic component ratios. There is a gap in evidence in prehospital transfusion strategies with a paucity of RCTs comparing whole blood to component therapy. A recent Cochrane review included 18 RCTs and 5041 patients. For prehospital transfusion strategies 5 studies compared use of plasma (fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or lyophilised plasma) versus 'standard of care', with uncertain effect of plasma on all-cause mortality at 24 h. Observational studies demonstrate four-fold increased survival rates with whole blood compared to component therapy and high-quality randomised controlled trials are ongoing. Implementation models vary from direct stocking at EMS stations to intercept and hospital-based approaches. Future research priorities include developing prediction scores for massive transfusion requirements, validating optimal physiological thresholds for transfusion initiation, and refining patient selection criteria. Comparative effectiveness research comparing whole blood against component therapy and alternative products is essential, as is evaluating injury pattern-based protocols. Technological innovations promise to address current limitations through artificial intelligence applications for predictive algorithms, universal blood products eliminating compatibility concerns, advanced storage technologies extending shelf life, drone-based delivery systems for remote access, and blockchain technology for enhanced traceability and safety. CONCLUSION: Prehospital transfusion represents a transformative paradigm shift in trauma care with potential to significantly reduce mortality worldwide. Success requires coordinated multi-stakeholder collaboration among EMS agencies, hospitals, blood suppliers, regulatory bodies, and research institutions. Continued focus on evidence-based practice, patient safety, and technological innovation will be essential to ensure life-saving blood products reach critically injured patients at the earliest possible moment, regardless of location.", "keywords": [ "Shock (circulatory)", "Haemorrhagic shock", "Blood transfusion", "Resuscitation", "Hemorrhagic shock", "Critically ill", "Blood product" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01547-y" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317568440", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-0258", "title": "A Feasibility Study for the Development of Air Mobility Operations within an Airport City (Aerotropolis)", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xi Wang", "Michael G. Balchanos", "Dimitri N. Mavris" ], "first_author": "Xi Wang", "venue": "AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-0258.vid This study aims to create a simulation environment to study the feasibility of an Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) system in an airport-centric infrastructure or aerotropolis area. The environment and the study are to confirm the effectiveness of the AAM system in terms of reducing traffic congestion for road networks and the reduction in carbon emissions for transportation methods. The traffic simulation will run a baseline simulation with the currently available mobility methods and an alternative simulation with a proposed small network with close distance flights AAM system of 9 vertiports. The traffic modeling utilizes Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) to accurately models the two cases and compare trip times of the two cases. The emission modeling models the emission of carbon per mile of travel for different mobility methods and use the miles traveled from the traffic simulation to calculate the emission. The conclusion was drawn based on the two comparisons of the change in travel time and the change in emission. A small AAM system servicing a small area with short flight legs is found to be effective in both decreasing trip times and decreasing emissions and is significantly more effective when the ground mobility network is congested and not accessible.", "keywords": [ "Baseline (sea)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Mile", "Simulation", "Travel time", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-0258" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409071075", "doi": "10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100586", "title": "The potential role of air taxis in reducing emissions and enhancing mobility: A case study of the Philippines", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arthur Dela Peña" ], "first_author": "Arthur Dela Peña", "venue": "Sustainable Futures", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Rapid urbanization in the Philippines has exacerbated traffic congestion, increased emissions, and led to inefficiencies in public transportation. This study investigates the feasibility of air taxis as a sustainable solution to these challenges. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research evaluates the potential of air taxis in reducing commute time and carbon emissions through public surveys ( n = 384), expert interviews ( n = 10), and case studies from Dubai and Los Angeles. Modeling suggests that air taxis could reduce travel times by up to 55 % and lower CO₂ emissions by 30 %, assuming optimal adoption and integration of clean energy. Survey results indicate strong public interest (72 %), but key concerns persist regarding safety (30 %), noise (25 %), and affordability (22 %). Experts emphasized the need for updated regulations, vertiport infrastructure, and airspace management. The study highlights that while air taxis will not replace mass transit, they could serve as a premium, on-demand option in high-density urban corridors. Successful adoption will depend on strategic investments, inclusive pricing models, and integration with existing transport systems. The findings offer evidence-based recommendations for urban planners, aviation regulators, and policymakers in developing countries. Future research should investigate pilot programs, their economic viability, and the long-term environmental impact.", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Environmental science", "Business", "Environmental planning", "Environmental health", "Transport engineering", "Medicine", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100586" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406972787", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-78241-1_24", "title": "Optimal Charging Station Deployment for Drone-Assisted Delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Irene Izco", "Adrián Serrano-Hernández", "Javier Faulín" ], "first_author": "Irene Izco", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Drone", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Real-time computing", "Simulation", "Operating system", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://academica-e.unavarra.es/bitstreams/93f6ec9f-07ff-4af8-b212-ebe81f133472/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407413659", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-0580", "title": "Energy-Aware Strategic Traffic Management for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abenezer G. Taye", "Shulu Chen", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Abenezer G. Taye", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a traffic management framework for urban air mobility (UAM) operations that addresses the dual challenge of safe traffic management and energy efficiency. To address this challenge, the framework adopts a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach to formulate the energy-aware strategic traffic management problem. Inputs to the framework include offline-computed energy consumption for each route across a range of cruise speeds, along with online-estimated airspace capacity and traffic demands. Based on these inputs, the framework employs the MILP model to assign optimal ground delays and speed profiles to each aircraft. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework on a UAM scenario designed for the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The results demonstrate the framework's potential to enhance operational safety, time and energy efficiency, and balance energy consumption with vertiport resource utilization.", "keywords": [ "Energy management", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Mobility management", "Energy (signal processing)", "Business", "Telecommunications", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-0580" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4205495082", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-1475", "title": "Semantic Segmentation-based Vision-enabled Safe Landing Position Estimation Framework", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sungwook Cho", "Yeondeuk Jung" ], "first_author": "Sungwook Cho", "venue": "AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-1475.vid Nowadays, the urban air mobility (UAM) industry has been in the limelight. To guarantee the high reliability of industrial-level autonomous flying in urban regions, flight safety and survivability should be a high priority concern. To satisfy these industrial needs, this paper proposes a semantic segmentation-based vision-enabled safe landing position estimation framework. This framework is a core component of the contingency plan that should be employed in the case of an emergency during flight for UAM and drone transportation. More precisely, our proposed framework can identify the coarse candidate region for the safe landing using deep neural network (DNN)-based semantic segmentation and then determine the refined safety landing zone and estimated position utilizing contour detection, surface flatness and inclination filtering. To verify the performance of the proposed contribution, the simulation was conducted and analyzed, and its result has proven to be valid with respect to both quantitative and qualitative terms. As a result, our proposed framework is capable of not only overcoming the inherent difficulty of image processing in the real world but also significantly improving flight emergency relief performance.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Segmentation", "Artificial intelligence", "Survivability", "Computer vision", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Position (finance)", "Drone", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Real-time computing" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-1475" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406356702", "doi": "10.1109/iccasit62299.2024.10828038", "title": "Optimization of Urban Logistics Obstacle Avoidance UAV Path Based on Improved Crowned Porcupine Pig Algorithm", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shengyu Jiang", "Baotong Wang" ], "first_author": "Shengyu Jiang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in complex urban logistics is a core component of UAV mission planning systems. In order to solve the problem of safe and efficient logistics drone path planning, this paper proposes a crowned porcupine Pig defense mechanism based on the crowned porcupine Pig optimization algorithm, which relies on four defense mechanisms: odor, sound, line of sight, and physical attack. This algorithm has made the following contributions: targeting the problem of urban logistics drone transportation tasks, and comprehensively considering the restrictions of different cities’ no fly airspace (different flight heights), minimizing economic costs, optimizing time efficiency, and improving drone performance. It has established an adjusted terrain map, obstacle size and range, and drone flight altitude to determine the optimal flight path of the drone from the starting point to the end point through the algorithm. The simulation results show that after 500 iterations of optimization using crowned porcupine Pig, the convergence of path planning is good. This article can provide a reference for drone path planning and a solution for drone path optimization.", "keywords": [ "Porcupine", "Computer science", "Obstacle", "Obstacle avoidance", "Path (computing)", "Collision avoidance", "Optimization algorithm", "Real-time computing", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematical optimization", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iccasit62299.2024.10828038" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4302743839", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.7153330", "title": "Aerial Manipulation System for Safe Human-Robot Handover in Power Line Maintenance", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-07-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francisco Javier Gañán", "Alejandro Suárez", "Raúl Tapia", "José Ramiro Martínez‐de Dios", "Anı́bal Ollero" ], "first_author": "Francisco Javier Gañán", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Human workers conducting inspection and maintenance (I&M) operations on high altitude infrastructures like power lines or industrial facilities face significant difficulties getting tools or devices once they are deployed on this kind of workspaces. In this sense, aerial manipulation robots can be employed to deliver quickly objects to the operator, considering long reach configurations to improve safety and the feeling of comfort for the operator during the handover. This paper presents a dual arm aerial manipulation robot in cable suspended configuration intended to conduct fast and safe aerial delivery, considering a human-centered approach relying on an on-board perception system in which the aerial robot accommodates its pose to the worker. Preliminary experimental results in an indoor testbed validate the proposed system design.", "keywords": [ "Handover", "Robot", "Computer science", "Line (geometry)", "Human–robot interaction", "Power (physics)", "Artificial intelligence", "Telecommunications", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://zenodo.org/record/7153330" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4225906436", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-19-1742-4_27", "title": "Future Mobility with eVTOL Personal Air Vehicle (PAV): Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Concept", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "M. Naga Praveen Babu", "Sidvik Basa", "Prasanth Kumar Duba", "P. Rajalakshmi" ], "first_author": "M. Naga Praveen Babu", "venue": "Lecture notes in electrical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Cruise", "Transport engineering", "Aviation", "Automotive engineering", "Personal mobility", "Mode (computer interface)", "Marine engineering", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1742-4_27" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408662474", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5180508", "title": "Mechanical Vibration Exposure Study of Drone Transport of a Monoclonal Antibody (Nivolumab)", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wanqing Zhu", "Katherine Theobald", "Mike Tobyn", "Patrick G. Courtney", "Paul G. Royall", "Tom Cherrett", "Tim P. Waters" ], "first_author": "Wanqing Zhu", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Monoclonal antibody", "Nivolumab", "Drone", "Antibody", "Medicine", "Immunology", "Internal medicine", "Biology", "Immunotherapy", "Cancer", "Genetics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5180508" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414944661", "doi": "10.1139/dsa-2025-0020", "title": "Centralized and distributed optimization of advanced air mobility strategic traffic management", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Joseph T. Kim", "Max Z. Li", "Ella M. Atkins", "Giovanni Franzini", "K. Wadhwani", "Stefano Riverso" ], "first_author": "Joseph T. Kim", "venue": "Drone Systems and Applications", "publisher": "Canadian Science Publishing", "abstract": "Effective traffic management for advanced air mobility (AAM) operations in low-altitude urban airspace is crucial for safety and scalability. Our study aims to bridge a critical gap in AAM traffic management by minimizing travel delays in both centralized and distributed providers of services for urban air mobility (PSU) settings. Key contributions include methods to (1) sectorize urban airspace for effective AAM management, (2) centrally plan AAM routes considering limited capacities in corridors and vertiports, and (3) manage airspace in distributed PSU settings while considering traffic flow capacities and interactions among PSUs. Specifically, the research combines community detection algorithms with Voronoi diagrams to sectorize individual PSU airspace. Corridor route planning is performed with a custom-weighted Dijkstra’s algorithm. Centralized AAM traffic flow management adopts mixed-integer programming (MIP) to minimize overall network delay costs. Distributed PSU network management is formulated as bi-level optimization using cooperative game theory and MIP, where individual PSUs update their strategies based on game theory outcomes. The simulation environment features a randomized no-fly zone, population density maps, and vertiport capacities assigned to artificial cities. Three vehicle configurations with varying ranges and adjustable speeds (i.e., minimum to cruise speeds) are simulated under three service priorities in Monte Carlo simulations. AAM flight operations are evaluated by optimization cost and runtime. This research provides a technical framework and insights into the comparison of centralized and distributed AAM network managements. The paper will facilitate informed decision-making in the development and implementation of AAM traffic management strategies.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic management", "Air traffic control", "Game theory", "Cruise missile", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Key (lock)", "Bridge (graph theory)", "Population", "Flow network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/dsa-2025-0020" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3183534757", "doi": "10.2514/6.2021-3217", "title": "Concept for a Vision-Augmented Automatic Landing System for VTOL Aircraft", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-07-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Christoph Krammer", "Simon P. Scherer", "Chinmaya Mishra", "Florian Holzapfel" ], "first_author": "Christoph Krammer", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3217.vid Over the last decade, the aviation market has shown an increased interest for commercial (electric) Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) vehicles. In order to increase the maximum payload or range, future commercial VTOL operations may be conducted without a pilot onboard, which requires reliable automatic onboard systems. During human-over-the-loop operations, an automatic landing system safely guides the aircraft to the destination vertiport during approach and landing. A prototype vision-augmented automatic landing system for a fixed-wing aircraft has been developed within the C2Land project in collaboration with partners from academia and industry. The prototype system is different from traditional instrument landing systems as it is not dependent on ground-based infrastructure. Onboard optical systems are utilized to verify the integrity of the navigation solution used for flight control. Flight tests with a general aviation aircraft demonstrated the capabilities of this vision-based system. In the current C2Land project phase, the concept of vision-augmented automatic landing is transferred to VTOL aircraft. This paper presents the functional system architecture and operational scenario for the automatic landing system. The model-based development process is described, which is applied to demonstrate the landing system onboard an VTOL vehicle and may aid during a future risk-based certification process.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Aviation", "Process (computing)", "Aeronautics", "Autopilot", "Computer science", "Flight test", "Engineering", "Systems engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3217" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391647534", "doi": "10.5302/j.icros.2024.23.0193", "title": "UAM Autonomous Guidance Control Command Generation Through Deep-learning-based Aircraft Marshalling Recognition", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeonghun J. Lee", "Sungwook Cho", "Yeon-Deuk Jeong" ], "first_author": "Jeonghun J. Lee", "venue": "Journal of Institute of Control Robotics and Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) introduces an innovative paradigm shift in urban transportation, heralding a revolutionary approach to aviation mobility. In its current nascent stage, UAM operations involve manned aircraft guided by skilled pilots. However, the ultimate vision for UAM is the deployment of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which is the focus of ongoing research and development. Although specific operational regulations for UAM have not been precisely defined, installation of vertiports within urban areas is anticipated. In this study, a deep-learning-based software is designed and proposed to guide UAM vehicles through aircraft marshalling, especially during critical maneuvers, such as takeoff, landing, and ground movements. A bounding-box-based object detection algorithm is utilized to differentiate effectively between pedestrians and aircraft security personnel, thereby recognizing objects of interest. Upon detection of aircraft marshalling, the proposed algorithm identifies and interprets the marshalling signals. Then, the information is converted into control commands that are transmitted to the UAM vehicle. To validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, experiments are conducted using the software-in-the-loop simulation. The analytical results confirm that the proposed framework can deliver suitable real-time performance in a dynamic image processing environment.", "keywords": [ "Marshalling", "Aeronautics", "Control (management)", "Command and control", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Control engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2024.23.0193" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3091920528", "doi": "10.1109/icuas48674.2020.9214030", "title": "Energy efficiency improvement potential of a tactical BWB UAV using renewable energy sources", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-09-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stylianos Dimitriou", "Stavros Kapsalis", "Pericles Panagiotou", "Kyros J. Yakinthos" ], "first_author": "Stylianos Dimitriou", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The current study presents the energy efficiency improvement potential of a Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with the implementation of alternative energy sources. A fixed-wing, tactical BWB UAV experimental prototype, which operates on fossil fuel and has been developed for the aerial delivery of cargo and lifesaving supplies as well as surveillance missions, is used as a reference platform. Two alternative propulsion systems, a hybrid-electric and an all-electric, are investigated in this work, by taking into account the required modifications, additional equipment and auxiliary systems, on a conceptual design level. A solar irradiation estimation model is used to calculate the solar power available, whereas an aerodynamic analysis is conducted, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling, to estimate the required power. The selection and sizing of the corresponding systems is then made, by assuming that the external configuration layout remains the same. Finally, the three configurations, i.e. the conventional, the hybrid-electric, and the all-electric, are compared in terms of Gross Takeoff Weight (GTOW) and power consumption, so that an assessment of the use of renewable energy sources can be carried out.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Automotive engineering", "Sizing", "Renewable energy", "Propulsion", "Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion", "Electric power", "Electricity generation", "Computer science", "Power (physics)", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icuas48674.2020.9214030" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4280635009", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-2726", "title": "Modeling, Development, and Testing of Medium-Scale Cruciform Parachute Systems", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-13", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Travis D. Fields", "Alex Norris" ], "first_author": "Travis D. Fields", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Cruciform (or cross-based) parachutes have the potential to enable low-cost guided aerial delivery. Cruciform canopies are significantly easier to manufacture when compared with ram-air parafoil systems; however the controllability and gliding performance is reduced. This manuscript discusses the transition from small-scale (20 ft^2) to a medium-scale (346 ft^2) cruciform canopy. Limited open-loop flight testing was conducted with the medium-scale canopy as an initial evaluation and comparison of the parachute dynamics. The larger canopy has significantly slower response, with asymmetric control biased in the downward deflection direction. Additionally, the actuator bandwidth limitations severely inhibited the open-loop response data as the parachute dynamics have greater bandwidth than the actuator bandwidth.", "keywords": [ "Cruciform", "Actuator", "Controllability", "Deflection (physics)", "Bandwidth (computing)", "Scale model", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Structural engineering", "Engineering", "Physics", "Optics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2726" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388561565", "doi": "10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311258", "title": "Analyzing Fragility of the Advanced Air Mobility System and Exploring Antifragile Networks", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arinc Tutku Altun", "Yan Xu", "Gökhan İnalhan", "Michael W. Hardt" ], "first_author": "Arinc Tutku Altun", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Future Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is a concept that envisions to transform the current air transportation system into a more agile, flexible, and accessible system. Yet, the considered transformation and integrated system is not easy to achieve since it involves providing a high level of safety as well as efficiency. For that purpose, in this paper, we explored the fragility and antifragility concepts to analyze the AAM traffic network and provide an understanding of a system where it can benefit even under adverse conditions such as contingency events. For the analysis, first, a complex AAM traffic network is built via various AAM vehicles and possible vertiport locations that are analyzed for the Northern California area. After that, the AAM network is modeled via queue theory to simulate the considered flight plans, obtain the actual departure and arrival times under different conditions, and observe the delay propagation. Then, metrics from network theory based on targeted node and edge removals are studied to analyze the fragility of the AAM network and used for antifragility analysis. The methodology is used to analyze different disruptive cases over an AAM network such that disruptions at vertiports and over origin-destination pairs. Finally, an analysis of making the considered traffic antifragile through flight cancellations and its trade-off based on flight cancellation costs is provided.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Fragility", "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution", "Agile software development", "Node (physics)", "Air traffic control", "Real-time computing", "Distributed computing", "Simulation", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstreams/b181a58c-e579-4940-b5de-ff67d73551f1/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2153048451", "doi": "10.1109/aero.2006.1656074", "title": "Recorders, Reasoners and Artificial Intelligence – Integrated Diagnostics on Military Transport Aircraft", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-08-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Balachandar Chidambaram", "Paul Pigg", "P. Horn", "M.A. Talbot", "D. D. Gilbertson", "K.C. Cerise" ], "first_author": "Balachandar Chidambaram", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A research group at Boeing has developed a prototype for an Integrated Diagnostic System12 to optimize maintenance on military transport aircraft by decreasing maintenance costs and increasing aircraft availability. The Integrated Diagnostic System comprises an On-board Recorder, and a Ground-Based Reasoner that analyzes the recorded data, to optimize maintenance. The functions of the Ground-Based Reasoner (GBR) include identification of root-cause, filtering of false alarms, and prioritization of maintenance actions. The technologies used include expert systems/fast state recognition methods, data mining technologies and Bayesian analyses. The Ground-Based Reasoner provides an open plug-n-play software framework for incorporating these technologies into a software tool, for field maintenance. The tool has a simple, intuitive Graphic User Interface that is designed to help the end-user, the maintenance technician, with everyday maintenance tasks. The Integrated Diagnostic System prototype is currently undergoing testing on pre-delivery test flights for the C-17 military transport, at a Boeing facility, and initial results in applying the System to the Aerial Delivery Subsystem and the Hydraulic Subsystem are discussed.", "keywords": [ "Semantic reasoner", "Identification (biology)", "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Aircraft maintenance", "Software", "Interface (matter)", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Aeronautics" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/aero.2006.1656074" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2333635112", "doi": "10.2514/6.2007-2515", "title": "Modularity Concepts for a 30,000 lb Capacity Ram-Air Parachute", "year": 2007, "publication_date": "2007-05-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Storm Dunker", "Jean-Christophe Berland" ], "first_author": "Storm Dunker", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development & Engineering Center (Natick) has contracted Para-Flite, Inc. to design and develop a 9,000 sq ft, low cost, slider reefed, Ram-Air parachute as part of a 30Klb Precision Aerial Delivery System. A primary design requirement for the system is the modularity concept. Under this requirement, all components of the system must weigh less than 250 lbs. A modular canopy has the logistical benefit of ease of material handling and an economic benefit of the replacement of individual damaged sections. The challenge of modular design is to incur minimal disassembly of the system when disengaging the modular pieces. The content of this paper discusses the implementation of the modularity concept to all the primary components of the 30K decelerator system; canopy, lines, slider, and risers.", "keywords": [ "Modularity (biology)", "Modular design", "Systems engineering", "Slider", "Computer science", "Systems design", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Automotive engineering", "Simulation", "Reliability engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-2515" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405733122", "doi": "10.1061/jaeeez.aseng-5715", "title": "Computational and Experimental Static Stability Analysis of Rectangular Prisms", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Keith Bergeron", "Mehdi Ghoreyshi", "Casey P. Fagley", "Timothy M. Siefers" ], "first_author": "Keith Bergeron", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Engineering", "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers", "abstract": "Rectangular prism-shaped cargo containers are being investigated for future aerial delivery and helicopter sling load operations. The aerodynamic stability characteristics of two representative container shapes, the 6-m (20-ft)-equivalent unit (TEU) and the internal slingable unit (ISU)-90, are analyzed using a combination of computational simulations and wind tunnel experiments. The study examines integrated forces and moments, as well as static stability, for the two shapes at Mach numbers of 0.15 and 0.2. Six models are used in total, three for each of the two container shapes, with axial, normal, and side orientations. The findings provide insights into the aerodynamic stability of rectangular prisms as cargo containers under various flight conditions, which have implications for aerial delivery and helicopter sling load operations. The scope of the data associated with these studies does not allow for a complete examination within this article, but the paper provides a general overview and selected examples of the available static and dynamic data, including observed trends. Specifically, the computational simulations and experimental surface flow measurements identify flow separation and reattachment processes that directly influence longitudinal, lateral, and directional stability.", "keywords": [ "Stability (learning theory)", "Longitudinal static stability", "Static analysis", "Structural engineering", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/jaeeez.aseng-5715" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2323940260", "doi": "10.2514/6.2011-2507", "title": "Humanitarian Airdrop over Populated Areas", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-05-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrew Meloni", "Justin Riley", "Richard Benney", "S. K. Patel", "Steve Groller" ], "first_author": "Andrew Meloni", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "HE Warfigher Protection and Aerial Delivery Directorate (WarPAD 2 ) and Combat Feeding Directorate (CFD) at the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), in cooperation with U.S. Air Force (USAF) Air Mobility Command (AMC), U.S. Transportation Command (USTC), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and other partners, have begun development on a next generation humanitarian airdrop capability to allow airdrops to occur directly over a population in need by creating aid item concepts that significantly reduce or eliminate the risk of human injury. Direct delivery of food and water to the affected population avoids the need for often damaged or destroyed ground lines of communication (GLOC) and provides humanitarian aid within hours following a disaster, instead of days. As was seen during disasters such as", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-2507" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415046552", "doi": "10.3390/drones9100692", "title": "Mapping the Integration of Urban Air Mobility into the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis and a Scoping Review", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ludovica Maria Campagna", "Francesco Carlucci", "Francesco Fiorito", "Erika Rosella Marinelli", "Michele Ottomanelli", "Mario Marinelli" ], "first_author": "Ludovica Maria Campagna", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has the potential to revolutionize urban transportation, largely with the deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones. After an initial stage focused on technology requirements, research is now shifting toward investigating operational requirements, which are unavoidably affected by urban characteristics. This study aims to explore the implementation of UAM services within urban environments by mapping the current scientific landscape from a city-focused perspective. Following a systematic search procedure, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on studies published between 2010 and 2024, examining over 350 articles that address UAM and urban-related topics. Trends in publication volume and scientific impact were analysed, along with influential manuscripts, collaborations, and leading countries in the field. Through a keyword co-occurrence analysis, five main research themes were identified: air traffic management, risk assessment, environmental factors (wind and noise), and vertiport location. These themes were further explored through a scoping review to assess current research and emerging directions. The findings highlight that urban characteristics are not just operational constraints but also fundamental elements that shape UAM strategies, influencing UAV path planning, safety, environmental constraints, and infrastructure design. Future research directions include the development of urban digital twins, comprehensive urban spatial databases, and multi-objective optimization frameworks to support the effective implementation of UAM into cities.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Urban planning", "Urban studies", "Scientific literature", "Digital mapping", "Geographic information system", "Landscape assessment", "Urban landscape" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/10/692/pdf?version=1760089422" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4382050761", "doi": "10.1109/icuas57906.2023.10156156", "title": "Technological Certainties and Regulatory Doubts: An Overlook at Unmanned Aviation and Urban Air Mobility in Europe", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-06", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrea Trimarchi" ], "first_author": "Andrea Trimarchi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper explores the current status of regulation concerning unmanned aviation in Europe. In particular, the paper takes into consideration the technological and regulatory advancement pertaining to Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which is believed to revolutionise traditional air transport, as we currently know it. As the paper discusses, UAM does not only raise issues of a technical nature, but also, and more importantly, from a legal, sociological and economic perspective. In this context, for example, the use of drones in urban environments does lay emphasis on a necessary coordination between air traffic management (ATM) and unmanned traffic management (UTM), as well as on the need to regulate entirely new categories of aerospace infrastructures, such as vertiports or U-space.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Context (archaeology)", "Aerospace", "Drone", "Perspective (graphical)", "Air traffic control", "Air traffic management", "Aeronautics", "Air transport", "Engineering", "Transport engineering", "Political science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icuas57906.2023.10156156" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399529310", "doi": "10.1109/icns60906.2024.10550659", "title": "Risk Assessment of Loss of Control In-Flight Trajectories for Urban Air Mobility Safety", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Negasa Yahi", "Jose Angel Matute-Peaspan", "Ali Karimoddini" ], "first_author": "Negasa Yahi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In Urban Air Mobility (UAM), maintaining a minimum separation between aircraft is a safety requirement, which becomes challenging amidst congested air traffic and off-nominal conditions, such as Loss of Control In-flight (LOC-I). This paper assesses the risk of separation loss due to aircraft trajectories in LOC-I scenarios, associated with the integration of UAM into the national airspace system. To accomplish this, simulation-based and analytical approaches have been integrated into the risk assessment mechanism for collision involving LOC-I aircraft to enhance UAM safety. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data obtained from the accident reports were used to simulate LOC-I trajectories within the UAM operational environment. In addition, data acquired from the Generic Transport Model (GTM), a specialized model designed to simulate the LOC-I scenario, was employed to generate LOCI trajectories. The safety of the UAM aircraft is evaluated by checking the separation loss encounters resulting from LOC-I and UAM aircraft trajectories. The UAM aircraft trajectories were generated using simulation software for those flying below 4000 ft, considering vertiports in Atlanta City. The simulation software, developed for UAM traffic management purposes, was also used to detect conflicts and simulate various separation loss scenarios. The conflict detection simulated in the UAM simulation software was quantitatively evaluated by calculating the probabilities of mid-air collisions, near mid-air collisions, and well-clear violations due to LOC-I, combining LOC-I and UAM aircraft trajectories. The assessment suggests that the UAM aircraft in congested settings could be affected by LOC-I trajectories. By leveraging realistic ADS-B data and the GTM model, this information can guide the development of planning algorithms and safety protocols in congested UAM environments.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Control (management)", "Flight safety", "Trajectory", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icns60906.2024.10550659" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169516400", "doi": "10.1016/j.cstp.2026.101910", "title": "How noise exposure shapes resident preferences for UAM-friendly neighborhoods: Evidence from Guangzhou, China", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Meiqin Zhang", "Jieyuan Lan", "Ying Zhao", "Tao Feng" ], "first_author": "Meiqin Zhang", "venue": "Case Studies on Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The concept of UAM-friendly neighborhoods has emerged as a promising strategy for supporting Urban Air Mobility (UAM) deployment. However, little is known about how residents evaluate neighborhood renewal plans that incorporate UAM infrastructure, particularly when noise impacts are considered. This study examines residents’ preferences for UAM-friendly neighborhood renewal using stated preference survey data and a mixed logit model. Results show that drone docking pad installation costs, vertiport proximity, social influence, property management fees, and noise exposure significantly affect residents’ choices. Younger, higher-income, and technology-oriented residents are more supportive of UAM integration, whereas highly educated residents and those living on lower floors (1–7) are more sensitive to noise impacts. These findings provide quantitative evidence on the trade-offs residents make between UAM infrastructure benefits and neighborhood noise exposure, offering insights for planning socially acceptable UAM-friendly communities.", "keywords": [ "China", "Noise (video)", "Noise exposure", "Noise level" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X26002063/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2329311903", "doi": "10.2514/6.2015-2102", "title": "Optimizing Extraction Parachute Operational Parameters", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-03-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Richard D. Charles" ], "first_author": "Richard D. Charles", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A current area of interest in the operational and test community is the application of aerial delivery at high speed and at relatively low altitudes. The High-Speed Container Delivery System (HSCDS) is such a program intended to address this type of operational need. In conjunction with this program, a series of simulations have been conducted that attempted to cover a parameter space of operational variables such as aircraft type, aircraft flight speed, extraction line length, and drogue parachute design and size. The objective here is that with validated and verified modeling and simulation results anchored to actual flight test data, future exploratory test and development work may be performed with increased reliance on information derived from modeling and simulation with potential savings in the use of airdrop assets. In this effort a series of payload and parachute extraction scenarios were simulated using high fidelity computer simulation models and the Cobalt CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software code. Simulations were conducted for full aircraft configurations with the rear cargo doors open. The “overset” capability of this software was used that allowed a surface geometry for the drogue parachute to be the basis for a subgrid around the parachute and for this subgrid to be set within the larger geometry grid developed around the aircraft. Different aircraft domains and grids were then used with different drogue parachute configurations while different drogue line lengths were accounted for by the appropriate displacements between the two grids. Numerically-derived resultant aerodynamic forces on the drogue parachute are compared with experimental flight force data obtained from a tow plate attached to the lower cargo door of the aircraft. This tow plate was used to anchor a tethered drogue parachute to the test aircraft. One of the operational goals of the HSCDS program was to meet the desired operational parameters of the system while operating within and managing the extraction environment within safe limits for the aircraft and its crew.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Aerodynamics", "Doors", "Aerospace engineering", "Software", "Grid", "Simulation", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Computer science", "Container (type theory)", "Engineering", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-2102" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399271415", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3014", "title": "Annoyance Model Assessments of Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Operations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stephen A. Rizzi", "Andrew W. Christian", "Stefan J. Letica", "Shane V. Lympany" ], "first_author": "Stephen A. Rizzi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles begin to enter service, consideration must be given to vertiport siting and flight routing to help reduce community noise impact and promote adoption by the community. Notwithstanding environmental justice concerns, a possible early strategy is to operate out of existing heliports and fly along established helicopter routes, many of which follow uninhabited waterways and/or roadways (with the thought for the latter that an already noisy ambient environment will mask the sound of the aircraft). However, no prior annoyance model has been fielded that both takes audibility into account and that may be applied to such a real-world strategy. This paper reviews a recently developed annoyance model that includes audibility as a factor and applies it to two flight operations. A simple overflight case is first undertaken to demonstrate the approach. A point-to-point operation in the New York City area is then considered to demonstrate how annoyance varies across an urban soundscape. The cases considered use modeled UAM vehicle noise propagated to a set of ground observers as the signals and either recorded or modeled ambient acoustic data as the maskers.", "keywords": [ "Annoyance", "Environmental science", "Atmospheric model", "Automotive engineering", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Aeronautics", "Meteorology", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3014" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117543502", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2025.104594", "title": "Integrated routing of drones and public transportation vehicles for simultaneous parcel pickup and delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wei Xu", "Zhixiao Wang", "Zhenjie Zheng", "Zhengli Wang", "Hai Yang" ], "first_author": "Wei Xu", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Solver", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Public transport", "Vehicle routing problem", "Linear programming", "Integer programming", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "TRIPS architecture" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2025.104594" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4206642794", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-92659-5_33", "title": "Viewpoint-Tolerant Semantic Segmentation for Aerial Logistics", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shiming Wang", "Fabiola Maffra", "Ruben Mascaro", "Lucas Teixeira", "Margarita Chli" ], "first_author": "Shiming Wang", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Drone", "Segmentation", "Artificial intelligence", "Viewpoints", "SAFER", "Focus (optics)", "Deep learning", "Inference", "Aerial image", "Robotics", "State (computer science)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92659-5_33" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412486606", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3637", "title": "Integrating Aircraft Performance in Traffic Flow Management Analysis for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Víctor M. González", "Jacqueline L. Huynh" ], "first_author": "Víctor M. González", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The development of Advanced Air Mobility and integration into the existing airspace infrastructure will require substantial research and development regarding how vehicles with diverse performance capabilities will operate cooperatively and safely in congested airspace. The density of air traffic for AAM is projected to increase substantially, requiring a dependency on reliable traffic flow management methods for efficient and safe operations. Effective integration of AAM will hinge on the ability to develop robust, alternative flow management techniques tailored specifically to the unique demands of AAM. This research presents the development and application of an air traffic management simulation framework designed for integrating Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations within a defined airspace, using the open-source simulation platform, BlueSky. By characterizing an AAM airspace with a demand model, vertiport network, and cooperative area definitions, the framework is capable of evaluating different methods of traffic flow management applied to a mix fleet of unique AAM vehicles. This framework enables assessment of airspace performance metrics—including operational efficiency, safety, energy usage, and community noise exposure, of which are governed by the heterogeneous performance envelopes of the distinct vehicles within a mixed fleet. The framework was exercised for an example AAM airspace design in the Dallas/Fort Worth region, incorporating a departure scheduling algorithm and a speed-based conflict resolution method. System efficiency, safety, energy use, and community noise were assessed across varying demand levels. Results show that the speed-based algorithm resolves over 90% of arrival conflicts across all demands, though it increases energy consumption, particularly for faster aircraft. A method for modeling community noise exposure is developed and suggests that the conflict resolution algorithm reduces exposure regions, particularly near vertiports.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3637" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2004926782", "doi": null, "title": "Herbicides in support of counterinsurgency operations : a cost-effectiveness study", "year": 1972, "publication_date": "1972-03-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "John Dalton Howard" ], "first_author": "John Dalton Howard", "venue": "Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)", "publisher": "Naval Postgraduate School", "abstract": "The study develops costs, effectiveness criteria, and cost- effectiveness ratios for military herbicide systems in Vietnam and three other alternatives which can perform the missions of foliage removal and crop destruction in support of counterinsurgency operations. The systems considered are aerial delivery of herbicides by helicopters and aircraft, tactical land clearing with crawler tractors, 'slash and burn' clearing with indigenous cutters, and firebombing with helicopters. Two sets of cost-effectiveness vectors are obtained.", "keywords": [ "Clearing", "Slash (logging)", "Engineering", "Cost effectiveness", "Aeronautics", "Operations research", "Operations management", "Business", "Geography", "Forestry" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstreams/783f311e-59f6-4314-8069-24e975a16a1e/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2627064817", "doi": "10.1109/aero.2017.7943787", "title": "The use of a steerable single-actuator cruciform parachute for targeted payload return", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-03-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Travis D. Fields", "Oleg A. Yakimenko" ], "first_author": "Travis D. Fields", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The concept of using an autonomous HAHO (high altitude, high-opening) parafoil-based system as a solution to the final descent phase of an on-demand International Space Station (ISS) sample return concept was tailored to meet specific constraints defined by the NASA Ames Research Center SPQR (Small Payload Quick-Return) study. Difficulties in consistently and safely deploying ram-air parafoils at high altitudes needs to be suitably addressed prior to utilization in space sample return applications. This paper presents an alternative to the ram-air parachute SPQR concept. Specifically, the feasibility of using a cruciform-type canopy design modified to enable a limited steering capability, similar to what has been accomplished with the traditional round canopy-based Affordable Guided Aerial Delivery System (AGAS). In contrast to the AGAS system the cruciform canopy approach requires only a single actuator, providing a wider range of possible control actions and therefore a more robust guidance technique. Preliminary design and flight test results are provided from initial low-altitude testing of the cruciform canopy-based SPQR-compatible system.", "keywords": [ "Cruciform", "Payload (computing)", "Descent (aeronautics)", "Actuator", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Simulation", "International Space Station", "Sample (material)", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/aero.2017.7943787" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2803755499", "doi": null, "title": "A Multi-Modality Mobility Concept for a Small Package Delivery UAV", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Larry A. Young" ], "first_author": "Larry A. Young", "venue": "NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)", "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abstract": "This paper will discuss a different approach to the typical notional small package delivery drone concept. Most delivery drone concepts employ a point-to-point aerial delivery CONOPS (Concept of Operations) from a warehouse directly to the front or back yards of a customers residence or a commercial office space. Instead, the proposed approach is somewhat analogous to current postal deliveries: a small aerial vehicle flies from a warehouse to designated neighborhood VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) landing spots where the aerial vehicle then converts to a \"roadable\" (ground-mobility) vehicle that then transits on sidewalks and/or bicycle paths till it arrives to the residence/office drop-off points. This concept and associated platform or vehicle will be referred in this paper as MICHAEL (Multimodal Intra-City Hauling and Aerial-Effected Logistics) concept. It is suggested that the MICHAEL concept potentially results in a more community friendly \"delivery drone\" approach.", "keywords": [ "Notional amount", "Drone", "Point (geometry)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Residence", "Terrain", "Aeronautics", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Geography", "Cartography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180002627" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2322466120", "doi": "10.2514/6.2007-2503", "title": "Application of Airdrop Systems Modeling Software", "year": 2007, "publication_date": "2007-05-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Richard D. Charles" ], "first_author": "Richard D. Charles", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A modular framework has been developed that permits a standardized integration of numerical simulation software and experimental data relevant to airdrop and aerial delivery operations. The software, called the Simulation Control Module (SCM), has been developed to coordinate the operation of separate analysis modules required to simulate the multicomponent physics of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems. The SCM provides a mechanism with which to couple and connect different analysis modules in different ways. This new flexibility allows different flow and structural solvers to be mixed and matched according to user preference. A series of benchmark problems, based upon previously published cases, have been formalized in order to allow the verification of the accuracy and performance of candidate analysis software. This test suite consists of the following: a flat circular disk; a simplified simple rigid canopy; and a coupled FSI simulation of a T-10 canopy.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Software", "Software engineering", "Systems engineering", "Operating system", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-2503" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2966725331", "doi": null, "title": "In situ evaluation of an automated aerial bait delivery system for landscape-scale control of invasive brown treesnakes on Guam", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shane R. Siers", "W. C. Pitt", "John D. Eisemann", "Larry C. Clark", "Aaron B. Shiels", "C. S. Clark", "Robert J. Gosnell", "Michael C. Messaros" ], "first_author": "Shane R. Siers", "venue": "Lincoln (University of Nebraska)", "publisher": "University of Nebraska–Lincoln", "abstract": "After decades of biodiversity loss and economic burden caused by the brown treesnake invasion on the Pacific island of Guam, relief hovers on the horizon. Previous work by USDA Wildlife Services (WS) and its National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) demonstrated that brown treesnake numbers in forested habitats can be dramatically suppressed by aerial delivery of dead newborn mouse (DNM) baits treated with 80 mg of acetaminophen. However, manual bait preparation and application is impractical for landscape-scale treatment. WS, NWRC, and the US Department of the Interior have collaborated with Applied Design Corporation to engineer an automated bait manufacturing and delivery system. The core technology is an aerially delivered biodegradable “bait cartridge” designed to tangle in the tree canopy, making the acetaminophen bait available to treesnakes and out of reach of terrestrial non-target organisms. When mounted on a rotary- or fixed-wing airframe, the automated dispensing module (ADM) unit can broadcast 3,600 bait cartridges at a rate of four per second and can treat 30 hectares of forest at a density of 120 acetaminophen baits per hectare within 15 minutes of firing time. We conducted the first in situ evaluation of the ADM in July 2016. Initial acetaminophen bait deployment rates (proper opening of the bait cartridge for canopy entanglement) were low, and mechanism jams were frequent due to internal friction and wind forces; on-site remedial engineering improved these performance measures. Bait cartridge placement and spacing were accurate (average 8.9 m along 9 m swaths) under various flight heights and speeds. Canopy entanglement of properly-deployed acetaminophen baits was high (66.6%). Although only a small proportion (5.9%) of radio transmitter-equipped acetaminophen baits were confirmed to have been taken by brown treesnakes, the baiting density was high enough to make it likely that a significant proportion of brown treesnakes in the area had taken acetaminophen baits. With subsequent improvements in system reliability, the automated bait cartridge manufacturing and delivery system is poised to transition from research and development to operational field implementation. Applications include reduction of brown treesnake numbers around transportation infrastructure and within core habitats for the reintroduction of native birds extirpated by this troublesome invasive predator.", "keywords": [ "Scale (ratio)", "Geography", "Forestry", "Remote sensing", "Environmental science", "Cartography" ], "cited_by_count": 8, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3247&context=icwdm_usdanwrc" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4254380091", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.3290842", "title": "Auctioning Airspace", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Brent Skorup" ], "first_author": "Brent Skorup", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Business", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Physics", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3290842" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379792580", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-3365", "title": "An Open-Source Framework For Modeling Aircraft Noise In Urban Environments", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Matthew A. Clarke" ], "first_author": "Matthew A. Clarke", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3365.vid Limited extensibility and difficulty accessing federally developed tools for estimating noise pollution from urban air mobility operations have resulted in isolated efforts toward understanding the implications of aerial intra-city commuting. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing an urban environment noise assessment framework. It takes the approach of directly computing the noise at spatiotemporal points throughout an aircraft's trajectory rather than using correlative models which are based on a finite set of flight conditions. This ultimately allows for more accurate predictions of aircraft noise emissions. Three case studies are carried out to demonstrate the framework's capabilities and its potential to be used for establishing compatibility metrics that will guide future expansions of novel mobility trends within the aviation sector. The first study examined fly-over noise, the second explored vertiport arrival and departure flight path angles, and the third examined noise emissions within the Los Angeles Metropolitan area. Results highlight that the acoustic footprint on communities below strongly depends on vehicle configuration and frequency of commuter service.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Noise (video)", "Open source", "Aircraft noise", "Noise reduction", "Computer vision", "Software", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3365" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4295356164", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2209.04057", "title": "Drone Deployment Optimization for Direct Delivery with Time Windows and Battery Replacements", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-08", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tanveer Hossain Bhuiyan", "Mohammad Roni", "Victor Walker" ], "first_author": "Tanveer Hossain Bhuiyan", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Aerial drones offer a distinct potential to reduce the delivery time and energy consumption for the delivery of time-sensitive and small products. However, there is still a need in the relevant industry to understand the performance of drone-based delivery under different business needs and drone operating conditions. We studied a drone deployment optimization problem for direct delivery of goods to customers maintaining a specified time window. This paper presents a new mathematical optimization-based decision-making methodology to help business owners optimally route their drone fleet minimizing the total energy consumption, required fleet size, and the required number of additional batteries. A realistic feature of the optimization method is that instead of replacing the drone battery after each return to the depot, it keeps track of the remaining energy in the drone battery and decides on battery replacements accounting for the drone routing and the user-specified minimum required battery energy. Numerical results based on real drone flight tests and delivery data provide insights into the effect of different drone operating parameters on the energy consumption, required fleet size, and the required number of battery replacements. Results from a case study show that the total energy consumption, required fleet size, and the required number of battery replacements increase by 72.22%, 22.2%, and 200%, respectively, as the drones fly over the road networks compared to flying in a straight path. Additionally, results show that using a mixed fleet of hexacopter and quadcopter drones reduces the total energy consumption by 48.52% compared to using a homogeneous fleet of only hexacopters.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Quadcopter", "Battery (electricity)", "Software deployment", "Energy consumption", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Simulation", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.04057" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3084287430", "doi": "10.1071/wr19149", "title": "Underlying beliefs linked to public opinion about gene drive and pest-specific toxin for pest control", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-09-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Edith A. MacDonald", "Eric D. Edwards", "Jovana Balanovic", "Fabien Medvecky" ], "first_author": "Edith A. MacDonald", "venue": "Wildlife Research", "publisher": "CSIRO Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract Context Developing a new tool for wide-scale rat eradication is necessary for significant biodiversity gains. Underlying beliefs linked to public opinion can help guide policy makers to understand public concern and inform an effective discourse. Aims We investigated underlying beliefs linked to levels of support for a potentially disruptive tool, gene drive, compared with a traditional stepwise tool, aerial distribution of a new pest-specific toxin. Methods Using the theory of planned behaviour, we surveyed (n = 1200) a representative sample of New Zealanders to assess the level of support for the tool related to attitude, normative and control beliefs. Key results Attitude (e.g. gene drive is good/bad and gene drive is risky/safe) and two norms (e.g. people like me and people in my household) were key contributors to level of support for gene drive. Behavioural beliefs (if scientific evidence can prove it works, concern there are unknown consequences, a humane way to rid New Zealand of rats, and gene drive goes against natural way of life) were also significant. For aerial distribution of a new pest-specific toxin, the same attitudes and normative beliefs identified for gene drive also contributed significantly to the model. Four behavioural beliefs, namely, aerial delivery could affect areas outside the target zones, if there is scientific evidence, and it is impossible to make a pest-specific toxin that would not harm our native wildlife were also significant. The impact either tool may have on biodiversity was not significant in either model. Conclusions Decision making about both gene drive (a disruptive technology) and aerial distribution of a pest-specific toxin (a stepwise technology) is primarily influenced by attitudes, with a few beliefs also influencing decision making. Novelty of the tool does not affect the underlying beliefs that are influencing levels of support. Implications Public engagement that acknowledges and responds to these underlying beliefs, rather than a traditional campaign based on biodiversity and environmental gains, may be more effective at creating a constructive dialogue about if and how these tools should be used, and to avoid replicating the polarised debate about 1080.", "keywords": [ "Gene drive", "Harm", "Public opinion", "Wildlife", "Normative", "Ascription", "Pest control", "PEST analysis", "Biodiversity", "Biology", "Affect (linguistics)", "Ecology" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1071/wr19149" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317037952", "doi": "10.1139/er-2022-0098", "title": "Forest harvesting impacts on small, temperate zone lakes: a review", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mariella H. J. Becu", "Tracy A. Michalski", "John Stuart Richardson" ], "first_author": "Mariella H. J. Becu", "venue": "Environmental Reviews", "publisher": "Canadian Science Publishing", "abstract": "Small lakes (<1 km2) are physically, chemically, and biologically linked to their watersheds through hydrologic, terrestrial, and aerial delivery of materials. Inputs affecting lake function and structure, such as nutrient, energy, sediment, and large wood subsidies, arrive at the lake on three spatial scales, that is, the lake watershed, lake-inflow streams, and lake riparian areas. Lakes are sinks in the waterscape and integrate cumulative inputs from the landscape. Lakes can, therefore, react to landscape disturbances such as forest harvesting. Forest harvesting and associated activities can induce changes in watershed water yields, inputs of organic and inorganic materials to lakes, and in lake temperatures and wind. These changes result in stressors that can alter the lake’s physical habitat, water quality, and food webs. Here we review the reported impacts of forest harvesting on small, temperate zone lakes. The magnitude of the lake response to harvesting can depend on factors such as the proportion of the watershed harvested, the intensity of this harvesting, silvicultural practices and other activities, and road construction and density. Other additional factors include the proximity of the lake to harvesting and its impact on hydrological pathways connecting perturbed areas to stream and lake systems. The majority of surveyed studies reported short-term increases in nutrient and energy inputs, increased sedimentation due to harvesting, and increases in wind speeds, where about half reported increases in primary production or decreases in zooplankton biomass. Results on benthic macroinvertebrate, fish, and amphibians were less frequently reported and were geographically variable. Variation in the direction and magnitude of a lake’s food web response is likely due to studies of lakes with differences in watershed characteristics and forestry activities that can affect the magnitude of the lake response (i.e., proportion of watershed harvesting, forestry operations methods, hydrological connections to the lake, and site-specific attributes). We also discuss watershed forestry management and the implementation of lakeshore riparian buffers in the context of reducing forestry impacts on lakes. Most studies have been short-term, and the long-term, cumulative effects of forest harvesting on lake ecosystems remain unclear.", "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Watershed", "Riparian zone", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Benthic zone", "Biomass (ecology)", "Habitat", "Temperate climate", "Ecology", "STREAMS", "Geology" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/er-2022-0098" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415070677", "doi": "10.1016/j.ast.2025.111045", "title": "A numerical investigation of noise reduction of ground lattices for rotors in ground effect", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qidong Chen", "Han C. Wu", "Siyang Zhong" ], "first_author": "Qidong Chen", "venue": "Aerospace Science and Technology", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Baffle", "Ground effect (cars)", "Aerodynamics", "Noise (video)", "Aeroacoustics", "Turbulence", "Wake", "Vortex", "Rotor (electric)" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.111045" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386432594", "doi": "10.1016/bs.adcom.2023.07.005", "title": "An automatic path navigation for visually challenged people using deep Q learning", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-04", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "S. Muthurajkumar", "B. Rahul", "L.S. Sanjay Kumar", "E. Gokkul" ], "first_author": "S. Muthurajkumar", "venue": "Advances in computers", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Automation", "Computer science", "Path (computing)", "Obstacle", "Work (physics)", "Human–computer interaction", "Navigation system", "Artificial intelligence", "Deep learning", "Drone", "Firefighting", "Obstacle avoidance" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adcom.2023.07.005" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385485112", "doi": "10.1109/cai54212.2023.00045", "title": "RL-based Scheduling of an AAM Traffic Network", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arinc Tutku Altun", "Yan Xu", "Gökhan İnalhan", "Michael W. Hardt" ], "first_author": "Arinc Tutku Altun", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study presents an approach for pre-flight planning process to be used in the future Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) system especially after contingency situations and relevant activities take place. The methodology for scheduling is modeled as a reinforcement learning (RL) agent that resolves potential conflicts for the traffic and balances the demand and capacity at vertiports. The reason behind to use RL is that specific problem requires a very quick response since it also deals with resolving conflicts that are observed between the flights that are about to take-off and the contingent flights that diverted for an emergency landing. The main objective of this work is to develop a pre-flight planning service to work compatible with contingency management activities for enhancing the contingency management process for the AAM system.", "keywords": [ "Contingency", "Reinforcement learning", "Computer science", "Contingency plan", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Operations research", "Process (computing)", "Transport engineering", "Computer security", "Artificial intelligence", "Operations management", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstreams/f266e4df-2dbe-4540-a286-11c3f732df1b/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388494446", "doi": "10.2514/1.i011278", "title": "Assessment of Approach and Departure Paths for Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-11-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Suyoung Shin", "Keumjin Lee" ], "first_author": "Suyoung Shin", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Information Systems", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Open AccessTechnical NotesAssessment of Approach and Departure Paths for Vertical Takeoff and Landing AircraftSuyoung Shin and Keumjin LeeSuyoung ShinKorea Aerospace University, Goyang 412-791, Republic of Korea and Keumjin Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-449XKorea Aerospace University, Goyang 412-791, Republic of KoreaPublished Online:8 Nov 2023https://doi.org/10.2514/1.I011278SectionsRead Now ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AboutNomenclatureAset of available approach and departure directionsFATObackback distance of obstacle-free volume on final approach and takeoff areaFATOfrontfront distance of obstacle-free volume on final approach and takeoff areaFATOwidthwidth of obstacle-free volume on final approach and takeoff areah1low hover height of obstacle-free volumeh2high hover height of obstacle-free volumeIobsset of indies of the voxels that Pobs occupiesIOFV(ψ)set of indies of the voxels that POFV(ψ) occupiesKnumber of buildingsLnumber of pointslix-axis index of the voxel where pi occupiesMnumber of IOFVmiy-axis index of the voxel where pi occupiesNnumber of IobsNxsize of voxelated space in x directionNysize of voxelated space in y directionNzsize of voxelated space in z directionniz-axis index of the voxel where pi occupiesPobsset of points that represent obstacle dataPOFV(ψ)set of points that represent obstacle-free volume in a specific orientation angle ψpiith point in Psxvoxel size in x directionsyvoxel size in y directionszvoxel size in z directionTObackback distance of obstacle-free volume at h2TOfrontfront distance obstacle-free volume at h2TOwidthwidth of obstacle-free volume at h2Vset of voxels for the region of interestvlmnvoxel located at l, m, and n in the x, y, and z directions, respectivelyxix-axis coordinate of pixox-axis coordinate of reference point of voxelated spaceyiy-axis coordinate of piyoy-axis coordinate of reference point of voxelated spaceziz-axis coordinate of pizoz-axis coordinate of reference point of voxelated spaceα(Θ)directional availability under Θδappdivergence of approach surfaceδdepdivergence of departure surfaceΘset of the specification parameters of obstacle-free volumeθappslope of approach surfaceθdepslope of departure surfaceΨset of orientation angles of obstacle-free volumeψorientation angle between the true north and the centerline of approach/departure surfaceI. IntroductionUrban air mobility (UAM) is a new form of transportation to take passengers and cargo over urban areas, in turn promoting reduced traffic congestion and CO2 emissions [1,2]. Yet, the safety of low-altitude flights in congested areas must be addressed before UAM is used commercially. Especially, identifying available approach and departure paths for UAM aircraft at vertiports in obstacle-rich environments is crucial for ensuring safety.The approach/departure path is defined as the flight track that the vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft follow when landing at or taking off from a vertiport [3]. The approach/departure path should align with the predominant wind direction to minimize the aircraft's downwind and crosswind operations. However, the range of possible approach/departure directions is often constrained by tall buildings or natural features such as mountains. Therefore, identifying airspace obstructions and available approach/departure directions is a vital step when designing a vertiport. This process is usually done by using various geographic information system (GIS) tools but could be time-consuming and error-prone due to the inherent complexity of spatial analysis [4,5].There have been several research efforts to identify available airspace for uncrewed aircraft systems in urban areas. In one study, the concept of a containment boundary was proposed to assess the use of low-altitude airspace near airports and to evaluate the potential impact of UAM operations on conventional air traffic [6]. Another study proposed a topological analysis framework to identify usable airspace in urban areas that utilizes keep-out and keep-in geofences [7]. Still another research effort presented a data-driven approach to identify available airspace separated from conventional air traffic using historical aircraft track and meteorological data [8]. One study proposed a method of spatial modeling for airspace obstruction analysis using the octree technique, but its applicability is limited to assessing the restrictive height of an individual obstacle for a given location [9]. Despite those efforts, a practical method to analyze the range of possible directions for approach/departure paths using real obstacle data is still lacking.This paper introduces a novel framework to analyze available approach and departure directions for VTOL-capable UAM aircraft using the voxelization technique and obstacle-free volume (OFV). The main contributions of this research are twofold. First, in the proposed framework, obstacle, terrain, and OFV data are converted into voxels, making 3-D spatial analysis more efficient. The conventional approach for airspace obstruction analysis is based on modeling an individual obstacle as a spike and assessing whether it obstructs the obstacle limit surface (OLS) along a specified approach/departure path [4,10–12]. Since the modeling techniques differ for obstacles, terrain, and OLS, the conventional approach exhibits a limitation in efficiently searching for possible approach/departure directions in an environment with many obstacles. In contrast, the proposed method provides a means to uniformly model the entire obstacle and OLS environment in voxelated space, enabling the rapid exploration of possible approach and departure directions, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The second contribution of the research is to validate the effectiveness of OFV with real geographical data. The OFV is a newly emerging OLS concept aimed at promoting UAM operations in densely built-up areas. However, ", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Takeoff and landing", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Airplane", "Landing gear", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/1.I011278?download=true" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7136409034", "doi": "10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423269", "title": "LogisticsVLN: Vision-Language Navigation for Low-Altitude Terminal Delivery Based on Agentic UAVs", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Xinyuan Zhang", "Yonglin Tian", "Fei Lin", "Yue Liu", "Jing Ma", "Xiao Wang", "Kornélia Sára Szatmáry", "Fei-Yue Wang" ], "first_author": "Xinyuan Zhang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The growing demand for intelligent logistics, particularly fine-grained terminal delivery, underscores the need for autonomous UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)-based delivery systems. However, most existing last-mile delivery studies rely on ground robots, while current UAV-based Vision-Language Navigation (VLN) tasks primarily focus on coarse-grained, long-range goals, making them unsuitable for precise terminal delivery. To bridge this gap, we propose LogisticsVLN, a scalable aerial delivery system built on multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for autonomous terminal delivery. LogisticsVLN integrates lightweight Large Language Models (LLMs) and Visual-Language Models (VLMs) in a modular pipeline for request understanding, floor localization, object detection, and decision-making. To support research and evaluation in this new setting, we construct the Vision-Language Delivery (VLD) dataset within the CARLA simulator. Experimental results on the VLD dataset showcase the feasibility of the LogisticsVLN system. In addition, we conduct subtask-level evaluations of each module of our system, offering valuable insights for improving the robustness and real-world deployment of foundation model-based vision-language delivery systems.", "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Global Positioning System", "Terminal guidance", "Action (physics)", "Field (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423269" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4390782941", "doi": "10.3390/enc2023-15442", "title": "Local Differential GNSS Augmentation for Integration into Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Daniel Gerbeth", "Maria Caamano", "Chen Zhu" ], "first_author": "Daniel Gerbeth", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper describes a concept for local GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) augmentation derived from the established Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) in civil aviation. The aim of this concept is to provide reliable and accurate GNSS measurements for integration into a redundant, safe and reliable integrated navigation architecture tailored to serve Urban Air Mobility (UAM). The proposed concept for local GNSS augmentation addresses the specific challenges of UAM, in particular for take-off and landing operations, and ensures safe separation between UAM vehicles en route between vertiports. By using less expensive hardware compared to the traditional GBAS, the concept aims to make the integration into future urban airspace easier and more cost-effective, both in terms of ground infrastructure demands and on-board navigation hardware. In addition to the high-level system concept and considerations, we present an initial nominal performance assessment of local augmentation using lower-cost airborne and ground hardware. This assessment is based on actual UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) flight trials conducted in different urban scenarios, as well as long-term rooftop measurements.", "keywords": [ "GNSS applications", "GNSS augmentation", "Computer science", "Satellite system", "Air navigation", "Systems engineering", "Aviation", "Civil aviation", "Global Positioning System", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/54/1/40/pdf?version=1704710358" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406209149", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5023766", "title": "On Coordinated Drone-Courier Logistics for Intra-city Express Services", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shuiwang Chen", "Kai Wang", "Lingxiao Wu", "Wei Min Qi" ], "first_author": "Shuiwang Chen", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Business", "Operations management", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5023766" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2334955928", "doi": "10.2514/6.2013-1377", "title": "Flight Testing of a 1-DOF Variable Drag Autonomous Descent Vehicle", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-03-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Travis D. Fields", "Jeffrey C LaCombe", "Eric Wang" ], "first_author": "Travis D. Fields", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper details the hardware development and testing of an autonomous descent vehicle. The developed vehicle utilizes a circular parachute and wind data to control the landing location. The benefit of this system over alternative precision aerial delivery techniques is the envisioned ability to use the large inventory of circular parachutes already in use for uncontrolled cargo and personnel deliveries with minimal training or system modifications. Parachute control is obtained via reversibly reefing of the canopy, thereby modifying the descent speed. For this study, the parachute size is assumed to be constant for the remainder of the descent; however, the desired parachute size computation is periodically updated to assist in reducing landing errors due to inaccurate wind data. A small mechanical reeling system has been developed, comprising a microcomputer, RF modem, electronic speed controller, and an electric motor. The hardware is coupled with a quarter-spherical canopy with four suspension lines, similar to those used in automotive drag racing. The combined weight of the parachute-payload system is 53.5N (12.0lb). Flight testing was conducted using a small single engine aircraft (Cessna 172), with preliminary flight testing conducted using an Arcturus T-20 UAV. Release ceilings were approximately 3050m (10,000ft) MSL. Typically, dropsondes were used to collect predicted wind for the descent vehicle. The time needed to collect the wind data, upload it into the descent vehicle software, takeoff, and reach the desired deployment location was approximately two hours. Preliminary testing of the parachute-payload system was performed to determine the appropriate control gains for the motor angle control routine to achieve the desired descent rate. Release altitudes were between 450m (1,500ft) and 610m (2,000ft) AGL. Using Zeigler-Nichols gain tuning rules and an experimental step response, gains were determined for both a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Additional testing was conducted to verify the ability of these control gains to achieve a desired descent speed prior to flight testing the full path planning system and control algorithm. Flight testing results demonstrate the ability for the autonomous descent vehicle (ADV) to successfully navigate towards a target line segment when using accurate wind prediction data. As previously published results have noted, when the predicted wind data is inaccurate, the vehicle is not always capable of improving the landing location accuracy compared to an uncontrolled parachute. Additional considerations in developing a descent rate control system for use in circular parachutes are also presented.", "keywords": [ "Descent (aeronautics)", "Drag", "Aerospace engineering", "Variable (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Marine engineering", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-1377" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2332334203", "doi": "10.2514/6.2009-7068", "title": "Impact of Using Reliever Airports to Absorb Additional Demand in the Potomac TRACON", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-06-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "James Allen Smith", "Ricardo Mediavilla", "Ken Wright" ], "first_author": "James Allen Smith", "venue": "9th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (ATIO)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper discusses the impact of using reliev er airports in the Potomac terminal area to absorb increased demand forecast for the years 2025 and 2040. The advent of new vehicle types such as Cruise-Efficient Short-Takeoff and Landing (CESTOL) and Civil Tilt Rotor (CTR) along with anticipated NextGen air traffic management enhancements enables more frequent use of short runways and vertiports. We used the Airspace Concept Evaluation System (ACES) enhanced airport/terminal area simulation capability to model our redesigned airspace for the Washington DC Metroplex. We found that the use of new vehicles and airspace design can reduce delay and increase throughput in the Potomac TRACON. This study provides insight into handling expected air traffic growth by analyzing the effects of integrating advanced aircraft types into the next generation air traffic system (NextGen). This work was performed under the New Vehicle NASA Research Announcement (referred to as New Vehicle NRA). Large metropolitan airports are often limited in their options for increasing throughput while holding delay to an acceptable level. Many airports may have maximized use of available real estate, may be encroached on by housing developments on the airport periphery, or may lack necessary funds to carry out large-scale improvements. However, the advent of new aircraft types such as the Cruise-Efficient Short-Takeoff and Landing (CESTOL) vehicle, Civil Tilt Rotor (CTR) and Very Light Jets (VLJs) provide a promising strategy for making better use of metropolitan airports and airspace. CESTOLs, expected to be in widespread use by scheduled airlines in the 2025 timeframe, allow for the demand at the large airports to be distributed to existing reliever airports that are currently unable to support conventional airliners due to runway length. CTR aircraft are able to operate from short runways and vertiports.", "keywords": [ "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-7068" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391302917", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-0710", "title": "An Experimental System for Strategic Flight Path Management in Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Karr", "James L. Sturdy", "Bryan A. Barrows", "Mark G. Ballin" ], "first_author": "David Karr", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the concept envisioned for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations, fleets of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles would operate between vertiports distributed within a densely populated area. These operations would be largely independent from the existing air traffic control system and would place the responsibility for flight planning and aircraft separation on fleet operators. The fourth major level on the UAM Maturity Level scale, UML-4, relies on “collaborative and responsible” automation to enable operations in non-visual conditions with medium traffic density (hundreds of aircraft in one metropolitan region) and medium complexity. This level of service places many requirements on automation systems to assist the operators of these aircraft. NASA has developed the Autonomous Operations Planner (AOP), a reference prototype Flight Path Management automation system, and has modified AOP to support research of anticipated UML-4 operations. AOP creates a four-dimensional flight plan conforming to the constraints of these operations, evaluates and modifies the flight plan during flight as conditions and constraints evolve, and coordinates the flight plan with other airspace users and with service providers. This version of AOP has been integrated into the Sikorsky Autonomy Research Aircraft and used in a flight test activity. In this paper we discuss anticipated characteristics of UAM operations, modifications that were made to AOP to adapt to that environment or to support the flight test, and observations of software and aircraft performance during the flight test. The aircraft achieved four-dimensional conformance with the flight plan and AOP provided adequate planning in almost all cases. We discuss improvements that could be made to AOP to address deficiencies that were observed.", "keywords": [ "Path (computing)", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-0710" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3169860437", "doi": null, "title": "NASA research on flexible wings", "year": 1967, "publication_date": "1967-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francis M. Rogallo" ], "first_author": "Francis M. Rogallo", "venue": "NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)", "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abstract": "stable and controllable glide with performance adequate for aerial delivery of cargo and personnel, for landing space capsules, boosters, or hypersonic aircraft, and as emergency wings for aircraft or aircraft escape systems.The high-performance flexible wings at the other end of the spectrum, although not presently of general interest, show promise of becoming lightweight, rugged, stowable wings for applications such as roadable aircraft, flying L-5419 _' :n: n_ boats, flying submersibles, cargo tow gliders, a variety of sport gliders, and perhaps advanced recovery systems for boosters and hypersonic aircraft.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19680015821/downloads/19680015821.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379877748", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-3263", "title": "Estimating Throughput for Urban Air Mobility Operations", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hanbong Lee", "Robert D. Windhorst", "Todd A. Lauderdale", "Andrew C. Cone", "Kushal A. Moolchandani" ], "first_author": "Hanbong Lee", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3263.vid Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a new air transportation service concept to carry passengers or cargo in urban areas with advanced technologies. To evolve the UAM ecosystem towards the higher level of operational density and complexity, appropriate airspace construct design and airspace management services should be developed. For efficient air traffic management and strategic airspace resource planning for UAM operations, it is necessary to estimate the capacity of airspace resources and the maximum throughput that can be achieved by the given airspace construct design. This paper proposes a simple analytical method to estimate the maximum throughput for a given route structure by combining existing capacity estimation approaches for individual resources like vertiports and fleet availability and considering other factors that can affect the throughput. The proposed throughput estimation model is applied to a simple UAM route network in Dallas/Fort Worth metropolitan area and evaluated with a realistic traffic scenario. The evaluation results show that this throughput estimation model can identify the most significant factor affecting the capacity and predict how the throughput changes in dynamic operating environments.", "keywords": [ "Throughput", "Metropolitan area", "Computer science", "Air traffic control", "Construct (python library)", "Transport engineering", "Service (business)", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3263" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4327574208", "doi": "10.1201/9781003252085-5", "title": "CoVacciDrone: An Algorithmic-Drone-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Strategy", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-03-16", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Akash Ilangovan", "Sakthi Jaya Sundar Rajasekar", "Varalakshmi Perumal" ], "first_author": "Akash Ilangovan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The COVID-19 pandemic has turned out to be one of the worst disasters that mankind has ever faced. This pandemic has disturbed the homeostasis of the entire globe. Various degrees of lockdowns are being implemented worldwide to prepare the healthcare infrastructure of the country as well as to sensitize people. The new mutations in the genome of the virus are possessing a greater threat in triggering the future waves of the pandemic. Adhering to strict usage of masks, highest standards of hand hygiene, practicing social distancing and vaccination are the only weapons to battle the pandemic. Governments are rolling the vaccination plans worldwide. There are various strategies to improve the vaccination status of a country. There is a dire need for a robust, efficient delivery system for the effective transportation of the COVID-19 vaccines. This chapter proposes distribution methods for CoVacciDrone, a smart-drone-based delivery system of COVID-19 vaccines. This would enable transport of the COVID-19 vaccine to even the remotest locations of the country. Deployment of such smart systems would improve the vaccination status of the nation. This would propel the vaccination drive, which would be imperative in avoiding future waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Computer science", "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak", "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)", "Virology", "Aeronautics", "Medicine", "Engineering", "Biology", "Infectious disease (medical specialty)", "Internal medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003252085-5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411009317", "doi": "10.1186/s40694-025-00202-y", "title": "Valorization of bourbon stillage through production of tunable pure mycelium materials", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Keya Rani Roy", "Zachary Byrd", "Michael Patrick Sama", "Tyler John Barzee" ], "first_author": "Keya Rani Roy", "venue": "Fungal Biology and Biotechnology", "publisher": "BioMed Central", "abstract": "Stillage is a byproduct of distilleries which is rich in organic matter, minerals, and acidic components. It is commonly used as animal feed and has high potential for use as an alternative substrate for microorganisms. Filamentous fungi are saprophytes that can utilize stillage solids to grow as threadlike mycelium. The structure and composition of the filamentous mycelium has shown promise to produce pure mycelium materials (PMM), which might have potential to serve as leather-like or other novel materials with improved environmental impact profiles. Basidiomycota fungi (including true mushrooms) species are presently used in industry to produce PMM due to the ease of suppressing sporulation and encouraging vegetative growth. Other fungal phyla such as Mucoromycota offer benefits of faster growth, but suppression of sporulation is often more difficult. The production of PMM is a relatively new area and sufficient quantitative data is lacking on the effective cultivation and processing steps required to optimize the materials for different potential applications. In this study, a cultivation system capable of producing PMM with solid-state fermentation (SSF) of stillage substrate by Mucoromycota fungus Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus was designed and tested. The influence of important operational parameters on the aerial mycelium growth characteristics was studied including (1) substrate packing density, (2) external support geometry, (3) substrate carbon-to-nitrogen (C: N) ratio, and (4) aerial delivery of additives. The results showed that stillage was a favorable substrate to produce PMM and that the studied operational parameters allowed for effective control of the mycelium fiber length, density, and moisture content. R. oligosporus displayed rapid growth, enhanced 3 to 4 times compared to Basidiomycota fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). Increasing substrate packing density and the length of external supports was found to encourage development of longer aerial mycelium fibers while aerial delivery of additives was found to have limited effects on fiber length but significantly influenced mycelium density and moisture content. It was also found that the use of unprocessed stillage solids was effective at delaying the sporulation of this Mucoromycota fungus and promoting development of aerial mycelium, which was hypothesized to be related to its natively low C: N ratio. Together, these results indicate promise for the efficient production of tunable PMM from inexpensive organic substrates.", "keywords": [ "Stillage", "Mycelium", "Production (economics)", "Materials science", "Pulp and paper industry", "Horticulture", "Chemistry", "Food science", "Engineering", "Biology", "Economics", "Fermentation" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://fungalbiolbiotech.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40694-025-00202-y" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3041264080", "doi": "10.31776/rtcj.8201", "title": "Practical use of robots and related technologies in counteraction to COVID-19 pandemic", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Albert Efimov", "Aleksei Gonnochenko", "Dmitry Payson", "Yuriy Dyugovanets", "В. И. Цыганков", "Svyatoslav Moroshkin", "Левицкий Борис Ефимович", "Tatiana Volnova", "Alexey Zuev" ], "first_author": "Albert Efimov", "venue": "Robotics and Technical Cybernetics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Traditionally, robotics mainly relates to activities which are described as DDD – Dull, Dirty, Dangerous. COVID-19 pandemic has turned to DDD many of common human activities – especially in medical care sphere. Significantly more in demand and more dangerous for the personnel became such mass jobs as disinfection, quarantine control, infected patients' treatment, and number of other crucial services. This transformation highlighted practical abilities of various kinds of service robots. An unexpected application was found for wheel- and caterpillar-mounted platforms, collaborative robots, unmanned autonomous ground and aerial delivery vehicles, etc. in helping healthcare workers and emergency services, while over a half of humankind found itself under contamination threat and quarantined. In the article, the authors inspected and summarized various organizations’ experience and practices undertaken to apply existing robotics solutions to prevent COVID-19 spreading. Considering complexity of such tasks and break-up of global supply chains, the use of mature (or at least tested) solutions which can be rapidly transformed to new applications is deemed the most feasible approach. The authors suppose, as of now, there are no reasonable prerequisites for identifying a leader of response to the pandemic among robotics companies, however, those players who is able to define and enter the advantageous emerging market segment, acquire good chances of business success.", "keywords": [ "Robotics", "Pandemic", "Robot", "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Artificial intelligence", "Drone", "Service (business)", "Health care", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.31776/rtcj.8201" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3201104401", "doi": "10.3397/in-2021-1638", "title": "ATEFA - A first German approach on UAM community noise and air-taxi certification", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Bauer", "Daniel Redmann", "Lis Weilandt" ], "first_author": "Michael Bauer", "venue": "NOISE-CON proceedings", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) includes larger air taxis, driven by multiple distributed propellers or fans, installed in a fixed configuration or as tilted wings/engines. These novel electric air vehicles will always generate tonal and broadband noise, in some cases with components from a specific installation situation. In any case, noise will propagate to the ground, into high populated areas of large cities or into their urban environment, individually depending on the operational situation of air taxi use. Some of the populated areas, where no significant noise from air traffic has been observed so far, will be exposed to this new type of aircraft noise. ATEFA, as the first German national funded research project on UAM community noise, aims to provide first answers. Three selected air taxi concepts, strongly differing acoustically from each other, will be technically described and their noise emissions will be modeled and predicted. Air taxi operations will be simulated by generic traffic scenarios in a selected area of southern Germany, and community noise near vertiports, but also \"en-route\" along the flight paths, will be computed. Beside this, noise certification aspects will be assessed regarding metrics and procedures and compared to a light low-noise helicopter as reference aircraft.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Certification", "Aircraft noise", "Taxis", "Air traffic control", "German", "Broadband", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Meteorology", "Traffic noise", "Aeronautics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1638" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4293785361", "doi": "10.32936/pssj.v6i2.335", "title": "FUTURE AIR TRANSPORTATION RAMIFICATION: URBAN AIR MOBILITY (UAM) CONCEPT: URBAN AIR MOBILITY", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mehmet Necati CİZRELİOĞULLARI", "Pınar BARUT", "Tapdig Imanov" ], "first_author": "Mehmet Necati CİZRELİOĞULLARI", "venue": "Prizren Social Science Journal", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a new concept offered for solving urban transportation system problems, contributing to reducing traffic congestion, atmospheric pollution and mobility around metropolitan areas which is progressively an evolved aviation market. Facing the evolved dynamics in the airspace and on the ground, developed new technologies are able to withstand against destroy transportation infrastructures of the big cities, making it necessary to develop UAM services in the megapolises and regional transportation sector. Based on new technologies and modern business approaches, applying the next generation aviation infrastructure makes it capable of setting up a novel air traffic within the urban environment. This case study aims to explore the urban air transport advantages, particularly adoption of UAM, which might be an alternative next generation air transportation system. Referring to the collected operational data and design performances of the UAM, in this paper, we will try to describe a multi approach studying differences between traditional aviation transportation and UAM operation. The first step of the study consists of defining an airspace classification for UAM mission and use of applicable requirements for air navigation service providers and second part of the study describes performing UAM infrastructure and design of vertiports necessary for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles. Detailed design specification is not included in this study but limited characteristics are indicated according to the VTOL manufacturer that are obtained from the test results. As far as VTOL vehicles have not started their mission yet, the UAM operators are at the stage of development to set up their future operation. The expected trend provides justifiable assumptions of the necessity of establishing the new transportation ramification within the aviation industry, upon transforming existing business activities and regulations.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Transport engineering", "Metropolitan area", "Air pollution", "Service (business)", "Air traffic control", "Traffic congestion", "Air transport", "Computer science", "Business", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://prizrenjournal.com/index.php/PSSJ/article/download/335/172" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4361018174", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4402269", "title": "Location Selection Problem of Integrated Mobility Hub for Sustainable Urban Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jaehyun Jason So", "Munhyun Chae", "Jiho Hong", "Juhyoun Youm", "Sang Hyun Kim", "Jinhee Kim" ], "first_author": "Jaehyun Jason So", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Environmental planning", "Computer science", "Geography", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4402269" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379877264", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-3687", "title": "Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Utilization for Contingency Management of Future AAM System", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arinc Tutku Altun", "Yan Xu", "Gökhan İnalhan", "Michael W. Hardt" ], "first_author": "Arinc Tutku Altun", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3687.vid This paper presents a risk assessment methodology to be used in the future Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) systems especially for supporting the planning phase and onboard contingency management solutions. Two types of dynamic risk maps are introduced as Contingency Risk Map that includes the probability of observing a contingency onboard and Risk Severity Map which covers various sources of data such as population density, a dense air traffic, obstacles, terrain, no-fly zones, and so forth. Contingency Risk Map is to quantify the probability of having a contingency and decide if the quantified probability is above the threshold. If the contingency risk probability is at unacceptable limit, Risk Severity Map assists to select a pre-defined secure emergency landing zone or non-secure emergency landing zone defined onboard. The developed risk assessment structure is tested through two different use cases. First one is about defining locations as vertiport alternatives based on the generated map, in case of a contingency ending up with an AAM vehicle to do emergency landing. Second case considers minimum risk onboard rerouting of an AAM vehicle to a secure/non-secure emergency landing zone under contingency management process. The main objective of this work is to build a system-wide contingency management concept for the AAM system by supporting with UTM services such as risk analysis assistance.", "keywords": [ "Contingency plan", "Contingency", "Computer science", "Risk management", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Contingency management", "Operations research", "Computer security", "Engineering", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstreams/c4b71017-a54e-4fc8-8a9f-2c0a83e9e30b/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117667045", "doi": "10.3390/drones10010022", "title": "Airport Ground-Based Aerial Object Surveillance Technologies for Enhanced Safety: A Systematic Review", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "type": "review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Joel Samu", "Chuyang Yang" ], "first_author": "Joel Samu", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Airport airspace safety is increasingly threatened by small, unmanned aircraft systems and wildlife that traditional radar cannot detect. While earlier reviews addressed general counter-UAS techniques, individual sensors, or the detection of single objects such as birds or drones, none has systematically reviewed airport-based, multi-sensor surveillance strategies through a safety-theoretical lens. A systematic review, performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement, synthesized recent research on fixed, ground-based aerial detection capabilities for small aerial hazards, specifically unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) and avian targets, within operational airport environments. Searches targeted English-language, peer-reviewed articles from 2016 through 2025 in Web of Science and Scopus. Due to methodological heterogeneity across sensor technologies, a narrative synthesis was executed. The review of thirty-six studies, analyzed through Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model and Endsley’s Situational Awareness framework, found that only layered multi-sensor fusion architectures effectively address detection gaps for Low-Slow-Small (LSS) threats. Based on these findings, the review proposes seamless integration with Air Traffic Management (ATM) and UAS Traffic Management (UTM) systems through standardized data-exchange interfaces, complemented by theoretically grounded risk-based deployment strategies aligning surveillance technology tiers with operational risk profiles, from basic Remote ID receivers in low-risk rural environments to comprehensive multi-sensor fusion at high-density hubs, major airports, and urban vertiports.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Situation awareness", "Secondary surveillance radar", "Sensor fusion", "Radar", "Air traffic control", "Drone", "Air traffic control radar beacon system" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/10/1/22/pdf?version=1767190501" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4366382413", "doi": "10.4050/f-0077-2021-16820", "title": "Assessment of the Operational Costs and the Passengers' Willingness-to-Pay to Evaluate the Financial Viability of an Air Taxi Service", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-10", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maximilian Fischer", "Denis Heckmann", "Alexander Nase" ], "first_author": "Maximilian Fischer", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Several cities and regions have announced to launch electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) based air taxi services in the future. To successfully implement such services, the financial viability must be assessed. As part of the project \"SkyCab\", an eVTOL based air taxi service concept was designed, associated costs to set-up such service assessed, major impact factors on the pricing identified and the willingness-to-pay of the target customers evaluated. The paper outlines the approach to evaluate the financial viability within five steps. First, the target customer group is identified based on the local mobility demand. Second, route network and vertiport locations are selected meeting the target customer trip demand and providing travel time saving benefits. Third, the willingness-to-pay is estimated: Therefore, the average financial power of the target customer groups is determined, and time and comfort advantages of an air taxi service compared to other means of transportation are evaluated. Fourth, the operational costs under consideration of the entire air taxi ecosystem are identified where pilot, aircraft and overhead costs contribute to 2/3 of the overall operational costs. Last, main operational impact factors such as the utilization rate, occupation rate and level of automation driving the financial viability are evaluated.", "keywords": [ "Willingness to pay", "Business", "Service (business)", "Finance", "Operational costs", "Transport engineering", "Environmental economics", "Marketing", "Operations management", "Engineering", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16820" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285891501", "doi": "10.36227/techrxiv.20327208", "title": "A Data-Driven Approach for Performance Evaluation of Autonomous eVTOLs", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-07-20", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mrinmoy Sarkar", "Xuyang Yan", "Biniam Gebru", "Abdul-Rauf Nuhu", "Kishor Datta Gupta", "Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis", "Abdollah Homaifar" ], "first_author": "Mrinmoy Sarkar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we develop a data-driven performance-based evaluation framework for a novel electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) in the context of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) applications. First, a two-stage comprehensive simulation framework is developed to generate a benchmark database for the performance evaluation of both UAS Traffic Management (UTM) algorithms and high-fidelity eVTOL dynamical models. In the developed simulation framework, we implement UTM algorithms and incorporate real-world constraints, e.g., vertiport infrastructures and different wind conditions. From the developed simulation framework, we generate 1,213,010 flight profiles. These flight profiles are used in a model based eVTOL performance evaluation tool as inputs to compute the physical performance of 3 types of eVTOLs. Due to the high computational cost of model-based eVTOL performance evaluation approaches, a clustering-based sampling procedure is employed to reduce the redundancy in the generated flight profiles and utilize the re-sampled flight profiles to form an eVTOL performance analysis dataset. We then train and compare several machine learning models on the eVTOL performance analysis dataset to predict: performance variables-flight conditions, aerodynamic coefficients, aircraft electronics, electric motor and propeller efficiencies. Finally, we deploy the proposed data-driven models in the framework and reduce the eVTOL performance inference time to real-time. The implementation of the proposed framework can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/mrinmoysarkar/eVTOL_performance_evaluation.git", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Cluster analysis", "Context (archaeology)", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Performance prediction", "Backup", "Data mining", "Simulation", "Machine learning", "Database" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/A_Data-Driven_Approach_for_Performance_Evaluation_of_Autonomous_eVTOLs/20327208/1/files/36328707.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3196448782", "doi": null, "title": "Short Takeoff Optimization for the XV-15 Tiltrotor Aircraft", "year": 1991, "publication_date": "1991-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "T. Cerbe", "G. Reichert", "Daniel P. Schrage" ], "first_author": "T. Cerbe", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Tiltrotor aircraft are being developed for a variety of military and civil operations. Although a tiltrotor aircraft will often make use of vertical takeoff, the short takeoff is of importance for some applications under speci fie conditions, such as high gross weights or unfavorable ambient conditions. Whereas the vertical takeoff is well understood due to its similarity to the vertical takeoff of conventional helicopters, there is a lack of information about how to perform the best short takeoff procedure. The short takeoff performance and the short takeoff distance depend on many variables. Few, if any, studies have investigated the calculation or the optimization of the short takeoff for tiltrotor aircraft. Most often, the estimation of short takeoff performance has been based on the experience gained from XV-15 tiltrotor aircraft flight tests. These flight tests, however, utilized only a fixed nacelle tilt angle and a fixed wing flap deflection. The main objective of this effort was to provide more information about the short takeoff capability of civil tiltrotor aircraft. This information is helpful for the design of new tiltrotor aircraft, the development and construction of new vertiports, and the specification of One-Engine-Inoperative (OEI) requirements. In addition, the FAA could use additional short takeoff data to review the new criteria for civil tiltrotor aircraft. Since the short takeoff depends on many variables, such as gross weight, ambient conditions, power available, flap setting, nacelle tilt, and maneuver strategy, takeoff related performance is analyzed by varying different parameters. The takeoff distance is minimized using the optimization methods developed at the Technical University of Braunschweig. The takeoff simulation is carried out using the Generic Tilt Rotor Simulation (GTRS). The XV-15 geometric and aerodynamic data sets are used. Because GTRS has never been consistently correlated with XV-15 flight test data for the low. Speed flight region OGE and IGE, which is relevant for the short takeoff, the aerodynamic modeling for horizontal speeds less than 60 knots must be proven. Therefore, a further objective of this effort was to develop a more reliable simulation model. The results of this investigation will be presented as well as the recommended changes to the GTRS model necessary for short takeoff optimization for tiltrotor aircraft.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Nacelle", "Engineering", "Takeoff and landing", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Turbine" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://publikationen.dglr.de/?tx_dglrpublications_pi1[document_id]=51608022" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399479487", "doi": "10.54941/ahfe1004744", "title": "Evaluation of Voice vs. Text Communication Modes in Simulated UAM Operations.", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Thomas Z. Strybel", "Vernol Battiste", "Kim‐Phuong L. Vu", "Panadda Marayong", "Stacey Ahuja", "Maegan L. Schmitz", "Justin Cheung", "Chloe Culver", "Andrew Alfaroarevalo", "Praveen Shankar" ], "first_author": "Thomas Z. Strybel", "venue": "AHFE international", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a system that is expected to operate within and around metropolitan environments, utilizing electric, vertical takeoff and landing (e-VTOL) aircraft, to create on-demand, highly automated passenger and cargo-carrying air transportation services. Many stakeholders are developing such systems, although several barriers to UAM operation remain. Two barriers being addressed in our simulation facility are pilot training and air traffic management operations. Although the UAM industry is focused on autonomous operations, the initial UAM operations will have ground or onboard pilots, yet the forecasted pilot shortage will be problematic. Completely autonomous systems will result from an evolution, of pilot-based operations, to onboard operators flying with automated assistance and finally completely autonomous vehicles. We are currently investigating and evaluating concepts for simplified vehicle operations and air traffic management using a virtual UAM eVTOL vehicle in a CAVE virtual environment. In the first test of the UAM vehicle (e.g., Strybel et al., 2021) pilots and reported that the simulation was sufficiently realistic for tests of UAM operations. Here we report on a subsequent investigation of communication modes for pilots flying UAM routes over the San Francisco metropolitan area. The routes consisted of stops at six vertiports, either at airports or other locations, for picking up/dropping off passengers. UAM pilots communicated with air traffic control and vertiport managers using either voice or text messaging. Voice communications were consistent with current day air traffic control operations. Text communications were via a custom message pad application that enabled standard messages to/from ATC (requests and responses) via touch input. Six certified pilots flew two routes using each mode of communication. We evaluated the impacts of these communication modes on pilot performance (flight time and communication latency) and subjective responses (workload and subjective feedback). Feedback regarding the messaging application and simulation facilities were also collected and will be described in the presentation.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Voice communication", "Speech recognition", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004744" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391302220", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-0339", "title": "The impact of adverse environmental conditions on fiducial marker detection from rotorcraft", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Su Y. Choi", "Jongwon Lee", "Timothy Bretl" ], "first_author": "Su Y. Choi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper quantifies the impact of adverse environmental conditions on the detection of fiducial markers (i.e., artificial landmarks) by color cameras mounted on rotorcraft. We restrict our attention to square markers with a black-and-white pattern of grid cells that can be nested to allow detection at multiple scales. These markers have the potential to enhance the reliability of precision takeoff and landing at vertiports by flying vehicles in urban settings. Previous studies have demonstrated high accuracy in pose estimation, primarily relying on image sequences captured indoors using handheld cameras. However, the scope of much of this prior work has been limited to indoor environments. Our work is based on image sequences collected outdoors with cameras mounted on a quadrotor during takeoff and landing operations under adverse environmental conditions that include variations in temperature, illumination, wind speed, and precipitation. We evaluate the marker detection performance based on both the detection rate and the accuracy of pose estimation.", "keywords": [ "Fiducial marker", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-0339" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411188722", "doi": "10.70594/brain/16.2/26", "title": "Innovative Research on Transportation using Trucks and Drones", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sorin Ionut Conea", "Valer Nimineț" ], "first_author": "Sorin Ionut Conea", "venue": "BRAIN BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE", "publisher": "EduSoft publishing house", "abstract": "This paper investigates the development and implementation of a hybrid transportation system that integrates the advantages of trucks and drones to optimise delivery processes. Considering the continuous growth in demand for rapid and efficient delivery services, our approach presents an innovative model that combines the reliability of road transport with the agility and speed of aerial delivery. Starting from a detailed analysis of logistics networks in Bacău County, Romania, our study develops and applies a routing algorithm using Google's OR-Tools. For truck transportation, real distances between towns were utilised, allowing the calculation of routes for both transportation modes, taking into account their specific characteristics. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is both fast and reliable.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Aeronautics", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Business", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://brain.edusoft.ro/index.php/brain/article/download/1819/2306" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415094898", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-89553-1_20", "title": "Advanced Air Mobility: Regulatory Trends, Societal Implications and Relations with Manned Air Transport", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-12", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrea Trimarchi" ], "first_author": "Andrea Trimarchi", "venue": "Sustainable aviation", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "SAFER", "Public transport", "Sustainable transport", "Air transport", "Emerging technologies", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89553-1_20" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W78831403", "doi": "10.21236/ada547630", "title": "Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) Performing the Airdrop Mission", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-06-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Patrick F. Farrell" ], "first_author": "Patrick F. Farrell", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : This research, sponsored by AMC/AA9, utilized a four round Policy Delphi Study to determine the potential utility, benefits, drawbacks and pitfalls of utilizing MQ-9 RPA to perform the airdrop mission. Literature concerning the MQ-9, RPAs, Joint Precision Aerial Delivery Systems, repurposing and rebranding, and Delphi Studies was reviewed. The panel's responses indicate that MQ-9 RPA capabilities should be developed both to support manned airdrop and to conduct small, especially persistent, resupply missions autonomously. RPA airdrop will greatly increase UCCs' freedom of action in elevated or denied threat areas, as well as NBCR environments by removing the risk of loss of manned aircraft or harm to crews.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Remote sensing", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ada547630" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413067401", "doi": "10.3390/rs17142476", "title": "A Multidimensional Parameter Dynamic Evolution-Based Airdrop Target Prediction Method Driven by Multiple Models", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xuesong Wang", "Jiapeng Yin", "Jianbing Li", "Yongzhen Li" ], "first_author": "Xuesong Wang", "venue": "Remote Sensing", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "With the wide application of airdrop technology in rescue activities in civil and aerospace fields, the importance of accurate airdrop is increasing. This work comprehensively analyzes the interactive mechanisms among multiple models affecting airdrops, including wind field distribution, drag force effect, and the parachute opening process. By integrating key parameters across various dimensions of these models, a multidimensional parameter dynamic evolution (MPDE) target prediction method for aerial delivery parachutes in radar-detected wind fields is proposed, and the Runge–Kutta method is applied to dynamically solve for the final landing point of the target. In order to verify the performance of the method, this work carries out field airdrop experiments based on the radar-measured meteorological data. To evaluate the impact of model input errors on prediction methods, this work analyzes the influence mechanism of the wind field detection error on the airdrop prediction method via the Relative Gain Array (RGA) and verifies the analytical results using the numerical simulation method. The experimental results indicate that the optimized MPDE method exhibits higher accuracy than the widely used linear airdrop target prediction method, with the accuracy improved by 52.03%. Additionally, under wind field detection errors, the linear prediction method demonstrates stronger robustness. The airdrop error shows a trigonometric relationship with the angle between the synthetic wind direction and the heading, and the phase of the function will shift according to the difference in errors. The sensitivity of the MPDE method to wind field errors is positively correlated with the size of its object parachute area.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Radar", "Robustness (evolution)", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/14/2476/pdf?version=1752716805" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387323210", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2310.00135", "title": "Alpha-Fair Routing in Urban Air Mobility with Risk-Aware Constraints", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-29", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yue Yu", "Zhenyu Gao", "Sarah H. Q. Li", "Qinshuang Wei", "John-Paul Clarke", "Ufuk Topcu" ], "first_author": "Yue Yu", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "In the vision of urban air mobility, air transport systems serve the demands of urban communities by routing flight traffic in networks formed by vertiports and flight corridors. We develop a routing algorithm to ensure that the air traffic flow fairly serves the demand of multiple communities subject to stochastic network capacity constraints. This algorithm guarantees that the flight traffic volume allocated to different communities satisfies the \\emph{alpha-fairness conditions}, a commonly used family of fairness conditions in resource allocation. It further ensures robust satisfaction of stochastic network capacity constraints by bounding the coherent risk measures of capacity violation. We prove that implementing the proposed algorithm is equivalent to solving a convex optimization problem. We demonstrate the proposed algorithm using a case study based on the city of Austin. Compared with one that maximizes the total served demands, the proposed algorithm promotes even distributions of served demands for different communities.", "keywords": [ "Bounding overwatch", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Computer network", "Mathematics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.00135" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412553343", "doi": "10.3390/drones9080513", "title": "Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Last-Mile Delivery: A Collaborative Approach with Public Transportation System and Drones", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pierre Romet", "Charbel Hage", "El‐Hassane Aglzim", "Tonino Sophy", "Franck Gechter" ], "first_author": "Pierre Romet", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Accurately estimating the energy consumption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in real-world delivery scenarios remains a critical challenge, particularly when UAVs operate in complex urban environments and are coupled with public transportation systems. Most existing models rely on oversimplified assumptions or static mission profiles, limiting their applicability to realistic, scalable drone-based logistics. In this paper, we propose a physically-grounded and scenario-aware energy sizing methodology for UAVs operating as part of a last-mile delivery system integrated with a city’s bus network. The model incorporates detailed physical dynamics—including lift, drag, thrust, and payload variations—and considers real-time mission constraints such as delivery execution windows and infrastructure interactions. To enhance the realism of the energy estimation, we integrate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations that quantify the impact of surrounding structures and moving buses on UAV thrust efficiency. Four mission scenarios of increasing complexity are defined to evaluate the effects of delivery delays, obstacle-induced aerodynamic perturbations, and early return strategies on energy consumption. The methodology is applied to a real-world transport network in Belfort, France, using a graph-based digital twin. Results show that environmental and operational constraints can lead to up to 16% additional energy consumption compared to idealized mission models. The proposed framework provides a robust foundation for UAV battery sizing, mission planning, and sustainable integration of aerial delivery into multimodal urban transport systems.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Drone", "Last mile (transportation)", "Public transport", "Transport engineering", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Business", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/8/513/pdf?version=1753171530" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405187252", "doi": "10.1007/s11665-024-10525-3", "title": "Efficiency Takes Flight: 3D-Printed A2212 Brushless Direct Current Outrunner Motor Propelling Next-Gen Drone Deliveries", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Venkata Sai Rama Pramod Akula", "Sautami Basu", "Kapil Kumar Goyal", "O. P. Verma", "Vishal Gupta", "Vishal Srivastava" ], "first_author": "Venkata Sai Rama Pramod Akula", "venue": "Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Materials science", "DC motor", "Current (fluid)", "Automotive engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Aeronautics", "Electrical engineering", "Engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-10525-3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2802761060", "doi": "10.1017/aer.2018.42", "title": "A novel algorithm for conceptual design and optimisation of an affordable gliding airdrop platform using TCOMOGA", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-05-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mehran Nosratollahı", "M. A. Ghapanvary" ], "first_author": "Mehran Nosratollahı", "venue": "The Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Unlike conventional ballistic parachutes, gliding parachutes have been extensively used as guided precision aerial delivery system (GPADS) platforms in recent years. The reasoning may be found in gliding and manoeuvering capabilities, which make this kind of ram-air parachutes superior for precision aerial delivery application. In contrast, wing-shaped configuration along with more design variables create a cumbersome design procedure for this type of parachute. Especially, when an affordable configuration is demanded, the design procedure will be a more important problem. In this respect, an innovative integrated design framework is proposed in which significant design aspects are considered so that the gliding parachute configuration can be optimiseoptimised through a bi-objective optimisation problem to find optimum cost for achievable gliding ranges. To do so, the configuration is defined with minimum required parameters and design space is constrained by performance and stability as significant design requirements to guarantee the feasibility of the solutions in practice. The objective functions are defined in terms of gliding characteristics and amount of materials for fabrication which are representative for maximum reachable stand-off distance and unit cost, respectively. As an effective numerical optimisation method, a niched multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to generate a pareto-optimal set for a specific payload mass whereas constraints are handled through a tournament selection process. Based on results, the provided pareto front can aid the designers in decision-making and trade-off between demanded objectives for a payload weight. The underlying design problem is solved using an all-at-once (AAO) approach and the design loop converges to favourable results in a reasonable time. Finally, as a comparative study, an optimiseoptimised affordable cargo parachute is proposed for the GPADS application in which the material cost is reduced by at least 25% with respect to an available low-cost gliding parachute with the same glide ratio.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Process (computing)", "Set (abstract data type)", "Genetic algorithm", "Multi-objective optimization", "Conceptual design", "Mathematical optimization", "Pareto principle", "Computer science", "Optimal design", "Engineering design process", "Stability (learning theory)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.42" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400577141", "doi": "10.5220/0012856200003767", "title": "Do You Trust Your Device? Open Challenges in IoT Security Analysis", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lorenzo Binosi", "Pietro Mazzini", "Alessandro Sanna", "Michele Carminati", "Giorgio Giacinto", "Riccardo Lazzeretti", "Stefano Zanero", "Mario Polino", "Emilio Coppa", "Davide Maiorca" ], "first_author": "Lorenzo Binosi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Several critical contexts, such as healthcare, smart cities, drones, transportation, and agriculture, nowadays rely on IoT, or more in general embedded, devices that require comprehensive security analysis to ensure their integrity before deployment. Security concerns are often related to vulnerabilities that result from inadequate coding or undocumented features that may create significant privacy issues for users and companies. Current analysis methods, albeit dependent on complex tools, may lead to superficial assessments due to compatibility issues, while authoritative entities struggle with specifying feasible firmware analysis requests for manufacturers within operational contexts. This paper urges the scientific community to collaborate with stakeholders—manufacturers, vendors, security analysts, and experts—to forge a cooperative model that clarifies manufacturer contributions and aligns analysis demands with operational constraints. Aiming at a modular approach, this paper highlights the crucial need to refine security analysis, ensuring more precise requirements, balanced expectations, and stronger partnerships between vendors and analysts. To achieve this, we propose a threat model based on the feasible interactions of actors involved in the security evaluation of a device, with a particular emphasis on the responsibilities and necessities of all entities involved.", "keywords": [ "Internet of Things", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Security analysis", "Internet privacy" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0012856200003767" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407661467", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace12020147", "title": "Scalability of eVTOL Systems: Insights from Multi-Pad Configurations and CPN Analysis", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Amir Qanbari", "Jacek Skorupski" ], "first_author": "Amir Qanbari", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology can improve connectivity while minimizing reliance on traditional ground-based transportation systems. However, the rapid growth in eVTOL adoption brings challenges in managing landing pad operations and scheduling routes effectively. This study aims to analyze eVTOL landing operations and provide a framework for evaluating system performance under different configurations. Key objectives include (i) identifying bottlenecks in landing pad operations, (ii) proposing improvements to enhance scalability and efficiency through multi-route and multi-pad configurations, and (iii) assessing the impact of operational parameters, such as increased horizontal speed, on overall performance. A simulation analysis was conducted using an original model developed with colored, timed Petri net technology. This methodology aligns with the principles of probabilistic modeling and queuing systems. The experiments provided a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the scalability and efficiency of eVTOL operations. A key finding across all experiments is the identification of the “Landing Confirmed—Move to V” as a consistent bottleneck stage. While increasing routes and pads significantly alleviates arrival delays, it does not address identified bottlenecks, which require innovative solutions such as route optimization or speed enhancements. The results underscore the importance of a robust and adaptable framework to support the increasing demand for eVTOL traffic. Urban planners and policymakers can utilize these findings to prioritize the development of vertiports capable of supporting this expanding mode of transportation. The scalability demonstrated in this study validates the feasibility of eVTOL systems as a viable solution for urban mobility.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Computer science", "Distributed computing", "Database" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020147" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2613702125", "doi": "10.21236/ad1019430", "title": "KC-130J Transport Aircraft (KC-130J)", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-11-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Douglas E. Dawson" ], "first_author": "Douglas E. Dawson", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : The KC-130J Transport Aircraft (KC-130J) is a high-wing, long range land based monoplane which is powered by four turboprop engines equipped with six blade variable pitch propellers.The KC-130J program provides the Marine Corps with air-to-air refueler/tactical transport capability to replace the KC-130F/R/T aircraft. Specific KC-130J mission capabilities encompass air-to-air refueling, air delivered ground refueling, tactical troop transport, aerial delivery of personnel and cargo, airborne radio relay, tactical aero-medical evacuation, multi-sensor reconnaissance, and close air support. The KC-130J improves readiness, capability and survivability while reducing maintenance and operating costs.", "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ad1019430" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4395660964", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-1099-7_35", "title": "Indoor Express Delivery Technology Research and Implementation: An Application Exploration Based on Quadrotors", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "LI Chang-jian", "Huangchao Yu", "Su Qun Cao" ], "first_author": "LI Chang-jian", "venue": "Lecture notes in electrical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Human–computer interaction", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1099-7_35" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412485534", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3311", "title": "Testbed for Cybersecurity Assessment of UAS Traffic Control", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sandip Roy", "Vishwam Raval", "Kevin Lei", "Olga León", "Jaewon Kim", "Chenyan Zhu", "Oluwafemi J. Ajeigbe" ], "first_author": "Sandip Roy", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A testbed is architected for cybersecurity assessment of centralized uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) traffic control systems, as envisioned for future for high-density beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) UAS operations. The testbed replicates canonical high-density UAS control concepts-of-operation (ConOps), such as sequencing and guidance of traffic near a vertiport, using small quadrotors in an indoor drone cage. Line-of-sight and manual BVLOS guidance of each UAS by an operator is emulated. Crucially, a centralized traffic control system is envisioned and replicated, which is made up of: 1) a control server which can communicate with UAS microcontrollers and operators’ displays, 2) ground-based sensors, and 3) a display and user interface for a human traffic controller. Distributed software is architected for the traffic control system, for implementation in Rust and Python. The testbed allows for modular integration of cybersecurity capabilities, including heterogeneous attack detection functions, and integrated cyber defenses such as adaptive network microsegmentation and authentication/authorization. Myriad network and system attacks can be emulated and evaluated using the testbed. The testbed aims to support cybersecurity assessment and design for future aviation systems, in a way that is aviation context aware.", "keywords": [ "Testbed", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3311" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413003687", "doi": "10.1016/j.conengprac.2025.106519", "title": "Deep reinforcement learning approach to autonomous landing of eVTOL vehicles for advanced air mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sabrullah Deniz", "Ali Barzegar", "Fatma Yamac Sagirli", "Katherine N. Vasiloff", "Zhenbo Wang" ], "first_author": "Sabrullah Deniz", "venue": "Control Engineering Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Automotive engineering", "Transport engineering", "Simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2025.106519" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283204825", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-3837", "title": "SimUAM: A Toolchain to Integrate Ground and Air to Evaluate Urban Air Mobility's Impact on Travel Behavior", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pavan S. Yedavalli", "Emin Burak Onat", "Xin Peng", "Raja Sengupta", "Paul A. Waddell", "Vishwanath Bulusu", "Min Xue" ], "first_author": "Pavan S. Yedavalli", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2022 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3837.vid Over the past several years, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has galvanized enthusiasm from investors and researchers, marrying expertise in aircraft design, transportation, logistics, artificial intelligence, battery chemistry, and broader policymaking. However, two significant questions remain unexplored: (1) What is the value of UAM in a region’s transportation network? and (2) How can UAM be effectively deployed to realize and maximize this value to all stakeholders, including riders and local economies? To adequately understand the value proposition of UAM for metropolitan areas, the authors develop a holistic multi-modal toolchain, SimUAM, to model and simulate UAM and its impacts on travel behavior. This toolchain has several components: (1) Microsimulation Analysis for Network Traffic Assignment (MANTA): A fast, high-fidelity regional-scale traffic microsimulator, (2) VertiSim: A granular, discrete-event vertiport and pedestrian simulator, (3) Flexible Engine for Fast-time Evaluation of Flight Environments (Fe$^3$): A high-fidelity, trajectory-based aerial microsimulation. SimUAM, rooted in granular, GPU-based microsimulation, models millions of trips and their movements in the street network and in the air, producing interpretable and actionable performance metrics for UAM designs and deployments. Once the ground-air interface is modeled, the authors find that the market for UAM decreases across all network designs relative to models with static assumptions about transfer times. However, significant improvements can be made to balance the demand and optimize the networks for transfer time, likely increasing the number of benefited trips. The modularity, extensibility, and speed of the platform will allow for rapid scenario planning and sensitivity analysis, effectively acting as a detailed performance assessment tool.", "keywords": [ "Toolchain", "Microsimulation", "Computer science", "Metropolitan area", "Discrete event simulation", "Transport engineering", "Simulation", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Software" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3837" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391929998", "doi": "10.1109/ocit59427.2023.10431349", "title": "ANN Equalizer for Ultra-high Capacity Multiplexed IsOWC system", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-13", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Utpal Das", "Bijayananda Patnaik", "Bibhudendra Acharya" ], "first_author": "Utpal Das", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the present scenario, ultra-high bit rate communication systems are highly indispensable for 5G and 6G wireless communication applications such as: live video streaming, autonomous driving, online gaming, drone-based delivery etc. For smooth operations, spectrally efficient and low bit error communication system are highly essential. But the conventional RF based systems cannot support this demand. So, to meet these ever-growing requirements, optical systems are the viable option. It enables ultra-high data rate (~ 40Gbps), ultra-low latency (<1ms), ultra reliable, wide range of coverage, integrating with air/space and under water networks. The optical wireless communication (OWC) system and inter-satellite optical wireless communication (IsOWC) technology look promising for meeting all these high demand applications. IsOWC system is a type of OWC setup that ensures faster data transfer between satellites in space. The key drawbacks of IsOWC system includes attenuation, pointing error, channel impairments, background noise etc. In this work, an IsOWC system is proposed with Dual Polarization Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DP-QPSK) modulation and artificial neural network (ANN) based equalizer, which overcomes these challenges. Performance parameters like bit error rate (BER), time domain visualizers, link distance, OSNR are used here. The proposed model will be highly useful for upcoming ultra-high speed communication applications.", "keywords": [ "Equalizer", "Multiplexing", "Computer science", "Electronic engineering", "Telecommunications", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ocit59427.2023.10431349" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386157309", "doi": "10.36501/0197-9191/23-014", "title": "Analysis of Drone-based Last-mile Delivery Systems under Aerial Congestion: A Continuum Approximation Approach", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ruifeng She", "Yanfeng Ouyang" ], "first_author": "Ruifeng She", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a systematic analysis and design framework for a spectrum of last-mile delivery systems that leverage unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Four distinct modes are considered: (1) direct drone deliveries from a fixed depot; (2) drone deliveries from parked trucks that carry bulk parcels to customer neighborhoods; (3) drone deliveries from nonstopping trucks that tour customer neighborhoods; and (4) as a benchmark, traditional truck-based home deliveries. We present a new continuum-approximation approach that is used for analysis of both truck routing and aerial-UAV traffic. We compared the operational cost and efficiency of different delivery schemes to reveal how a certain scheme is the most efficient under various scenarios. We demonstrate the applicability of our model on expansive real-world roadway networks and further conduct analysis on grid networks, yielding key analytical insights. The drone-based delivery is demonstrated to be superior to conventional truck-only delivery, suggesting a significant potential for socioeconomic benefit. It is observed that when servicing a relatively low demand over a small area, dispatching drones directly from the distribution facility is the most efficient method. As the demand grows or spans a wider area, collaborative strategies are preferred, as they better cope with certain aspects, such as the long line-haul cost or the ramping aerial congestion, by striking a balance between efficiency and flexibility.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Grid", "Operations research", "Computer network", "Mile", "Engineering", "Geography", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-014" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125412578", "doi": "10.1016/j.cstp.2026.101716", "title": "Forecasting electric air taxi demand and modal shift for airport travel: a case study of northern Utah", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Atul Subedi", "Patrick A. Singleton" ], "first_author": "Atul Subedi", "venue": "Case Studies on Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Demand forecasting", "Revenue", "Park and ride", "Modal shift", "Public transport", "Service (business)", "Demand management", "Trip generation", "Modal" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2026.101716" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283205362", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-3318", "title": "Pre-departure Flight Planning to Minimize Operating Cost for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hualong Tang", "Yu Zhang", "Joseph A. Post" ], "first_author": "Hualong Tang", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2022 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3318.vid Urban air mobility (UAM) is envisioned to move to highly automated and high-density operations in low altitude urban airspace in the future. Providers of services for UAM (PSU), rather than the legacy Air Traffic Control, are anticipated to support operators with operational planning, aircraft deconfliction, conformance monitoring, and emergency information dissemination. Such services, for hundreds to thousands of simultaneous UAM operations in constrained airspace, can only be realized with automated systems. In this study, we propose methods for generating pre-departure conflict-free four-dimensional (4D) flight trajectories, which can be further developed into an automated flight planning tool for PSU. We propose a semi-structured airspace design for future UAM, i.e., a layered airspace topology with direct routes between vertiports, avoiding physical obstacles such as buildings, obstructions, and restricted airspace using the visibility graph method. Based on the proposed airspace design, deconfliction strategies, e.g., flight level assignment and departure delay, are applied to obtain pre-departure conflict-free 4D trajectories of UAM operations by solving a mixed-integer programming model, with the objective function minimizing the operating cost of UAM operations. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the impacts of three key cost parameters (electricity price, crew hourly rate, and maintenance hourly rate). The relationships of departure delay bound (maximum departure delay allowed) vs. operating cost saving and departure delay bound vs. delay cost to passengers are examined, as is the tradeoff between operating cost saving and passenger delay cost.", "keywords": [ "Crew", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Free flight", "Operating cost", "Visibility", "Flight planning", "Operations research", "Key (lock)", "Separation (statistics)", "Real-time computing", "Simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3318" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W269338100", "doi": null, "title": "Design, Fabrication and Testing of an Airdrop Platform Utilizing Airbags as Shock Absorbers", "year": 1985, "publication_date": "1985-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Timothy F. Patterson" ], "first_author": "Timothy F. Patterson", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : The platform is a prototype, utilizing airbags for ground impact energy dissipation. The prototype was developed to assess the feasibility of using the proposed arrangement to cushion the impact of gliding parachute delivered cargos. The platform will be referred to as the Airbag Gliding Airdrop Reusable Platform (AGARP). The prototype airdrop platform consists of four cylindrical airbags sandwiched between upper and lower plates. The ends of the airbags are fastened to the plates. Air from the bags is exhausted through orifice holes which are an integral part at the lower plate. Foam cushions, referred to as bump stops, are mounted on the upper surface of the lower plate. Motion of one plate with respect to the other is constrained by a number of straps. Keywords: Airdrop platform, Aerial delivery, Landing impact, Impact shock, Air drop operations, Airbags, Energy dissipation, Ground shock, Platforms.", "keywords": [ "Airbag", "Cushion", "Body orifice", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Marine engineering", "Dissipation", "Mechanical engineering", "Drop test", "Aerospace engineering", "Structural engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA199593.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2332586931", "doi": "10.2514/6.2015-2147", "title": "Reversible Control Line Reefing System for Circular Parachutes", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-03-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Travis D. Fields", "Nicolas Basore" ], "first_author": "Travis D. Fields", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Circular parachute systems are used extensively for aerial delivery operations as well as atmospheric reentry missions for spacecraft. Typical canopy systems utilize either an uncontrolled circular canopy or a complex autonomous ram-air parafoil. The focus of this paper is on the investigation of potential reversible reefing systems for circular parachutes, which can be applied to both autonomous decelerator vehicles as well as reentry vehicles. Four reefing configurations are evaluated, where three of the methods utilize a single control line to manipulate the size of the canopy. The final configuration relies on a reeling-based system to change the length of the suspension lines. Drop testing was conducted to quantify the descent speed range for each method, as well as the required actuator force to maintain a static reefing level. Results strongly indicate a single control line coupled with a double loop reefing line configuration outperforms the other three methods evaluated. For the double loop control line technique, the required actuator force is approximately 12% of the payload weight, and provides a 69% relative increase in descent speed when transitioning from zero reef to fully reefed. The reeling-based reversible reefing technique produced a 70% relative increase in descent speed; however, the actuator must be capable of lifting 100% of the payload weight.", "keywords": [ "Control system", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-2147" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2512338808", "doi": "10.1017/s000192400001808x", "title": "Tiltrotor development to meet public acceptability targets", "year": 2002, "publication_date": "2002-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ron Reber" ], "first_author": "Ron Reber", "venue": "The Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "abstract": "Abstract Civil tiltrotor technology will literally change the way man flies! With the advent of modern vertical flight aircraft, like the tiltrotor, air travel will accede to new levels of convenience, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Tiltrotors can operate in all weather conditions from airports or from smaller facilities called vertiports strategically located to provide convenient access to other transportation systems. In evaluating the economic viability of this mode of travel, the entire cost of the system must be included to realise the benefits of such a system, not just the cost of the aircraft or its cost of operation. When an improved air transportation system is developed, tiltrotors, because of their time savings and cost-competitiveness, will be able to compete in the 50–500 mile range with all types of aircraft as well as high-speed rail and other modes of transportation. While each mode has its advantages, tiltrotor will do well because it can add flexibility to the system and can complement the other modes and make the overall system more efficient. It will also be acceptable to the public at large because of its unique capability and low noise signature.", "keywords": [ "Flexibility (engineering)", "Transport engineering", "Mode (computer interface)", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s000192400001808x" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1584641174", "doi": null, "title": "Oral rabies vaccine (ORV) bait uptake by striped skunks: preliminary results.", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Susan M. Jojola", "Stacie J. Robinson", "Kurt C. VerCauteren" ], "first_author": "Susan M. Jojola", "venue": "eScholarship (California Digital Library)", "publisher": "California Digital Library", "abstract": "Aerial delivery of rabies vaccine-laden bait is effective and efficient for large-scale vaccination of wildlife. Oral rabies vaccine (ORV) contained in a sachet (or blister pack) inside baits that serve as the mode of delivery currently are used for orally immunizing foxes, raccoons, and coyotes. The technique remains in the vaccine-development stage for oral immunization of skunks. Since skunks are a major vector of the rabies virus, concurrent development of a bait that is sufficiently attractive to skunks would facilitate an immediate mode of delivery once a vaccine is developed. We ran a palatability experiment with different shapes and flavors of baits to assess uptake by captive skunks. The flavors most preferred were fish and chicken. We also evaluated the fate of the sachet (punctured or not) inside baits, which would assist in assessing the delivery of a vaccine dose. On average, cylindrical-shaped baits had a higher percentage of punctured sachets than did rectangular-shaped baits, and baits with their matrix directly coated onto the sachet had a higher percentage of punctured sachets than did those baits in which the sachet was \"held.\" We also used sulfadimethoxine, a short-term quantifiable biomarker, as a mock vaccine inside sachets in an attempt to quantify the amount of liquid ingested by skunks after consuming baits of different shape and size. While this information could have been useful for assessing the amount of vaccine delivered via sachet puncture, it could not be determined due to an aversive tasting biomarker. For effective ORV bait uptake by skunks, modifications to current baits should include a smaller size and a meat flavor matrix that is directly coated onto the sachet.", "keywords": [ "Rabies", "Palatability", "Rabies vaccine", "Vaccination", "Virology", "Biology", "Medicine", "Toxicology", "Veterinary medicine", "Rabies virus", "Food science" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jh8q2vv" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133306282", "doi": "10.1093/nsr/nwag132", "title": "Ultrathin seed wing with heterogeneous structures for highly efficient dispersal of African tulip tree", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jiangkun Wei", "Mingshen Wu", "Yongtao Dai", "Peiyu Cao", "Hao Frank Yang", "Zheng Chen", "Jinzhao Yang", "Zhigang Wu", "Stanislav Gorb", "Jianing Wu" ], "first_author": "Jiangkun Wei", "venue": "National Science Review", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "abstract": "To colonize new habitats, plant seeds have evolved a variety of specialized structures for wind dispersal. The African tulip tree, identified as one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species, features filmy winged seeds predominantly dispersed by wind. Herein, we found that most of the wing region is single-cell-layer thick with the thinnest part measuring only 0.4 μm, enabling the wing to cover 90% of the seed's size while constituting only 25% of the total mass. We revealed that such an ultrathin wing is reinforced by a series of heterogeneous vein-like structures that maintain the wing extension even in turbulent airflow and can resist circumferential fracture to minimize detrimental impacts on aerodynamic performance. The filmy wing is also able to conformably attach to uneven wet substrates, enhancing the chance of locating on water-rich soils for seed germination. The unique geometry and material composition in the seed wing present an elegant natural solution in balancing light weight, proper stiffness, and directional toughness suited for varied environments. Inspired by the natural seed, we designed a passive micro-flier with a customizable wing that can realize multiple functions, illuminating new possibilities in large-scale aerial delivery for wide-range sampling and environmental monitoring.", "keywords": [ "Wing", "Biological dispersal", "Aerodynamics", "Prevailing winds", "Wing loading", "Airflow", "Aerodynamic force" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwag132" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1911971610", "doi": null, "title": "Real-time terminal area trajectory planning for runway independent aircraft", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Min Xue", "Ella M. Atkins" ], "first_author": "Min Xue", "venue": "University Libraries (University of Maryland)", "publisher": "University of Maryland, College Park", "abstract": "The increasing demand for commercial air transportation results in delays due to traffic queues that form bottlenecks along final approach and departure corridors. In urban areas, it is often infeasible to build new runways, and regardless of automation upgrades traffic must remain separated to avoid the wakes of previous aircraft. Vertical or short takeoff and landing aircraft as Runway Independent Aircraft (RIA) can increase passenger throughput at major urban airports via the use of vertiports or stub runways. The concept of simultaneous non-interfering (SNI) operations has been proposed to reduce traffic delays by creating approach and departure corridors that do not intersect existing fixed-wing routes. However, SNI trajectories open new routes that may overfly noise-sensitive areas, and RIA may generate more noise than traditional jet aircraft, particularly on approach. In this dissertation, we develop efficient SNI noise abatement procedures applicable to RIA. First, we introduce a methodology based on modified approximated cell-decomposition and Dijkstra's search algorithm to optimize longitudinal plane (2-D) RIA trajectories over a cost function that minimizes noise, time, and fuel use. Then, we extend the trajectory optimization model to 3-D with a k-ary tree as the discrete search space. We incorporate geography information system (GIS) data, specifically population, into our objective function, and focus on a practical case study: the design of SNI RIA approach procedures to Baltimore-Washington International airport. Because solutions were represented as trim state sequences, we incorporated smooth transition between segments to enable more realistic cost estimates. Due to the significant computational complexity, we investigated alternative more efficient optimization techniques applicable to our nonlinear, non-convex, heavily constrained, and discontinuous objective function. Comparing genetic algorithm (GA) and adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) with our original Dijkstra's algorithm, ASA is identified as the most efficient algorithm for terminal area trajectory optimization. The effects of design parameter discretization are analyzed, with results indicating a SNI procedure with 3-4 segments effectively balances simplicity with cost minimization. Finally, pilot control commands were implemented and generated via optimization-base inverse simulation to validate execution of the optimal approach trajectories.", "keywords": [ "Runway", "Takeoff and landing", "Takeoff", "Dijkstra's algorithm", "Engineering", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Real-time computing", "Transport engineering", "Geography", "Automotive engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3323" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3193823591", "doi": "10.5302/j.icros.2021.21.0061", "title": "Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based Image Processing for Vision-based Safe Landing Region Recognition Framework", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sungwook Cho", "Yeondeuk Jung" ], "first_author": "Sungwook Cho", "venue": "Journal of Institute of Control Robotics and Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems", "abstract": "The UAM (Urban Air Mobility) industry is currently in the limelight To adopt sustainable urban transport systems and contribute to the advancement of aerospace technology, the MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) of South Korea has developed the K-UAM (Korea Urban Air Mobility) roadmap by collaborating with industries and academia to lead research and development related to the emerged industry. To guarantee the high reliability of industrial-level autonomous flights in urban areas, high priority should be provided to observe flight safety and survivability measures. This paper proposes adopting DNN (Deep Neural Network) based image processing for a vision-based safe landing region recognition framework to satisfy research and development needs. This framework is one of the core elements of the flight contingency plan for UAM and drone transportation in urban environments. Our proposed algorithm can recognize the coarse candidate region to land safely by using a DNN and then determine the refined safety zone by using the contour detection algorithm. To verify the performance of the proposed contribution, a simulation was done and the results were analyzed. The findings proved to be valid with regard to both the quantitative and qualitative terms. Therefore, our proposed framework will not only overcome the image processing complexity of the real world but also improve the enhancement of the flight emergency relief performance.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Convolutional neural network", "Artificial intelligence", "Aerospace", "Deep learning", "Image processing", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Image (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2021.21.0061" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403476250", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2024.32.3.114", "title": "Analysis of Turbulence at the K-UAM Grand Challenge Site in Goheung", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Min‐Seong Kim", "Hee-Wook Choi", "S. Park", "Geun-Hoi Kim", "Sang-Sam Lee", "Yong Hee Lee" ], "first_author": "Min‐Seong Kim", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Recently, urban population congestion has caused significant traffic and air pollution problems in city centers. To address these issues, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has been proposed, with commercialization targeted for 2025 in Korea. The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has been conducting the K-UAM Grand Challenge in Goheung since 2022 to develop operational standards and relevant technologies. This study uses a ultrasonic anemometer at a height of 10 meters to analyze turbulence around the vertiport. Data was collected from November 2022 to November 2023. For turbulence analysis, the Eddy Dissipation Rate (EDR = ε1/3), defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), was used. EDR was calculated using Kolmogorov’s theory and derived from the energy spectrum. EDR values were classified into None, Light, Moderate, and Severe, and analyzed by season, day, and wind direction. The results showed strong daytime turbulence in summer, especially with southerly winds in spring and summer, due to sea breeze fronts. This study provides essential data for planning safe UAM operations considering weather conditions.", "keywords": [ "Turbulence", "Environmental science", "Atmospheric sciences", "Physics", "Meteorology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-32-3-114" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405029404", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-7371-8_33", "title": "NICSR-A Deep Learning-Based Noise Identification and Compensation Technique for Super-Resolution of Drone-Captured Images", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Amul Batra", "Meetha V. Shenoy" ], "first_author": "Amul Batra", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Identification (biology)", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer vision", "Computer science", "Compensation (psychology)", "Noise (video)", "Deep learning", "Psychology", "Image (mathematics)", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7371-8_33" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413158023", "doi": "10.1109/sose66311.2025.11083807", "title": "Urban Air Mobility as a System of Systems: An LLM-Enhanced Holonic Approach", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ahmed R. Sadik", "Muhammad Muzamal Ashfaq", "Niko Mäkitalo", "Tommi Mikkonen" ], "first_author": "Ahmed R. Sadik", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an emerging System of System (SoS) that faces challenges in system architecture, planning, task management, and execution. Traditional architectural approaches struggle with scalability, adaptability, and seamless resource integration within dynamic and complex environments. This paper presents an intelligent holonic architecture that incorporates Large Language Model (LLM) to manage the complexities of UAM. Holons function semi-autonomously, allowing for real-time coordination among air taxis, ground transport, and vertiports. LLMs process natural language inputs, generate adaptive plans, and manage disruptions such as weather changes or airspace closures. Through a case study of multimodal transportation with electric scooters and air taxis, we demonstrate how this architecture enables dynamic resource allocation, real-time replanning, and autonomous adaptation without centralized control, creating more resilient and efficient urban transportation networks. By advancing decentralized control and AI-driven adaptability, this work lays the groundwork for resilient, human-centric UAM ecosystems, with future efforts targeting hybrid AI integration and real-world validation.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/sose66311.2025.11083807" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4226129103", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4091250", "title": "A Model for Public Attitude Towards Drone Delivery", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robin Kellermann", "Tobias Biehle", "Hamid Mostofi" ], "first_author": "Robin Kellermann", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Business", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Internet privacy" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4091250" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4281988306", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202205.0354.v1", "title": "FUSE: Future Urban Simulation Environment Towards Integration of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles in Low-level Airspace", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-26", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Toufik Souanef", "Dimitrios Panagiotakoupoulos", "Antonios Tsourdos", "Chris Crockford", "Chris Cheetham", "Chris Mewse" ], "first_author": "Toufik Souanef", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents the design of a digital twin that blends aviation, gaming, simulation, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create a synthetic environment within which strategies, laws and platforms for electric aviation may be tested out. This digital twin has been called Future Urban Synthetic Environment (FUSE). FUSE includes an in-built Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) that can be used to run simulations to test the coordination of all urban traffic. It uses real GIS tagged imagery data and implements it at runtime into the game engine and thus link the optimised imagery loading to the visual performance of the simulation engine. FUSE provides a 3D digital twin of specified areas designed to simulate the effects (in terms of noise, visual impact, privacy) of drones and electric air taxis operating under various operational scenarios (such as number of deliveries allowed per day, maximum payload weight, no-fly areas, position of depots, vertiports, etc.). With so much high-fidelity data it is difficult for any game system to effectively render the environment and do justice to the detail whilst enabling enough of the landscape to be rendered to keep in focus the detail when looking out at the horizon.", "keywords": [ "Fuse (electrical)", "Computer science", "Payload (computing)", "Global Positioning System", "Aviation", "Simulation", "Real-time computing", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Computer security", "Telecommunications", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202205.0354/v1/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401516904", "doi": "10.1177/10711813241264207", "title": "Qualitative Data Coding of User Experience With an Urban Air Mobility Fleet Manager Interface", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gregory Costedoat", "Gita Hodell", "Robert E. Larson" ], "first_author": "Gregory Costedoat", "venue": "Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "The NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate created the High Density Vertiplex (HDV) project to integrate and evaluate a prototype Urban Air Mobility (UAM) ecosystem. Part of the HDV testing environment included a prototype operator user interface called the Fleet Manager Interface (FMI). In 2023, HDV conducted flight testing with the FMI during which a user experience (UX) study was performed to assess the quality of UX and elicit design recommendations. As a result, a large database of open-ended, qualitative responses was generated and then coded using a new qualitative data coding technique called Directive String Coding. The key themes that arose from the coded responses showed that the UX was pleasant, system notifications should be more salient, and information across multiple screens should be integrated into a central display. As the Fleet Manger operational role is still being defined, it is vital to increase our understanding of the tools and capabilities needed for such a role. The results from HDV work will eventually feed into standards for vertiport operations that will enable safe and scalable UAM operations in the United States.", "keywords": [ "Coding (social sciences)", "Interface (matter)", "User interface", "Computer science", "User experience design", "Scalability", "Human–computer interaction", "Database", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10711813241264207" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4293083410", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-19-0098-3_41", "title": "Drone Delivery System Using GPS and Telemetry", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-09", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Aman Anand", "Saubhik Bandyopadhyay", "Swapnil Das", "Aasakti Agarwal", "Andrew Moitra" ], "first_author": "Aman Anand", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Telemetry", "Global Positioning System", "Drone", "Computer science", "Real-time computing", "Telecommunications", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0098-3_41" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2903770827", "doi": "10.1553/ita-pb-2018-01", "title": "Delivery drones from a technology assessment perspective - Overview report", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Nentwich", "Delila Horvà th" ], "first_author": "Michael Nentwich", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Authors: Michael Nentwich (project leader) and Delila Horvà th Institute of Technology Assessment, Vienna, 2018 The vision of drone-based delivery is not without presuppositions. To realise it, many technical and regulatory obstacles have to be overcome. Given the considerable depth of engagement – considering that the airspace around us, which was so far used by birds and occasional helicopters only, would change profoundly – a number of typical technology assessment (TA) questions are on the table: Are there safety concerns? Are there environmental risks? Could criminals or terrorists misuse the technology? Are we in the face of a societal conflict given the divergent interests involved? Does the current regulatory framework suffice, or do we need new rules? Die Vision eines drohnenbasierten Lieferverkehrs ist nicht voraussetzungslos. Viele regulative und technische Hürden werden noch genommen werden müssen, um sie Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen. Aufgrund der großen Eingriffstiefe dieser Technologieentwicklung – immerhin würde sich der uns umgebende Luftraum, der bislang nur von Vögeln und gelegentlichen Hubschraubern benutzt wird, gravierend ändern – stellen sich freilich eine Reihe von typischen Fragen der Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA): Bestehen Sicherheitsbedenken? Gibt es Umweltrisiken? Kann die Technologie für kriminelle oder terroristische Zwecke missbraucht werden? Besteht ein gesellschaftliches Konfliktpotenzial angesichts unterschiedlicher Interessen? Reicht die aktuelle Regulierung aus oder müssen neue Regeln geschaffen werden?", "keywords": [ "Round table", "Political science", "Humanities", "Presupposition", "Library science", "Philosophy", "Business", "Computer science", "Epistemology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://epub.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa5576_0x00377231.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2143333142", "doi": "10.2514/6.2003-2101", "title": "Steering a Flat Circular Parachute - They Said It Couldn't Be Done", "year": 2003, "publication_date": "2003-05-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Scott Dellicker", "Richard Benney", "David LeMoine", "Glen Brown", "Brian Gilles", "Richard J. A. Howard" ], "first_author": "Scott Dellicker", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "How can the military services accurately deliver critical cargo to its soldiers and to those needing humanitarian relief? This is the question that the Precision Airdrop team, led by Natick Soldier Center, is aggressively addressing. The United States Army and Air Force have stepped up initiatives for improving the accuracy of cargo aerial delivery with the execution of the New World Vista – Precision Air Delivery program. The three major components of these efforts include improved real-time wind estimation, enhanced on-board Computed Air Release Point (CARP) calculations, and the development of autonomously guided parachute systems. This paper focuses on the technology efforts associated with one variant of autonomously guided parachute systems; the Affordable Guided Airdrop System (AGAS). The focus of the AGAS program was to develop the technologies required for steering flat circular parachutes such that existing inventory parachutes and containers could be utilized. A Guidance, Navigation, and Control kit is installed on top of an A-22 container with connections of pneumatic actuators to each of four risers on a G-12 parachute. A prototype system was developed and flight-tested by the team of Natick Soldier Center, Yuma Proving Ground, Cibola Information Systems, Vertigo, Incorporated, and the Naval Postgraduate School. Twenty-six airdrops were conducted using two prototype systems. Numerous challenges were overcome during flight-testing including pneumatic valve problems, system communication issues, and rigging problems. The latest series of drops developed and validated new rigging procedures for the AGAS. Flight test data indicate that autonomous flight of a flat circular parachute is very feasible. Accuracies of 70 meters Circular Error Probable (CEP) were demonstrated with fifteen successful fully autonomous airdrops. Data analysis indicates that further improvements can be made to reduce the number of actuations and, perhaps, increase the end-game accuracy. These improvements have been demonstrated in simulation but have not yet been flighttested. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of steering a flat-circular parachute providing one variant", "keywords": [ "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Physics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-2101" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2330425086", "doi": "10.2514/6.2015-2142", "title": "Extraction Parachute Development for the High Speed Container Delivery System", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-03-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael R. Henry" ], "first_author": "Michael R. Henry", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The High Speed Container Delivery System was developed to provide a low altitude and high speed aerial delivery capability. The project was started as a 2011 Joint Capability Technology Demonstration sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the United States Transportation Command. The United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center was assigned as the technical manager for this three year effort. One of the technical requirements of this project was to design, develop and test an extraction parachute that generated the same force as a 15’ ringslot extraction parachute at 150 knots indicated airspeed, but at 250 knots. This requirement stemmed from the established load limits of the C-130 tow plate. This tow plate was only rated for towing a 15’ ringslot parachute at 150 knots. As such, the high speed extraction parachute had to be designed to not exceed that force at 250 knots. The tow plate on the C-17 was rated for significantly larger forces; however, a single extraction parachute was desired for both aircraft. Initial calculations led to the development of a 100” ringslot parachute. This parachute was towed behind C-17 and C130J aircraft with a load cell in line between the parachute and the tow plate. Since the flow field behind both aircraft was not very well defined at high airspeeds with the ramp open, various extraction line lengths between 60 and 165 feet were tested to determine the optimal distance the extraction parachute should be placed from the aircraft. Test data showed the 100” ringslot parachute produced less force than predicted and a new, 110” ringslot parachute was fabricated. Testing was repeated on this parachute to characterize the performance and ensure the load limit was not exceeded. In total, fifteen tow tests of the 100” parachute were performed on the C-17 and five were performed on the C-130J-30. The extraction line lengths were varied for this portion of testing. Once the parachute was resized, nine tow tests were performed with the 110” extraction parachute on the C-130J-30 with a fixed extraction line length of 120 feet. Additionally, several tow tests with the 15’ ringslot parachute were conducted to validate previous test reports. Finally, live extraction airdrops using the 15’ ringslot were conducted with the load cell installed. This paper will provide the details of the design and test process and an analysis of the data collected during testing to support the decisions made during the project.", "keywords": [ "Container (type theory)", "Extraction (chemistry)", "Computer science", "Development (topology)", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Chromatography", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-2142" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411232732", "doi": "10.1109/fnwf63303.2024.11028772", "title": "Exploiting 6G Networks for Urban Air Mobility Connectivity", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-15", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alex Piccioni", "Andrea Marotta", "Claudia Rinaldi", "Fabio Graziosi" ], "first_author": "Alex Piccioni", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Nowadays transportation systems focus on aerial systems trying to exploit vertical solutions due to the overload of ground mobility and the increasing demand in urban scenarios. In response to these challenges, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) will represent a key factor to provide high-speed urban transportation. In this perspective, connectivity is a critical aspect, especially considering the expected high-mobility as well as the high-density areas of the vertiports. Modern mobile networks such as 6G stand out as the easiest and most affordable solution to provide seamless, reliable and high-performance connectivity to UAM vehicles. We provide a mathematical optimization model of a cost-aware design of enhanced Radio Access Network design for UAM connectivity also exploiting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces. We analyze the achievable performance of the proposed system through a Monte Carlo approach. Results show that future evolution of UAM systems in terms of expected amount of UAM users will represent a critical design aspect and drive decisions on enhanced Base Stations density in urban scenarios as well as power budgeting in mobile networks.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/fnwf63303.2024.11028772" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404563187", "doi": "10.1109/access.2024.3503686", "title": "Collaborative Routing With Multi-Heuristic Algorithm for Enhanced Delivery Efficiency in Truck-Multi Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Systems", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ramdhan Nugraha", "Md Masuduzzaman", "Soo Young Shin" ], "first_author": "Ramdhan Nugraha", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "This paper proposes the integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into conventional delivery trucks as a solution to the challenges caused by the growing requirements of e-commerce and the congestion in urban areas in the logistics sector. The variable neighborhood priority routing problem using truck and multi-UAV (VNPRPTmD) is presented as a multi-heuristic technique aimed at minimizing delivery delays by utilizing both terrestrial and aerial delivery methods. The VNPRPTmD model improves delivery efficiency by utilizing consumer segregation and clustering, routing optimization, and multi-vehicle collaborative routing. The concept enables UAVs to operate with flexibility, departing from and returning to any specified spot, hence eliminating the requirement to return to their original location. This approach minimizes operational expenses and enhances the efficiency of delivering parcels by effectively leveraging the capabilities of trucks and multiple UAVs. The research provides an elaborate mathematical model, evaluates the materials and methods employed, and concludes with findings that clearly establish the effectiveness of this innovative delivery system.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Computer science", "Heuristic", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Algorithm", "Real-time computing", "Distributed computing", "Computer network", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3503686" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3200834724", "doi": "10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01827", "title": "Female persistence during toxicant treatment predicts survival probability of offspring in invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis)", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-09-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Brenna A. Levine", "Amy A. Yackel Adams", "Marlis R. Douglas", "Michael Edward Douglas", "Melia G. Nafus" ], "first_author": "Brenna A. Levine", "venue": "Global Ecology and Conservation", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Assessing the long-term efficacy of control methods is a critical component of invasive species management. For example, if traits related to control have significant heritability or are influenced by maternal effects, control methods may lose efficacy over time. The potential for these effects can be evaluated via parent/offspring survival analysis, which concomitantly recasts adaptive management as an evolutionary force for invasive species. However, difficulties can arise when the life history of an invasive is cryptic, precluding direct observations of familial relationships. Genomic pedigree reconstruction can facilitate such analyses by assigning offspring to parents in invasive species for which mating and reproduction are difficult to study. Here, we use genomic pedigree reconstruction to quantify parental longevity and probability of offspring survival for brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam in a landscape treated with toxic baits simulating application via an aerial delivery system (ADS). To do so, we used 398 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to update an existing multi-generational genomic pedigree for a geographically-closed population of brown treesnakes. This facilitated assignment of parents to juveniles born during three consecutive years of toxic bait application under a simulated aerial treatment program (N = 72). We found that the offspring of dams that persisted until the end of the study displayed greater survival probability (cox proportional hazard model, P < 0.001), yet there was no such effect for sires. This sex-specific relationship between parental longevity and offspring survival indicates that heritability of traits contributing to resistance to ADS is unlikely, but it supports a role of maternal effects that could undermine ADS. Our study identifies potential risks associated with control efforts and also highlights the utility of parent-offspring survival analyses informed by genomic pedigree reconstruction as a tool for adaptive management.", "keywords": [ "Biology", "Offspring", "Heritability", "Invasive species", "Longevity", "Mating", "Zoology", "Ecology", "Demography", "Evolutionary biology", "Genetics", "Pregnancy" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989421003772/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317584520", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-1076", "title": "Object Detection for Ground-based Non-cooperative Surveillance in Urban Air Mobility Utilizing Lidar-Camera Fusion", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cheng Zhi Huang", "Ivan V. Petrunin", "Antonios Tsourdos" ], "first_author": "Cheng Zhi Huang", "venue": "AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1076.vid Public safety and security are critical components in the Concept of Operations (ConOps) for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). The potential flight conflicts posed to air and ground objects need to be assessed, especially near critical regions and infrastructures, e.g. vertiports. In this sense, all targets, whether cooperative or non-cooperative air and ground targets, should be detected and tracked for conflict and risk assessment. To achieve this goal, ground-based non-cooperative sensors like cameras and lidar are utilized for situational awareness in this paper. In addition, a multi-modal dataset that contains both air and ground objects is constructed in different illumination and foggy weather scenarios. Finally, a lidar-camera fusion framework with multi-resolution voxelization and depth map learning is proposed for data-driven object detection. Experiments on the constructed dataset show the failure of existing lidar-based backbones in learning extremely sparse points, as a comparison, the fusion framework is outstanding in distinguishing air and ground objects, meanwhile, enabling resilient detection in various lighting and clearance conditions.", "keywords": [ "Lidar", "Computer science", "Object detection", "Situation awareness", "Sensor fusion", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer vision", "Visibility", "Remote sensing", "Geography", "Meteorology", "Pattern recognition (psychology)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/19175" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391148905", "doi": "10.1109/icca59364.2023.10401727", "title": "Development of a Free Fall Drone for Firefighting Applications", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-11-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abdel-Razzak Merheb", "Yahya Bazzaz", "Ward Trad", "Ahmad Haddad" ], "first_author": "Abdel-Razzak Merheb", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Forest fires affect directly the ecological system and cause the destruction of thousands of hectares as well as the loss of houses, properties, and agricultural land. In this paper, the design and development of a free-fall precision aerial delivery system for firefighting applications is presented. The developed free fall drone can be thrown from aircrafts, blimps, or quadcopters and then directs itself autonomously to reach the desired goal. The drone is to be used in wildfire firefighting operations to deliver retardant mixtures, extinguisher solutions, or medical equipment. A special navigation algorithm based on image processing and relative positioning is used to correct the drone path, with control surfaces similar to aircraft canards used as the system actuators. A small parachute is applied to control the falling speed of the drone and ensure free fall condition. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink environment show acceptable performance of PID controllers used with the drone. Experimental tests show promising results for the use of the free fall drone in firefighting missions.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Firefighting", "Aeronautics", "Quadcopter", "Computer science", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icca59364.2023.10401727" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408696767", "doi": "10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919872", "title": "An Analytical Investigation on the Use of Passenger Drones in the Rendezvouz-System of Emergency Medical Services for Landing Site Identification*", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-24", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Felix Wachter", "Samuel Würtz", "Andreas Rupp" ], "first_author": "Felix Wachter", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study investigates the advantages of utilizing electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft to transport medical staff to emergency sites while identifying appropriate landing locations. The methodology is divided into two topics: the determination of suitable landing sites and the further use for the analytical investigation of time savings compared to ground-based emergency medical services. Drawing upon the Prototype Technical Specifications for Vertiports published by the European Aviation Safety Agency, our methodology is compared with relevant regulations to ensure compliance. Utilizing LIDAR data, potential landing sites are identified and evaluated for suitability. Walkway routing is employed to connect destinations with landing sites and linear flight phases are assumed. Results are presented using parameters from a representative drone and the municipal region of Stavanger in Norway as area of investigation, demonstrating a reduction in time savings ranging from 95 % to 20 %. The analysis also reveals a narrowing of the max. potential time savings from 16 min to 10 min. Results do indicate room for optimization for well planned placement of landing infrastructure. The consideration of landing possibilities should be considered on the basis of this work in order to be able to determine realistic time forecasts when using eVTOLs in EMS.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Identification (biology)", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919872" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402259573", "doi": "10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642474", "title": "Synthetic Cloud Height Prediction Using Stereo Matching and Deep Learning", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rabin Dhakal", "Chad Mourning" ], "first_author": "Rabin Dhakal", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Accurate cloud base height estimation holds paramount significance in aviation, weather applications, or solar irradiance nowcasting. Although effective, existing solutions, such as ceilometers, are cost-prohibitive and lack portability, limiting their utility for smaller airports, vertiports, and ad hoc operations. This paper introduces an innovative, cost-effective solution leveraging stereo camera setups combined with deep learning. Synthetic data is generated to test the model uti-lizing a virtual environment. Stereo-matching techniques obtained disparity maps from the captured image pairs. Building upon this data, we trained a model to transform these images into precise cloud height predictions. Our approach marries the affordability of stereo cameras with the computational prowess of deep learning, offering a promising low-cost alternative to traditional cloud height estimation instruments. Rather than 3D reconstruction methods, we focused on training a CNN model, using disparity maps of the captured images. Our CNN-based regression model predicts the cloud base height from the 500 m to 3500 m range, With the 77 test samples, we got an RMSE of 57.78 meters.", "keywords": [ "Cloud computing", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer science", "Matching (statistics)", "Deep learning", "Computer vision", "Mathematics", "Statistics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642474" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402686209", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3654", "title": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Aircraft Precision Landing Design for Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) Operations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elena Ramona Stefanescu", "Viktor Chekh", "Abhishek Shastry", "Tewodros A. Biresaw" ], "first_author": "Elena Ramona Stefanescu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Traditionally, the landing of piloted fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters has been aided by Category III Instrumental Landing Systems (ILS) equipment to provide safe and accurate glide slope information to the pilot on approach to a landing strip or helipad. Additionally, at least two radar altimeters per commercial aircraft are used for approach and landing, especially in low-visibility (IFR) conditions, automatic landings, and as part of a Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) to warn the pilot if the aircraft is flying too low or descending too quickly. In this paper, we propose a landing system for Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) to help navigate in adverse weather conditions. The main assumptions are as follows: AAM aircraft will be highly automated, require a navigation system with a small Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) footprint, and will land on a compact, dedicated structure known as a vertiport or vertipad. Our solution is based on a unique Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) beacons design at ground level while at the aircraft level the system will need a wide and a narrow field of view (FOV) thermal camera. The goal is to accurately identify the ground beacons using structural recognition methods. Estimates of the accuracy and robustness of the proposed solutions are presented using a numerical model in simulations.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Environmental science", "Aeronautics", "Simulation", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3654" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413114701", "doi": "10.1111/vox.70092", "title": "Supplying whole blood with drones for prehospital transfusion at trauma sites in Finland: A simulation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Panu Erästö", "Milla Juntunen", "Jukka Pappinen", "Jouni O. Nurmi", "Jarkko Ihalainen", "Jouni Lauronen", "Mikko Arvas" ], "first_author": "Panu Erästö", "venue": "Vox Sanguinis", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prehospital transfusion is now increasingly used in civilian and military medicine. Blood products are, however, perishable and rarely needed in civilian settings. Given the rapid development of drone-based logistics and Finland's low population density, we aimed to build a computational framework to assess the feasibility and requirements of drone-based delivery of blood products to trauma sites. Unlike previous studies, which focus mostly on deliveries to hospitals in compact urban areas, we model direct deliveries to trauma scenes across an entire sparsely populated country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used predicted trauma data on a 1 × 1 km grid covering Finland. Drone base locations were optimized using mixed-integer linear programming, and drone operations were analysed with a discrete event simulation model. Our approach combines strategic location optimization with operational-level simulation and is grounded in high-resolution, real-world data-driven trauma demand estimates. RESULTS: With 20 base locations and drones capable of a 60-km delivery range, over 80% of predicted trauma events can be reached. If drones can return to base, one drone per base is typically sufficient due to the rarity of missions. CONCLUSIONS: We present a novel computational framework for simulating drone-based blood delivery to trauma scenes. Our results suggest that while current drone capabilities may still be limited, the approach is promising for countries with similar geography. The framework is adaptable and can support planning in other regions with reliable trauma demand data.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Population", "Computer science", "Blood transfusion", "Medical emergency", "Geography", "Operations research", "Medicine", "Engineering", "Surgery" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/vox.70092" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404411593", "doi": "10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749262", "title": "Towards a Strategic Deconfliction Service Based on Multi-Objective Path Planning for Low Altitude Airspace", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Flavia Causa", "Giancarmine Fasano" ], "first_author": "Flavia Causa", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a centralized strategic planning and deconfliction service solution which is able to return conflict free trajectories for Urban Air Mobility applications. The service, specifically tailored for dealing with the free-flight portion of the assumed airspace model is targeted for rotorcraft platforms and for off-line (pre-flight) computation. It is able to handle several types of missions and to deconflict them using the reasonable time to act concept. The latter has been introduced by Corus-XUAM to overcome the first-come first-served criteria and aims at solving deconfliction by sorting the vehicles as a function of their priority and required starting time. Two phases are envisaged by the planner in accordance with the current regulation. The first phase, referred to as strategic, is performed when the user exposes the willing of performing the mission (it can occur also long time before the mission start) and is demanded at finding an optimal trajectory accounting for all the constraints imposed by the urban environment (e.g., fixed obstacles, altitude limits, navigation challenges, risk maps), excluding traffic information. The second phase, i.e., pre-tactical, is carried out a few minutes before the mission starts and aims at deconflicting the strategic estimated trajectory with all the existing traffic. The prototype service has been tested within layered airspace model inspired by recent developments and regulatory guidelines. Two layers (i.e., low and medium) aimed at either goods or people transportation have been taken into account over the city of Naples. Different request densities have been considered. Despite the high number of the request, only a little part (2%) of the lower-level airspace is occupied by the traffic, thus suggesting a greater quantity of vehicles could be accomodated. Conversely in the medium level the airspace capacity is strictly linked to the number of vertiports and their availability.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Altitude (triangle)", "Path (computing)", "Air travel", "Strategic planning", "Service (business)", "Low altitude", "Aerospace engineering", "Operations research", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749262" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1505558607", "doi": null, "title": "Para-Foil Steerable Parachute, Exploratory Development for Airdrop System Application.", "year": 1972, "publication_date": "1972-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ralph J. Speelman", "Charles A. Babish", "Rudi J. Berndt", "James H. DeWeese", "Solomon R. Metres" ], "first_author": "Ralph J. Speelman", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "An exploratory development program was conducted to demonstrate an advanced aerial delivery concept of using a Para-Foil high glide steerable parachute, mated with ground and airborne electronics homing subsystems for controlled airdrop of 500- and 2000-pound payloads. The Para-Foil is a wing made entirely of fabric and having no rigid members. It has an upper surface and a lower surface and an airfoil cross section. The leading edge is open to permit inflation due to ran air pressure. A series of wind tunnel tests with both rigid and flexible Para-Foil models was conducted to establish the effects on performance of various design parameters, to establish a performance baseline for the full scale Para-Foils, and to evaluate various reefing techniques. The Para-Foil aerodynamic turn control characteristics were evaluated through truck tow tests and a series of free flight tests. Free flight tests were also conducted to verify system performance and to evaluate automatic homing capability. (Author)", "keywords": [ "Airfoil", "FOIL method", "Engineering", "Wind tunnel", "Aerodynamics", "Aerospace engineering", "Marine engineering", "Flight test", "Structural engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Materials science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0742294" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2328821140", "doi": "10.2514/6.2015-2175", "title": "Delivery and Dispersion of Humanitarian Aid", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-03-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marc Tardiff", "Justin Riley" ], "first_author": "Marc Tardiff", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the event of a natural disaster, traditional methods of delivering food and water to distressed populations are often unavailable due to infrastructure damage, insurgent threat, or lack of friendly military presence in the local area. To provide aid in these situations, an air droppable system capable of dispersing aid directly over active populations while minimizing the potential for injury has been developed. Individually wrapped food and water packages are dispersed at a predetermined altitude to scatter over a populated area. The dispersion helps prevent hoarding, while the size and packaging of the aid items keep impact forces below the limit for injury as determined by medical researchers. The remaining components of the aerial delivery system – the parachute, activation device, skid board, and rigging supplies are attenuated by non-linear open cell foam to remain within the same force limitations of the food and water packets. This paper documents the various system components utilized for delivering the aid items as well as the results from testing.", "keywords": [ "Dispersion (optics)", "Computer science", "Physics", "Optics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-2175" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160298099", "doi": "10.1016/j.ssci.2026.107211", "title": "Introducing a scalable framework for the management of STPA requirements: A case study on eVTOL operations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shufeng Chen", "Halima El Badaoui", "Mariat James Elizebeth", "Takuya Nakashima", "Chris Booth", "Siddartha Khastgir", "Paul A Jennings" ], "first_author": "Shufeng Chen", "venue": "Safety Science", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Poison control", "Key (lock)", "Human factors and ergonomics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2026.107211" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285891898", "doi": "10.36227/techrxiv.20327208.v1", "title": "A Data-Driven Approach for Performance Evaluation of Autonomous eVTOLs", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-07-19", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mrinmoy Sarkar", "Xuyang Yan", "Biniam Gebru", "Abdul-Rauf Nuhu", "Kishor Datta Gupta", "Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis", "Abdollah Homaifar" ], "first_author": "Mrinmoy Sarkar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we develop a data-driven performance-based evaluation framework for a novel electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) in the context of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) applications. First, a two-stage comprehensive simulation framework is developed to generate a benchmark database for the performance evaluation of both UAS Traffic Management (UTM) algorithms and high-fidelity eVTOL dynamical models. In the developed simulation framework, we implement UTM algorithms and incorporate real-world constraints, e.g., vertiport infrastructures and different wind conditions. From the developed simulation framework, we generate 1,213,010 flight profiles. These flight profiles are used in a model based eVTOL performance evaluation tool as inputs to compute the physical performance of 3 types of eVTOLs. Due to the high computational cost of model-based eVTOL performance evaluation approaches, a clustering-based sampling procedure is employed to reduce the redundancy in the generated flight profiles and utilize the re-sampled flight profiles to form an eVTOL performance analysis dataset. We then train and compare several machine learning models on the eVTOL performance analysis dataset to predict: performance variables-flight conditions, aerodynamic coefficients, aircraft electronics, electric motor and propeller efficiencies. Finally, we deploy the proposed data-driven models in the framework and reduce the eVTOL performance inference time to real-time. The implementation of the proposed framework can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/mrinmoysarkar/eVTOL_performance_evaluation.git", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Cluster analysis", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Context (archaeology)", "Backup", "Performance prediction", "Data mining", "Simulation", "Machine learning", "Database" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.20327208.v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412486839", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3240", "title": "Operational Air Taxi Flight Routes in a Metropolitan Region", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jordan K. Kam", "Matthias Cassanova", "Vishwanath Bulusu", "Alexandre M. Bayen", "Raja Sengupta" ], "first_author": "Jordan K. Kam", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Aviation technology advances in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) will bring new aircraft to the National Airspace System (NAS) and with it near-term operational barriers: traffic density, Class B/C overlap, and pilot-controller workload. This article presents the design and evaluation of four operational air taxi flight routes for manned flight of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in the San Francisco Bay Area network (SF network). In the SF network, where many complex, congested, and controlled airspaces restrict flight, pilot-selected operational flight routes utilizing legacy General Aviation (GA) flyways and transition routes would allow these aircraft to operate near-term. This article also presents direction-specific flight mission profiles between vertiports located at the Richmond Field Station (RFS) at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Berkeley Space Center at NASA Ames Research Center. Lastly, using Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) flight data, a feasibility study on congestion of the routes is presented from aircraft in the SF network. This feasibility study observes flight density, dwell time duration, and number of unique aircraft. As eVTOLs hit the market in the coming years, operational flight routes could allow near-term integration and operation in congested airspaces. The methodology is readily extensible to other megaregions and validated with over 60 thousand ADS-B points.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Air traffic control", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3240" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3137722012", "doi": "10.21203/rs.2.17105/v1", "title": "Drones for Medical Products Transportation In Obstetric Emergencies: A Systematic Review and Framework For Future Research", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-11-11", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Zailani", "Raja Zahratul Azma Raja Sabudin", "Rahana Abd Rahman", "Ismail Mohd Saiboon", "Aniza Binti Ismail", "Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy" ], "first_author": "Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Zailani", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract Medical products transportation has become an important research topic requiring multidisciplinary collaboration among experts in medicine, engineering and health economics. Current modes of transportation are unable to overcome the limited settings in the event of obstetric emergencies. The drone is an immensely promising medical products aerial transportation (MedART) that holds an enormous potential for delivery of medical supplies, thereby enhancing the efficiency of our healthcare system. We conducted a systematic review to examine scientific evidence of positive impact of drone transportation on maternal health and management of obstetric cases.Methods Three search engines were used for this review; ScienceDirect, Pubmed, EMBASE databases, and the report made in accordance with the principles of PRISMA guidelines. The search terms used are related to drones and obstetric/maternal. Studies were selected if the intervention used were drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and if any direct or indirect maternal health indicators were reported.Results Two out of 244 publications met the inclusion criteria and were included for systematic synthesis. An updated search yielded one additional study that was also included. Overall, two studies assessed drones for blood products delivery, and one study used drone to transport blood samples.Conclusion A significant deficiency was found in the number of reported studies analyzing mode of medical products transportation and adaptation of drones in maternal healthcare. Future drone research framework should focus on maternal healthcare-specific drone applications in order to reap benefits in this area.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Business", "Engineering ethics", "Medicine", "Engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7738/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412485665", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3399", "title": "Markov Decision Process Contingency Landing Management Autonomy for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abidemi A. Akinola", "Ella M. Atkins" ], "first_author": "Abidemi A. Akinola", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a Markov Decision Process (MDP) based Contingency Management Autonomy (CMA) framework for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft with a decentralized battery-thruster propulsion system. A CMA Mission MDP is designed to identify low energy situations requiring a contingency landing. Based on reachability margin, the CMA MDP selects a Lift mode contingency vertiport landing given sufficient energy reserves and a more energy efficient Cruise mode runway landing otherwise. A modular simulation framework incorporating a multi-modal eVTOL surrogate model and waypoint and Dubins Cruise flight planner is developed to support real-time landing planning. The simulation computes battery end of discharge and reachability margin for use during CMA MDP policy execution. Results from a scenario involving onboard battery pack failures demonstrate the policy’s ability to select an energy-efficient runway landing that reduces total required energy by a factor of 18 compared to alternative vertical landing plans. This significant difference is due to the Cruise mode trajectory’s near-glide flight path angle leading to a stable 3 degree final runway approach. Results show the potential of CMA to enhance operational safety in future eVTOL operations.", "keywords": [ "Markov decision process", "Computer science", "Markov process", "Process (computing)", "Autonomy", "Contingency", "Decision process", "Operations research", "Process management", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3399" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163183778", "doi": "10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103058", "title": "Bridging the gap: Expert perspectives on the integration of urban and advanced air mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Scott R. Winter", "Carla Beckmann", "Philip VanDette", "Philip J. Smith", "Ainsley Bernard", "Ansh Mehrotra", "Chandana Doppalapudi", "Stephen Rice" ], "first_author": "Scott R. Winter", "venue": "Journal of Air Transport Management", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Bridging (networking)", "Air transport", "Aviation", "Air travel", "Expert system" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103058" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2916024482", "doi": "10.5505/pajes.2018.19052", "title": "A mathematical model for the delivery routing problem via drones", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sinem Han", "Begüm Özer", "Barış Alioğlu", "Özgür Polat", "Tülin Aktin" ], "first_author": "Sinem Han", "venue": "Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences", "publisher": "Pamukkale University", "abstract": "ÖzLogistics sector aims to distribute merchandise to designated places on time, while focusing on the entire process that starts from storing the goods at warehouses.Transportation by land is the most common and preferred way in logistics in terms of cost and service.Studies have been going on for drone transportation with the purpose of reducing the service time and making the process automated.Advancement of this technology has led to an increase in transportation with drones.Traffic is a huge problem in land transportation causing delays in delivery time.Furthermore, nature and economy are affected because of the CO2 emission, which is a consequence of intense traffic.In this study, utilizing drones for delivery is proposed with the aim of increasing customer satisfaction and minimizing transportation cost per delivery in a green way.İstanbul's Bakırköy district is selected as the implementation region, and daily drug delivery to pharmacies with drones is examined.In the first stage, a mathematical model that uses pharmacy coordinates as an input is developed for clustering analysis.In the second stage, one of these clusters is selected, and the location of the drone center that will serve pharmacies in the cluster is obtained by center of gravity method.Then, a vehicle routing model is proposed for finding the drone routes and calculating the total distance travelled within this cluster.Mathematical models are solved with GAMS/CPLEX solver.It is believed that this study will trigger new studies in \"green delivery\" literature in near future.Lojistik, bir ürünün nakliyesinin yanı sıra, depolanması, ambalajlanması ve dağıtımı gibi süreçleri de kapsamakta ve tüm sürecin, ilk üreticiden nihai tüketiciye kadar doğru bir biçimde çalışmasını hedeflemektedir.Maliyet ve hizmet bakımından uygun bulunan karayolu taşımacılığı, günümüzde tercih edilen ulaşım sistemlerinin başında gelmektedir.Ancak gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte, birçok ürünün dağıtımında drone'lardan da yararlanıldığı görülmektedir.Bekleme zamanlarını azaltmayı ve insangücü maliyetini ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayan bu sistem, yeni bir teslimat aracı olarak lojistik sürecinde yerini almıştır.Karayolunda oluşan trafik yoğunluğu, ürünlerin müşteriye ulaşmasını geciktirmekte, bu sırada artan CO2 salımı da çevre ve ekonomi üzerinde olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır.Bu çalışmanın amacı, drone kullanımı ile hızlı ve doğa dostu bir teslimat gerçekleştirmek suretiyle müşteri memnuniyetinde artış ve taşıma maliyetlerinde azalma sağlamak ve yukarıda bahsedilen problemlere bir çözüm sunmaktır.Çalışmada, eczanelerin günlük ilaç gereksinimlerinin drone'lar yardımıyla karşılanması ele alınmış ve bu amaçla, İstanbul'un Bakırköy ilçesi pilot bölge olarak seçilmiştir.Önerilen iki aşamalı yöntemin ilk aşamasındaki matematiksel model, kümeleme analizi yapmaktadır.Bölgedeki eczanelerin koordinatları modele girdi olarak verilmiş ve eczane kümeleri oluşturulmuştur.İkinci aşamada ise, oluşturulan kümelerden birisi seçilerek, ağırlık merkezi yöntemiyle, burada bulunan eczanelere hizmet verecek olan drone merkezinin yeri bulunmuştur.Daha sonra, bu kümeye ait eczanelere ilaç dağıtımı yapılırken, aralarındaki toplam mesafeyi enküçükleyecek şekilde drone'ların teslimat rotalarını belirleyen bir araç rotalama modeli geliştirilmiştir.Modeller, GAMS/CPLEX çözücüsü ile çözülmüştür.Bu çalışmanın yakın gelecekte literatürdeki \"yeşil teslimat\" alanındaki yeni araştırmaları tetikleyeceğine inanılmaktadır.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Computer network", "Mathematics", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://jag.journalagent.com/z4/download_fulltext.asp?pdir=pajes&plng=eng&un=PAJES-19052" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7126038248", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-1475", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Flight Demand Modeling for Airports in New York City", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Kamal Acharya", "Katherine N. Vasiloff", "Zhenbo Wang", "Houbing Song", "Liang Quan Sun" ], "first_author": "Kamal Acharya", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Rapid urbanization has intensified congestion and travel delays in New York City, motivating interest in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) as a faster and more reliable option for accessing the region’s three major airports: John F. Kennedy (JFK), LaGuardia (LGA), and Newark Liberty (EWR). This paper develops a data-driven framework for forecasting UAM demand by integrating 2023 New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission trip records with socioeconomic and geospatial taxi-zone features. A Generalized Cost of Trip (GCT), combining monetary cost, value of time (VOT), and value of reliability (VOR), is computed for airport-bound origin–destination pairs and used to estimate mode-switching probabilities across early, mid, and mature UAM phases. Results show that several high-congestion Manhattan zones exhibit lower UAM GCT than taxis even in the early phase for all three airports, while Queens and Brooklyn become competitive as UAM costs decline and cruise speeds increase. Hourly switching patterns reveal that reliability-sensitive peak periods drive the highest adoption, with mature-phase conditions capturing over 80–95% of airport trips from major pickup zones. These findings demonstrate that UAM offers increasing advantages for airport access as congestion and technology evolve, providing quantitative guidance for fleet sizing, vertiport siting, pricing strategies, and phased deployment planning in dense metropolitan regions.", "keywords": [ "Cruise", "Taxis", "Metropolitan area", "Value of time", "TRIPS architecture", "Traffic congestion", "Demand forecasting", "Urbanization", "Geospatial analysis", "Software deployment" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-1475" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134988811", "doi": "10.1109/tmc.2026.3672632", "title": "Open RAN-Based Network Slicing for Connecting Flying and Ground-Based Cars Serving Urban Areas", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Anselme Ndikumana", "Kim Khoa Nguyen", "Mohamed Cheriet" ], "first_author": "Anselme Ndikumana", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing", "publisher": "IEEE Computer Society", "abstract": "Recently, companies have focused on developing new technologies for air mobility using flying cars to alleviate road congestion in urban areas. A critical aspect to consider is the seamless integration of flying cars with their ground-based counterparts in the 5G network, where ground-based cars can provide transit functions, including access to vertiports and urban amenities. Additionally, flying and ground-based cars require various services with different requirements, such as path planning, remote diagnosis, and autonomous driving/piloting. Supporting these services in 5G networks is challenging due to the high mobility and stringent network latency requirements. Network slicing can be a promising solution to meet these requirements. However, the literature lacks comprehensive research on combining flying and ground-based cars in network slicing, where resource under-provisioning can cause the violation of service requirements. We propose three-level closed-loops for sliced resource block management to satisfy the delay budget constraint of flying and ground-based cars while avoiding resource under-provisioning. We present a reward function and continual learning that links these closed-loops. Furthermore, we use Ape-X as distributed deep reinforcement learning to maximize reward and continual learning to improve resource allocation via prediction. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach maximizes delay requirement satisfaction.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Slicing", "Resource allocation", "Block (permutation group theory)", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Resource management (computing)", "Network congestion", "Traffic congestion", "Service (business)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3672632" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154290581", "doi": "10.3934/jimo.2026086", "title": "Dynamic optimization of multi-truck and multi-drone collaborative delivery for emergency material distribution", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Yubo Sun", "Weihua Liu", "Jiaqin Hao", "Zhentao Shao" ], "first_author": "Yubo Sun", "venue": "Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization", "publisher": "American Institute of Mathematical Sciences", "abstract": "Emergency material distribution, a crucial component of post-disaster emergency rescue, presents several challenges, including high distribution risk, complex road networks, halted traffic, and urgent demand. Even though vehicles have a large payload capacity, single-truck distribution models sometimes fall short of the strict timing requirements of emergency response. On the other hand, drone-based delivery systems show clear benefits in terms of accessibility, flexibility, and operational efficiency. The truck–drone synergistic distribution mode offers a unique means of significantly enhancing the efficiency of emergency supply delivery through resource integration and complementary advantages. To address this, a multi-vehicle, multi-drone, multi-circuit emergency material synergistic distribution path optimization model was created. The model aims to minimize the maximum delivery time among all trucks, while accounting for practical issues like the restriction of vehicle traffic following the disaster, the satisfaction of multiple demand points per flight, and the synergistic constraints of trucks and drones. As a solution to this model, the hybrid adaptive genetic algorithm (HAGA), incorporating dynamic programming, was proposed. The Solomon test case's R206, C206, and RC206 data sources were used to evaluate the algorithm's efficacy. Regardless of small, medium, or large-scale cases, the results demonstrate that the HAGA can greatly increase the efficiency of emergency material distribution following a disaster, with a maximum improvement of 15.41% in distribution efficiency and a significant improvement in computational efficiency, with a maximum reduction of 49.04% in computational time. According to the sensitivity analysis of the drone parameters, the optimal configuration of flight time and speed significantly improves the system performance. The proposed method provides insights for low-altitude economic applications and emergency logistics decision-making.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Emergency response", "Minification", "Optimization problem", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.aimspress.com/aimspress-data/jimo/2026/5/PDF/jimo-22-05-086.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4380353692", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2306.05581", "title": "Risk-aware Urban Air Mobility Network Design with Overflow Redundancy", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qinshuang Wei", "Zhenyu Gao", "John-Paul Clarke", "Ufuk Topcu" ], "first_author": "Qinshuang Wei", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM), as envisioned by aviation professionals, will transport passengers and cargo at low altitudes within urban and suburban areas. To operate in urban environments, precise air traffic management, in particular the management of traffic overflows due to physical and operational disruptions will be critical to ensuring system safety and efficiency. To this end, we propose UAM network design with reserve capacity, i.e., a design where alternative landing options and flight corridors are explicitly considered as a means of improving contingency management. Similar redundancy considerations are incorporated in the design of many critical infrastructures, yet remain unexploited in the air transportation literature. In our methodology, we first model how disruptions to a given UAM network might impact on the nominal traffic flow and how this flow might be re-accommodated on an extended network with reserve capacity. Then, through an optimization problem, we select the locations and capacities for the backup vertiports with the maximal expected throughput of the extended network over all possible disruption scenarios, while the throughput is the maximal amount of flights that the network can accommodate per unit of time. We show that we can obtain the solution for the corresponding bi-level and bi-linear optimization problem by solving a mixed-integer linear program. We demonstrate our methodology in the case study using networks from Milwaukee, Atlanta, and Dallas--Fort Worth metropolitan areas and show how the throughput and flexibility of the UAM networks with reserve capacity can outcompete those without.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Backup", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Network planning and design", "Computer science", "Flow network", "Aviation", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Throughput", "Air traffic management", "Air traffic control", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.05581" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165560741", "doi": "10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111433", "title": "Mitigation of propeller noise in ground effect with perforated sheets", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Esmaeel Masoudi", "Sung Tyaek Go", "Abhishek Gautam", "Mahdi Azarpeyvand" ], "first_author": "Esmaeel Masoudi", "venue": "Applied Acoustics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This study investigates the aeroacoustic performance of propellers operating in ground effect, with a focus on the influence of perforated sheet surface treatments. Three scenarios are tested: a solid ground plane, a perforated ground plane, and a perforated ground plane placed over a solid ground plane. Experiments were carried out in an anechoic chamber with a Mejzlik 12” × 6” propeller in a pusher configuration, where noise was measured using a polar array of microphones positioned in the far field, alongside near-field hydrodynamic measurements. The results show that using a solid ground plane increases far-field noise, particularly at lower propeller-ground distances, by up to 12 dB. In contrast, replacing the solid ground plane with a perforated one, reduces the additional noise generated by ground effect by as much as 6.5 dB and up to 100% of the ground effect noise. Spectral analysis reveals that the amplification of low-order blade passing frequencies under ground effect conditions is linked to increased steady loading on the blades, while higher harmonics and broadband noise are influenced by vortex interactions and propeller downwash near the ground. When a perforated sheet is combined with a solid ground plane, spacing and perforation size have minimal effect on tonal levels, suggesting that reflection and interference mechanisms dominate. These findings offer important guidance for designing quieter vertiports for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles, facilitating their safe and efficient integration into urban environments.", "keywords": [ "Ground plane", "Downwash", "Ground effect (cars)", "Anechoic chamber", "Noise (video)", "Perforation", "Harmonics", "Interference (communication)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111433" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4280494415", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-2733", "title": "Airdrop Technology Multi-Operational Simulation (ATMOS): 2nd Edition.", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-13", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Usbaldo Fraire", "Nabeel J Tokatli" ], "first_author": "Usbaldo Fraire", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Airdrop Technology Multi-Operational Simulation (ATMOS) is an Army driven capability that is contributing to modernization objectives and enabling Modeling and Simulation (M&S) breakthroughs that contribute to Science and Technology (S&T) efforts. The first generation of ATMOS targeted establishing the simulation framework, developing fundamental models, identifying modeling limitations and simulating the extraction phase of flight. The second generation of ATMOS developments have accelerated to meet project demands to produce flight predictions using a new 7.5” circumference double-braided Nylon extraction rope for emergency parachute jettison studies and planned demonstrations of a 50,000-lbm Heavy Equipment Large Low Velocity Airdrop System (HELLVADS). The double-braided Nylon is being used and simulated as a 140-ft extraction rope that connects to a single or cluster of 28-ft ring slot parachutes using a modified 4-point link. It is also used as suspension lines that connect to the platform with a modified bracket. Due to its extensive use in the HELLVADS configuration, ground testing was performed using static and dynamic loading techniques to characterize its material performance. The data collected anchored the extraction rope model to test data and was integrated into ATMOS for flight prediction efforts. ATMOS produces multibody dynamics solutions using primarily rigid bodies and is now being built to hand-over initial conditions to the Airdrop Impact Mitigation Simulation (AIMS) to complete the end-to-end trajectory analysis which uses a finite element analysis (FEA) approach to predict impact loads. The focus of this paper is on how ATMOS is satisfying Aerial Delivery Division (ADD) M&S objectives and how this capability is being applied to other airdrop applications to provide performance studies.", "keywords": [ "Rope", "Trajectory", "Computer science", "Finite element method", "Mechanical engineering", "Extraction (chemistry)", "Simulation", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Structural engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2733" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285812121", "doi": "10.3397/nc-2022-754", "title": "Change of community noise and noise impact with changes in air-taxi fleet compostitions over a longer period of time", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-24", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Bauer" ], "first_author": "Michael Bauer", "venue": "NOISE-CON proceedings", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Generic air vehicles are helping to understand effects specifically related to urban air mobility (UAM) noise. Air corridors were already studied, managing complex air-taxi traffic to reduce population's exposure to higher or critical noise levels in the vicinity of a highly frequented flight paths. The results still depend on fleet compositions, which may change over shorter or longer periods because future UAM carriers can select from a variety of different air-taxi types, in some cases strongly differing in their noise characteristics. Once an air-taxi-fleet is operated at a certain vertiport, its composition may not remain the same after one month or even after one year. This study is evaluating a long-term effect with changing fleets operated on the same flight paths in the same air corridor. Besides usual noise metrics like DNL, the results provide also a first insight how metrics like the dose-response may be affected over a longer period of time. 25 acoustically diverse air-taxis were distributed inside an 8 km wide air corridor, carrying 165 single flight tracks at 5 flight levels. Approximately 60,200 movements were simulated representing short-term effects, ten times more for mid-term scenarios, and finally a large number of 1,505,000 for the long-term study.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Taxis", "Environmental science", "Term (time)", "Air traffic control", "Meteorology", "Noise level", "Air transport", "Population", "Aircraft noise", "Transport engineering", "Aeronautics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3397/nc-2022-754" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416875282", "doi": "10.1109/qce65121.2025.00229", "title": "QUADRO: A Hybrid Quantum Optimization Framework for Drone Delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-30", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "James B. Holliday", "Darren Blount", "Hoang Quan Nguyen", "Samee U. Khan", "Ky Luu" ], "first_author": "James B. Holliday", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Quantum computing holds transformative potential for optimizing large-scale drone fleet operations, yet its nearterm limitations necessitate hybrid approaches blending classical and quantum techniques. This work introduces Quantum Unmanned Aerial Delivery Routing Optimization (QUADRO), a novel hybrid framework addressing the Energy-Constrained Capacitated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Routing Problem and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Scheduling Problem. By formulating these challenges as Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problems, QUADRO leverages the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm for routing and scheduling, enhanced by classical heuristics and post-processing. We minimize total transit time in routing, considering payload and battery constraints, and optimize makespan scheduling across various drone fleets. Evaluated on adapted Augerat benchmarks (16-51 nodes), QUADRO competes against classical and prior hybrid methods, achieving scalable solutions with fewer than one hundred qubits. The proposed results underscore the viability of hybrid quantumclassical strategies for real-world drone logistics, paving the way for quantum-enhanced optimization in the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum era.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Job shop scheduling", "Payload (computing)", "Heuristics", "Scalability", "Quantum" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00229" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7159966771", "doi": "10.3390/drones10050334", "title": "Sustainability of Drone-Based Urban Air Mobility: A Systematic Review of Consensus and Controversies", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-29", "type": "review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuchen Guo", "Junming Zhao", "Mingbo Wu", "Xiangguo Peng", "Yu Xia", "Yankai Yu" ], "first_author": "Yuchen Guo", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Drone-based Urban Air Mobility (UAM) shows immense potential in urban logistics and emergency response; however, evidence regarding its systemic sustainability remains fragmented. In a systematic review using the PRISMA methodology, this study analyzes 301 core articles to construct an evaluation framework spanning environmental, economic, social, and systemic effectiveness dimensions. Given technical similarities, electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) findings are integrated to anticipate operational challenges. Results highlight a clear consensus: drone delivery is time-efficient in high-sensitivity scenarios, though noise, equity, and safety remain critical bottlenecks. Meanwhile, deep controversies persist across some dimensions. Environmental benefits are highly context-dependent, contingent on operating models, battery life cycles, and clean energy proportions from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective. Economically, a mismatch between high costs and low willingness to pay (WTP) necessitates optimized pricing strategies. Socially, public acceptance is sensitive to the balance between perceived benefits and risks. Furthermore, systemic effectiveness depends on the coupling between vertiports and ground infrastructure. Concluding that sustainable drone-based UAM is a multistakeholder systemic endeavor, we urge future research to prioritize LCA, pricing strategies, public acceptance surveys, and integrated air-ground coordination to resolve controversies and foster sustainable systems.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Construct (python library)", "Sustainable city", "Systematic review", "Willingness to pay", "Balance (ability)", "Drone", "Sustainable transport" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/10/5/334/pdf?version=1778835890" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404411596", "doi": "10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749661", "title": "Comparison of Strategic Conflict Prevention Methods for Departure Planning in Drone Delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sasha Vlaskin", "Emmanuel Sunil", "Dennis Nieuwenhuisen", "Joost Ellerbroek", "Jacco M. Hoekstra" ], "first_author": "Sasha Vlaskin", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "U-Space drone operations are expected to be a driver for further urban development, especially through use cases such as medical and commercial parcel delivery. In particular, package delivery using small drones shows great promise, with e-commerce giants such as Amazon deploying limited-scale drone delivery trials in rural areas. As the technology matures, large-scale operations will take place in constrained urban areas, leading to high airborne traffic densities. It is necessary to develop a robust automated separation management system that actively ensures safe separation of drones both in the air and on the ground. This paper focuses on the Strategic element, more specifically on pre-departure planning. The aim of this is to reduce the chance of conflicts around vertiports, where spatial and environmental constraints make tactical resolutions difficult. This work focuses on two scenarios: a single pad for both takeoffs and landings (in a spatially constrained urban area) and 4 takeoff-landing pad pairs (for a distribution center). Several methods are compared for this takeoff sequencing task, coupled with a conflict detection algorithm: A First-Come First-Served method that applied delay to conflicting flights, a Mixed-Integer Programming approach, a Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Algorithm and Simulated Annealing were used. For a single-pad approach, first-come first-served works best in terms of computation time and total deployment time (or makespan). For the multi-pad approach however, changing the flight sequence through metaheurisitic methods and mixed-integer linear programming show a reduction in total deployment time.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Strategic planning", "Computer security", "Business", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749661" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3034674249", "doi": "10.2514/6.2020-3251", "title": "CAMEOS: UAM Flight Planning, Deconfliction, and Monitoring Tool", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Virginia L. Stouffer", "Peter F. Kostiuk" ], "first_author": "Virginia L. Stouffer", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2020 FORUM", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) development has launched, to the point of operators beginning helicopter air taxi service in dense urban environments, under Part 135 Air Taxi service. This humble beginning is like the DVDs-by-mail launch for a future Netflix type industry transformation. On the way to on demand electric mobility, the UAM industry has to grow and evolve its UAM services, including dispatch and flight monitoring services. The City-wide Air Mobility Evaluation and Operations System (CAMEOS) was created to allow an Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operational dispatcher to plan and rehearse a flight virtually and check for issues before filing a flight plan. CAMEOS was designed to serve a UAM operator offering air taxi services using a fleet of vehicles that take-off and descend vertically and fly according to a flight plan within a defined urban environment with urban and near-urban destinations. Given that the urban climate is largely unknown and there is a lack of detailed, real-time, widespread, accurate forecasts, particular attention will need to be paid to battery levels during flight, and from flight to flight, by the flight dispatcher. The dispatcher will not plan a flight that is likely to enter a state of insufficient battery. CAMEOS checks the flight plan against the available battery to ensure the flight can be completed successfully. The dispatcher can create and visualize flight plans in CAMEOS, rehearse the flight plan, and then send the flight plan to the vehicle using CAMEOS connections to the flight deck. Once underway, the dispatcher can monitor the flight, as well as all other flights in the fleet, in the CAMEOS terminal window. In order to design this flight planning, flight deconfliction, and flight monitoring service, we had to assume a network of vertiports in a dense US urban area, create flight rules, and design approach paths, and create a notional performance profile for urban air vehicles. This paper describes the CAMEOS tool and the hypothetical urban air environment and performance profiles created to showcase CAMEOS’ abilities.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-3251" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413900366", "doi": "10.56557/upjoz/2025/v46i175205", "title": "Advances in Biological Control of Crop Pests through Entomopathogenic Nematodes: A Review", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Neelesh Raypuriya", "Rajan Ghanghas", "Arundhati Das", "Priyanka Priyadarshini", "Sateesh Yadav", "Janhavi Dose", "Sumit Mehla", "Sourabh Maheshwari" ], "first_author": "Neelesh Raypuriya", "venue": "UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY", "publisher": "Uttar Pradesh Zoological Society", "abstract": "Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belonging to the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae have emerged as promising biological control agents due to their ability to target a wide range of insect pests in agricultural, horticultural, and forestry systems. Their unique symbiotic association with Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria enables rapid insect mortality through septicemia, toxin production, and suppression of host immunity. Over the past three decades, extensive research has advanced the understanding of their biology, ecology, and host–pathogen interactions, leading to the development of efficient in vivo and in vitro mass production systems. Modern formulation technologies such as alginate capsules, gels, nanoemulsions, and oil-based carriers have improved shelf life, stress tolerance, and field applicability. Application innovations, including soil drenches, foliar sprays, seed coatings, root dips, and mechanized or drone-based delivery, have expanded their use against pests such as cutworms, white grubs, armyworms, and borers, while case studies worldwide have demonstrated successful integration into integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Synergistic interactions with entomopathogenic fungi, Bacillus thuringiensis, parasitoids, predators, and botanicals further enhance their efficacy while reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides. Molecular tools, including phylogenetics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, have provided insights into virulence and adaptation, while CRISPR-based genome editing and biotechnology approaches show potential for engineering climate-resilient strains with enhanced infectivity and persistence. Despite these advances, challenges such as inconsistent large-scale field efficacy, high production costs, limited farmer awareness, and logistical constraints in storage and transport hinder widespread adoption. Regulatory frameworks, biosafety protocols, and extension services play a crucial role in ensuring safe and sustainable use. Looking ahead, the development of climate-resilient strains, precision agriculture integration, nano-formulations, and global commercialization initiatives will strengthen the role of EPNs as core components of sustainable pest management, contributing to reduced pesticide dependency, environmental safety, and long-term agricultural productivity.", "keywords": [ "Biological pest control", "Natural enemies", "Biology", "Agronomy", "Crop protection", "Crop", "Entomopathogenic fungi", "Pest control", "Chemical control", "Agroforestry", "Biotechnology", "Ecology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2025/v46i175205" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406273345", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2501.05200", "title": "On Coordinated Drone-Courier Logistics for Intra-city Express Services", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-09", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shuiwang Chen", "Kai Wang", "Lingxiao Wu", "Wei Min Qi" ], "first_author": "Shuiwang Chen", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Problem definition: Drones, despite being acknowledged as a transformative force in the city logistics sector, are unable to execute the \\textit{last-meter delivery} (unloading goods directly to customers' doorsteps) due to airspace restrictions and safety concerns. To leverage advancements and overcome the limitations of drones in providing intra-city express services, we introduce a coordinated drone-courier logistics system where drones operate within a closed network among vertiports, while couriers connect customers to the drone delivery system. This paper aims to shed light on this coordinated system in terms of system feasibility, network interactivity, and long-term sustainability. Methodology/Results: We develop an integrated optimization model to optimize the network planning of the coordinated logistics system. The interplay between network planning and tactical operations is mirrored by a queueing network model, resulting in the nonlinear and nonconvex (partially convex and partially concave) feasible region of the optimization model. An iterative exact algorithm that tightens lower and upper bounds by adaptively refining the linear approximations of nonlinear constraints is developed to provide optimality-guaranteed solutions with finite convergence. The computational experiments demonstrate the scalability and robustness of our algorithm across various network configurations and scenarios.Managerial implications: The case study, based on a real-world dataset from SF Express, a logistics giant in China, validates that the coordinated logistics system efficiently attains cost and time savings by leveraging the effective turnover of drones and the coordination between drones and couriers. The optimal network design features a concentrated structure, streamlining demand consolidation and reducing deadhead repositioning.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Business", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Process management" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05200" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118186124", "doi": "10.1007/s42405-025-01112-4", "title": "Formation Optimization of Heterogeneous Multi-drone Systems for Load Transport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ardian Rizaldi", "Yoonsoo Kim" ], "first_author": "Ardian Rizaldi", "venue": "International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Drone", "Robustness (evolution)", "Scalability", "Trajectory", "Collision", "Aerodynamics", "Control theory (sociology)", "Scheme (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-025-01112-4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376605431", "doi": "10.1109/icns58246.2023.10124251", "title": "Resolution of Potential Conflicts caused by Contingency Events in an AAM Traffic Network", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-04-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arinc Tutku Altun", "Barış Başpınar", "Yan Xu", "Gökhan İnalhan", "Michael W. Hardt" ], "first_author": "Arinc Tutku Altun", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study presents an approach for pre-flight replanning process to be used in the future Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) system especially after contingency situations and relevant activities take place. The methodology for pre-flight replanning phase is analyzed and modeled in two steps as optimization based potential conflict resolution and demand capacity balancing, which respectively provides safety for the surrounding traffic and efficiency for the traffic network in case of a contingency. These two models can work iteratively to achieve pre-flight replanning for the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM). The developed pre-flight replanning model can also be used at strategic planning phase. For the use cases, a very large UTM traffic network is considered to have a highly dense traffic environment since the expected complexity is high with the AAM system and to show the efficiency and scalability of the models. Two use cases are examined. First one is about initial flight planning where the conflicted flight plans are safely separated and balance in demand and capacity at vertiports is provided. Second scenario is related to potential conflict resolution for the flights at pre-tactical phase after contingency events observed within the network and demand-capacity balancing after safety related events are resolved. The main objective of this work is to develop a pre-flight replanning service to work compatible with contingency management activities to build the introduced system-wide contingency management concept for the AAM system.", "keywords": [ "Contingency", "Contingency plan", "Computer science", "Scalability", "Air traffic control", "Work (physics)", "Process (computing)", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstreams/6f46424b-ea10-463d-836c-3708d90ce9ff/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117164767", "doi": "10.14743/apem2025.3.545", "title": "Two-echelon drone–truck collaborative TSP-based routing for humanitarian logistics with time windows and stochastic demand", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "N. Xiao", "H. Lan" ], "first_author": "N. Xiao", "venue": "Advances in Production Engineering & Management", "publisher": "University of Maribor", "abstract": "In humanitarian logistics emergency material transportation and distribution, trucks offer large load capacity and long driving range, whereas drone transportation is independent of ground road conditions but constrained by battery life and payload capacity. The coordination of the two can therefore provide complementary advantages. In this paper, the traveling salesman problem is formulated for a two-echelon emergency material distribution process, spanning transportation from the central warehouse to the distribution center and then to the demand points. In the first stage, transportation from the central warehouse to the distribution center is performed by trucks. In the second stage, trucks and drones collaboratively carry out material distribution from the distribution center to the demand points. Based on the above scenario, this paper aims to minimize the total cost of completing all distribution tasks. The model considers capacity constraints at distribution centers, time window constraints at demand points, and stochastic demand, and establishes a two-echelon traveling salesman problem for humanitarian logistics with truck–drone collaboration. Based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) framework, a heuristic algorithm named PSO-VD is proposed, which transforms the discrete traveling salesman problem into a continuous encoding and integrates drone routes into truck routes using the 2-opt method. In small-scale instances, the solutions obtained by PSO-VD are compared with those of commercial solvers, demonstrating that the proposed algorithm achieves high accuracy with low computational time. For instances with up to 12 demand points, the algorithm obtains solutions within 150 seconds, with an accuracy deviation of less than 10 % compared to exact solution methods. The applicability of the algorithm proposed in this paper has been demonstrated through large-scale numerical examples. Sensitivity analyses are conducted on key parameters, including the time window penalty coefficient, drone speed, and drone battery capacity, yielding practical managerial insights.", "keywords": [ "Travelling salesman problem", "Truck", "Distribution center", "Vehicle routing problem", "Drone", "Payload (computing)", "2-opt", "Heuristic", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apem-journal.org/Archives/2025/Abstract-APEM20-3_351-368.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411919351", "doi": "10.1007/s42401-025-00375-9", "title": "Enabling quiet urban flight: MIT’s toroidal propeller as a game-changer in reducing drone acoustic signatures", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Clarence Edmund P. Dela Cruz", "Aldrin D. Calderon" ], "first_author": "Clarence Edmund P. Dela Cruz", "venue": "Aerospace Systems", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "QUIET", "Propeller", "Toroid", "Acoustics", "Aerospace engineering", "Physics", "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Marine engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42401-025-00375-9" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407950230", "doi": "10.1109/bmeicon64021.2024.10896289", "title": "Medical Delivery Drone", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ladfah Gantiya", "Chuchart Pintaviooj" ], "first_author": "Ladfah Gantiya", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "One of the most important aspects of responding to a medical case is the response time. In general, most fatalities are due to the patient not being able to reach the hands of the doctor in time. This also includes the arrival of medical equipment to the scene. The human brain will start to degrade in function after 3 minutes of oxygen starvation which conventional road transportation method first responders presently use is usually unable to reach the site in 3 minutes, resulting in fatalities during transport or before the arrival of first responders at the scene. Therefore, medical equipment transport by fully autonomous aircraft is explored. This is done through drone deliveries which is much quicker than road methods as the equipment could be flown straight to the site. In this project, we will explore an aerial delivery system for medical equipment such as Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs), First aid equipment, and other small requested medical devices. This will be done through a DJI drone platform and their SDK application. The main goal for this project is to decrease the response time by using an autonomous aerial drone to deliver medical equipment. We have found that the drone is a capable platform to deliver an AED to a patient through the collected flight data and basic testing which provided us a great platform for further development of the system.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/bmeicon64021.2024.10896289" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7123358255", "doi": "10.1109/icm66518.2025.11322518", "title": "SkyAid: A Low-Cost Autonomous Hexacopter for Resilient Medical Supply Delivery in GPS-Denied Environments", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohamad Abou Ali", "Khallad Mustafa", "Reem Kisanieh", "Mohamad Hajj-Hassan", "Abdallah Kassem", "Ali Cherry" ], "first_author": "Mohamad Abou Ali", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In regions facing severe economic and infrastructural challenges, such as Lebanon, conventional Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are frequently hindered by logistical delays that compromise critical care. This paper presents SkyAid, a low-cost, autonomous hexacopter designed for rapid aerial delivery of medical supplies under eal-world constraints, including component scarcity and unreliable GPS. The system integrates a Pixhawk flight controller, ultrasonic obstacle avoidance, and telemetry for real-time monitoring, achieving 25-minute flight times with 2 kg payloads-demonstrated through rigorous testing of propulsion (thrust-toweight ratio: 2.44:1), navigation accuracy ($<1 ~\\mathrm{m}$delivery error), and GPS-denied operation. By leveraging off-the-shelf components (<$ 2,000 total cost) and open-source software, SkyAid provides a replicable, resilient model for EMS augmentation in resource-limited settings. Experimental results validate its operational readiness, while future work outlines pathways for enhanced autonomy (RTK GPS, AI-driven routing) and scalability (swarm coordination, extended range). This work bridges the gap between academic prototypes and commercial systems, offering a practical, field-deployable solution to address time-sensitive healthcare gaps in underserved regions.", "keywords": [ "Obstacle", "Scarcity", "Drone", "Work (physics)", "Scalability", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Propulsion", "Compromise" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icm66518.2025.11322518" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412987370", "doi": "10.1109/dcoss-iot65416.2025.00101", "title": "Integrated Planning of Infrastructure and Drone Delivery Operations with Multiple Cycles", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-09", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Carlos A. F. Teodoro", "Cristiano M. Silva", "Fernanda Sumika Hojo de Souza" ], "first_author": "Carlos A. F. Teodoro", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Using aerial deliveries by drones has been considered a promising option, given the growing demand for last-mile deliveries or emergency scenarios. This work proposes an optimization model for infrastructure planning and drone deliveries in multiple operating cycles. The optimization problem under study aims to determine the location of facilities and the allocation of demand from customers served using drones with payload and range capabilities over a set of periods. Each period represents an operating cycle of the drones, which can have their batteries recharged between cycles. The objective is to minimize the energy consumption of the drones while meeting the maximum coverage of the customers' demand, subject to operational feasibility in an urban scenario. The results demonstrated that the multi-period model could provide up to 29% wider demand coverage than the single-period model. The analysis of the number of customers being served showed that an additional up to 36% benefited from the introduction of multiple periods, indicating that lower-priority customers are more likely to be served. In cases where both models achieve full customer coverage, the multi-period model provided lower energy consumption of drones due to its planning flexibility. The contributions of this work indicate that it is possible to propose optimized logistics solutions that are more appropriate for the smart city scenario.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dcoss-iot65416.2025.00101" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391324710", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-2865", "title": "Methodology for ICFD calculation with a light deformable structure – Application to Ram-Air Parachute", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jean-Emmanuel Chambe", "Miguel Charlotte", "Philippe Pastor", "Basile Perin" ], "first_author": "Jean-Emmanuel Chambe", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This article proposes some highlights in the methodology for developing and adjusting a computational model based on Fluid-Structure interactions applied to an open and lightweight structure that would represent a system such as a Ram-Air Parachute. Continuing previous works on this topic, the current study tries to establish a rigorous method for building and improving the computational modeling of Ram-Air Parachutes behaviors by specifically using the ICFD solver of the ANSYS\\LS-DYNA® software. The main part of the study therefore focuses on evaluating the predominant and major parameters of the model that would require special attention and assessment to be optimally set to best reflect the behavior of a Ram-Air Parachute during a flight descent, using a strong Fluid-Structure interaction coupling under the Incompressible Computational Fluid Dynamics hypothesis. In addition, on top of providing a good flying behavioral response, the model would aim at providing loads (and momentums) transiting through the suspensions lines of the parachute. Such information would aim at piloting and guiding it to control the descent, specifically in case of PADS (Precision Aerial Delivery Systems) devices. Results from this numerical investigative study would be the first step towards building a strong and robust complete parachute model evolving in complex wind environment and perhaps ease certification or testing process.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-2865" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161400097", "doi": "10.1007/s10586-026-06109-6", "title": "Integrating mobile edge computing in drone delivery: a holistic service provision strategy for drone-based healthcare logistics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tejinder Singh Lakhwani", "Yerasani Sinjana", "Anuj Pal Kapoor" ], "first_author": "Tejinder Singh Lakhwani", "venue": "Cluster Computing", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Service (business)", "Mobile edge computing", "Edge computing", "Health care", "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution", "Healthcare service", "Mobile service" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06109-6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402686728", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3738", "title": "Usability of an Updated Version of the Supplemental Data Service Provider-Consolidated Dashboard for Supporting Uncrewed Aircraft System Traffic Management", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gregory Costedoat", "Paul U. Lee", "Jolene Feldman", "Vimmy Gujral", "Lilly Spirkovska", "Charles M. Walter" ], "first_author": "Gregory Costedoat", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Supplemental Data Service Provider-Consolidated Dashboard (SDSP-CD) is a preflight planning user interface (UI) that serves to aid operators when drafting routes for small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs). The primary function of the SDSP-CD is to identify hazards that an sUAS may encounter along a proposed flight path and assess the severity of these risks. A usability study was conducted on an updated version of the SDSP-CD to determine if the most recent iterations made to the system improved objective performance and subjective user experience. There are two main components of the SDSP-CD interface: (1) the dashboard and (2) the interactive map. The dashboard provides users with hazard and vehicle limitations for each sUAS in their fleet while the map contains a graphical representation of each vehicle’s route, hazard details, and geographic information. A series of preflight risk-assessment questions and tasks were developed to examine how participants interact with the updated version of the SDSP-CD. Additionally, a new service that measures vertiport congestion was developed and included as one of the services that was tested. In the present study, participants were trained to use the SDSP-CD and then completed two simulated scenarios during which they performed a variety of tasks, responded to questions, and completed surveys. The two scenarios developed for the present study were the Package Delivery and Hurricane Preparation scenarios. The Package Delivery scenario involved a fleet of four sUASs delivering low-stakes items (e.g., lunches and snacks) to people in a fictitious city. The Hurricane Preparation scenario involved a fleet of 11 sUASs delivering a range of supplies (from medicine to boardgames) to employees stranded at an office park due to road closures caused by an impending hurricane. Participants assumed the role of a fleet manager during both scenarios and were responsible for managing the sUASs in their fleet. Questions included those with objectively correct responses, open-ended strategy responses, and subjective user experience feedback. It was found that participants were largely successful at using the SDSP-CD interface to answer questions with objectively correct responses. Additionally, participants were able to use reasoning and logic based on the information available in the SDSP-CD to determine the cause of various risks and what actions they would consider taking. Finally, although participants reported that there were elements of the UI that could be improved, overall feedback pertaining to user experience suggested that the SDSP-CD concept is viable.", "keywords": [ "Dashboard", "Usability", "Computer science", "Service provider", "World Wide Web", "Database", "Service (business)", "Business", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3738" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403642877", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4995752", "title": "Assessing the Feasibility and Viability of Multimodal Urban Air Mobility in Small and Medium-Sized Urban Areas: Integration of Shared Autonomous Vehicles and Vertical Take-Off and Landing Vehicles", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zihe Zhang", "Chenxuan Yang", "Jun Liu", "Steven Jones" ], "first_author": "Zihe Zhang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4995752" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4210520126", "doi": "10.1201/9780429432996-4", "title": "Coated Textiles for the Envelope of Lighter-than-Air (LTA) Systems", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-03", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dipak Kumar Setua", "Biswa Ranjan Das", "Namburi Eswara Prasad", "Neeraj Mandlekar", "Mangala Joshi" ], "first_author": "Dipak Kumar Setua", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Coating and lamination of technical textiles are important techniques used to either enhance or extend the range of their diverse functional properties. The two most important steps involved in the manufacturing of these technical coated textiles are selection of a substrate fabric and application of suitable or coating formulation. This chapter discusses the development of coated structure for envelope of the LTA systems written from the state-of-the-art materials and the coating techniques developed. Coating formulation and the selection of the additives play a critical role in achieving final properties of the coated textiles for the envelope of the lighter-than-air (LTA) systems, e.g., aerostat, airship, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This chapter also focuses on recent advances in polymer nanocomposite-based textile coating and the use of certain nanomaterials and their role in polymer coatings. Inclusion of these nanomaterials in coated textile improves the gas barrier and weather resistance properties required in these fabrics for their use in harsh environment (e.g., a high-latitude stratospheric region). Throughout the chapter, several published articles related to this study have been reviewed, and interesting and meaningful results are discussed. More attention is given to the research and development work carried out at Defence Materials & Stores R&D Establishment (DMSRDE, DRDO, Kanpur), Aerial Delivery R&D Establishment (ADRDE, DRDO, Agra), and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) on related areas.", "keywords": [ "Envelope (radar)", "Materials science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429432996-4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2462314988", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0158078", "title": "Refining Operational Practice for Controlling Introduced European Rabbits on Agricultural Lands in New Zealand", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-06-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrew David M. Latham", "Maria Cecilia Latham", "Graham Nugent", "James Smith", "Bruce Warburton" ], "first_author": "Andrew David M. Latham", "venue": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "abstract": "European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) pose a major threat to agricultural production and conservation values in several countries. In New Zealand, population control via poisoning is a frontline method for limiting rabbit damage, with large areas commonly treated using the metabolic toxin sodium fluoroacetate ('1080') delivered in bait via aerial dispersal. However, this method is expensive and the high application rates of the active ingredient cause public antipathy towards it. To guide reductions in cost and toxin usage, we evaluated the economics and efficacy of rabbit control using an experimental approach of sowing 1080-bait in strips instead of the commonly-used broadcast sowing method (i.e. complete coverage). Over a 4-year period we studied aerial delivery of 0.02% 1080 on diced carrot bait over ~3500 ha of rabbit-prone land in the North and South islands. In each case, experimental sowing via strip patterns using 10-15 kg of bait per hectare was compared with the current best practice of aerial broadcast sowing at 30-35 kg/ha. Operational kill rates exceeded 87% in all but one case and averaged 93-94% across a total of 19 treatment replicates under comparable conditions; there was no statistical difference in overall efficacy observed between the two sowing methods. We project that strip-sowing could reduce by two thirds the amount of active 1080 applied per hectare in aerial control operations against rabbits, both reducing the non-target poisoning risk and promoting cost savings to farming operations. These results indicate that, similarly to the recently-highlighted benefits of adopting strip-sowing for poison control of introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, aerial strip-sowing of toxic bait could also be considered a best practice method for rabbit control in pest control policy.", "keywords": [ "Sowing", "Hectare", "European rabbit", "Toxicology", "Agriculture", "Biological dispersal", "Population", "Limiting", "Pest control", "Biology", "Agronomy", "Environmental protection" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158078&type=printable" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1724621904", "doi": null, "title": "Evaluation of the C-130E Sability and Control Characteristics During Tandem, Sequential, and Single-Paltform LAPES Delivery and Airdrop Deliveries", "year": 1967, "publication_date": "1967-11-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elbert L Rutan", "Floyd B Stroup" ], "first_author": "Elbert L Rutan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : The purpose of these tests was to determine the stability and control characteristics and the structural integrity of the C-130E aircraft while performing various types of aerial deliveries. Low altitude parachute extraction system (LAPES) deliveries were conducted with single-platform, tandem, and sequential payload configurations. Airdrops were performed with single-platform payloads. It was determined that with proper pilot techniques satisfactory cargo deliveries could be made with all payload configurations up to a total payload weight of 50,000 pounds and that acceptable aircraft reactions and structural loads would result even if a failure in the extraction system caused a low extraction ratio delivery. An aim airspeed of 130 KIAS should be used for all heavyweight deliveries. With the techniques developed during the airdrop tests, it was estimated that the cargo jettison capability of the C-130E would be greatly increased over that shown in the Flight Manual. It was determined that if the forward load failed to extract during a sequential LAPES delivery, the aircraft could be safely climbed from the extraction zone, and be landed even if the aircraft center of gravity (cg) position moved as much as 7 percent forward of the Flight Manual published forward cg limit. Average extraction zone distance over 50-foot obstacles for heavyweight LAPES deliveries on a sea level standard day with no wind was 1,930 feet.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Airspeed", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Marine engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0823602" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2330559321", "doi": "10.2514/6.1999-1749", "title": "The impact of a wind profiling capability on airdrop accuracy", "year": 1999, "publication_date": "1999-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kathleen Yerdon" ], "first_author": "Kathleen Yerdon", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Several studies have shown that the single largest contributor to error on existing aerial delivery systems is inadequate wind data, resulting in an inaccurate release point calculation and therefore an inaccurate impact point, particularly for high altitude airdrop. This paper evaluates one method of improving airdrop accuracy using measured wind profile data and a modified release point calculation algorithm. The Carpe Diem model was used with actual measured wind data to study the impact of wind profile data on aerial delivery accuracy. Impact points were evaluated for a common delivery system with two different parachutes (one high drag, one high velocity) released from high altitude using the existing methodology, an average wind profile with the existing methodology, and the Carpe Diem 3-DOF model. Results indicated that the average wind profile method is highly correlated with the previously validated Carpe Diem 3-DOF simulation, and provides significant improvement in airdrop accuracy for high altitude releases when compared to the existing methodology. Backeround For over 50 years the airdrop of personnel, supplies, and equipment has been a critical capability for the successful deployment and resupply of ground combat forces. Over the years, airdrop operations have been expanded to include additional missions, many of which involve operation in a hostile environment. While the concept of operations for airdrop has changed, the equipment and procedures utilized to carry out the mission have not evolved as rapidly. Changes in tactics, such as conducting airdrop from high altitude to increase survivability, combined with outdated equipment and procedures, have significantly reduced the accuracy and therefore the effectiveness of the airdrop mission. This was particularly evident during 5 Engineering Technology Specialist Senior, AIAA Senior Member Copyright 01999 Lockheed Martin Corporation. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, with permission. 364 Operation Provide Promise, which supplied humanitarian aid via airdrop in Bosnia from 1992-95. Aircraft were faced with delivering supplies from high altitude in order to remain out of the range of ground threats. This change in tactics, without a corresponding change in procedures, resulted in the inability to delivery supplies accurately to the recipients on the ground. As a result, several studies have been performed to evaluate error sources and to recommend technologies and procedural improvements for airdrop missions that are safe, survivable, and effective. The United States Air Force (USAF) Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) has published two major studies ranking precision air delivery as a high level concern in the quest for global mobility. The first study, Global Reach, Global Power [6. 1, published in 1992, highlighted precision airdrop as one of the USAF’s major challenges. The second, New World Vistas [7.], published in 1995, reiterated the concern, and spawned a multi-million dollar research program to investigate potential technologies for improving high altitude airdrop accuracy. Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems (LMAS) is currently teamed with Northrop Grumman Electronic Sensors and Systems Sector as a participant in the New World Vistas (NWV) Precision Air Delivery (PAD) Program, researching the potential use of the AN-APN-241 X-Band radar to measure wind profiles over the drop zone in order to predict a more accurate release point. Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems has been involved in several airdrop enhancements related activities since the early 1990’s. In addition to the design of the C-13OJ, LMAS has participated in several studies to evaluate the status of airdrop and to recommend technology solutions. Under the Precision Airdrop System Development (PASD) program [Z. J, the entire airdrop process was studied and error sources evaluated. The largest errors contributing to airdrop inaccuracy were determined to be: (c)l999 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics 0 Inability to measure ballistic wind profile . Imprecise navigation l Parachute ballistic dispersion The inability to accurately measure a balhstic wind profile from the aircraft to the ground and use that data to compute the release point is the largest error contributor, particularly for high altitude airdrop. Current procedures for calculating the release point do not use a wind profile but an average ballistic wind calculated from crude estimates of the actual wind. Since a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system is now available in nearly all airdrop aircraft, navigation errors can almost completely be eliminated. Parachute performance is not easily predicted due to large inconsistencies among parachutes. Age, reuse and repair are all contributing factors to the ballistic dispersion. As a result of these studies, development of a Precision Airdrop System, which includes improvements for both the aircraft and the delivery system, has been recommended. Figure 1 illustrates the system that comprises the technologies. The Precision Airdrop Trade Study [3.], performed by LMAS under contract to the USAF Aeronautical Systems Center (ASCKR), quantified the error contributions of several airdrop mission parameters. Results echoed the findings in the PASD study. Under contract to the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), LMAS has developed a three-degrees of freedom (3-DOF) simulation algorithm which uses a three-dimensional (3-D) wind profile integrated in time along the trajectory of the payload. The model has been significantly upgraded under LMAS Independent Research and Development (IRAD) funding to expand functionality and enhance usability. This Carpe Diem model serves as the analysis tool for this study. The Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate (AFRL/SNJM) has conducted a series of demonstrations designed to quantity the benefits of real-time ballistic wind data obtained from an airborne lida", "keywords": [ "Profiling (computer programming)", "Computer science", "Wind power", "Engineering", "Operating system", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-1749" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1514509620", "doi": "10.4271/921911", "title": "The Tilt Wing Advantage - For High Speed VSTOL Aircraft", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "William F. Chana", "Taylor Sullivan" ], "first_author": "William F. Chana", "venue": "SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series", "publisher": null, "abstract": "By the early 21st century, high speed VSTOL aircraft will be operating in Air Transportation Systems around the world moving people and cargo to and from thousands of public use vertiports and stolports. Of even greater significance is the fact that high speed VSTOL aircraft will be playing a major role in reducing traffic congestion on the ground and in the air at busy hub airports. For many years world wide attention has been drawn to the United States' effort to develop the military V-22 Osprey. More than two billion dollars have been expended on this tilt rotor program. The advantages of a tilt wing over a tilt rotor, however, are beginning to surface in both the United States and abroad. The tilt wing, it turns out, is more efficient, more cost effective, safer and an easier aircraft to operate. Tilt wing development began in the mid 1950's. Successful demonstrator aircraft were the Boeing Vertol 76 VZ-2, the Hiller X-18, the LTV/Hiller/Ryan XC-142A and the Canadair CL-84. In the mid 1970's military support for this form of power lift decreased. Also, there was no obvious need at the time for civil high speed VSTOL aircraft. Now there is. Tilt rotor studies began in the mid 1940's by the Bell Helicopter Company. Bell's first test aircraft was the XV-3. Their second tilt rotor aircraft was the XV-15. The military V-22 Osprey is a combined Bell-Boeing tilt rotor program. This paper brings into focus the technical and operational advantages of the tilt wing concept in comparison with the tilt rotor, the helicopter and conventional airplanes. The following areas are discussed and analyzed: Public Acceptance, Block Time, Direct Operating Cost, Useful Load and Payload, Vertical Lift, Propulsive Efficiency, Pilot Transition, Reliability Maintenance and Safety, Development and Production cost, Structural Dynamics, CTOL/VTOL/STOL and STOVL operations, and Search and Rescue (SAR). A 9 passenger (11 seats) high speed VSTOL tilt wing aircraft is proposed for entry into the civil market by the late 1990's. It will be certificated in the U.S. under the FAA's “Airworthiness Criteria for the Powered-Lift Normal Category Aircraft” which applies to “nine or fewer passenger seats”. A 14 passenger (16 seats) tilt wing vehicle that will require certification under the FAA's “Airworthiness Criteria for Powered Lift Transport Category Aircraft” is currently in development by another company.", "keywords": [ "Wing", "Tilt (camera)", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/921911" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402686364", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-4516", "title": "Modeling & Simulation of the Rapid Rigging & De-Rigging Airdrop System (RRDAS)", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Usbaldo Fraire" ], "first_author": "Usbaldo Fraire", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (DEVCOM-SC) Aerial Delivery Division (ADD) Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Group is supporting efforts to analyze the performance of the Rapid Rigging and De-Rigging Airdrop System (RRDAS) used as a decelerator system for the landing phase of flight. The RRDAS platform is a modified Type-V platform that includes a multi-airbag system that is deployed once the payload exits the aircraft. The M&S objectives include the development of an airbag model that can be used to bound payload impact performance using standard vehicle configurations. The High Mobility Multi-Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) is being simulated using the RRDAS platform with options that include Honeycomb Kits and Outriggers to reduce the risk of roll-over. The Airdrop Impact Mitigation Simulation (AIMS) capability is being applied to provide performance insights and accelerometer data collected during ground test efforts will be used to verify simulation performance. The purpose of the model developments is to ultimately simulate a Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) on an RRDAS and to optimize the landing procedures to ensure the Soldier can drive off with minimal de-rigging effort and reduce the overall threat-level during mission operations. This technology and M&S capabilities developed will be applied to future airdrop project efforts that require the length of the platform to be extended to accommodate heavier payloads. The focus of this paper is to communicate how these challenges are being undertaken with and without data sources and how the M&S capabilities portfolio is expanding to help simulate future airdrop systems and support to deliver the Army of 2030.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-4516" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416785228", "doi": "10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1994_24", "title": "Leveraging drone technology in health systems strengthening: A cost-effectiveness analysis from Northeast India", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Prakamya Gupta", "Ragini Bhatia", "Ranjan Kumar Choudhury", "Atul Kotwal" ], "first_author": "Prakamya Gupta", "venue": "Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care", "publisher": "Medknow", "abstract": "A BSTRACT Introduction: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have the potential to revolutionize healthcare logistics last-mile delivery. The use of drone technology in healthcare is relatively a new domain with a few sites undertaking pilot trials resulting in a lack of data for analysis, particularly in the healthcare sector. The present study aims to explore the longitudinal analysis and cost-effectiveness assessment of the implementation of drone technology in the public healthcare system. Methods: Retrospective data from December 2022 to January 2024 were obtained from the World Bank sponsored Meghalaya Drone Delivery Network under the Meghalaya Health Systems Strengthening Project. An economic evaluation of the drones versus vehicle transportation of medical logistics from hub to spoke was conducted. Carbon emissions from vehicles and drones for transportation were also compared. Results: A total of 214 flights were conducted, transporting 199·05 kg of payload to 11 spoke sites (primary healthcare centers) during 7 months period. The average cost by road transportation for one round trip was INR 2902 (US$ 34·80), whereas by drone, it was INR 3743 (US$ 44·87). The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for drone transportation is INR 12 (US$ 0·14) per Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) averted as compared to vehicle transportation of medical logistics. The healthcare facility with drone services was able to avert 106 DALYs compared to 36 DALYs per month by the healthcare facility with a conventional mode of transportation. The drone services would require an additional INR 56 (US$ 0·67) to save 1 minute to transport medical logistics. The CO 2 emission per payload delivered by drones was up to 99% less than the conventional mode of transportation. Conclusion: Drone technology in healthcare complements the existing supply chain routes and is a value addition for saving lives in unforeseen medical emergencies. Further trials are required for firming up use cases to understand the challenges associated.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Healthcare system", "Value (mathematics)", "Health care", "Supply chain", "Health technology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1994_24" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379877668", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-4105", "title": "Modelling Urban Air Mobility Demand: the Example of the Île-de-France Region", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marta Vale de Almeida Norte", "Matthew Fulton", "Alexis Harvey", "Christian Plevier", "Lennart Oosterholt", "Mencia Mendez Garcia", "Floris Wichers", "Len van Vliet", "Jelmer Ottens", "Sjoerd Bootsma", "Lishuai Li" ], "first_author": "Marta Vale de Almeida Norte", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-4105.vid Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an emerging form of aerial transportation which plans to use electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft (eVTOLs) in urban areas. Realistic demand estimations are required to determine if demand would be sufficient to warrant implementation of UAM in urban areas. However, modelling UAM demand accurately is complex due to the infrastructure required for implementation and the lack of research available. Therefore new approaches are needed which begs the question \"How can UAM demand in urban areas be estimated?\". In this article, the Île-de-France region was used as an example and its demand for UAM was estimated. To perform this demand estimation, the four-step model was followed with activity-based and discrete choice models being used in trip generation and mode choice respectively. By doing this, the number of trips produced by and attracted to each zone was determined, as well as the mode of transportation individuals would utilize. Despite this model achieving a valid demand estimation, it is limited as many trips were neglected due to the use of an inter-zonal approach. It was found that the zone with the highest attraction per day is Paris, with 61.28 % of the total attraction, followed by Hauts-de-Seine (11.76 %). The key result of our model was that UAM had a mode share of 34.1% in our data set when competing with cars and public transport, hence UAM is viable in Île-de-France for inter-zonal trips. From this, a more general method that can be applied to other regions can be developed and used in the future. For future UAM demand estimation models, the main recommendation would be to use household-based approach instead of a zonal approach during trip generation, leading to the inclusion of more trips in the data set and the consideration of vertiport placement.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Estimation", "Mode (computer interface)", "Trip generation", "Public transport", "Warrant", "Demand forecasting", "On demand", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-4105" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2318447841", "doi": "10.2514/6.2015-2140", "title": "0.5K High Altitude Low Opening System", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-03-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kristen Lafond", "Samuel Corner", "Roy L. Fox", "Glen Pinnell" ], "first_author": "Kristen Lafond", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The United States (US) Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC) has developed the 0.5K High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) System as a response to the need for a cargo aerial delivery system that can be utilized for offloading small units and squads. The 0.5K HALO System is a ballistic, one-time use airdrop system that can deliver 80-500lbs of usable cargo from altitudes up to 24,500 ft Mean Sea Level (MSL). The low cost system was designed to utilize a cone drogue parachute for rapid descent and main parachutes that already exist within the US Army inventory. The system utilizes the Stara Pulling Device (SPuD), a wireless triggering device, to trigger the transfer of the drogue parachute to the main parachute in order to reduce the system descent rate and provide a soft landing for the cargo. A 0.5K HALO System model has been created within the Joint Precision Airdrop System – Mission Planner (JPADS-MP) in order to provide the system with a Computed Aerial Release Point (CARP). The CARP is the calculated aircraft release point for the system which takes into account system descent characteristics such as stabilization time, altitude loss, forward throw, and inflation time along with up-to-date winds to account for system drift during drogue fall and under the main parachute. JPADS-MP produced CARPs are a major improvement over standard ballistic CARP calculations and help the system to land as close as possible to the intended target. This paper discusses the details of the 0.5K HALO System components and provides the results of initial design testing that has taken place to date.", "keywords": [ "Descent (aeronautics)", "Marine engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Aeronautics", "Point (geometry)", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Simulation", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-2140" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1568143098", "doi": "10.26300/ypw4-2748", "title": "Droning On: Controversy Surrounding Drone Warfare Is Not Really About Drones", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ryan J. Vogel" ], "first_author": "Ryan J. Vogel", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": "Drones, or unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), seem to be everywhere these days. Journalists report on use of UASs in everything from intelligence collection to border patrol, law enforcement, disaster response, UN missions, and, most famously, lethal operations against terrorists. Academics and commentators fill the pages of journals and hold discussions on the pressing challenges posed by “drone warfare.” Public officials and human rights groups caution against and express concern about the use of UASs in public statements and reports. U.S. government officials steadfastly defend UAS strikes in speeches, court filings, and articles. Over the past decade, drones have moved from the realm of science fiction to the forefront of America’s conflicts and to a prominent place in the global consciousness. Former senior U.S. government official John Bellinger III has written that drones risk becoming “Obama’s Guantanamo,” and he may be correct. But similar to how the concept of wartime detention under President George W. Bush became controversial for mostly the wrong reasons, lethal UAS operations under President Barack Obama generate a great deal of misdirected controversy.The question of whether a drone strike is legal when it is carried out within the setting of an armed conflict, performed by lawful combatants, and properly conducted in accordance with the law of armed conflict has been repeatedly answered in the affirmative by a number of commentators and practitioners, including this author. Conducted in the proper context and in compliance with the principles of necessity, distinction, proportionality, and humanity, a lethal UAS strike is no different from one that any other weapon or platform conducts. The same rules that apply to UASs apply to fighter planes, surface-to-air missiles, any other method of aerial delivery, or any means of warfare, generally. The use of remotely operated UASs to perform targeting operations presents few, if any, new or unique legal questions. Calls by critics to ban or restrict the use of UASs for lethal strikes therefore largely miss the real and difficult issues. Indeed, the most significant, meaningful, and consequential controversies surrounding drone warfare are not really about UASs at all. However, the discussions related to UASs — like those related to detention — typically evoke visceral reactions and in turn have the potential to promote debate and provide a valuable opportunity to assess the truly important and challenging legal and policy issues unique to America’s current armed conflict with al-Qaeda. This article asserts that the three most important issues UAS strikes prompt, which have nothing to do with the weapons system itself, are those associated with identifying the appropriate legal framework for the conflict with al-Qaeda, assessing the legal status of individual combatants from both sides of the conflict, and defining the battlefield in a conflict with a transnational nonstate actor. As this article will demonstrate, these are the critical issues at the core of the controversy — issues brought to the surface by drone strikes but not actually about the drone as a weapon platform per se.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Political science", "Law", "Government (linguistics)", "Realm", "International humanitarian law", "Context (archaeology)", "Human rights", "Terrorism", "Law enforcement", "Humanity", "History" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2392151_code977370.pdf?abstractid=2392151&mirid=1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3126914899", "doi": "10.1088/1757-899x/1024/1/012038", "title": "Cooling system design for the internal combustion engine of a BWB UAV prototype", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Emmanouil Alexiou", "Stylianos Dimitriou", "Thomas Dimopoulos", "D. Paliaikos", "Pericles Panagiotou", "Kyros J. Yakinthos" ], "first_author": "Emmanouil Alexiou", "venue": "IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract The current study presents an analytical design methodology for a compact thermal management system (cooling system) of a high-power density internal combustion rotary engine. The engine is installed on a fixed wing, tactical Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) prototype that has been developed for the aerial delivery of cargo and lifesaving supplies. The design methodology is based mainly on a low-fidelity thermodynamic model and on high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses. The results are validated against wind tunnel experiments for the cooling system of the engine. The overall methodology is divided into two distinct segments, the design of the heat exchanger (HEX) and the sizing of the cold-air inlet ducts. The low-fidelity thermodynamic model is based on 0D and 1D textbook methods and well-established formulae from the existing literature. The thermodynamic model is used for the calculation of the geometrical characteristics of the HEX. The high-fidelity CFD modeling is employed to yield a more detailed investigation of the flow field around the HEX and provide information about whether the airflow velocity requirements, for the 0D and 1D model, are met. Additionally, the detailed CFD computations assist the design of high-efficiency inlet ducts, in order to secure optimal airflow through the HEX and around the engine compartment. Using the proposed methodology, a functional HEX experimental prototype is designed and manufactured, as a proof of concept, in order to be thoroughly examined on a test rig in laboratory conditions. Multiple experiments are conducted in a variety of inlet temperatures and airflow velocities, for the validation and fine-tuning of the overall proposed design methodology. The study concludes with the final HEX design, as well as an analysis of its integration aspects on the tactical BWB UAV prototype.", "keywords": [ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Sizing", "Internal combustion engine cooling", "Mechanical engineering", "Airflow", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Combustion chamber", "Simulation", "Marine engineering", "Combustion" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1024/1/012038" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168604965", "doi": "10.64631/xzry3941", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Noise: 2025 Update on Current Practice, Gaps, and Recommendations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-01", "type": "report", "language": null, "authors": [ "Stephen A. Rizzi", "Brenda S. Henderson", "Leonard V Lopes", "Jeremy J. Bain", "Jordan D. Cluts", "Philip McCarthy", "Siddhartha Krishnamurthy", "Roberto Merino-Martínez", "Hua He", "Royce Snider" ], "first_author": "Stephen A. Rizzi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced air mobility (AAM) is an aviation concept that involves leveraging emerging technologies, business models, and other capabilities to bring aviation into the regular life experiences of the general public. There is no universally agreed-upon definition of AAM, but it has been described by NASA as “safe, sustainable, affordable, and accessible aviation for transformational local and intraregional missions.” Urban air mobility (UAM) is the sector of AAM that focuses on short-range, “local” missions around metropolitan areas, which have an urban area at their core. UAM is generally envisioned to leverage heliports or novel vertiports located throughout metropolitan areas as airspace access points to provide rapid transportation capabilities, even in locations with extreme road congestion. Along with the many anticipated benefits of UAM, there will be potential noise issues that must be addressed. In 2018, NASA formed an Urban Air Mobility Noise Working Group (UNWG) to assemble noise experts from industry, universities, and government agencies to identify, discuss, and address UAM noise issues. This paper presents an update to the 2020 UNWG white paper entitled, “Urban Air Mobility Noise: Current Practice, Gaps, and Recommendations [1],” in which a set of high-level goals was developed to address barriers associated with UAM noise that may hamper their entry into service. Much has changed since that paper was published. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to i) develop an updated set of high-level goals, ii) reassess the current practice in the four areas of interest (Tools Development and Experimental Validation, Ground and Flight Testing, Human Response and Metrics, and Regulation and Policy), iii) identify gaps between the current practice and the updated high-level goals, and iv) assess progress on the prior recommendations and make new recommendations to close those gaps. The 2025 high-level goals are presented below. The consolidated set of abridged recommendations for each area of interest is provided in Appendix F, whereas the unabridged versions are provided in Sections 2.4, 3.4, 4.4, and 5.4, respectively.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Aviation", "Leverage (statistics)", "Air traffic control", "Work (physics)", "Noise (video)", "Government (linguistics)", "Aircraft noise" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20250011527/downloads/NASA-TP-20250011527_v1.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393304486", "doi": "10.31274/td-20240329-81", "title": "Applying FastMDP to complex aerospace-related problems", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Joshua R. Bertram" ], "first_author": "Joshua R. Bertram", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) are a powerful technique for modelling sequential decision making problems which have been used over many decades to solve problems in robotics, finance, and aerospace domains. However, MDPs are also known to be difficult to solve due to explosion in the size of the state space which makes finding their solution intractable for many practical problems. This dissertation describes an algorithm known as FastMDP which solves a certain subclass of MDPs very quickly (typically dozens to hundreds of milliseconds) on desktop and embedded processors. Several applications of the algorithm are provided to demonstrate its utility: (1) air-taxis or package delivery drones navigating to vertiports avoiding collisions with each other and mountainous terrain, (2) terminal airspace management of multiple air-taxis using concentric rings which circulate traffic while awaiting landing, (3) pre-departure flight planning of 2000+ aircraft, (4) general aircraft 1-versus-many collision avoidance, and (5) unmanned aerial vehicle navigating between and around buildings (e.g., skyscrapers) in New York City. Parallelism inherent in the algorithm is examined and a Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) based implementation is described demonstrating the scalability of the algorithm either for simulating many (2000+) aircraft simultaneously or for efficiently making decisions when considering high-fidelity aircraft dynamics. FastMDP is compared to other popular algorithms such as Optimal Reciprocal Collision Avoidance (ORCA), Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), and Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRT and RRT*) to examine tradeoffs between the different algorithms, studying both collision avoidance performance and computational performance. A taxonomy of MDP subclasses is defined, proofs are provided for a narrow subclass of MDPs, and analysis is provided showing how the FastMDP algorithm might be applied to a larger subclass of MDPs in the future. This dissertation closes by providing a roadmap for future researchers to follow to expand on the FastMDP approach which could potentially lead to a revolutionary approach to solving Reinforcement Learning problems resulting in improved explainability properties, transfer learning, and data-efficiency properties.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Taxis", "Aerospace", "Titan (rocket family)", "Monte Carlo tree search", "Collision avoidance", "Scalability", "Markov decision process", "Air traffic control", "Distributed computing", "Artificial intelligence", "Collision" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/bitstreams/7adfaeec-3d69-411e-931e-3612687338d1/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2017005678", "doi": "10.4050/jahs.43.185", "title": "Piloted Simulator Investigation Of Category A Civil Rotorcraft Terminal Area Cockpit Displays", "year": 1995, "publication_date": "1995-05-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Laura Iseler" ], "first_author": "Laura Iseler", "venue": "Journal of the American Helicopter Society", "publisher": "Vertical Flight Society", "abstract": "A piloted simulation experiment was conducted in the NASA Ames Research Center Vertical Motion Simulator to investigate the use of integrated cockpit displays in terminal area operations for Category A civil rotorcraft. Category A is the transport category of rotorcraft which are required to be able to recover from an engine failure and continue flying. The UH-60 Black Hawk model was used for the simulation with some modifications made to the power available to simulate a civil rotorcraft. Hovering backups were flown from a confined area, raised vertiport site to a takeoff decision point (TDP), followed by normal flyout. Pilots flew the task with the standard Black Hawk instrument set or with one of two integrated formats presented on a color panel-mounted display. Engine failures were randomly inserted between takeoff and the TDP region both slightly before, and slightly after, the TDP. For an engine failure occurring prior to the TDP, the pilot made a visual landback to the pad. For one occurring after the TDP, the pilot continued the flyout. Weather conditions were varied from calm, clear conditions to low visibility and ceilings with cross-winds and turbulence. Evaluations were conducted with six pilots. Objective and subjective data describing task performance and pilot workload were collected. The pilots were able to maintain more precise flight path control during the backup with the integrated display. This precise control placed the pilot in a better situation from which to handle an engine failure. Pilot recognition of the TDP location was also highly improved with an integrated display. Emergency landbacks, on runs using the integrated display during the backup portion, were all performed within the specified tolerances. Some of the land-backs using the standard instrument set, however, exceeded the adequate performance parameters. Cooper-Harper Handling Qualities Ratings (HQR) confirmed that pilot workload was reduced and pilots were able to fly more consistently within the desired performance parameters with the integrated display than with the standard instruments and visual cues.", "keywords": [ "Cockpit", "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Aeronautics", "Flight simulator", "Engineering", "Simulation", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.43.185" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7139967540", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0345282", "title": "An empirical study of drone medical logistics transportation in a multi-campus model of Chinese public hospitals: Real-world data-driven validation of timeliness and application effects", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xingbo Long", "Min Huang", "Xiankai Xie", "Yanxin Wang", "Xiaojiang Yu", "Wei Zhou", "Bo Hu" ], "first_author": "Xingbo Long", "venue": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "abstract": "In the real-world application scenario of China's public hospital multi-site operation model, this study systematically evaluates the feasibility, timeliness, and stability of drone-based medical logistics transportation between hospital campuses, providing high-quality empirical evidence for optimizing cross-campus medical supply transfer processes. This retrospective analysis collected complete drone medical logistics transport data between two campuses of Deyang People's Hospital from April 8 to July 30, 2024. The primary outcome measure was drone transport time per unit distance (min/km), compared with road traffic time per unit distance measured by three mainstream navigation apps (Baidu Maps, Amap, and Tencent Map) at different time points. Intergroup differences were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test, with effect sizes calculated via Cliff's Delta. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. A total of 750 valid drone flight records were included, covering a distance of (5.95 ± 0.03) km with a unit time of (1.64 ± 0.14) min/km. The unit time for drone transportation was significantly lower than that measured by Baidu Maps (2.06 ± 0.12 min/km), Amap (2.01 ± 0.12 min/km), and Tencent Map (2.03 ± 0.09 min/km) at the 0-point road traffic unit time (all P < 0.001). At all nine time points monitored by Tencent Map, the unit time per kilometer exceeded that of the UAV. During the 10:00 peak period, Tencent Map recorded a unit time of (4.12 ± 0.09) min/km, with the UAV achieving a time savings rate of 60.2%. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed significant differences across all time points (P < 0.001), with Cliff's Delta absolute values consistently exceeding 0.75, indicating extremely large effect sizes. Drone-based medical logistics demonstrated significant advantages in timeliness and stability under the multi-campus model of urban hospitals, particularly during peak traffic congestion periods. This study provides crucial empirical support for establishing an efficient, intelligent medical logistics system, holding significant implications for enhancing healthcare service efficiency and improving public health emergency response capabilities.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Kilometer", "Unit (ring theory)", "Empirical research", "Nonparametric statistics", "Public transport", "Statistical analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0345282" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3042105996", "doi": "10.33440/j.ijpaa.20200302.75", "title": "Field evaluation of a Tri-Set spray nozzle for aerial application and discussion on release of biological control agents", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yanbo Huang", "Steven James Thomson" ], "first_author": "Yanbo Huang", "venue": "International Journal of Precision Agricultural Aviation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Efficiency and efficacy of aerial application of liquid formations has been studied extensively in terms of optimal nozzle/atomizer setups, adjuvant mixes, weather conditions, and aerial spray release heights. In past studies, we have evaluated CP-11 flat-fan nozzles to assess impact factors of in-swath and downwind deposition from aerial spray application, and a solid stream radial Accu-Flo nozzle to determine penetration of the spray within crop canopy. When applying liquid tank mixes from aerial platforms, there are numerous nozzle types available with differing spray characteristics. More information is needed, however, on the ability of aerial delivery systems to effectively apply biological agents. The release of non-toxigenic A. flavus into corn fields has shown promise as a biological control agent for aflatoxin producing strains of the fungus. However, the application of a coarse granule to mature, two-meter-tall corn is a challenge. Thus, there would be substantial advantages to a liquid formulation with necessary identification of appropriate adjuvants to disperse the highly hydrophobic spores of A. flavus. This paper presents the experiment and preliminary data analysis of testing and evaluating Davidon tri-set nozzles under various nozzle configurations, and discusses what we need to know for effective use of different nozzles for potential application of biological control agents, especially Afla-Guard®, a commercially available product containing non-toxigenic A. flavus as a biological control agent, and related products into corn fields. Keywords: aerial application, crop protection, nozzle evaluation, biological control agents DOI: 10.33440/j.ijpaa.20200302.75 Citation: Huang Y B, Thomson J S. Field evaluation of a Tri-Set spray nozzle for aerial application and discussion on release of biological control agents. Int J Precis Agric Aviat, 2020; 3(2): 40–47.", "keywords": [ "Nozzle", "Spray nozzle", "Environmental science", "Sprayer", "Aerial application", "Engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Biology", "Agronomy" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.33440/j.ijpaa.20200302.75" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3040519192", "doi": "10.1002/wsb.1106", "title": "Validating Deployment of Aerially Delivered Toxic Bait Cartridges for Control of Invasive Brown Treesnakes", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-07-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Scott M. Goetz", "Amy A. Yackel Adams", "Shane R. Siers" ], "first_author": "Scott M. Goetz", "venue": "Wildlife Society Bulletin", "publisher": null, "abstract": "ABSTRACT Aerial application of management tools can provide a cost‐effective means to conserve or control wildlife populations at the landscape scale. Large spatial scales, however, present difficulties when assessing in situ reliability and integrity of the devices themselves. We demonstrate application of a distance‐sampling density estimation approach to assess the performance of a newly developed toxicant bait system for the control of invasive brown treesnakes ( Boiga irregularis ). Bait cartridges were designed to open in flight to expose the toxicant‐laced bait and tangle in the forest canopy via a plastic ribbon component. Following application of 12,686 bait cartridges from an automated aerial delivery system over a 55‐ha site on Guam, USA, we employed distance sampling techniques to evaluate cartridge performance. We performed 22 line‐transect surveys for a total distance of 10.3 km, during which we recorded all observations of unopened bait cartridges, instances in which the ribbon did not remain attached to the cartridge capsule (i.e., ribbon failure), and carcasses of brown treesnakes and nontarget species. Too few undeployed bait cartridges ( n = 6), brown treesnake carcasses ( n = 1), or nontarget carcasses ( n = 0) were observed during surveys to support additional analysis. We detected 299 instances of ribbon failure. Using standard distance‐sampling analyses, we estimate that ribbon failure occurred in 3,376 ± 351 (estimate ± SE; 95% CL = 2,746–4,150) cartridges or 21.6–32.7% of the total applied. Our results demonstrate the utility of distance‐sampling density estimation techniques to validate performance and reliability of aerially applied management tools. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Wildlife Society Bulletin published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.", "keywords": [ "Cartridge", "Environmental science", "Sampling (signal processing)", "Computer science", "Geography", "Archaeology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/wsb.1106" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4280605931", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-2732", "title": "Airdrop Impact Mitigation Simulation (AIMS)", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-13", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Usbaldo Fraire" ], "first_author": "Usbaldo Fraire", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Airdrop Impact Mitigation Simulation (AIMS) capability is being developed to provide airbag performance insights for the Rapid Rigging and Derigging Airdrop System (RRDAS) project. The target area of the airdrop sequence that the simulation is being developed for is the final seconds of flight prior to ground impact. The final descent of the airdrop sequence is crucial to determining if a payload survives the experienced dynamic loads and meets the aerial delivery objective or crashes and breaks critical components that make the delivered payload unusable for the Soldier. The primary concern is the flip-over or roll-over scenario of a payload once it reaches the ground. Quantifying risk and understanding what conditions drive this unfavorable roll-over condition at impact is the primary objective for the development on AIMS. Initial conditions such as the descent rate, cross winds and updrafts will be considered and used to run trade studies. Other factors that require consideration are uneven terrain, parachute force and center of gravity of the payload. The key test scenario the project needs simulated is a high center of gravity payload with high cross-winds to decide whether additional mitigation options need to be included in the RRDAS design, such as outriggers to increase stability and reliability. Ground testing is underway to test the RRDAS airbag system and ensure that the path forward will reduce the risk of a roll-over scenario. Acceleration and high speed video are a few data sources that will be evaluated to anchor AIMS predictions to test data. The focus of this paper is on evaluating airbag performance and a detailed review of the transient event sequence prior to ground impact. The airbag design phase is in progress, evolving and Modeling & Simulation (M&S) capabilities are being utilized to support milestone design decisions. The payload and airbag features discussed here are intended to communicate how new design ideas will be analyzed to determine if they reduce roll-over risk and benefit the overall system performance. RRDAS is enabling the development of AIMS and modeling elements learned here will be applicable to other project efforts such as the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Gravity Airdrop System (GADS).", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Descent (aeronautics)", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Aeronautics", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Marine engineering", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2732" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412485395", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3504", "title": "Computational Analysis of a Towed Jumper During Static Line Airborne Operations: A Parametric Study Using Various Airdrop Configurations", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Usbaldo Fraire", "Mehdi Ghoreyshi", "Adam Jirásek", "Keith Bergeron", "Jürgen Seidel" ], "first_author": "Usbaldo Fraire", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study examines CREATE-AV/Kestrel simulation software to model a towed jumper scenario using standard aircraft settings to quantify paratrooper stability and risk of contact during static line airborne operations. The focus areas of this study include a review of the technical build-up, which includes aircraft, paratrooper and static line modeling, plus preliminary functional checkouts executed to verify simulation performance. This research and simulation development effort is driven by the need to meet the analysis demands required to support US Army Personnel Airdrop with static line length studies and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Joint Airdrop Capability Syndicate (JACS) with airdrop interoperability assessments. Each project requires the use of various aircraft types, static line lengths and exit procedures. To help meet this need and establish a baseline proof of concept (POC) simulation, separate simulation setups were built with a towed jumper from a C-130J and C-17 using a 20-ft static line to support US Army Personnel Airdrop efforts. Concurrently, the JACS is requesting analysis to support interoperability testing to help qualify the T-11 parachute from an Airbus A400M Atlas aircraft, operated by NATO nations. Due to the lack of an available A400M geometry, the C-17 was used to demonstrate the POC, and plans to substitute the geometry are in order when it becomes available. The results of a nominal Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation run using a C-17 and C-130J will be reviewed with a sample of the output to help characterize performance differences for the aircraft settings selected. The US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (DEVCOM-SC) Aerial Delivery Division (ADD) has partnered with the US Air Force Academy (USAFA) High Performance Computing Research Center (HPCRC) to enable these Modeling and Simulation (M&S) capabilities to support the Warfighter and NATO airdrop interoperability efforts.", "keywords": [ "Jumper", "Computer science", "Line (geometry)", "Parametric statistics", "Marine engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Simulation", "Automotive engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3504" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W210645168", "doi": null, "title": "Attack of the Clones: Reverse Engineering, R & D and the Law", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "William M. Fitzpatrick", "Samuel A. DiLullo" ], "first_author": "William M. Fitzpatrick", "venue": "Competition Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Reverse Engineering has been identified as an R & D methodology for assisting market followers in rapidly overcoming the competitive barriers erected by first mover firms or market innovators. This paper examines the manner in which reverse engineering methodologies can assist market followers in accomplishing this strategic objective and subsequently achieve either competitive advantage or parity with their more innovative rivals. The paper also discusses the legal constraints and limitations on the use of reverse engineering methodologies for purposes of cloning the patents, copyrights, and trade secrets of business rivals Keywords: Reverse Engineering, R & D, Product Cloning, Patents, Copyrights, Trade Secrets INTRODUCTION In July of 1944, an American B-29 aircraft experienced engine trouble while completing a bombing raid on a Japanese steel manufacturing plant in Manchuria. Unable to return to its base, the aircraft made an emergency landing at Vladivostok in the Soviet Union. During November of the same year, two additional B-29 bombers were forced to make similar emergency landings in Vladivostok after completing combat missions to the Japanese mainland. At the time, the USSR maintained a position of neutrality with the Japanese Empire. Therefore, in accordance with international law, these pilots and aircrews were interned (Gorman, 1998; Drooker, 2001). The internment of these aircraft had occurred during a pivotal reassessment of Soviet military doctrine and strategy. During the earlier stages of World War II, Josef Stalin and his military advisors had opted to forgo the development of large strategic bombers in favor of tactical aircraft that were easier and more efficient to mass produce (Zaloga, 1993). However, by 1943, Stalin renewed his interest in acquiring strategic bombing capability based upon (a) the growing success of the of the U.S. and British air campaigns against Nazi Germany (Spaatz, 1968); (b) German activities to develop bombers to strike North American targets (Moon, 1989); and (c) intelligence on the American atom bomb project and aerial delivery platforms for this weapon (Moon, 1989; Mason and Taylor, 1986). Therefore, Stalin ordered Andrei Tupolev to mobilize the Soviet aircraft industry to produce an exact duplicate of the Boeing B-29. To complete this task of duplicating the B-29, the Tupolev Design Bureau completely dissembled one of the interned aircraft and measured/calibrated each of its 105,000 parts for subsequent duplication. Another of the bombers was used as a working reference model for engineers attempting to duplicate the American aircraft. The third aircraft was used as a training vehicle for Soviet air force personnel. To complete this complex manufacturing task, Tupolev mobilized over 100,000 workers, engineers and scientists from all over the Soviet Union (Drooker, 2001). These aircraft industry employees completed their mission as directed and the Soviet version of this strategic bomber made its first public appearance over Russian airspace in May of 1947. In conformance with the directive of Josef Stalin, the Tupolev Design Bureau painstakingly analyzed and subsequently cloned the American B-29 in infinite detail. The new Soviet aircraft was identical to its American counterpart. The Tupolev TU4 even duplicated both (a) the metallic patches used to correct battle damage on the original American bombers; and (b) the Boeing logo etched on the rudder pedals of the interned B-29s (Drooker, 2001). This Soviet aircraft design effort is perhaps one of the first large-scale/systematic attempts to duplicate and subsequently manufacture a product substitute based upon reverse engineering methodologies (Drooker, 2001). Reverse engineering represents a technique which seeks to extract know-how or knowledge from a human-made artifact (Lari and Lari, 2005:89). Samuelson and Scotchmer (2002) indicate that reverse engineering is often a legally permissible method for new firms to overcome a variety of competitive barriers. …", "keywords": [ "Doctrine", "Engineering", "Law", "Position (finance)", "International trade", "Product (mathematics)", "Political science", "Business", "Finance" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1268524421/attack-of-the-clones-reverse-engineering-r-d-and" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2910145804", "doi": "10.13140/rg.2.2.31620.39048", "title": "High lift systems for planetary descent and landing", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jasmine Rimani" ], "first_author": "Jasmine Rimani", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this thesis, I present a summary of the work performed in five months at the JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) on the dynamics of autonomous parafoils and other autonomous flight solutions. The growing interest in our solar system icy moons is pushing towards innovative solutions for planetary exploration that can enable missions towards difficult targets on this alien satellites. From this point of view, the analysis of high-efficiency gliding systems (i.e., high lift over drag systems) can identify new and more efficient solutions for terminal descent. The present work follows this trend by studying the advantages of a parafoil for autonomous precision delivery of a probe in the Titan environment. The previous successful mission to Titan, the Huygens probe, used a series of drag-only parachutes to drop the payload (low lift to drag parachute). However, this solution provides a limited maneuverability to negotiate the not well-known environmental conditions (air density and winds) and the possibility of targeting different landing sites of scientific interest, shaping the trajectory accordingly. With a ram-air system (a parafoil) one can fly over different interesting sites, map them ahead of time, and even allow the re-planning of the trajectory to land near the most desirable sites. To analyze all these possibilities, dynamics models of the PADs (Precision Aerial Delivery System), with different degrees of freedom, had to be developed and tested. Three degree-of-freedom models focused on the trajectory development. Six degree-of-freedom models were needed to evaluate the parafoil-payload system overall behavior. Seven to nine degree-of-freedom models were needed to determine the payload-canopy interaction. These models were tested in the relevant environmental conditions on Titan, from the aerodynamics to the wind effect to a noisy sensor reading. As a consequence, the performance of the system trying to follow a trajectory in the uncertain atmosphere was evaluated. To realize these tasks, we relied on the methodologies derived from dynamics system modelling for the related equations of motion, from the aerodynamics to investigate the effect of the forces that enable the descent on Titan, from the GN&C (Guidance, Navigation and Control) to determine the requirements posed by autonomy. Consequently, the aim of this work was to provide a system modeling and simulation framework to ultimately allow the development of a complete GN&C system that will lead to a feasible system design, and which advantages these high lift solutions can bring to future missions to Titan.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Titan (rocket family)", "Aerospace engineering", "Trajectory", "Lift (data mining)", "Computer science", "Drag", "Propulsion", "Soft landing", "Descent (aeronautics)", "Simulation", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.31620.39048" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3093048512", "doi": "10.13140/rg.2.2.22583.75680", "title": "Update on the OPCW's investigation of the Douma incident", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paul McKeigue", "DAVID P. MILLER", "Piers Robinson" ], "first_author": "Paul McKeigue", "venue": "Bristol Research (University of Bristol)", "publisher": "University of Bristol", "abstract": "As we noted in April 2019, there were defects in the published interim and final Reports of the Fact-Finding Mechanism on the Douma incident that indicated that evidence had been withheld or distorted. From comparing the original Interim Report drafted in June 2018, the modified report that was intended to be substituted for it, and the published Final Report, it is clear that this was not simply a divergence of opinions between experts. The misrepresentation of evidence in the published Final Report can reasonably be described as fraudulent. Specifically, the following points can be identified: Quantitative results on the levels of chlorinated organic compounds were suppressed. A false assertion about “high levels” of these compounds had been added to the modified report. An assessment based on the epidemiology of chlorine release incidents was omitted from the modified report and the Final Report. On-site assessments that the observations were incompatible with aerial delivery of the cylinders were omitted from the modified report and the Final Report. The testimony of opposition-linked witnesses interviewed in Turkey was rewritten in the Final Report so as to obscure inconsistencies about the distribution of bodies at Location 2 that would have cast doubt on the reliability of their testimony. The result of the consultation with medical experts in June 2018, indicating that the victims had not been killed by chlorine, was suppressed and omitted from the timeline of the investigation published in the Final Report. The internal engineering assessment was excluded from the published Final Report. In violation of Article VIII of the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Chief of Cabinet allowed US officials to attempt to influence the inspectors in July 2018. The evidence of fraud in the published report of the Douma investigation means that all other published reports from FFM Team Alpha, including the FFM reports on the alleged chlorine attacks in 2015 and the alleged sarin attack in Khan Sheikhoun in 2017, must also be disregarded as unreliable and possibly fraudulent. The OPCW’s report on 6 February 2020 of what was purported to be an investigation into the leak of the engineering assessment to the Working Group was used instead to smear two of the organization’s most experienced and highly-rated inspectors with false and misleading statements. It is now clear that the Director-General’s statements on 28 May and 6 June 2019 that the FFM had “examined, weighed and deliberated”, “considered” and “analysed” the engineering assessment were unequivocally false: the Team Leader and Head of the FFM had refused to accept the document in February 2019. The Douma investigation has been passed to the Identification and Inspection Team (IIT). A brief examination of the careers of the investigators and analysts appointed to the IIT shows that all four of them have serious conflicts of interest. This calls into question their ability to resist pressure to come up with the answers that the influential delegations of the US, UK and France want.", "keywords": [ "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/3c9a4bb6-38ba-4606-aa98-ddfe3185b1a6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2147866688", "doi": "10.2514/6.2005-1667", "title": "Development of an Altitude Correction Factor for Opening Shock of High-Velocity Canopies", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-05-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robyn Moskowitz" ], "first_author": "Robyn Moskowitz", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper discusses the development of an opening shock altitude correction factor for high-velocity canopies for resupply bundles. The current US Army fielded high-velocity parachute used for delivering combat resupply Container Delivery System (CDS) bundles is the 26-Foot Ring-Slot canopy and is typically dropped between altitudes of 10,000 and 25,000 ft MSL with a bundle weight between 500 and 2200 lbs. Current airdrop resupply aircraft, C-130 and C-17, can remain out of enemy fire range during combat when delivering high-velocity bundles by dropping at high altitudes, typically at 25,000 ft MSL. When flying at these high altitudes, aircrews must abide by oxygen regulations, which restrict the amount of time they can operate depressurized at certain flight levels. The amount of time available at altitude significantly limits the tester's ability to fully quantify the parachute's performance characteristics at high altitudes. The development of an altitude correction factor for opening shock allows for more thorough testing at lower altitudes (10,000 or 15,000 ft MSL), and would minimize crew exposure to depressurization at high altitude. Validation of the predicted opening shock characteristics at high altitude could then be limited to a handful of airdrops, rather than a statistically significant sample size. If canopy testing could be accomplished at 10,000 or 15,000 ft instead of 25,000 ft by finding a way to correlate test data, opening shock data in this case, time and money could be saved. Data in support of this paper has been gathered at Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) from high altitude CDS bundle drops using standard 26-Foot Ring-Slot high velocity parachutes. Various parameters were examined to study correlations between opening shock and altitude such as true airspeed, canopy loading, pressure altitude, density altitude, and energy dissipation (true airspeed squared). Maximum and minimum weights for a CDS bundle, 2200 and 500 lbs respectively, were also looked at to see how weight affects the relationship between opening shock and altitude (ballistic factor). Research was done on other high-velocity canopy types tested at YPG, such as the Low-Cost Aerial Delivery System (LCADS) High-Velocity canopy, to further validate correlations between opening shock and altitude. Data used for the analysis includes pressure altitude as well as opening force of the high-velocity canopies gathered using strain links and an onboard recorder. Opening shock characteristics of high-velocity parachutes are particular to the canopy type. Increased drop altitude directly correlates to increased opening shock due to a higher true airspeed of the aircraft. More test data is needed to increase sample size for gaining statistical confidence. With a larger sample size, the statistical data could provide a correlation for future test data scored for Developmental Test (DT).", "keywords": [ "Shock (circulatory)", "Altitude (triangle)", "Environmental science", "Aerospace engineering", "Mechanics", "Meteorology", "Atmospheric sciences", "Physics", "Geology", "Marine engineering", "Remote sensing", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-1667" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3023463309", "doi": "10.5075/epfl-thesis-10007", "title": "Human-friendly solutions for last-centimeter drone delivery", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Przemyslaw Kornatowski" ], "first_author": "Przemyslaw Kornatowski", "venue": "Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)", "publisher": "École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne", "abstract": "The popularity of delivery drones is constantly increasing due to their ability to deliver packages more rapidly and economically than current transportation methods. Consequently, drones have been employed by logistics companies for delivering payloads to hard-to-reach places and for daily door-to-door deliveries. However, logistic companies focus mainly on large platforms for long-range (<150km) and last-mile delivery (<20km), not designed to deliver directly to individual consumers. The drones suffer four major limitations: limited safety, difficulty for storage and poor portability, poor adaptability to different sized parcels and lack of user-friendliness. Safety limitations arise from the unshielded spinning propellers. Drone operators have to utilize secure take-off and landing locations, away from people e.g. on runways, rooftops and fenced-off areas. Unshielded propellers and large-sized platforms limit the drone's capability to deliver parcels in crowded urban environments. Moreover, landing in remote locations is challenging due to dense vegetation or inclined surfaces such as mountains. A common solution to shield propellers is to adopt a protective cage to enclose the drone. However, this approach generates a large amount of drag on the drone that reduces its aerodynamic efficiency. Presently, storage and transportation of drones to the deployment area are inconvenient, especially for large flying platforms needed for the delivery of large or heavy parcels. Similarly, the use of large platforms and their software is limited to trained operators. Finally, sizes of delivered parcels vary significantly and the adaptability of current drones is limited; most drones can only deliver parcels of a predefined size. This thesis focuses on the design process of parcel delivery solutions that addresses the abovementioned limitations for person-to-person and short-range delivery services. These solutions are integrated into a single aerial delivery system known as Dronistics (\"Drone\" and \"logistics\"). This new system consists of the hardware component, which includes two drones code-named PackDrone and GearQuad, and the software component called SimplyFly. The integrated parcel delivery solution comprises the following features: * Transportation of parcels of variable sizes * Enhanced safety for people, the drone and the transported items * Easier storage and transportation of the drone * Usability of the delivery drone - software interface for inexperienced users * An energy-efficient system Transporting parcels of variable size was realized using a new design approach of placing the parcel above the propellers in both drone platforms. This allows transportation of super-sized parcels larger than the drone while maintaining the vehicleâ s small footprint. Moreover, PackDrone addresses the safety, storage and transportation concerns by integrating a quadcopter within an origami-inspired foldable cage. The cage separates the propellers from the external environment, which includes people, obstacles and the parcel as well. For easier storage and transportation, PackDrone folds in a single hand movement, reducing storage volume by 92%. GearQuad on the other hand, overcomes the above limitations and improves safety and aerodynamic efficiency. The very dense cage of GearQuad allows it to fly near children and land in the hands of the consumer (last-centimeter delivery) or in hard-to-land environments. Its morphing", "keywords": [ "Centimeter", "Drone", "Computer science", "Medicine", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/164965" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415180356", "doi": "10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193933", "title": "Drone Inspection for Large-scale Digital Twins: Stationary and Mobile Deployment Concepts", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Volodymyr Prokopets", "Uwe Aßmann" ], "first_author": "Volodymyr Prokopets", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Digital twins are widely used in all areas of human activity. Decision-making, such as instantiating inspection tasks for aerial drones, is one relatively new way to establish an automatic digital-physical connection. Large-scale systems like road systems need a complex inspection approach.In this paper, we discuss two scenarios of utilizing drone hubs for road system inspection: stationary with roadside units and mobile mounted on the truck platform. This topic is not widely discussed in the community. We extended our digital twin of the road system framework to support these two scenario simulations, keeping them highly configurable. The evaluation results showed that these scenarios are well-fit for different use cases, either one-time road state visualization or constant monitoring.For the mobile drone hub scenario, inspecting the whole German road system, which has a total length of 718,000 km, requires several thousands of stationary drone hubs equipped with a three-member drone swarm. At the same time, the stationary drone hub scenario showed that the inspection loop could be performed monthly/bimonthly. Hub candidate locations (queried for this study from all charging station locations in Germany) can cover 89-99% of all roads (depending on service radius).", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Software deployment", "Visualization", "Truck", "Service (business)", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193933" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7111730688", "doi": null, "title": "Vertipors, Architecture as Media", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rabyniuk, Simon" ], "first_author": "Rabyniuk, Simon", "venue": "TU/e Research Portal", "publisher": null, "abstract": "2009 marked the founding of an early passenger drone company, thus starting a new period of intensively reimagining the city through technologies of flight. In the context of civil drone integration, the term architecture first implies organization: the technical and legal reconstruction of national airspace systems for passenger and freight drones that implicates the multi-scalar reorganization of cities. This emerging drone ecosystem includes proposals for built architecture. The public-facing images of vertiports, which are station architecture for passenger drones, are conceptualized by architects. One architect involved in the schematic design of vertiports since 2018, identifies the fundamental role of emerging aviation knowledge in his work, reflecting one conception of the architect as integrator of complex programmatic demands. His account reveals how vertiport design synthesizes knowledge from real estate, infrastructure, software design and national standards, inclusive of both public and proprietary forms of knowledge. In advance of widespread vertiport construction, vertiport discourses reveal a disposition; an underlying logic about how vertiport architecture orders space. While industry commonly claims how passenger drones will democratize flight; in practice, the expansion and use of proprietary knowledge projects a series of urban enclosures through the patenting of architectural form, methods of site selection and exclusive partnership agreements granting monopoly air taxi operations. With vertiports serving as interfaces between land and sky, vertiport architecture materializes these extra-architectural practices and knowledge, serving as media for reconstructing city-regions.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Architecture", "Context (archaeology)", "Schematic", "General partnership", "Monopoly", "Built environment" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/9e31dd79-4b16-4abd-a414-8e0dd5612c17" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W760376510", "doi": null, "title": "UP, UP, AND AWAY", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-02-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "E Ferguson" ], "first_author": "E Ferguson", "venue": "Planning", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Planners in several cities are planning new landing strips, (vertiports) or the conversion of older facilities such as heliports to accommodate a new aircraft, the tiltwing rotorcraft, called the verticraft. The latter is a hypbrid aircraft that can take off and land in small areas (like helicopters) while operating at midflight at speeds and altitudes associated with fixed-wing aircraft. The location of such ports is discussed. Seventeen vertiport planning studies by the Federal Aviation Administration focused on market analysis; verticraft potential for relieving congestion at airports; accessing remote areas; cargo services; and emerency services. A vertiport facility is being constructed in Dallas, Texas, which is designed for both helicopters and tiltwing rotorcraft. Requirements for vertiports are discussed. A vertiport feasibility study in Denver, Colorado, is also noted.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Aviation", "Fixed wing", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "General aviation", "Aerospace engineering", "Wing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/364410" } ]