[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7139524086", "doi": null, "title": "Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Air Mobility - How Much Noise is Acceptable?", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-15", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nabil Hagag", "Bianca Isabella Schuchardt", "Albert End", "Frank Meller", "Henry Pak", "Karolin Schweiger", "Christoph Torens" ], "first_author": "Nabil Hagag", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "Equivalent to a density of 0.02 vertiports per sq.km * 2 Equivalent to a density of 0.01 vertiports per sq.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Field (mathematics)", "Noise pollution", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/204656/1/Keynotet_UAM_Noise_TU%20Braunschweig.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401028087", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-60313-6_20", "title": "Critical Evaluation of Full Droneload (FDL) and Less-Than Droneload (LDL) in Drone-Based Last Mile Delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Selwyn Piramuthu" ], "first_author": "Selwyn Piramuthu", "venue": "Progress in IS", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mile", "Drone", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Geography", "Biology", "Geodesy" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60313-6_20" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283709249", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2206.13017", "title": "Safe Schedule Verification for Urban Air Mobility Networks with Node Closures", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-27", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qinshuang Wei", "Gustav Nilsson", "Samuel Coogan" ], "first_author": "Qinshuang Wei", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "In Urban Air Mobility (UAM) networks, takeoff and landing sites, called vertiports, are likely to experience intermittent closures due to, e.g., adverse weather. To ensure safety, all in-flight Urban Air Vehicles (UAVs) in a UAM network must therefore have alternative landing sites with sufficient landing capacity in the event of a vertiport closure. In this paper, we study the problem of safety verification of UAM schedules in the face of vertiport closures. We first provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a given UAM schedule to be safe in the sense that, if a vertiport closure occurs, then all UAVs will be able to safely land at a backup landing site. Next, we convert these conditions to an efficient algorithm for verifying safety of a UAM schedule via a linear program by using properties of totally unimodular matrices. Our algorithm allows for uncertain travel time between UAM vertiports and scales quadratically with the number of scheduled UAVs. We demonstrate our algorithm on a UAM network with up to 1,000 UAVs.", "keywords": [ "Schedule", "Backup", "Unimodular matrix", "Computer science", "Closure (psychology)", "Event (particle physics)", "Takeoff", "Node (physics)", "Real-time computing", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.13017" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393057288", "doi": "10.82992/intellectum/handle.10818.129", "title": "Operations Research methodologies in Advanced Air Mobility and their potential applications in Emergency Medical Services", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "es", "authors": [ "Julian Alberto Espejo Diaz" ], "first_author": "Julian Alberto Espejo Diaz", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "Recent and important progress in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles indicates that soon, these vehicles could transport people and cargo in urban and rural areas. Advanced air mobility (AAM) vehicles such as eVTOL aircraft have the potential to serve as an alternative to traditional modes of transportation. In addition, AAM vehicles can also be used to support healthcare operations. For example, they can be used to provide emergency medical services (EMS) in areas with limited access to ground transportation. This thesis explores the use of operations research techniques to solve important planning problems in AAM operations while considering the unique features of this new technology. This work addresses (i) the aircraft scheduling problem at vertiports, (ii) the vertiport selection problem for EMS, and (iii) the simultaneous vertiport selection and eVTOL distribution problem for EMS. To tackle these problems, various operations research techniques are employed including optimization, heuristics, and simulation models. Data analytics techniques, such as clustering algorithms, are also integrated into the research. The performance of the proposed solution procedures is evaluated using synthetic data and case studies inspired in data from the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Grand Est regions in France. The main results indicate that using the appropriate tools for scheduling aircraft at vertiports (such as the one presented in this thesis) the operations of vertiports can be efficient. In addition, the results indicate that implementing eVTOL vehicles for aeromedical transportation can provide better access to EMS in remote areas. However, the autonomy of these vehicles remains a critical factor in determining their broader applicability. Overall, this thesis provides insights and methodologies to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of AAM operations in vertiports and its applicability to EMS.", "keywords": [ "Emergency medical services", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Systems engineering", "Aeronautics", "Engineering management", "Medical emergency", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://theses.hal.science/tel-04515250v1/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394591102", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2404.03710", "title": "Self-organized free-flight arrival for urban air mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-04", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Martin Waltz", "Ostap Okhrin", "Michael Schultz" ], "first_author": "Martin Waltz", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban air mobility is an innovative mode of transportation in which electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles operate between nodes called vertiports. We outline a self-organized vertiport arrival system based on deep reinforcement learning. The airspace around the vertiport is assumed to be circular, and the vehicles can freely operate inside. Each aircraft is considered an individual agent and follows a shared policy, resulting in decentralized actions that are based on local information. We investigate the development of the reinforcement learning policy during training and illustrate how the algorithm moves from suboptimal local holding patterns to a safe and efficient final policy. The latter is validated in simulation-based scenarios, including robustness analyses against sensor noise and a changing distribution of inbound traffic. Lastly, we deploy the final policy on small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles to showcase its real-world usability.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.03710" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415602286", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-06978-8_7", "title": "Interaction Between Buildings and UAM Infrastructures: Simulation of Wind Paths in the Urban Environment", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ludovica Maria Campagna", "Elena Cantatore", "Francesco Carlucci", "Francesco Dipaola", "Francesco Fiorito" ], "first_author": "Ludovica Maria Campagna", "venue": "Lecture notes in civil engineering", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Urban environment", "Urban planning", "Urban area", "Scale (ratio)", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Service (business)", "Level of service" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06978-8_7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4300626966", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2208.04357", "title": "Designing Drone Delivery Networks for Vaccine Supply Chain: A Case Study of Niger", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-08-08", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maximilian Kolter", "Sandra D. Ekşioğlu", "Sarah Nurre Pinkley", "Rubén A. Proaño" ], "first_author": "Maximilian Kolter", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "The focus of this research is to evaluate the use of drones for the delivery of pediatric vaccines in remote areas of low income and low and middle income countries. Delivering vaccines in these regions is challenging because of the inadequate road networks, and long transportation distances that make it difficult to maintain the cold chain integrity during transportation. We propose a mixed integer linear program to determine the location of drone hubs to facilitate the delivery of vaccines. The model considers the operational attributes of drones, vaccine wastage in the supply chain, cold storage and transportation capacities. We develop a case study using data from Niger to determine the impact of drone deliveries in improving vaccine availability in Niger. Our numerical analysis show an 0.71 to 2.21 increase in vaccine availability. These improvements depend on the available budget to build drone hubs and purchase drones, and the population density in the region of study.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Cold chain", "Supply chain", "Population", "Business", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Marketing", "Environmental health", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.04357" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402685750", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3941", "title": "Modeling the Cascading Impact of Off-Nominal Disruptions in Urban Air Mobility Operating Environment", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tien‐Yueh Fung", "Brady J. Beck", "Sonali Sinha Roy", "Dalia Bekdache", "Yinchien Huang", "Cesare Guariniello", "Daniel A. DeLaurentis" ], "first_author": "Tien‐Yueh Fung", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A matured state of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations will bring airspace with high aircraft density and vertiports in close proximity to each other and/or structures in the urban area, all together forming conditions conducive to cascading disruptions. Cascading disruptions are off-nominal events that trigger a chain-reaction of additional events that might degrade system stability. This paper aims to assess the risk triggered by off-nominal events in the UAM system-of-systems (SoS). Through Agent-Based Modeling (ABM), a passenger in distress event is simulated to observe the system-wide effects such as total aircraft delay, number of diversions, number of cancellations, and number of off-nominal aircraft and vertiports. The Atlanta Metropolitan Area is chosen for the case study, with existing airports and heliports standing in as UAM vertiports. Deterministic off-nominal scenarios with unsaturated and saturated air traffic are simulated to observe the characteristics of cascading delays and describe the risk-prone conditions. A reservation-based algorithm is proposed to estimate the cascading delay induced by an off-nominal event and thereby inform UAM operators which vertiports to avoid under the contingency.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3941" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417509782", "doi": "10.1109/leficlu65987.2025.11297332", "title": "Hierarchical VTOL Hub Location-Routing Optimization for Urban Logistics Drone Delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-26", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jiangao Zhang", "Suyin Cui", "Liya Wang" ], "first_author": "Jiangao Zhang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "To address the collaborative optimization problem of urban logistics drone vertiport location layout and delivery routing, we construct a bi-level model integrating vertiport location selection and a two-tier delivery routing system. The upper-level model minimizes costs by determining vertiport locations and grades, while the lower-level model optimizes delivery routes based on upper-level results. Practical factors such as charging strategies and time window penalties are incorporated to enhance realism. For the upper-level problem, an improved genetic algorithm is proposed, utilizing Halton random sequences for initialization optimization and memory bank operations to accelerate convergence. The lower-level model adopts a greedy-ant colony hybrid algorithm, where a greedy strategy initializes paths and the pheromone mechanism avoids local optima. Simulation experiments using Shanghai courier company data show that the graded vertiport layout reduces costs by 9.94%–13.29% compared to uniform-grade solutions, balancing construction and operational expenses. The integrated optimization achieves an 8.9%–13.56% total cost reduction over traditional two-stage methods.", "keywords": [ "Initialization", "Drone", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Genetic algorithm", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Metaheuristic", "Transshipment (information security)", "Cost reduction" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/leficlu65987.2025.11297332" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W608998334", "doi": null, "title": "TECHNOLOGY TO THE RESCUE FOR WASHINGTON'S AIR PASSENGERS", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "J. C. Williams" ], "first_author": "J. C. Williams", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "There is a new mode of air travel that could help bypass traffic congestion: the tiltrotor, a hybrid aircraft that takes off like a helicopter and flies like a turbo-prop plane. Operational military prototypes of the tiltrotor have already been developed and flown. If a successful commercial version can be developed, the tiltrotor may become an integral part of our intercity transportation system. A chief advantage of a tiltrotor is that it requires a relatively small landing area, as little as five acres including passenger facilities. This landing area is called a vertiport. And because of their small size, vertiports may be located close to centers of passenger demand. A passenger traveling from Washington to New York City, for example, might be able to land directly in the Manhattan vertiport, five minutes from the financial district, and avoid the hassle of ground transportation from Newark or LaGuardia airports.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Transport engineering", "Ground transportation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/378219" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4390810474", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2401.04851", "title": "Graph Learning-based Fleet Scheduling for Urban Air Mobility under Operational Constraints, Varying Demand & Uncertainties", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-09", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Steve M. Paul", "Jhoel Witter", "Souma Chowdhury" ], "first_author": "Steve M. Paul", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "This paper develops a graph reinforcement learning approach to online planning of the schedule and destinations of electric aircraft that comprise an urban air mobility (UAM) fleet operating across multiple vertiports. This fleet scheduling problem is formulated to consider time-varying demand, constraints related to vertiport capacity, aircraft capacity and airspace safety guidelines, uncertainties related to take-off delay, weather-induced route closures, and unanticipated aircraft downtime. Collectively, such a formulation presents greater complexity, and potentially increased realism, than in existing UAM fleet planning implementations. To address these complexities, a new policy architecture is constructed, primary components of which include: graph capsule conv-nets for encoding vertiport and aircraft-fleet states both abstracted as graphs; transformer layers encoding time series information on demand and passenger fare; and a Multi-head Attention-based decoder that uses the encoded information to compute the probability of selecting each available destination for an aircraft. Trained with Proximal Policy Optimization, this policy architecture shows significantly better performance in terms of daily averaged profits on unseen test scenarios involving 8 vertiports and 40 aircraft, when compared to a random baseline and genetic algorithm-derived optimal solutions, while being nearly 1000 times faster in execution than the latter.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Downtime", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Polling", "Schedule", "Reinforcement learning", "Takeoff", "Graph", "Implementation", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.04851" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128921576", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6240121", "title": "Data-Driven Framework for Urban Air Mobility Planning: Integrating Socioeconomic and Operational Factors for Optimal Network Design in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Lucas Orbolato Carvalho", "Igor Galhano Gomes", "Jaqueline Rodrigues", "Mayara Condé Rocha Murça", "Marcelo Xavier Guterres", "Daniel Alberto Pamplona" ], "first_author": "Lucas Orbolato Carvalho", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Aviation", "Geographic information system", "Service (business)", "Network planning and design", "Trip distribution", "Geocoding", "Cluster analysis", "Market segmentation", "Certification" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6240121" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413191373", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-100319", "title": "Cascading Delay Mitigation with Quadratic Bezier Curve Trajectory Planning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael R. Variny", "Travis W. Moleski", "Jay Paul Wilhelm" ], "first_author": "Michael R. Variny", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Congested airspace conflict resolution during terminal operations is a common air traffic management issue that may produce cascading delays. Vehicles needing emergency clearance to land, at either traditional airports or vertiports, would require others on approach to move out of the way and in some instances cause a wave of delay to propagate through all vehicles on approach. Specifically, uncrewed aerial systems utilizing near-maximum arrival rates would be greatly impacted when requested to move off their approach path and may interfere with others. Vertiports further complicate crowded approaches because vehicles can arrive from many different angles at the same time to maximize landing area usage. Traditional air traffic management techniques were studied for vertiport applications specific to high-capacity operations. This work investigated methods of uniformly re-directing vehicles on approach to a vertiport that would be impacted by an emergency vehicle to minimize or avoid cascading delays. A route of time-optimal Bezier curves as well as Dubins paths optimized for interception heading was generated and flown on as an alternate maneuver when an unaccounted for emergency vehicle initiated a bypass of an air traffic fleet. Comparison to flight on a holding pattern showed that the Bezier and Dubins route improved delay times and mitigated a cascading delay effect.", "keywords": [ "Bézier curve", "Trajectory", "Quadratic equation", "Computer science", "Motion planning", "Control theory (sociology)", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics", "Robot", "Geometry", "Physics", "Control (management)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2025-100319" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4295708957", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4217418", "title": "Tlof Final Approach Methodology Proposal Utilizing Dual Landing Pads", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lei Yu", "Rui Qin", "Li Quan", "Daliang Chen" ], "first_author": "Lei Yu", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Dual (grammatical number)", "Computer science", "Art" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4217418" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414634718", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-00618-9_32", "title": "Design Criteria for Landing and Take Off Areas of Autonomous eVTOL Vehicles", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kurşat Alp Yigit", "Alper Dalkıran", "T. Hikmet Karakoç" ], "first_author": "Kurşat Alp Yigit", "venue": "Sustainable aviation", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Propulsion", "Greenhouse gas", "Battery (electricity)", "Field (mathematics)", "Drone", "Traffic congestion", "Air traffic control" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-00618-9_32" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415441953", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2026.105858", "title": "AAMSim: a comprehensive simulator for advanced air mobility operations and planning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bai Li", "Yu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Bai Li", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Testbed", "Software deployment", "Key (lock)", "Automation", "Service (business)", "Container (type theory)", "Benchmark (surveying)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5642423" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4381895319", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4484698", "title": "Impact of UAM Sitting on Travel Time Savings and Accessibility Improvements: A Case Study of Munich Metropolitan Area", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tao Guo", "Hao Wu", "Constantinos Antoniou" ], "first_author": "Tao Guo", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Sitting", "Travel time", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Regional science", "Geography", "Engineering", "Medicine", "Archaeology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4484698" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391266753", "doi": "10.1109/iscsic60498.2023.00012", "title": "Research on Visual-Inertial Odometry Methods for Aerial Payload Delivery Scenarios", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yihan Liu", "Zhi Xiong", "Jingqi Wang", "Yao Zhao", "Guanhong Gao", "Zheng Peng", "Yuzhe Liu", "Ling Zhang" ], "first_author": "Yihan Liu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The localization performance of aerial delivery system is crucial in specific payload delivery scenarios. Currently, the navigation system heavily relies on satellite navigation, but interference can compromise reliability. To solve this problem, a visual/inertial odometer method based on MSCKF algorithm is proposed for aerial delivery scenarios. The proposed method addresses the problem of long distance between ground feature points and uncertainty in depth estimation faced by aerial delivery missions, by designing a long-range monocular triangulation method based on a sliding window in the front-end of the visual/inertial system, which improves the efficiency of the algorithm while ensuring the accuracy of depth estimation in distant and large-scale scenarios. Furthermore, the unstable motion states of aerial delivery systems will result in rapid deterioration of visual/inertial odometry accuracy or even failure of the whole system. To solve the problem above, a covariance constraint method and an improved visual-inertial odometry based on the multiple state constraint Kalman filter are proposed, which is suitable for aerial delivery scenarios. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are verified through comparative simulation experiments in simulated aerial delivery scenarios. The experimental results indicate that, compared with the classical S-MSCKF and VINS-Fusion algorithm, the proposed algorithm can work properly. In addition, when compared with the pure IMU dead reckoning method, the localization accuracy of the proposed method is improved by about 40%.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Odometry", "Computer vision", "Artificial intelligence", "Inertial measurement unit", "Payload (computing)", "Kalman filter", "Inertial navigation system", "Inertial frame of reference", "Robot", "Mobile robot" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscsic60498.2023.00012" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167225232", "doi": "10.3390/electronics15132924", "title": "A Scenario-Based Continuous-Time Markov Framework for Preliminary Safety Screening of eVTOL Operations Under Climate, Battery, Power-Supply and Diagnostic Uncertainty", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kayrat Koshekov", "Olga Pukema", "Nataliia Levchenko", "Дмитрий Ким", "Yerkanat Kuanov", "Doszhan Mambetalin", "Abay Koshekov" ], "first_author": "Kayrat Koshekov", "venue": "Electronics", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This study examines the development of urban air mobility, which requires the creation of vertiports capable of ensuring the safe operation of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) systems. Key operational constraints include unstable power supply, external climatic conditions, and reliance on battery systems. This study aims to develop a risk-based model for vertiport planning those accounts for the stochastic nature of eVTOL operational safety. A continuous-time Markov model incorporating nominal operational characteristics, system constraints, and transitions into emergency and catastrophic flight modes is proposed. State transitions within the model are primarily driven by climatic indicators, power supply reliability, battery parameters, maintenance quality, and diagnostic coverage. To interpret the low probabilities of transitioning to a catastrophic mode, this study introduces a safety index (integrated safety index), which facilitates the comparison of various operational scenarios and regulatory maturity levels. The practical importance of the research lies in applying the proposed model to precisely select vertiport locations; assess energy infrastructure requirements; and organize onboard monitoring, robotic preflight inspection systems, and decision support systems. The results demonstrate that eVTOL operational safety is assessed not only through spatial and infrastructure metrics but also through an integrated indicator encompassing power supply, climate, battery degradation, diagnostics, and hardware–software reliability of the entire vertiport system.", "keywords": [ "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Takeoff", "Key (lock)", "Markov decision process", "Markov chain", "Battery (electricity)", "Operational planning", "Markov model" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15132924" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127326556", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-2366", "title": "Synergistic Skies: Distributed Optimization for eVTOL Dispatching and Charging in Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Natnael M. Negash", "Liang Quan Sun" ], "first_author": "Natnael M. Negash", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) promises on-demand aerial services using electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft across urban and regional networks, but scaling operations hinges on how vertiports allocate scarce pads and chargers while routing aircraft under stochastic demand and tight energy constraints. This paper develops a vertiport-centric, distributed optimization framework for Urban Air Mobility (UAM)—a metropolitan subset of AAM—in which each vertiport manages its local eVTOL fleet, charging resources, and queues, and coordinates with neighbors through lightweight signals. To ensure scalability and resilience to backhaul limitations, we employ the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) with a consensus split that separates local subproblems solved in parallel at vertiports from global consistency projections. The method supports rolling-horizon execution, adaptive penalty tuning, and simple projections for capped-simplex charging constraints. In simulation scenarios representative of multi-vertiport UAM corridors, the proposed approach achieves higher service rates, lower passenger waiting times, more balanced pad utilization, and markedly reduced wall-clock solution times. The results indicate that distributed, infrastructure-aware coordination is a practical path to scalable, regulation-conscious AAM operations. We compare the proposed ADMM-based approach against a distributed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation. Results show that ADMM achieves near-equivalent service performance to distributed MILP while significantly reducing wall-clock solution time, improving scalability, and maintaining robust energy safety margins.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Linear programming", "Backhaul (telecommunications)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Resilience (materials science)", "Path (computing)", "Distributed algorithm", "Synchronization (alternating current)", "Metropolitan area" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2366" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171286977", "doi": "10.3724/sp.j.1249.2026.04428", "title": "Capacity of low-altitude logistics networks based on network flow optimization", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mo Dong", "Xinhua Li", "Hu Mingwei" ], "first_author": "Mo Dong", "venue": "JOURNAL OF SHENZHEN UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING", "publisher": "Science Press", "abstract": "To address the challenge of quantifying the capacity of regional low-altitude logistics networks, a network flow optimization framework is proposed by integrating heterogeneous aircraft with the coupled constraints of multi-level vertiports and layered airspace. A linear programming maximum flow model is formulated to maximize the total payload transported per unit time while considering constraints on the maximum number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in the airspace, vertiport service capacity, and route capacity. To resolve conflicts at airspace route intersections, a two-stage iterative algorithm consisting of conflict-free maximum-flow optimization and conflict detection with capacity adjustment is designed. The algorithm identifies route conflicts and derives upper-bound flow correction terms to efficiently revise route capacities under conflict conditions. A regional low-altitude logistics network comprising 61 vertiports is used as a case study. The baseline parameters include 800 UAVs scheduled in the airspace, a take-off preparation time of 1 min per sortie, and a two-layer airspace. Under these settings, the model converges rapidly after iterations, and the capacity loss rate resulting from conflict resolution is 1.56%. Numerical results indicate that aircraft types with the highest marginal overall benefits dominate the network throughput, while the lower airspace layer carries most of the traffic flow. In addition, the ground preparation time at vertiports is the most sensitive factor affecting system capacity, whereas increasing the number of airspace layers exhibits a pronounced diminishing marginal effect. The proposed framework provides decision support for low-altitude infrastructure planning and airspace resource allocation.", "keywords": [ "Linear programming", "Flow network", "Baseline (sea)", "Payload (computing)", "Integer programming", "Marginal cost", "Service level", "Capacity planning", "National Airspace System", "Resource (disambiguation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2026.04428" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161650796", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejor.2026.04.051", "title": "Optimizing multimodal deliveries with synergistic drone network design", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ruijiu Mao" ], "first_author": "Ruijiu Mao", "venue": "European Journal of Operational Research", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Drone-based deliveries offer significant potential to improve delivery times due to rapid deployment and independence from road conditions. However, pure drone-based cargo deliveries are expensive and restricted by drone’s limited cruising range. On the other hand, pure truck freight services are efficient in well-developed road networks. To address the issue of inefficient delivery times in remote areas, we study a synergistic truck-drone network design problem that improves service performance at minimal cost. We propose an optimization model that minimizes drone investment cost while meeting delivery-time targets for the longest routes. Our model uses an M/G/ k queueing system to account for the waiting time during drone transportation, with the general service time distribution stemming from the heterogeneous travel time between the drone station and the discharging locations. To handle the nonlinearity of waiting time, we apply discretization and power-function approximations. The resulting nonlinear model remains tractable for solvers such as Gurobi. Through a case study conducted with order information data from a major e-commerce platform in Shaanxi, China, we find that our drone network design has the potential to improve the delivery time performance by 17.17% at an economical price. Furthermore, extending the cruising range from 80 km to 120 km improves delivery time by 36.33%. We also discuss managerial insights on infrastructure design, truck-drone synergy, drone technology, and how prioritizing different portions of the longest deliveries alters the resulting design. • Design truck–drone delivery networks to improve delivery times in remote areas at minimal cost. • Formulate a drone network design model targeting worst-case delivery-time performance. • Model drone waiting times using an M/G/k queue with heterogeneous station-to-destination travel times. • Apply discretization and power-function approximations to obtain a tractable model solvable by commercial solvers. • A case study shows 17.17% delivery-time improvement; extending range to 120 km yields 36.33%.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Network planning and design", "Queueing theory", "Software deployment", "Service (business)", "Truck", "Payment", "Duration (music)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.04.051" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162328819", "doi": "10.2514/1.d0553", "title": "Quantitative Metric to Assess Socioeconomic Impacts of Noise from Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yair N. Guerrero", "Aidan R. Molloy", "Niranjan Nanjappa", "Ava Cipriani", "Nicole Artemyev", "Matthew A. Clarke", "Ceyenna M. Tillman" ], "first_author": "Yair N. Guerrero", "venue": "Journal of Air Transportation", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is a promising transportation frontier, but noise pollution issues are increasingly marginalized. High exposure to aircraft noise can cause hearing damage and anxiety. Additionally, disproportionately afflicted groups’ psychological repercussions exacerbate inequities. This article distills the relationship between projected UAM electric vertical takeoff and landing (EVTOL) aircraft operations and human activity and proposes a new community annoyance noise index based on present rules, population density, and land use to lessen the likelihood of ill-planned air traffic management. This holistic indicator can better inform public health and quality of life in communities near airports that are historically subjected to increased aircraft noise. To demonstrate the efficacy of this new statistic and its application, a Greater Los Angeles trade study was conducted. Hourly operations between postulated vertiports were simulated using three EVTOL aircraft configurations. The findings suggest that for direct vertiport-to-vertiport flight operations the degree to which specific demographics of people are impacted varies with configuration.", "keywords": [ "Annoyance", "Aircraft noise", "Noise pollution", "Noise (video)", "Metric (unit)", "Takeoff", "Air quality index", "Population", "Socioeconomic status" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0553" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413390081", "doi": "10.4203/ccc.10.9.6", "title": "CFD Simulation of Multi Rotor-Induced DWOW and Its Effects on Human", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Y. Chang", "Young‐Sik Jo", "Do‐Heyoung Kim" ], "first_author": "Y. Chang", "venue": "Civil-comp conferences", "publisher": null, "abstract": "When a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft employing multiple rotors is operated, the resulting downwash and outwash (DWOW) can critically affect nearby structures, ground facilities, and the stability of adjacent aircraft.Accordingly, for safe urban air mobility (UAM) operations within urban environments, it is essential to identify the range of DWOW effects at vertiports and assess their impact on the human body.In this study, simulations were conducted using the commercial CFD software STAR-CCM+ to investigate the DWOW generated by tandem rotors.By varying the distance between the rotor and a human model, the influence of DWOW was analyzed under various conditions.The results confirmed that the DWOW generated by multirotors can pose a practical hazard within certain ranges and should be taken into consideration in vertiport design.Therefore, this work is expected to provide fundamental data for understanding potential hazards that may arise when operating vertiports and to offer a reference for future research and design.", "keywords": [ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Rotor (electric)", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.ctresources.info/ccc/free.html?id=10587" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127312545", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-2272", "title": "Advanced Air Mobility Infrastructure With Expeditionary Landing Surfaces for eVTOL Aircraft", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Hannah E. Wilhelms", "Liang Quan Sun", "J. Brian Jordon", "Paul Allison" ], "first_author": "Hannah E. Wilhelms", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rapid advancement of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft has accelerated the development of advanced air mobility (AAM), promising significant reductions in travel time, emissions, and congestion. However, infrastructure development, particularly vertiport construction, lags aircraft technology, creating a critical bottleneck for widespread adoption. Current FAA guidelines for vertiport developments, adapted from heliport standards, mandate heavy, permanent concrete pads that impose prohibitive weight, cost, and logistical challenges, especially for rooftop or austere locales. This paper proposes a paradigm shift in vertiport construction through the application of expeditionary airfield (EAF) matting systems, historically used by the military for rapid deployment of runways and VTOL pads in austere conditions. We examine the evolution of EAF matting from World War II-era Marston mats to modern AM2 aluminum panels, detailing their design, performance, and limitations. Comparative analysis demonstrates that AM2 matting offers substantial advantages over concrete construction, significantly reducing structural load and material costs while enabling rapid installation without delays associated with traditional concrete construction. Furthermore, matting systems mitigate foreign object debris (FOD) risks associated with spalling concrete and provide scalable, modular solutions adaptable to urban rooftops, disaster relief operations, and temporary test sites. By leveraging proven military technologies for civilian applications, this approach addresses the pressing need for agile, cost-effective, and sustainable vertiport infrastructure, supporting the safe and efficient integration of eVTOL aircraft into future transportation networks for urban, rural, or even remote locations.", "keywords": [ "Runway", "Software deployment", "Bottleneck", "Takeoff and landing", "Modular design", "Spall" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2272" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407413985", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-2119", "title": "Effect of Congestion Mitigation Strategy on UAS Traffic Flow in Dense Urban Airspace", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sajid Ahamed Mohammed Abdul", "Debasish Ghose", "Prathyush P. Menon" ], "first_author": "Sajid Ahamed Mohammed Abdul", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a study to evaluate the effect of congestion mitigation strategy on Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) traffic in the context of UAS Traffic Management (UTM) for last-mile delivery applications. In last-mile delivery, the airspace is a confined volume dense in static obstacles and has vertiports where some payload needs to be delivered frequently. UASs carrying payload enter the airspace sequentially through an entry point, traverse the airspace to deliver payload at the vertiport, and then leave the airspace via an exit point. The UAS are free to move in the obstacle-free airspace. As several UAS share the airspace, they are bound to encounter congestion. A model of a congestion mitigation strategy is presented, using which the UAS can avoid the congested region by re-routing onto alternate paths. A study is carried out to demonstrate the effect of the congestion mitigation strategy – in terms of congestion-causing parameters such as the UAS arrival rate at the entry point and distance of entry and exit from the vertiport – on the spread of UAS traffic in the airspace and delays incurred.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Aeronautics", "Traffic congestion", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Aerospace engineering", "Meteorology", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-2119" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417028550", "doi": "10.2514/1.i011666", "title": "Development of Decision Support Systems for Advanced Air Mobility Operations in Korea", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Junghyun Kim", "Hahyeon Moon" ], "first_author": "Junghyun Kim", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Information Systems", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "The Republic of Korea government has started exploring the implementation of advanced air mobility (AAM) due to its potential to enhance connectivity in both urban and regional areas. The implementation of AAM requires careful decisions to address critical challenges such as vertiport placement and corridor network design. This paper presents the development of decision support systems to evaluate various operational strategies for upcoming AAM operations in Republic of Korea. Three interconnected systems are developed by leveraging a data-driven approach: unsupervised learning-based vertiport placement, dynamic corridor network generation, and flight-path planning. Each system uses relevant data sets tailored to its specific purpose and employs algorithms to enable the proposed concepts. The main contributions of this research are to 1) propose an unsupervised learning-based approach that can be used for identifying optimal vertiport locations in the Korean peninsula, 2) establish a dynamic corridor network generation system for AAM operations, and 3) develop a multi-objective flight-path optimization system customized to AAM operations in Republic of Korea. The authors believe that these systems can be used to assess various operational initiatives, particularly for single-flight scenarios; hence, the Republic of Korea government can make informed decisions for the effective implementation of upcoming AAM operations in Republic of Korea.", "keywords": [ "Government (linguistics)", "Decision support system", "Development (topology)", "The Republic" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i011666" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163804166", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6823358", "title": "Tour-based Network Design and Demand Forecasting for Urban Air Mobility (UAM)", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohammed Almasabi", "Yu Zhang", "Sasan Mahmoudinazlou" ], "first_author": "Mohammed Almasabi", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Key (lock)", "Traffic congestion", "Network planning and design", "Service (business)", "Demand forecasting", "Plan (archaeology)", "Transportation planning", "Representation (politics)", "Mode (computer interface)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6823358" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204214015", "doi": "10.34657/41298", "title": "LUFO Verbundprojekt CNS-ALPHA - CNS Algorithmen und Prozeduren für hohe Autonomiegrade; Vorhaben: Bodeninfrastruktur für Lufttaxi-Landeplätze", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-19", "type": "report", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Holger Neufeldt" ], "first_author": "Holger Neufeldt", "venue": "RENATE", "publisher": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "abstract": "Schlussbericht des Vorhabens Bodeninfrastruktur für Lufttaxi-Landeplätze des Projekts CNS-ALPHA im Luftfahrtforschungsprogramm. Das Vorhaben zielt auf die Definition und Erprobung von Bodenelementen zu Unterstützung des Betriebs elektrisch angetriebener, vertikal startender/landender Lufttaxis in urbanem Raum unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Umgebung von Landeplattformen, sog. Vertiports. Das Vorhaben fokussiert hier insbesondere auf die Verbesserung bodengestützter Sensorik in Form eines kompakten Primärradars, das durch in die Lage versetzt wurde, Drohnen im An- und Abflugluftraum von Vertiports zu entdecken und zu klassifizieren. Auf diese Weise kann Hindernisfreiheit festgestellt bzw. Konflikte frühzeitige detektiert und vermieden werden.", "keywords": [ "Population", "Herbal supplement", "Context (archaeology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://oa.tib.eu/renate/handle/123456789/42231" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203714835", "doi": "10.1016/j.rico.2026.100800", "title": "A multi-objective optimization framework for integrating drone-based urban air mobility with ground logistics networks: toward sustainable and resilient last-mile delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Javad Javanmardnezhad", "Majid Mehrabi Delshad", "Farshad Kaveh", "Nasim Jafarnejad", "Majid Toulabi" ], "first_author": "Javad Javanmardnezhad", "venue": "Results in Control and Optimization", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Rising urban population growth, congestion, and emissions pressures motivate urban air mobility (UAM) as a three-dimensional complement to ground logistics. This paper develops MO-UAMLN, a multi-objective mixed-integer linear program that jointly minimizes cost and emissions and maximizes disruption resilience for an integrated drone-ground vehicle network with vertiport infrastructure, solved via a novel Deep Reinforcement Learning-enhanced NSGA-III (DRL-NSGA-III) algorithm. In a Tehran case study (150 nodes, three distribution centers, eight vertiports), the integrated strategy cuts cost by 18.7% and emissions by 34.2% and raises expected disruption coverage to 88.0% versus single-mode baselines; DRL-NSGA-III significantly outperforms NSGA-II, NSGA-III, and MOEA/D (Holm-Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05, large effect sizes), and battery capacity, vertiport throughput, and demand density emerge as the dominant performance drivers. These results indicate that resilience arises from modal complementarity rather than redundant capacity, offering differentiated investment guidance for operators, planners, and policymakers. Findings rest on a single metropolitan case study and stylized assumptions, so generalization to other cities and real deployment conditions requires further validation.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Key (lock)", "Work (physics)", "Air pollution" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2026.100800" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7115169907", "doi": "10.64631/nqcm3031", "title": "The Integration of eVTOL Aircraft and Infrastructure into San Jose Mineta International Airport", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-09", "type": "report", "language": null, "authors": [ "Skylar Bogner", "Pranav Karthikeyan", "Ganesh Ramamurthi", "Krish Saini", "Louisa Regulla-Wilkens", "Elliana Zhao" ], "first_author": "Skylar Bogner", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "With the average American spending around 43 hours a year sitting in traffic1, and automobile emissions in the US accounting for 57% of all transportation emissions2, traditional transportation infrastructure can no longer keep pace with growing demand and environmental concerns. Electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) offer an environmentally friendly approach to efficiently transporting individuals while reducing stress on current infrastructure. As many companies work towards effectively integrating eVTOLs, or air taxis, into urban environments, airports have become the most likely candidates for housing early air taxi hubs. However, limited physical space at airports, the complexity of coordinating with existing air traffic, noise concerns, weather challenges, and additional constraints stand in the way of successfully implementing this technology. The present study develops a geospatial data-driven approach using Python-based spatial analysis and A* pathfinding algorithms to identify optimal vertiport locations in airports and seamlessly integrate them into the air traffic at a chosen location. The analysis covered flight traffic density under 3,000 feet, wind favorability, proximity to terminals, access to frequent destinations, and dynamic no-fly zones of the San Jose Mineta International Airport (SJC). The data was used to generate colored heatmaps that revealed the most suitable vertiport sites and highlighted airspace congestion. This approach also produced snapshots across different daily intervals, enabling algorithmically optimized flight path planning for eVTOL operations based on the time of day. Potential vertiport locations were tested to find the best configuration of landing pads and gates tolerating the highest throughput of air taxis. Further investigation revealed two optimal vertiport locations concentrated in a 4-mile area of SJC, with peak operational windows occurring during 12-2 PM PST when traffic and wind conditions align favorably. These findings provide a systematic foundation for integrating eVTOLs and other Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) into existing airport infrastructure, with a system offering a replicable framework applicable to airports worldwide.", "keywords": [ "Geospatial analysis", "Work (physics)", "Pace", "Aviation", "International airport", "Air traffic control", "Runway" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.64631/nqcm3031" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412005371", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace12070605", "title": "Enhancing Urban Air Mobility Scheduling Through Declarative Reasoning and Stakeholder Modeling", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeongseok Kim", "KyuRang Kim" ], "first_author": "Jeongseok Kim", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The goal of this paper is to optimize mission schedules for vertical airports (vertiports in short) to satisfy the different needs of stakeholders. We model the problem as a resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) to obtain the best resource allocation and schedule. As a new approach to solving the RCPSP, we propose answer set programming (ASP). This is in contrast to the existing research using MILP as a solution to the RCPSP. Our approach can take complex scheduling restrictions and stakeholder-specific requirements. In addition, we formalize and include stakeholder needs using a knowledge representation and reasoning framework. Our experiments show that the proposed method can generate practical schedules that reflect what stakeholders actually need. In particular, we show that our approach can compute optimal schedules more efficiently and flexibly than previous approaches. We believe that this approach is suitable for the dynamic and complex environments of vertiports.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Stakeholder", "Engineering", "Political science", "Operations management", "Public relations" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/7/605/pdf?version=1751547089" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127406362", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-2273", "title": "Effects of Delays and Technical Disruptions on Satisfaction of Airtaxi Passenger", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Nirupama Vinayakumar Nair", "Samiksha R. Nagrare" ], "first_author": "Nirupama Vinayakumar Nair", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) systems move towards reality, a need arises to focus not only on operational metrics but also on passenger-centric service quality. While existing frameworks evaluate vertiport performance, they lack the resolution to capture the diverse perceptions of individual passengers undergoing delays and disruptions. In this work, we present a proof of concept for a satisfaction model in the form of an algorithm that bridges this gap by combining operational simulation with heuristic behavioural sensitivity. The algorithm simulates vertiport scenarios under varying environmental and technical disruptions, delays, and cancellations resulting from multiple factors. An algorithm is proposed in this work that assesses the impact of these disruptions on passenger sentiment, generating emotional classifications of satisfied, frustrated, and furious. The algorithm delivers adaptable passenger satisfaction assessments to support infrastructure design and stakeholder alignment for future IAM systems.", "keywords": [ "Stakeholder", "Focus (optics)", "Heuristic", "Work (physics)", "Customer satisfaction", "Service (business)", "Perception" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2273" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1579923835", "doi": "10.1002/9780470172896.ch14", "title": "Requirements of V/STOL Systems", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-02-14", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Norman J. Ashford", "Paul H. Wright" ], "first_author": "Norman J. Ashford", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction V/STOL Aircraft Characteristics and Trends Planning and Design of Heliports Planning and Design of Vertiports Planning and Design of STOL Facilities References", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172896.ch14" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391768798", "doi": "10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422484", "title": "Integrated Taxiing and TLOF pad Scheduling Using Different Surface Directions with Fairness Analysis", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-24", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ravi Raj Saxena", "Tejas D Joshi", "Yashashav DK", "T. V. Prabhakar", "Joy Kuri" ], "first_author": "Ravi Raj Saxena", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) vehicles have gained immense popularity in the delivery drone market and are now being developed for passenger transportation in urban areas to efficiently enable Urban Air Mobility (UAM). UAM aims to utilize the urban airspace to address the problem of heavy road congestion in dense urban cities. VTOL vehicles require vertiport terminals for landing, take-off, refuelling (or charging), and maintenance. An efficient scheduling algorithm is essential to maximize the throughput of the vertiport terminal while maintaining safety protocols to handle the UAM traffic. While traditional departure and taxiing operations can be applied in the context of vertiport terminals, specific algorithms are required for take-off and landing schedules. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft that require a runway to take-off and climb in a single direction, VTOL vehicles can approach and climb in several directions. We propose a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation to schedule flights for taxiing and climbing in multiple directions after take-off. Our results show that increasing the number of climbing directions can reduce delays by over 50%. We also introduce a fairness metric to ensure a uniform delay distribution.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Processor scheduling", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422484" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134649748", "doi": null, "title": "Estudio comparativo de la gestión operativa de vertipuertos", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "es", "authors": [ "Núria Cuenca Caracuel", "Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Escola d'Enginyeria" ], "first_author": "Núria Cuenca Caracuel", "venue": "Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)", "publisher": "Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona", "abstract": "Aquest Treball de Final de Grau examina la gestió operativa dels vertiports en el context de la Mobilitat Aèria Urbana, analitzant el marc regulatori emergent i les especificacions tècniques de les aeronaus eVTOL. L'estudi desglossa els fonaments de la gestió aeroportuària tradicional, per contrastar-los amb l'estructura funcional dels vertiports i les seves àrees de moviment i activitats. A través d'una anàlisi comparatiu dels actors, infraestructures i procediments, el document avalua tècnicament quines operatives actuals posseeixen capacitat de transferibilitat directa, mitjana o nul·la cap a aquest nou model de transport aeri.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Order (exchange)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tfg/2026/326126/estudio_comparativo_de_la_gestion_operativa_de.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3108420780", "doi": null, "title": "National Campaign Prepares for Flight Testing", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Laura Newton" ], "first_author": "Laura Newton", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "NASA’s Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) National Campaign (NC) project conducted testing and painted a vertiport and helipads in preparation for the NC Integrated Dry Run Test beginning the first week of December 2020", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Test (biology)", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/features/national-campaign-prepares-for-flight-testing.html" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204037752", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.22068078", "title": "Qatar eVTOL Reference Dataset", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-23", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "Qatar eVTOL (qatarevtol.com)" ], "first_author": "Qatar eVTOL (qatarevtol.com)", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Primary-source reference dataset for eVTOL infrastructure in the State of Qatar: aircraft, routes, vertiports, regulators and explainers, with per-record status, verification date and full primary-source lists. Published at https://qatarevtol.com/data.html (CC BY 4.0). Sister dataset: https://evtolemirates.com.", "keywords": [ "Reference data", "State (computer science)", "Identification (biology)", "Key (lock)", "Feature (linguistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22068078" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7115165821", "doi": "10.64631/vhzv3682", "title": "Turbulent Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions Without Sidewall Effects at Mach 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 — PIV Measurements From 2025 Test Entry", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-01", "type": "report", "language": null, "authors": [ "Heath H. Reising" ], "first_author": "Heath H. Reising", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "With the average American spending around 43 hours a year sitting in traffic1, and automobile emissions in the US accounting for 57% of all transportation emissions2, traditional transportation infrastructure can no longer keep pace with growing demand and environmental concerns. Electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) offer an environmentally friendly approach to efficiently transporting individuals while reducing stress on current infrastructure. As many companies work towards effectively integrating eVTOLs, or air taxis, into urban environments, airports have become the most likely candidates for housing early air taxi hubs. However, limited physical space at airports, the complexity of coordinating with existing air traffic, noise concerns, weather challenges, and additional constraints stand in the way of successfully implementing this technology. The present study develops a geospatial data-driven approach using Python-based spatial analysis and A* pathfinding algorithms to identify optimal vertiport locations in airports and seamlessly integrate them into the air traffic at a chosen location. The analysis covered flight traffic density under 3,000 feet, wind favorability, proximity to terminals, access to frequent destinations, and dynamic no-fly zones of the San Jose Mineta International Airport (SJC). The data was used to generate colored heatmaps that revealed the most suitable vertiport sites and highlighted airspace congestion. This approach also produced snapshots across different daily intervals, enabling algorithmically optimized flight path planning for eVTOL operations based on the time of day. Potential vertiport locations were tested to find the best configuration of landing pads and gates tolerating the highest throughput of air taxis. Further investigation revealed two optimal vertiport locations concentrated in a 4-mile area of SJC, with peak operational windows occurring during 12-2 PM PST when traffic and wind conditions align favorably. These findings provide a systematic foundation for integrating eVTOLs and other Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) into existing airport infrastructure, with a system offering a replicable framework applicable to airports worldwide.", "keywords": [ "Clear-air turbulence", "Geospatial analysis", "Aviation", "Work (physics)", "Air traffic control", "Pace", "Noise (video)", "Throughput", "Density of air" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.64631/vhzv3682" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403555344", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2407.12113", "title": "A Graph-based Adversarial Imitation Learning Framework for Reliable & Realtime Fleet Scheduling in Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-16", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Prithvi Poddar", "Steve M. Paul", "Souma Chowdhury" ], "first_author": "Prithvi Poddar", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "The advent of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) presents the scope for a transformative shift in the domain of urban transportation. However, its widespread adoption and economic viability depends in part on the ability to optimally schedule the fleet of aircraft across vertiports in a UAM network, under uncertainties attributed to airspace congestion, changing weather conditions, and varying demands. This paper presents a comprehensive optimization formulation of the fleet scheduling problem, while also identifying the need for alternate solution approaches, since directly solving the resulting integer nonlinear programming problem is computationally prohibitive for daily fleet scheduling. Previous work has shown the effectiveness of using (graph) reinforcement learning (RL) approaches to train real-time executable policy models for fleet scheduling. However, such policies can often be brittle on out-of-distribution scenarios or edge cases. Moreover, training performance also deteriorates as the complexity (e.g., number of constraints) of the problem increases. To address these issues, this paper presents an imitation learning approach where the RL-based policy exploits expert demonstrations yielded by solving the exact optimization using a Genetic Algorithm. The policy model comprises Graph Neural Network (GNN) based encoders that embed the space of vertiports and aircraft, Transformer networks to encode demand, passenger fare, and transport cost profiles, and a Multi-head attention (MHA) based decoder. Expert demonstrations are used through the Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) algorithm. Interfaced with a UAM simulation environment involving 8 vertiports and 40 aircrafts, in terms of the daily profits earned reward, the new imitative approach achieves better mean performance and remarkable improvement in the case of unseen worst-case scenarios, compared to pure RL results.", "keywords": [ "Adversarial system", "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Imitation", "Graph", "Artificial intelligence", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Theoretical computer science", "Engineering", "Psychology", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.12113" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203774100", "doi": "10.1002/9781394359325", "title": "Foundations of Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-23", "type": "book", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kevin A. Adkins" ], "first_author": "Kevin A. Adkins", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The first structured reference covering advanced air mobility from concept to operation Advanced air mobility lacks a unified academic reference that spans its interdisciplinary scope, from vehicle design to regulatory frameworks. Foundations of Advanced Air Mobility, written by Kevin A. Adkins, an elected Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and creator of the first U.S. collegiate AAM course, delivers a structured treatment of powered-lift aircraft technologies, air traffic management, vertiport infrastructure, environmental considerations, and market dynamics. The book moves from foundational AAM concepts through operational and regulatory specifics, covering eVTOL vehicle technologies, the U.S. certification landscape, urban airspace integration challenges, collision avoidance strategies, and vertiport and skyport construction for urban environments. Business models and market trends also receive dedicated analysis alongside ethical considerations, sustainability in AAM operations, and weather impacts on flight operations. Readers will also find: Coverage of infrastructure and regulatory policy including vertiport design, skyport construction, and the U.S. regulatory certification framework Analysis of air traffic management challenges in urban environments, including collision avoidance and airspace integration strategies Discussion of environmental impacts such as weather effects on operations and the role of AAM in sustainable urban development Treatment of business models, market trends, and economic considerations relevant to AAM manufacturers, suppliers, and stakeholders Multiple-choice questions in each chapter designed to reinforce key concepts and support classroom or self-directed learning Designed for upper-level undergraduate students across aviation, engineering, human factors, public policy, and business programs, this book also serves AAM manufacturers, suppliers, government policy makers, analysts, consultants, and academic researchers who need a single authoritative reference spanning the full scope of advanced air mobility.", "keywords": [ "Certification", "Government (linguistics)", "Sustainability", "Air traffic control", "Air traffic management", "Public policy", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394359325" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7147699298", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202603.2473.v1", "title": "Sustainability Considerations for UAM in the Smart City", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sarah Marie Lillo Hubbard", "Joseph B. Sobieralski" ], "first_author": "Sarah Marie Lillo Hubbard", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper discusses the sustainability of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) in smart cities across four dimensions: environmental, social, economic, and operational impacts. In the long term, UAM aircraft are expected to be autonomous and unmanned, however, there some UAM aircraft will have pilots in the immediate future. Economic factors reflect the financial viability of UAM, the business case for operations, public impacts from subsidies for vertiport and power infrastructure, and potential indirect costs from increased electricity demand and grid upgrades. Environmental impacts include energy use, emissions, and noise. Social considerations include vertiport siting, public acceptance, employment effects, land use changes, and distributional equity. Operational sustainability encompasses technical readiness, regulatory conditions, and UAM missions such as cargo delivery, passenger transport and emergency response. Using existing literature and case studies from U.S. cities to provide a summary of relevant topics, we analyze a UAM business case framework and estimate travel time savings for airport-to-downtown trips in Dallas and New York. We compare UAM energy intensity and emissions versus conventional transportation modes using a New York City application, and examine how vertiport siting impacts travel times, land use, and neighborhood noise. Operational considerations highlight early use cases most likely to deliver near-term benefits. We conclude with a research agenda to address gaps and guide sustainable UAM deployment.", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Subsidy", "TRIPS architecture", "Electricity", "Public transport", "Sustainable transport", "Environmental impact assessment", "Land use", "Smart city", "Baseline (sea)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/9ec253868b79074348f7157a7b2a538b/download_pub" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3154780235", "doi": null, "title": "The future of electric passenger drones: A roadmap towards the Community Integration of Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marcel Kool" ], "first_author": "Marcel Kool", "venue": "Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)", "publisher": "Delft University of Technology", "abstract": "Worldwide, more and more actors have started to speak out their belief in a future with three-dimensional mobility as one of the solutions for congesting and polluted cities. Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing vehicles – more popularly referred to as drones – are supposed to relieve the current infrastructure network, mainly roads, and quickly transport cargo and people through the sky to their desired location. This new mode of transportation is also called Urban Air Mobility (UAM). To make UAM a reality, three main components are required: the aircraft and aircrew, the management of the airspace and the integration in the community. Over the last years, the industry has made major steps in the first two aspects. However, the community integration of UAM – which is about infrastructure, social acceptance and regulations, among others – has fallen behind, as cities are barely preparing themselves for this new transportation mode. Still, UAM may become a reality much earlier than those cities may expect. When that happens, cities will have to be prepared for this. It is therefore important to explore what it means and takes when UAM is integrated into a community. It is the latter which forms the fundament for this research. Where the literature extensively discusses the aircraft and airspace integration, a knowledge gap can be identified on the community integration of UAM. For this reason, the main goal for the research was to analyze the required changes in the urban mobility regime, which challenges this will cause and what actions communities can take in preparation for UAM. To contribute to the understanding of the subject and analyze the practical elaboration of UAM Community Integration, the research tried to answer the question how the transition of Urban Air Mobility can be realised in communities, which formed the main research question. To answer the research question, a qualitative approach was chosen, recommended to be used when the investigated phenomenon is new and when the investigator seeks to answer “why” and “how” questions. A combination of different qualitative data gathering methods was adopted: literature reviews and semi-structured interviews. This thesis shows that there is a lot involved in the transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional urban transport, or Urban Air Mobility. The transition is driven by large-scale developments such as urbanization, mobility growth and climate change, putting pressure on the mobility regime. Besides, there are technological innovations in development, such as battery and communication technologies and automation, which the development of UAM as a new mode of transportation will depend on. In addition, there are internal frictions in the existing mobility system, such as congestion, which require new, sustainable mobility solutions. The comparison between the existing and future mobility regime – the latter including UAM – makes clear that the community integration of UAM requires changes in every single dimension in the mobility regime. This is accompanied by various challenges and requires actions from cities. Major challenges are mainly found within the dimensions of sectoral policy, infrastructure and culture or symbolic meaning. The most important actions that cities can take therefore also address these challenges. For example, there are currently a patchwork of rules that restrict or prohibit the use of drones and thus make UAM virtually impossible. This requires standardization of rules, which above all allow the use of drones, while respecting the social impact that drones can have. Furthermore, there is usually a lack of existing infrastructure, which means that new infrastructure must be developed. However, the limited space, suitability of existing buildings, financial feasibility and social value of UAM are some important factors that make infrastructure development within urban centers a challenging task. Cities will have to identify suitable locations for vertiports, taking these types of factors into account. Existing energy capacity can also be an obstacle. Whereas typical passenger vehicle DC fast charging typically ranges from 50kW-350kW, UAM requires charging capacities of up to 600 kW. To provide this, cities may have to make adjustments to their existing energy network. Finally, UAM will likely have a significant social impact in terms of noise, horizon pollution, privacy, safety and price,. The risk of social resistance is therefore high. It is important that cities anticipate this by, among other things, informing and educating the community about UAM, carrying out pilot projects and drawing up social guidelines. Other actions that cities can take to prepare for UAM include the exploration of potential user practices and the definition and division of stakeholder roles, among others. To conclude, the realization of UAM in communities is only in its infancy and involves an extensive process of (interdependent) developments and actions. Once the variety of niche-innovations have developed into a more mature state – which can still take several years –, UAM will be able to start its breakthrough into the urban mobility regime. This transition requires changes in all regime dimensions. The integration in the community will have impact in different ways, of which it is assumed that the spatial, energy and social domains will be impacted most. Challenges rise, mainly with regard to the sectoral policy, infrastructure and culture or symbolic meaning within the mobility regime. In order to realise the transition of UAM in communities, these must be addressed. This thesis proposed some of the more important actions that communities can take for the community integration of UAM. These are outlined in the final roadmap, which should give the final answer on how the transition of UAM can be realized in communities. The research recommends cities to take up the identified actions for UAM community integra", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Aircrew", "Aviation", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7f4db6c7-806b-4867-9447-ccc31d7f9393" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402687899", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-4499", "title": "Planning of Safe Trajectories in Urban Airspace", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Samuel Layer-Reiss", "Johanna Kunz", "Matthias Bittner", "Florian Holzapfel" ], "first_author": "Samuel Layer-Reiss", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The envisioned concept of Urban-Air-Mobility (UAM) introduces new challenges for the generation of safe trajectories. A safe trajectory must ensure that in the event of a contingency, a vertiport to conduct a safety landing is always within reach. Moreover, the trajectory must avoid any no-fly zones. Computing optimal trajectories that fulfill both requirements is particularly complicated for densely populated areas where numerous no-fly zones and vertiports exist, because the resulting optimal control problem involves both continuous and discrete variables. As a consequence, the problem cannot be optimized efficiently using collocation- or shooting-based methods. Instead, we propose a linear mixed-integer-based formulation of the problem which can be solved using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) solvers. Our approach considers electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft (eVTOL) which can transition between vertical and wingborne flight. The capabilities of the approach are demonstrated with a two-dimensional example.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-4499" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411873463", "doi": "10.1001/amajethics.2025.525", "title": "EMS Service Integration in American Indian and Native Alaskan Rural Communities", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chelsea Tsasse", "John Shufeldt" ], "first_author": "Chelsea Tsasse", "venue": "The AMA Journal of Ethic", "publisher": "American Medical Association", "abstract": "This article outlines several initiatives to optimize and expand emergency medical services (EMS) in American Indian and Native Alaskan (AI/NA) rural communities. It highlights the significance of cultural humility, cost-effectiveness, equity, and tribal sovereignty in EMS licensure and describes key infrastructure improvements (eg, roads and communication systems) to EMS responsiveness in AI/NA rural communities. This article also examines practical and financial strategies for integrating telehealth and drone-based delivery of critical medicines into rural EMS response capacity.", "keywords": [ "Service (business)", "Geography", "Ethnology", "History", "Business", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/sites/joedb/files/2025-06/msoc1-peer-2507_0.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2763628215", "doi": null, "title": "Feasibility of tactical air delivery resupply using gliders", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-12-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chaz R Henderson" ], "first_author": "Chaz R Henderson", "venue": "Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)", "publisher": "Naval Postgraduate School", "abstract": "Due to the high cost and logistical burden placed on deployed units by the Joint Precision Aerial Delivery System (JPADS), the USMC has requested proposals for a single-use tactical resupply glider that can resupply squads with 500 pounds of essential food and gear while costing less than $3,000 per unit and using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) electronics. The feasibility of this request was determined by designing, constructing, and testing two prototype gliding aerial delivery systems, Pun-Jet and Sparrow, using modern design and manufacturing techniques including AutoCAD, 3D printing, laser cutting and CorelDraw, and conducting field testing and subsequent analysis using MATLAB. It was determined that a low-cost, glider-based precision aerial delivery system utilizing COTS electronic components is likely a viable alternative to the parachute-based systems currently in use and can be constructed using modern manufacturing techniques. Further research should include an enlarged design, logistics, improvement of landing algorithms and navigation in GPS-degraded environments.", "keywords": [ "Glider", "Engineering", "Global Positioning System", "Electronics", "Systems engineering", "Computer science", "Marine engineering", "Telecommunications", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10945/51717" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125935706", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-0467", "title": "Evaluation of Conflict Management Services for AAM via Simulation and Flight Test", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Nobuhiro Yokoyama", "Naoki Matayoshi", "Tomoko Iijima", "Hiroaki Yoshida", "Shigeyuki Kikkawa", "Kenya Harada", "Tomohito Yahata", "Masanori Yawata", "Yuuji Matsui" ], "first_author": "Nobuhiro Yokoyama", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "To promote the adoption of advanced air mobility (AAM), particularly during the early to middle stages of maturity, it is necessary to account for its unique operational limitations, such as short flight endurance due to battery capacity constraints and limited vertiport resources for accommodating turnarounds. Thus, this study evaluated urban air traffic management (UATM) services to address such limitations, mainly focusing on pre-flight conflict management in the air and on the ground. Specifically, the quantitative performance of the developed conflict management services (CMS) was evaluated through fast-time simulations that accounted for departure delays and wind-induced in-flight delays. In addition, the practical validity of CMS operational procedures and the overall feasibility of the interconnected systems, such as a UATM system, vertiport automation system, and AAM operators’ systems, were assessed through flight tests conducted in a live-virtual environment. Through these tests, the feasibility and robustness of the developed CMS were confirmed.", "keywords": [ "Robustness (evolution)", "Air traffic control", "Conflict management", "Automation", "Air traffic management", "Capacity management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-0467" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204059889", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.22068156", "title": "UAE eVTOL Reference Dataset", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-23", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "UAE eVTOL (evtolemirates.com)" ], "first_author": "UAE eVTOL (evtolemirates.com)", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Primary-source reference dataset for eVTOL infrastructure in the United Arab Emirates: aircraft, operators, vertiports, routes, regulators and explainers, with per-record status, verification date and full primary-source lists. Published at https://evtolemirates.com/data.html (CC BY 4.0). Sister dataset: https://qatarevtol.com.", "keywords": [ "Reference data", "Identification (biology)", "Context (archaeology)", "Work (physics)", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22068156" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117312033", "doi": "10.61782/fa.2025.0610", "title": "Noise Impact Range Assessment using UAM Noise Hemisphere", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Seung-min Lee", "Chan-Hoon Haan" ], "first_author": "Seung-min Lee", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The present study aims to investigate the noise impact range in urban areas around vertiport using a noise hemisphere model to simulate UAM noise propagation.In order to this three noise hemisphere methods were compared including Integrated, Interpolated, and Background noise compensation.SoundPLAN software was used for noise modeling in a specific area of a vertiport in Seoul.Both horizontal and vertical noise maps were drawn to evaluate the UAM noise effect on the buildings around vertiport.As a result, it was found that the noise impact range varied depending on the noise hemisphere model.In addition, the horizontal propagation range of noise was confirmed to be at least 200 m to 700 m.The vertical propagation range varied significantly depending on the building height, with higher noise levels observed around taller buildings.Based on the results, it is possible to predict the 3D noise impact range by combining horizontal and vertical noise maps when operating UAM in actual urban areas.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Range (aeronautics)", "Noise floor", "Background noise", "Atmospheric noise" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dael.euracoustics.org/confs/fa2025/data/articles/000610.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416039898", "doi": "10.54941/ahfe1007015", "title": "Evaluating Simple Vibrotactile Feedback for Manual Glideslope Landings in Urban Air Mobility Simulation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Danny Sarmiento", "Vannessa Nguyen", "Vinicius Dugue", "Kim‐Phuong L. Vu", "Thomas Z. Strybel", "Vernol Battiste", "Praveen Shankar", "Panadda Marayong" ], "first_author": "Danny Sarmiento", "venue": "AHFE international", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a transportation system that integrates vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft into the National Airspace System, with the goal of transporting passengers and small goods within metropolitan areas. Although the vehicles are capable of VTOL, a glideslope landing approach was studied due to its advantage over VTOL in air traffic management coordination, energy consumption and passenger comfort. This study evaluated whether vibrotactile feedback improved manual glideslope landing performance when applied to the wrist on the dominant versus non-dominant arm. Participants performed glide slope landing using recommended flight parameters provided on a glideslope display to descend and land at a vertiport. Using a CAVE virtual reality simulation, sixteen novice, non-pilot participants completed 18 simulated landings at three different vertiports along two arrival entry routes (clockwise and counterclockwise direction) under three tactile feedback conditions: no feedback, feedback on dominant arm, and feedback on non-dominant arm. Performance data and subjective ratings of workload, usability, and situational awareness were collected. There was no significant effect of feedback condition. However, participants found the wrist placement for the vibrotactile alerts to be comfortable and suggested that dynamic vibration cues could further improve guidance from the alerts. Additionally, participants made more forward speed errors when landing at specific vertiports in the clockwise direction, which may have been due to the route characteristics that increased the difficulty of maintaining a consistent forward speed. These findings suggest that route design is a critical factor to consider when planning the approach paths for UAM operations, and could inform future tactile feedback design for enhancing pilot performance.", "keywords": [ "Touchdown", "Takeoff", "Takeoff and landing", "Air traffic control", "Situation awareness", "Runway", "Trajectory", "Terminal (telecommunication)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1007015" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4214734179", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4043352", "title": "Environmental Impact Analysis of On-Demand Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yu Zhang", "Pengli Zhao", "Joseph A. Post", "Zhiqiang Wu", "Wenbo Du" ], "first_author": "Yu Zhang", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental impact assessment", "Environmental science", "Natural resource economics", "Environmental planning", "Business", "Economics", "Political science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4043352" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204058355", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.22068077", "title": "Qatar eVTOL Reference Dataset", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-23", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "Qatar eVTOL (qatarevtol.com)" ], "first_author": "Qatar eVTOL (qatarevtol.com)", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Primary-source reference dataset for eVTOL infrastructure in the State of Qatar: aircraft, routes, vertiports, regulators and explainers, with per-record status, verification date and full primary-source lists. Published at https://qatarevtol.com/data.html (CC BY 4.0). Sister dataset: https://evtolemirates.com.", "keywords": [ "Reference data", "State (computer science)", "Identification (biology)", "Key (lock)", "Feature (linguistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22068077" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118866533", "doi": "10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257295", "title": "Pending Slot Reservation for Urban Air Mobility: Addressing on-Demand Traffic Uncertainty", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "H.G. Kim", "Yeonju Eun", "Daekeun Jeon" ], "first_author": "H.G. Kim", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper proposes a novel demand-capacity balancing (DCB) framework for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) that allocates vertiport slots between scheduled and on-demand flights in a fair and efficient manner. The key idea is to reserve a variable number of pending slots—dedicated slots held exclusively for on-demand flights—to mitigate the unfairness that arises under traditional first-requested, first-served (FRFS) slot allocation policies. Unlike prior work that adopted fixed reservation sizes, we introduce a scenario-based surrogate optimization method to determine the optimal number of pending slots at each vertiport and time bin, accounting for spatial and temporal uncertainty in on-demand traffic. Simulation results on a representative UAM network show that our optimized pending slot reservation policy significantly reduces total system delay and improves delay equity between service types compared to both FRFS and fixed reservation policies. The proposed framework enables robust and adaptive demand-capacity balancing under uncertain traffic demand in UAM environments.", "keywords": [ "Reservation", "Equity (law)", "Key (lock)", "Variable (mathematics)", "Work (physics)", "Load balancing (electrical power)", "Scheduling (production processes)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257295" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165634290", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2606.21390", "title": "Distance-based subsidy rate design to incentivize ride-hail access to advanced air mobility hubs", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-19", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Zhe Ji", "Hai Yang", "Joseph Y.J. Chow" ], "first_author": "Zhe Ji", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "The success of advanced air mobility (AAM) operations is largely contingent on its effective integration with other ground transport modes. Under many use cases, AAM operators have to work with ride-hailing operators to create a seamless air taxi travel experience with adequate first and last-mile access. In investigating this multimodal coalition, this study proposes a distance-based subsidy rate design for AAM operators to incentivize ride-hail access to AAM hubs, incorporating air mobility operators' profitability considerations and travelers' route choices jointly. Using New York City (NYC) airport access as a case study, this study integrates high-volume for-hire vehicle (HVFHV) data from NYC taxi zones to consider real-world spatial demand distributions while considering passenger groups with different values of time (VOT) to derive insights on distinctive customer bases. Overall, the results show that AAM operators would need to subsidize the ride-hailing operators on vertiport access trips when air taxi operating costs exceed $12/mi. The analysis of ridership at AAM hubs indicates that ridership and profit contributions differ across different candidate vertiports in Manhattan, reflecting spatial demand heterogeneity. Additionally, having the airport access system in place, the taxi zones that generate the highest passenger demand to all three major NYC airports are identified under lower air taxi fare scenarios. These findings highlight how a distance-based subsidy rate design is beneficial in facilitating better access to vertiports and to foster high air taxi ridership with optimal AAM fare levels.", "keywords": [ "Subsidy", "TRIPS architecture", "Profitability index", "Profit (economics)", "Work (physics)", "Air travel", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.21390" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414697910", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2509.15559", "title": "Numerical Study on Jet-Like Outwash Induced by Multi-Rotor eVTOLs and Engineering Approaches for Outwash Mitigation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-19", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yen‐Chen Chen", "Chih‐Che Chueh" ], "first_author": "Yen‐Chen Chen", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "This study presents a comprehensive computational investigation of outwash phenomena generated by electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, with particular emphasis on how rotor geometry and alignment shape hazardous airflow patterns at vertiports. Using nondimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations with the k-omega SST turbulence model implemented in OpenFOAM, the research systematically characterizes jet-like outwash across a range of multi-rotor configurations. Results demonstrate that propeller count and inter-propeller spacing are primary determinants of outwash intensity, orientation, propagation range, and boundary-layer structure. For power-lift eVTOLs, low propeller counts combined with narrow spacing produce highly directional, intensified jet-like outwash with propagation ranges far exceeding current FAA EB105a safety standards. Conversely, higher propeller counts and larger spacings reduce peak velocities and propagation distances, enabling safer and more compact vertiport layouts. High-propeller-count designs further exhibit vertically stratified and thickened outwash boundary layers, requiring tailored mitigation strategies. Targeted engineering solutions-such as modular blast deflectors aligned with predicted outwash directions-are shown to reduce required vertiport safety areas by up to 82% without compromising operational safety. These findings establish a direct link between aircraft design, regulatory compliance, and infrastructure optimization, offering practical pathways for safe and scalable urban air mobility. The study also provides a foundation for future research on optimal mitigation device geometries and system-level integration of eVTOL operations within urban environments.", "keywords": [ "Outwash plain", "Takeoff", "Range (aeronautics)", "Bedform", "Deck" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.15559" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416923839", "doi": "10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257390", "title": "Advanced Air Mobility Simulation Tool for Airspace Capacity Estimation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Antoni Kopyt", "Kacper Kaczmarek", "Mateusz Sochacki" ], "first_author": "Antoni Kopyt", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Urban Air Mobility Traffic Analysis Tool (UAM TAT) is a versatile simulation platform designed to facilitate the safe and efficient integration of VTOL aircraft within urban environments. It enables users to explore various operational scenarios in a simulated airspace, focusing on optimizing traffic management and safety through effective risk mitigation strategies. The tool's modular architecture allows for customization of aircraft types, air traffic regulations, and operational parameters, making it adaptable to different urban mobility contexts. It provides valuable insights into airspace and vertiport capacity planning, as well as fleet sizing for VTOL operations. The results from five distinct simulations demonstrate the tool's capabilities, showing how different vertiport hub operations and air traffic management approaches influence aircraft conflicts and overall system performance. Overall, UAM TAT is a powerful resource for researchers, urban planners, and air traffic authorities aiming to develop and evaluate strategies for deploying urban air mobility solutions safely and efficiently.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Modular design", "Air traffic management", "Free flight", "Sizing", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Personalization" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257390" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172276840", "doi": "10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103095", "title": "Evaluating the impact of Urban Air Mobility on ground traffic efficiency: A multi-scenario simulation study", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuping Jin", "Ma Jun", "Zixuan Xiao", "Zhan Zhao", "Jintao Ke" ], "first_author": "Yuping Jin", "venue": "Journal of Air Transport Management", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is advancing rapidly, and its services are inherently linked with ground transport networks, making their impacts on traffic flow and efficiency a critical concern for urban mobility planning and policy decision-making. However, research on the implications of UAM for ground transportation remains limited and contested. Existing studies show divergent findings at the system-wide level and often overlook spatial heterogeneity and localized effects. This study develops an extended SUMO-TraCI framework that (i) incorporates realistic car-based first-/last-mile access and dispatch mechanisms, (ii) enables dual-scale analysis by capturing both system-wide traffic efficiency and localized congestion around vertiports, and (iii) supports multi-scenario testing, providing a broadly applicable framework for UAM evaluation. Based on five scenario experiments varying vertiport numbers (10, 30, 60, 80, and 100) relative to a baseline, UAM demonstrates modest yet positive citywide impacts on traffic flow reducing VKT and TTT modestly under the baseline eligibility setting, while sensitivity tests further reveal a non-linear and saturating benefit pattern around the 60–80 vertiport range as infrastructure density increases. Network-level spatial patterns indicate slightly greater relief on peripheral corridors and more frequent minor increases in central areas, with localized changes more noticeable on high-capacity roads than on local streets. This study introduces a scalable, multi-scenario evaluation framework for understanding and managing the multimodal impacts of UAM, providing actionable insights to guide evidence-based UAM planning and support sustainable city development.", "keywords": [ "Ground transportation", "Baseline (sea)", "Range (aeronautics)", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Traffic congestion", "Transportation planning", "Urban area", "Flow network", "Microsimulation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699726001316/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7152073806", "doi": "10.70675/a0c0d7e5z13caz4e38z9d66zd2f8620e054f", "title": "Operations Research Methodologies in Advanced Air Mobility and their potential applications in Emergency Medical Services", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "Julián Alberto Espejo-Díaz" ], "first_author": "Julián Alberto Espejo-Díaz", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Méthodologies de Recherche Opérationnelle dans la Mobilité Aérienne Avancée et leurs Applications Potentielles dans les Services d'aide Médicale Urgente Des progrès récents et importants dans les véhicules à décollage et atterrissage verticaux électriques (eVTOL pour leur abréviation en anglais) indiquent que bientôt, ces véhicules pourraient transporter des personnes et des marchandises dans les zones urbaines et rurales. Les véhicules de mobilité aérienne avancée (MAA) tels que les aéronefs eVTOL ont le potentiel de servir de solution alternative aux modes de transport traditionnels. De plus, les aéronefs AAM peuvent également être utilisés pour soutenir les services de santé. Par exemple, ils peuvent être utilisés pour fournir des services d'aide médicale urgente (SAMU) dans des zones ayant un accès limité aux transports terrestres.Cette thèse explore l'utilisation des techniques de recherche opérationnelle pour résoudre des problèmes de planification importants dans les opérations de MAA, en tenant compte des caractéristiques uniques de cette nouvelle technologie. Ce travail aborde le problème d'ordonnancement des aéronefs aux vertiports, le problème de sélection des vertiports pour les SAMU, et le problème simultané de sélection des vertiports et de distribution des véhicules eVTOL pour les SAMU. Pour aborder ces problèmes, diverses techniques de recherche opérationnelle sont employées, notamment l'optimisation, les heuristiques et les modèles de simulation. Des techniques d'analyse de données, telles que des algorithmes de regroupement (clustering), sont également intégrées.", "keywords": [ "Emergency medical services", "Health services", "Emergency procedure", "Air transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.70675/a0c0d7e5z13caz4e38z9d66zd2f8620e054f" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4243460003", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_210-1", "title": "Airtankers", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "reference-entry", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ann Suter" ], "first_author": "Ann Suter", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_210-1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4250380701", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_210", "title": "Airtankers", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "reference-entry", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ann Suter" ], "first_author": "Ann Suter", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_210" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204025144", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.22068157", "title": "UAE eVTOL Reference Dataset", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-23", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "UAE eVTOL (evtolemirates.com)" ], "first_author": "UAE eVTOL (evtolemirates.com)", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Primary-source reference dataset for eVTOL infrastructure in the United Arab Emirates: aircraft, operators, vertiports, routes, regulators and explainers, with per-record status, verification date and full primary-source lists. Published at https://evtolemirates.com/data.html (CC BY 4.0). Sister dataset: https://qatarevtol.com.", "keywords": [ "Reference data", "Identification (biology)", "Context (archaeology)", "Work (physics)", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22068157" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404129921", "doi": "10.54941/ahfe1005723", "title": "Development of Android-based Messaging Application for Onboard Communication for UAM Simulation", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Justin Cheung", "Maegan L. Schmitz", "Thomas Z. Strybel", "Panadda Marayong", "Vernol Battiste", "Stacey Ahuja", "Kim‐Phuong L. Vu", "Praveen Shankar" ], "first_author": "Justin Cheung", "venue": "AHFE international", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept utilizes vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft for on-demand passenger and cargo air transportation services in metropolitan areas. Various designs of UAM vehicles have been developed, but research is needed to achieve their integration with the existing national airspace system to ensure flight safety and efficiency. The concept of simplified vehicle operations (SVO) can be applied to UAM to allow for novice pilots to operate the vehicle more easily and reduce the operation complexity and demands on trained personnel for mission management. Voice-based pilot-ATC communications have been shown as a major source of workload, which will also likely impact UAM pilots. Text-based communication could potentially reduce pilot’s workload and voice communication errors. In this work, we report on the development of a messaging application for pilot and vertiport (VP) manager/air traffic controller (ATC) communications. The system consisted of an Android tablet installed with a custom application for pilots and a Windows-based application for VP manager/ATC. The text-messaging application was compared to voice communications in a user study involving pilots taking off and landing at six vertiports around San Francisco Bay area while communicating with an ATC/VP managers to acknowledge their flight plans and flight plan changes. Participants were interviewed following the study to gain insights on their perceptions of the UAM operations tested and the messaging application. The results showed that the communication mode did not affect workload, but pilots reported higher situation awareness with voice communication. A qualitative thematic analysis was conducted on the debriefing data, which provided recommendations on the design refinement. Based on the user feedback, an automated feature was added to the messaging application to facilitate the transition between vertiports. The revised interface will be evaluated in a future user study.", "keywords": [ "Android (operating system)", "Computer science", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005723" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117240716", "doi": "10.1016/j.kscej.2025.100503", "title": "Benefit-sacrifice trade-offs in UAM adoption in Seoul: A trip purpose-based analysis using the VAM", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jinhak Lee", "Do-Gyeong Kim" ], "first_author": "Jinhak Lee", "venue": "KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "This study investigates the adoption of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) services within Seoul by analyzing users' perceived benefits and sacrifices, with a particular focus on differences by trip purpose (Commuting vs. Airport Access). The Value-based Adoption Model (VAM) was employed as the theoretical framework, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to assess the relationships among key variables. Findings show that Seoul residents generally perceive UAM benefits to outweigh sacrifices, yet adoption intention was about 27% lower than expected. Airport Access Trips showed higher acceptance due to time-saving advantages, while commuting was hindered by transfer burdens and poor vertiport accessibility. Increasing vertiport numbers did not improve adoption unless accessibility was enhanced. About 18% of users opted out due to first-mile inconvenience. Perceived mobility emerged as the strongest positive driver of adoption, while safety concerns, especially regarding autonomous systems, were major barriers. These results suggest differentiated UAM service strategies for different trip purposes are needed for a successful launch in Seoul.", "keywords": [ "Production (economics)", "Work (physics)", "Statistical analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kscej.2025.100503" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163515213", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-4009", "title": "Simulation-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Charging Protocols for Optimizing Throughput and Cost of UAM Operations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Anubhav Halder", "Farhan Gandhi" ], "first_author": "Anubhav Halder", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations face critical energy management challenges at vertiports, where fixed-rate battery charging creates an inherent tradeoff between grid energy efficiency and passenger service reliability under time-varying demand. This study develops a simulation framework integrating detailed vertiport architecture, a centralized booking and vertipad reservation system, eVTOL aircraft performance models, and empirically characterized CC-only battery charging protocols to model a two-vertiport air-shuttle network under bimodal demand surges. A two-step hybrid optimization algorithm dynamically adjusts charging C-rates in response to evolving demand: Step 1 constructs a feasible, energy-conscious prior policy through constrained depth-first search over 15-minute operational bins, and Step 2 refines that policy at the individual charging event level using reinforcement learning (RL). Boundary case analysis establishes that uniform 2C charging fails to serve all passengers during demand spikes, while uniform 3.5C charging ensures full service at 18,700 kWh, defining a recoverable energy window of approximately 1,700 kWh. Step 1 recovers 13% of this window at 18,480 kWh total system energy with a maximum departure delay of 6 minutes. Step 2 achieves a further reduction to 18,215 kWh, representing a cumulative 30% recovery, with delays remaining below 15 minutes. These results demonstrate that adaptive variable-rate charging, guided by a prior-informed RL-based optimization strategy, meaningfully reduces network energy demand without compromising passenger service integrity.", "keywords": [ "Throughput", "Protocol (science)", "Key (lock)", "Reliability (semiconductor)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-4009" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W304906831", "doi": null, "title": "Lessons Learned, Headquarters, 1st Military Intelligence Battalion (ARS)", "year": 1969, "publication_date": "1969-02-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "James M Myers" ], "first_author": "James M Myers", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : The primary mission of providing tactical interpretation, reproduction and aerial delivery of imagery and related materials resulting from tactical air reconnaissance operations within the Republic of Vietnam was successfully accomplished during the reporting period.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Military intelligence", "Interpretation (philosophy)", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Management", "Operations management", "Political science", "Computer science", "Law" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0501180" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W337026300", "doi": null, "title": "AGARD Flight Test Techniques Series. Volume 6. Developmental Airdrop Testing Techniques and Devices", "year": 1987, "publication_date": "1987-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Henry J. Hunter" ], "first_author": "Henry J. Hunter", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This volume in the AGARD Flight Test Techniques Series deals with the practical aspects of planning, conducting and reporting on developmental airdrop tests made from cargo transport type aircraft. Typical cargo aircraft Aerial Delivery systems, parachute extraction systems and special devices and rigging techniques are described in detail. Typical instrumentation systems for obtaining aircraft and parachute systems force data are also described and piloting techniques for various airdrop methods are briefly discussed. The author also uses a scenario of a typical parachute Tow Test to demonstrate the application of these techniques and the use of challenge and response checklists among the flight crewmembers. Finally the use of reports is discussed and appendices are included with many useful charts and calculations that are readily applicable in research and development airdrop testing. Keywords: Aerial delivery; Aerodynamic forces; Flight maneuvers.", "keywords": [ "Flight test", "Aeronautics", "Instrumentation (computer programming)", "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Fly-by-wire", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Marine engineering", "Simulation", "Systems engineering", "Flight simulator" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA189621" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2334730516", "doi": "10.2514/6.2003-2112", "title": "Design, Simulation and Test of a Retraction Softlanding System for Payloads to 20,000 Pounds", "year": 2003, "publication_date": "2003-05-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Glen Brown", "Roger McCracken", "Brian Bagdonovich", "Richard Benney", "Brian McDermott" ], "first_author": "Glen Brown", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Reduction of parachute landing impact velocity by retraction has important potential benefits for aerial delivery, recovery and escape systems. “Softlanding” can reduce or eliminate impact attenuation materials, which is of particular interest to the Army for quicker rigging of aerial-delivery cargo. Softlanding can also be used to design recovery systems with smaller main parachutes, accruing the benefits of lighter weight, softer opening and faster maximum deployment airspeed. This paper discusses the development of a pneumatic muscle softlanding retractor for Army cargo units of up to 20,000 pounds. Pneumatic muscles are described in a previous paper by the authors 1 . This paper reports progress in the areas of multi-body simulation, gas generator development, high temperature flexible matrices, ground testing and a parachute drop test with 15,000 pounds suspended weight.", "keywords": [ "Test (biology)", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "System testing", "Simulation", "Marine engineering", "Engineering", "Software engineering", "Geology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-2112" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7198078360", "doi": null, "title": "Noise-Optimized Routes for Air Taxi", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Waleed Raza" ], "first_author": "Waleed Raza", "venue": "Scholarly Commons (Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)", "publisher": "Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University", "abstract": "Community noise is a primary barrier to the public acceptance and deployment of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) air taxi operations. This dissertation develops a coupled siting, routing, and noise optimization framework that links vertiport placement to its downstream acoustic consequences, demonstrated through a Daytona Beach case study. Candidate vertiports are screened and selected using accessibility, safety, demand, and feasibility criteria, and the selected sites form a directed network of 20 routes. Each trajectory is evaluated with a physics-based acoustic pipeline reporting Lmax, SEL, and EPNL at school, hospital, and residential receptors, showing that received exposure is route and receptor-specific rather than a simple function of distance. Two route refinement strategies are evaluated. Horizontal optimization shifts conflict-prone corridors away from sensitive areas while preserving the origin-destination (OD) structure, lowering predicted noise around schools while redistributing rather than uniformly reducing the acoustic footprint across the residential and hospital areas. Altitude optimization raises interior flight profiles to increase source-receiver separation, reducing receptor exposure at the cost of a growing mission energy penalty. A multi-objective stage then selects among baseline, horizontal, altitude, and integrated candidates under Efficiency, Balanced, Noise, and Sensitive-Receptor Priorities; the noise-oriented cases reduce class-balanced Lmax,95 by up to about 3.9 dB and SEL95 and EPNL95 by about 6 dB at modest route length cost. A time of day (TOD) analysis shows that single event exposure is governed mainly by route geometry, whereas cumulative daily exposure (DNL) is driven by the operating schedule and night hour weighting, with the largest reductions at hospital receptors. The results support integrating vertiport selection, route geometry, trajectory refinement, receptor-aware optimization, and TOD operation within a single noise-aware planning framework rather than treating them in isolation.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Noise (video)", "Schedule", "Noise control", "Pipeline (software)", "Ambient noise level", "Event (particle physics)", "Trajectory" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://commons.erau.edu/edt/1007" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167461066", "doi": "10.2514/1.d0506", "title": "Research Approach to Integrating Advanced Air Mobility into Transportation Demand Modeling", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mahdi Monemi Nodehi", "Mohammed Almasabi", "Yu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Mahdi Monemi Nodehi", "venue": "Journal of Air Transportation", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Advanced air mobility (AAM) is emerging as a transformative transportation option for urban and regional areas, offering a potential alternative to long intracity and intercity trips currently dependent on surface transportation. Public agencies are keen to understand how to integrate this new mode into a multimodal transportation system and develop effective strategies for planning, managing, and optimizing resources for both current and future needs. From a transportation planning perspective, modeling a future AAM network could be solved as a centralized problem, either for one operator or for the collective behavior of multiple operators. Meanwhile, passengers make choices among enhanced options following the user equilibrium principle in travel demand modeling (TDM). This paper addresses the challenge of incorporating AAM into the TDM framework while ensuring a realistic representation of AAM networks and traveler mode choices. Our study proposes a research approach to integrate AAM into a four-step transportation analysis zone (TAZ)-based demand model, achieving a new equilibrium of the multimodal transportation system through an iterative algorithm. The methodology includes: 1) coding the AAM network in demand modeling; 2) transferring the AAM disutility function from the existing literature; 3) applying airspace analysis to estimate flying distance and time between TAZs; 4) determining initial vertiport locations by solving an extended multiple-allocation p-hub median problem; and 5) refining the vertiport locations iteratively by running the enhanced demand model and a multiple-allocation p-hub maximal covering problem. To demonstrate the operability of the approach, we conducted a case study in the Tampa Bay metropolitan area, applying the methodology to the Florida Statewide Model. This AAM-integrated demand model serves as a decision support tool for public agencies, metropolitan planning organizations, AAM operators, and other stakeholders. It provides guidance for vertiport development and intermodal connectivity enhancement as well as facilitates the evaluation of AAM technological advancement, infrastructure enhancement, and regulatory options for regional mobility.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Metropolitan area", "Demand forecasting", "Operability", "Mode (computer interface)", "Public transport", "Port (circuit theory)", "Transportation planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0506" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415456203", "doi": "10.3397/in_2025_1059296", "title": "Community noise contributions from flight path sections of different transitional air-taxi flight conditions", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael W. Bauer" ], "first_author": "Michael W. Bauer", "venue": "NOISE-CON proceedings", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Previous UAM noise studies showed already that most of the aircraft noise will occur close to the vertiports and therefore is requiring a careful selection of observer positions for community noise studies and noise impact testing, depending mainly on the aircrafts' changing operational conditions during take-off and approach. While vertiports can be situated close to the next residential areas of a community, the noise, generated during take-off and landing is playing an important role. Especially before and short after take-off, as well as short before or after landing, most air-taxis' operational parameters, such as rotor rpm, velocity and in some cases tilt-angle of wing/engines, can vary significantly in a very short time, sometimes only within seconds. This so-called transition phase is of high importance to describe the aircraft's acoustics during its specific flight phases before reaching the final flight conditions for cruise, or the landing process is completed. The work presented here was performed in the frame of the research project PAULA and is showing for the first time, how different sections of the air-taxis' trajectory are differently contributing to community noise during take-off and approach.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Observer (physics)", "Trajectory", "Aircraft noise", "Process (computing)", "Rotor (electric)", "Situated" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3397/in_2025_1059296" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399565102", "doi": "10.24053/iv-2023-0002", "title": "Im Fokus", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-02-01", "type": "article", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Alexander Eisenkopf" ], "first_author": "Alexander Eisenkopf", "venue": "Internationales Verkehrswesen", "publisher": "Saxon State and University Library, Dresden", "abstract": "Seilbahn oder Mini-Shuttle? | AI-Matters – EU-Netzwerk für Künstliche Intelligenz | ELCH – der lokal emissionsfreie Reisebus | Induktives Laden während der Fahrt | Tabellen und Dashboards wider das Baustellenchaos | Digitalisierung und Elektromobilität als Jobkiller? | Sichere Drohnenflüge über deutschen Metropolen | Infrastruktur für Vertiports – Siemens und Skyway kooperieren", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.24053/iv-2023-0002" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417359760", "doi": "10.3390/drones9120863", "title": "Development and Validation of a Custom Stochastic Microscale Wind Model for Urban Air Mobility Applications", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "D S Nithya", "Francesca Monteleone", "Giuseppe Quaranta", "Man Liang", "Vincenzo Muscarello" ], "first_author": "D S Nithya", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Urban air mobility operations, such as flying Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and small passenger aircraft in and around cities, will be inherently susceptible to the turbulent wind conditions in urban environments. Therefore, understanding UAM aircraft performance under microscale wind disturbances is critical. Gaining such insight is non-trivial due to the lack of sufficient UAM aircraft operational data and the complexities involved in flight testing UAM aircraft. A viable solution to overcome this hindrance is through simulation-based flight testing, data collection, and performance assessment. To support this effort, the present paper establishes a custom Stochastic microscale Wind Model (SWM) capable of efficiently generating high-resolution, spatio-temporally varying urban wind fields. The SWM is validated against wind tunnel test data, and subsequently, the findings are employed to guide targeted refinements of urban wake simulation. Furthermore, to incorporate realistic atmospheric conditions and demonstrate the ability to generate location-specific wind fields, the SWM is coupled with the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. This integrated approach is demonstrated through a case study focused on a potential vertiport site in Milan, Italy, illustrating its utility for assessing operational area-specific UAM aircraft performance and vertiport emplacement.", "keywords": [ "Microscale chemistry", "Mesoscale meteorology", "Wake", "Wind tunnel", "Crosswind", "Wind speed", "Wind power" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9120863" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404418150", "doi": "10.1002/9781394321926.ch10", "title": "Infrastructure Considerations", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-06-09", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Brendan McGrath" ], "first_author": "Brendan McGrath", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced air mobility (AAM) depends on infrastructure systems that integrate physical facilities, energy networks, and urban environments to support high-frequency, distributed operations. This chapter examines AAM infrastructure as a systems-level construct in which vertiports, electrical power systems, and multimodal connections collectively determine operational performance and scalability. It establishes vertiports as the primary interface between aerial operations and the surface environment, with design requirements governed by aircraft geometry, protected airspace, structural loading, and rotor-induced flow effects. The analysis extends to land-use planning and compatibility, demonstrating how aeronautical, physical, functional, and community considerations shape site selection, zoning, and integration within existing urban systems. Energy infrastructure is examined through the electrical principles and architectural requirements that govern high-power charging, grid interaction, and alternative delivery strategies such as managed charging and battery swapping. The chapter further addresses multimodal integration, emphasizing circulation design, temporal coordination, and network connectivity as determinants of end-to-end mobility performance. Taken together, these elements determine how infrastructure enables reliable operations, governs capacity, and supports the long-term viability of AAM as an integrated component of regional and urban transportation systems.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781394321926.ch10" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110589141", "doi": null, "title": "Proceedings of DLR's 4th Urban Air Mobility Symposium", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-09", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hagag, Nabil", "Selvam, Praveen Kumar", "Schuchardt, Bianca Isabella" ], "first_author": "Hagag, Nabil", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "How can air mobility concepts be extended to smart inter-modal systems? How to take the next steps towards the safe introduction of air taxis and the necessary infrastructure in urban and regional areas? How to develop, construct and validate emerging new vertiport concepts? Join the discussion and come to DLR Braunschweig for the fourth symposium on urban and innovative air mobility!", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Construct (python library)", "Air transport", "Air pollution", "Air travel" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/209828/1/4th_UAM_Symposium%20Proceedings_2024_final.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164164086", "doi": "10.4050/f-0082-2026-0310", "title": "Accessibility in Advanced Air Mobility: Boarding Passengers with Reduced Mobility onto Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Gaël Le Bris", "Loup-Giang Nguyen" ], "first_author": "Gaël Le Bris", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A plethora of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft development projects aim at developing passenger-carrying aerial vehicles for the purpose of providing point-to-point mobility services within and between metropolitan areas. The nascent passenger-carrying advanced air mobility (AAM) industry promises more affordable fares and seamless experience through innovation in aircraft design with the roll-out of these novel eVTOL within five years, new concepts of operations involving more automation, and higher utilization than with today's helicopter charter operations. AAM operators plan to leverage existing heliport facilities as well as trigger the development of new vertiports-some of them could be located on existing city real estate (e.g., high-rise buildings and parking garage rooftops). Moving vertical flight toward higher-intensity passenger operations and enabling a broad adoption as outlined during the dawn of AAM raise the question of accessibility. This includes access to the VTOL door sill for passengers with reduced mobility (PRMs), the VTOL boarding and deplaning process, and the feasibility of carrying their equipment onboard (including wheelchairs). This context includes the intermodal aspects of the first and last miles to the vertiport, the availability of equipment for facilitating PRM boarding, and the broad variety of aviation facilities that are served by VTOL aircraft-including small helipads and vertipads that are not all PRM-accessible. The study identifies key design and operational criteria for reducing barriers to an unhindered boarding and deboarding of VTOL aircraft-including helicopters and eVTOLs. It suggests mitigation in aircraft design and vertiport design. The analysis emphasizes the importance of incorporating accessibility considerations in the development of the different components of AAM in order to enhance operational safety, efficiency, and customer experience and to prevent adverse impacts on dignity, fairness, and mobility for all.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Context (archaeology)", "Takeoff", "Takeoff and landing", "Runway", "Real estate", "Metropolitan area" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0310" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401626083", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202408.0887.v1", "title": "Unmanned High-Speed Aerial Vehicles in Medical Logistics: A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Blood Sample Transportation with Weather Variability", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-13", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Noel Rouven Stierlin", "Fabian Loertscher", "Martin Risch", "Lorenz Risch" ], "first_author": "Noel Rouven Stierlin", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Background: The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, into medical logistics offers transformative potential for the transpor-tation of sensitive medical materials, such as blood samples. Traditional car transportation is often hindered by traffic delays, road conditions, and geographic barriers, which can compromise timely delivery. Methods: This study provides a comprehensive analysis comparing high-speed drone transportation with traditional car transportation under various weather conditions. Blood samples, including EDTA whole blood, Serum, Li-Heparin Plasma, and citrate plasma tubes, were transported via both methods across temperatures ranging from 4 to 20 degrees Celsius. The integrity of the samples was assessed using a wide array of analytes and statistical analyses, including Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots. Results: The results demonstrated that drone transportation maintains blood sample integrity comparably to traditional car transpor-tation. For serum samples, the correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.830 to 1.000, and the slopes varied from 0.913 to 1.111, with minor discrepancies in five analytes (total bilirubin, calcium, ferritin, potassium, and sodium). Similar patterns were observed for EDTA, Lithium-Heparin, and Citrate samples, indicating no significant differences between transportation methods. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of drones to enhance the efficiency and reliability of medical sample transport, particularly in scenarios requiring rapid and reliable delivery. Drones could significantly improve logistical operations in healthcare by overcoming traditional transportation challenges.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Sample (material)", "Environmental science", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Chromatography", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/295ab6b1a52c386a29ba95af07a945ea/download_pub" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394730449", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4791422", "title": "A Multistage Stochastic Programming Approach for Drone-Supported Humanitarian Last-Mile Logistics System Planning", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhongyi Jin", "Kam K.H. Ng", "Chenliang Zhang", "Ying Chan", "Yichen Qin" ], "first_author": "Zhongyi Jin", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Stochastic programming", "Operations management", "Business", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Mathematical optimization" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4791422" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7126247162", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2026.105203", "title": "When air meets ground: Modeling the congestion externalities of urban air mobility in integrated air-ground transportation networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhenwei Gong", "Zhuoye Zhang", "Fangni Zhang" ], "first_author": "Zhenwei Gong", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Externality", "Traffic congestion", "Flow network", "General equilibrium theory", "Boundary (topology)", "Demand management", "Air traffic control", "Value of time", "Control reconfiguration" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6151491" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416065237", "doi": "10.17148/ijarcce.2025.141141", "title": "Autonomous Drone Delivery System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-09", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Simran Pathan", "Harsh Pandey", "Ajay Savare", "Prof. Neha Dumne" ], "first_author": "Simran Pathan", "venue": "IJARCCE", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents the design and development of Autonomous Drone based Delivery System to replace the traditional delivery system with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).With rapidly growing technology automation have become the new normal and everyone is using it in their day to day work.The demand for faster delivery system which will be efficient, fast, conventional as well as environmentally sustainable have increased rapidly.Hence Autonomous Drone Delivery System serves as an alternative to all these things and provides a solution which is efficient and environmentally sustainable as well as will have minimal human interference in it.The core objective of this project is to implement a delivery system which is reliable, efficient and have a delivery system integrated claw mechanism that can carry lightweight package to a specific destination autonomously.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Delivery system", "Automation", "Food delivery", "Core (optical fiber)", "Integrated project delivery", "System integration" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.17148/ijarcce.2025.141141" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4389983815", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2312.10809", "title": "Deep-Dispatch: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Vehicle Dispatch Algorithm for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-17", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elaheh Sabziyan Varnousfaderani", "Syed Arbab Mohd Shihab", "Esrat F. Dulia" ], "first_author": "Elaheh Sabziyan Varnousfaderani", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Near future air taxi operations with electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft will be constrained by the need for frequent recharging of eVTOLs, limited takeoff and landing pads in vertiports, and subject to time-varying demand and electricity prices, making the eVTOL dispatch problem unique and particularly challenging to solve. Previously, we have developed optimization models to address this problem. Such optimization models however suffer from prohibitively high computational run times when the scale of the problem increases, making them less practical for real world implementation. To overcome this issue, we have developed two deep reinforcement learning-based eVTOL dispatch algorithms, namely single-agent and multi-agent deep Q-learning eVTOL dispatch algorithms, where the objective is to maximize operating profit. An eVTOL-based passenger transportation simulation environment was built to assess the performance of our algorithms across $36$ numerical cases with varying number of eVTOLs, vertiports, and demand. The results indicate that the multi-agent eVTOL dispatch algorithm can closely approximate the optimal dispatch policy with significantly less computational expenses compared to the benchmark optimization model. The multi-agent algorithm was found to outperform the single-agent counterpart with respect to both profits generated and training time.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Economic dispatch", "Computer science", "Takeoff", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Profit (economics)", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Artificial intelligence", "Electric power system", "Engineering", "Power (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.10809" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7106691432", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17707688", "title": "UAS Traffic Management (UTM) Market", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Next Move Strategy Consulting" ], "first_author": "Next Move Strategy Consulting", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This report provides a comprehensive overview of the global Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) Market, highlighting its rise from USD 737.7 million in 2024 to a projected USD 3,308.5 million by 2030. It examines key factors driving market growth, including government-led initiatives, increasing drone-based deliveries, and expanding applications across logistics, agriculture, defense, and public safety. The study also addresses challenges such as high infrastructure costs while emphasizing emerging opportunities driven by AI-powered software development. Detailed segmentation, regional analysis, and competitive insights offer a clear understanding of the future trajectory of the UTM ecosystem. For more information visit. https://www.nextmsc.com/report/utm-market-ad3043", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Software", "Information system", "Emerging technologies", "Information technology", "Trajectory" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17707688" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412485264", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3068", "title": "Development of Land Use Compatibility Guidelines for Vertirports through Synthesis of Safety, Noise, and Airflow Research", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Carl Ison" ], "first_author": "David Carl Ison", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The emergence of electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations necessitate comprehensive land use compatibility standards for vertiport infrastructure. This study develops empirically validated safety zones integrating accident risk assessment, noise impact modeling, and aerodynamic down/outwash (DOW) analysis with expert consensus validation. A multi-method sequential explanatory design employed Functional Hazard Assessment (FHA), Preliminary System Safety Assessment (PSSA), and System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) methodologies combined with Monte Carlo simulations and expert consensus from a 79-member Delphi panel. DOW modeling incorporated momentum theory, vortex interactions, and ground effects, validated through computational fluid dynamics and field measurements. Results demonstrate that Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Engineering Brief 105 safety standards substantially underestimate required protection zones. Enhanced DOW modeling reveals wind velocities exceeding 115 mph within 15 feet of aircraft, with hazardous conditions (>18 mph) extending to 175 feet, representing a 95% increase over existing FAA standards. Spatial accident probability modeling indicates that 99% of eVTOL accidents occur within 1,000 feet of vertiports, broader than previous helicopter-based estimates. Noise contour validation using computer vision and stochastic analysis corrected published models, showing 60% increases in high-intensity zones. Expert consensus closely aligned with technical findings, validating zone dimensions within a 99% agreement. The integrated Enhanced Tiered Vertiport Protection Framework establishes five composite zones ranging from 0-5,200 feet with progressive land use restrictions. Zone A (0-200 ft) requires complete personnel exclusion due to extreme wind hazards, while subsequent zones implement graduated compatibility standards. The framework demonstrates 77-84% overlap with established airport land use guidelines while addressing eVTOL-specific operational characteristics. These findings provide an essential scientific foundation for regulatory development, urban planning integration, and safe AAM implementation in metropolitan environments.", "keywords": [ "Compatibility (geochemistry)", "Airflow", "Computer science", "Electromagnetic compatibility", "Environmental science", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Electronic engineering", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3068" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7106654328", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17707687", "title": "UAS Traffic Management (UTM) Market", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Next Move Strategy Consulting" ], "first_author": "Next Move Strategy Consulting", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This report provides a comprehensive overview of the global Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) Market, highlighting its rise from USD 737.7 million in 2024 to a projected USD 3,308.5 million by 2030. It examines key factors driving market growth, including government-led initiatives, increasing drone-based deliveries, and expanding applications across logistics, agriculture, defense, and public safety. The study also addresses challenges such as high infrastructure costs while emphasizing emerging opportunities driven by AI-powered software development. Detailed segmentation, regional analysis, and competitive insights offer a clear understanding of the future trajectory of the UTM ecosystem. For more information visit. https://www.nextmsc.com/report/utm-market-ad3043", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Software", "Information system", "Emerging technologies", "Information technology", "Trajectory" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17707687" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405393278", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5056496", "title": "Sustainable Urban Aviation: The Role of Air Taxis in Reducing Emissions and Enhancing Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Arthur Dela Peña" ], "first_author": "Arthur Dela Peña", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Aviation", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5056496" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7116936079", "doi": "10.1631/fitee.2500534", "title": "SPID: a deep reinforcement learning-based solution framework for siting low-altitude takeoff and landing facilities", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiaocheng Liu", "Meilong Le", "Yupu Liu", "Minghua Hu" ], "first_author": "Xiaocheng Liu", "venue": "Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Siting low-altitude takeoff and landing platforms (vertiports) is a fundamental challenge for developing urban air mobility (UAM). This study formulates this issue as a variant of the capacitated facility location problem, incorporating flight range and service capacity constraints, and proposes SPID, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based solution framework that models the problem as a Markov decision process. To handle dynamic coverage, the designed DRL framework-based SPID uses a multi-head attention mechanism to capture spatiotemporal patterns, followed by integrating dynamic and static information into a unified input state vector. Afterward, a gated recurrent unit (GRU) is used to generate the query vector, thereby enhancing sequential decision-making. The action network within the DRL network is regulated by a loss function that integrates service distance costs with unmet demand penalties, enabling end-to-end optimization. Subsequent experimental results demonstrate that SPID significantly enhances solution efficiency and robustness compared with traditional methods under flight and capacity constraints. Especially, across the social performance metrics emphasized in this study, SPID outperforms the suboptimal solutions produced by traditional clustering and graph neural network (GNN)-based methods by up to approximately 29%. This improvement comes with an increase in distance-based cost that is kept within 10%. Overall, we demonstrate an efficient, scalable approach for vertiport siting, supporting rapid decision-making in large-scale UAM scenarios.", "keywords": [ "Robustness (evolution)", "Reinforcement learning", "Scalability", "Markov decision process", "Markov process", "Artificial neural network", "Cluster analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2500534" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414724259", "doi": "10.33012/2025.20384", "title": "3D Hybrid Localization Technology based on WiFi RTT and Pressure Sensor to Support Precise Vertical Takeoff and Landing of UAM", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jung Ho Lee", "Chae Deok Lim", "Youngsu Cho" ], "first_author": "Jung Ho Lee", "venue": "Proceedings of the Satellite Division's International Technical Meeting (Online)/Proceedings of the Satellite Division's International Technical Meeting (CD-ROM)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper proposes a 3D hybrid positioning technology that supports safe vertical takeoff and landing of UAMs using Wi-Fi and pressure sensors. To ensure safe movement within vertiports located in complex urban areas, UAMs require accurate position information. The IEEE 802.11mc protocol provides accurate distance information using fine time measurements (FTM) and can support various location-based services. The proposed technology utilizes Wi-Fi round-trip time (RTT) to provide accurate position information during UAM vertical movement. Calculating the 3D position of a UAM using Wi-Fi RTT requires at least three Access Points (APs) installed around the vertiport. Communication with each AP requires significant processing time. Because fast-moving UAMs travel significant distances during this processing time, this time can lead to significant positioning errors in conventional trilateration-based positioning technology. The proposed technology calculates the RTT to each AP based on altitude displacement information from a pressure sensor and uses this information, along with the measured RTT, to calculate the 3D position. In other words, the proposed technology minimizes positioning errors due to processing time by calculating a 3D position using a single RTT measurement and two or more calculated RTTs. To verify the performance of the proposed technology, four Wi-Fi APs were installed in an area with multiple buildings around the vertiport and vertical movement tests were conducted at an altitude range of up to 90 m above ground level (AGL). The proposed technology achieved a horizontal error of 0.39 m and a vertical error of 0.08 m at 1 sigma, achieving an overall positioning error of less than 1 m. This demonstrates that the proposed technology can be effectively utilized for the safe vertical takeoff and landing of UAMs in urban areas.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Position (finance)", "Global Positioning System", "Horizontal position representation", "Takeoff and landing", "Range (aeronautics)", "Displacement (psychology)", "Positioning technology", "Positioning system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.33012/2025.20384" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7126085919", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-1981", "title": "Perpendicular Scenario Collision Avoidance With Quadratic Bézier Curve Trajectory Planning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Michael R. Variny", "Jay Paul Wilhelm" ], "first_author": "Michael R. Variny", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Congested airspace conflict resolution during terminal operations can be fatal if air traffic controllers and pilots are not well-coordinated. Aircraft that receive takeoff or landing clearance at inappropriate times, whether at vertiports or traditional airports, risk colliding with descending traffic before pilots can react. In a high-density airspace, coordination between air traffic controllers and aircraft (crewed or uncrewed) becomes significantly more challenging than in current commercial operations, rendering traditional conflict resolution methods potentially infeasible. The complexity further increases at vertiports, where aircraft can arrive and depart from any direction. Relying solely on air traffic controllers to relay collision avoidance information in such environments may not be practical. The presented work investigated a generic method of automated collision avoidance during terminal operations, specifically in scenarios where one aircraft cannot see the other and vertical maneuvers are not feasible, due to already occurring altitude changes. To mitigate potential collisions a maneuver strategy combining time-optimal Bézier curves and Dubins paths, optimized to minimize heading deviation while ensuring interception avoidance, is discussed. Experiments showed that collisions can be avoided when the trajectory planning method is used", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Collision avoidance", "Takeoff and landing", "Control theory (sociology)", "Takeoff", "Collision", "Trajectory", "Heading (navigation)", "Relay" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-1981" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412485486", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3350", "title": "Dynamic Charging Stations for Autonomous Service Drones in Smart Cities", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fahad Mannan", "Mostafa Hassanalian" ], "first_author": "Fahad Mannan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper introduces the concept of static and dynamic charging stations for autonomous drones operating within smart cities. As the demand for drone-based services continues to grow, ranging from package delivery to infrastructure monitoring, extending flight range and optimizing energy usage have become critical challenges. The proposed solution aims to address these issues by enabling drones to recharge using both fixed charging stations (static vertiports) and mobile platforms (dynamic vertiports) integrated into public transportation systems. The core idea is to allow drones to land on and travel with moving vehicles such as buses, trams, taxis, and other public transit units. These vehicles not only assist in covering part of the drone’s route without using its own propulsion system but also serve as in-motion charging hubs. This dual function significantly reduces battery consumption and downtime, enabling drones to operate over longer distances and complete more complex missions without interruption. By leveraging the existing transportation infrastructure, this system minimizes the need for new construction while enhancing energy efficiency and operational flexibility. The integration of smart route planning, real-time data exchange, and wireless charging technologies will further optimize drone mobility in urban environments. Ultimately, this approach enhances the reliability and sustainability of drone operations, paving the way for more scalable and seamless integration of drones into the fabric of future smart cities.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Service (business)", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Telecommunications", "Aeronautics", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Engineering", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3350" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393611829", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.4007381", "title": "Results for the Implementation of EP-All and SPP-All heuristic.", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-08-29", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abhishake Kundu", "Ricardo A. Gatica", "Timothy I. Matis" ], "first_author": "Abhishake Kundu", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "The results for the EP-All1 heuristic (as implemented by the authors) and SPP-All heuristic have been summarized in the table. Routes, solution time, and quality have been reported. The instances2 used were the same as used by Agatz et al. 1. Agatz, N., Bouman, P., & Schmidt, M. (2018). Optimization Approaches for the Traveling Salesman Problem with Drone. Transportation Science, 52. doi:10.1287/trsc.2017.0791 2. Bouman, P. (2018). pcbouman-eur/Drones-TSP: Traveling Salesman with Drone (Java code) v1.0.0 (Publication no. 10.5281/zenodo.1204697). from Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1204697", "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4007381" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2965106786", "doi": null, "title": "한국형 저비용 저고도 공중보급 체계용 낙하산 전개 특성 풍동시험", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "ko", "authors": [ "김승필", "정인식", "권기범", "최윤석", "정형석" ], "first_author": "김승필", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A wind tunnel test for the scaled parachute models was performed to verify aerodynamic characteristics for practical usage of Korean low cost low altitude aerial delivery system. The cruciform shaped cargo parachute models for heavy and light weight were ejected into wind tunnel test section; and th...", "keywords": [ "Wind tunnel", "Aerodynamics", "Marine engineering", "Cruciform", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Environmental science", "Meteorology", "Aeronautics", "Structural engineering", "Geology", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.ndsl.kr/ndsl/commons/util/ndslOriginalView.do?cn=JAKO201724854219120&dbt=JAKO&oCn=JAKO201724854219120" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402670371", "doi": "10.4050/f-0080-2024-1134", "title": "Adoption Of Virtual Twin Technologies For eVTOL Manufacturers, Infrastructure Providers, And Operators", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Roberto Licata" ], "first_author": "Roberto Licata", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Developing and operating an advanced air mobility service is challenging in many ways. The technical complexity of the task, the lack of available supporting infrastructure, the regulatory environment, and the necessity of collaboration among all stakeholders are barriers to a wide-spread implementation. Digital tools are now available to the whole industry to tackle those challenges, one of them being the virtual twin experience technology. The virtual twin experience is generated by the digital twin technology applied to a certain domain of application. It is a system of systems designed to provide users with a unique and immersive experience of reality, without physically being present in the real-world environment. It offers capabilities that go beyond traditional means, enabling organizations and users to achieve tasks and insights that were previously not possible. This paper describes how the virtual twin experience is adopted within the advanced air mobility ecosystem, that is comprised of the aircraft manufacturer, the vertiport provider and the operator. It reviews the different business processes on electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicle design and manufacturing, vertiport design, and operations, and highlights the associated benefits of such approach. Through these processes, we will see how the virtual twin experiences shape the future of product design, manufacturing, and operations. It changes the way in which stakeholders collaborate in a complex system of systems context. The paper concludes on the ways that the virtual twin experience provides organizations enhanced visualization and understanding, expanded trade-space exploration, and improved decision-making, and how it enables innovators and enterprises alike with greater visibility, efficiency, flexibility, and compliance.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Business", "Process management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/F-0080-2024-1134" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W191525827", "doi": null, "title": "FAA HELIPORT/VENTIPORT LIGHTING CONFERENCE: PROCEEDINGS", "year": 1999, "publication_date": "1999-11-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert Dean Smith" ], "first_author": "Robert Dean Smith", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : As the vertical flight industry moves into instrument flight rules (IFR) operations at heliports, it has become apparent to both FAA and the users that there is research and development to be done on heliport lighting. With the civil tiltrotor now in production, there is also work to be done on vertiport lighting. The lighting industry has developed a variety of technologies that appear promising as candidate heliport and vertiport lighting components. Still, there are many questions still to be answered. For example: Which technologies can best provide the different visual cues needed by the pilot? What lighting configurations are most effective in various scenarios? To what criteria should some of these lights be certificated? Some of these and other questions will be answered by the marketplace. Other questions should be addressed via research and development. In looking at the heliport lighting research done by the FAA over the last decade and the resulting advisory circular guidance, it is clear that there are many more questions than answers. To answer these questions would require much more in the way of resources than what is likely to be available in the near future. With this in mind, the FAA sought the advice of the aviation community on how we could best proceed. A two-day technical conference was the mechanism used. This report documents the proceedings of this conference.", "keywords": [ "Variety (cybernetics)", "Aviation", "Work (physics)", "Computer science", "Architectural engineering", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Engineering management", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/647810" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1526227857", "doi": null, "title": "Proceedings of the Natick Science Symposium (4th) Held in Natick, Massachusetts on 9-10 June 1992", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Matthew L Herz", "Thomas A Sklarsky" ], "first_author": "Matthew L Herz", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : This proceedings incorporates 25 papers presented at the Fourth Natick Science Symposium, held 9-10 June 1992 at the U.S. Army Natick RD and E Center, Natick, MA. The papers are included under the headings: Individual Survivability, Textiles, Food Preservation and Characterization, Aerial Delivery, and Biotechnology.", "keywords": [ "Library science", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a259644.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W235254906", "doi": null, "title": "C-5 PROGRAM - CARGO AND TRANSPORT SUBSYSTEM REPORT.", "year": 1966, "publication_date": "1966-03-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert A. Baker", "James H. Monti" ], "first_author": "Robert A. Baker", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The report provides a complete description of the logistic cargo handling provisions of the C-5 airplane including palletized cargo and wheeled and tracked vehicles. The report also describes the aerial delivery provisions and capabilities of the airplane including the airdrop of both cargo and paratroops. Personnel carrying capabilities of the C-5 airplane are also described. (Author)", "keywords": [ "Airplane", "Aeronautics", "Transit (satellite)", "Air cargo", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0631186" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3119608061", "doi": null, "title": "Innovations In The Global Courier Services Market", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elitsa Gramatikova" ], "first_author": "Elitsa Gramatikova", "venue": "Economic Science, education and the real economy: Development and interactions in the digital age", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In today’s fast-paced technological world more consumers prefer to shop online and take full advantage of the growing e-commerce industry. The time becomes a scarce resource, so consumers look for a way to get the goods they needed as quickly as they could and in the most convenient place. In order to meet customer needs, e-merchants use the services of courier companies, which face challenges of constantly adapting to new information technologies. The article looks at interesting innovative solutions in the global courier services market, including artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles, warehouse robotics, drone transportation, 3D printing and more. With the help of these innovations, a number of logistical problems affecting shippers and their customers can be solved.", "keywords": [ "Order (exchange)", "Business", "Drone", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Marketing", "Goods and services", "Commerce", "Computer science", "Economics", "Economy" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:vrn:cfdide:y:2020:i:1:p:431-440" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417503745", "doi": "10.4018/979-8-3373-3404-2.ch009", "title": "Logistics Robotics in Action", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-19", "type": "book-chapter", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sucheta Sachin Yambal", "Yashwant Arjunrao Waykar" ], "first_author": "Sucheta Sachin Yambal", "venue": "Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series", "publisher": "IGI Global", "abstract": "The integration of robotics is rapidly transforming global logistics by enhancing storage, processing, and distribution. It speeds up operations, improves accuracy, and makes them more efficient. Robotics is changing the way conventional logistics work by adding automated guided vehicles (AGVs), robotic arms, drone-based delivery, and smart sorting systems. Driven by demands for speed, accuracy, and cost-efficiency, logistics robots—like AGVs, robotic arms, drones, and smart sorting systems—boost operational efficiency and reduce human error. These technologies optimize warehouse use, streamline inventory management, and improve last-mile delivery (Zonta et al., 2020). With advancements in AI, machine learning, and sensors, robotics now offers scalable, customizable solutions for various industries. This chapter explores their real-world applications, innovations, and strategic impact on the future of supply chains.", "keywords": [ "Robotics", "Sorting", "Robot", "Work (physics)", "Action (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-3404-2.ch009" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212043725", "doi": "10.4050/vfs-f44-031", "title": "CIVIL TILTROTOR AIRCRAFT: A COMPARISON OF FIVE CANDIDATE DESIGNS", "year": 1988, "publication_date": "1988-06-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Rodney S. Taylor", "Joseph B. Wilkerson" ], "first_author": "Rodney S. Taylor", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Commercial interest in the tiltrotor configuration stems from the synergy of VTOL operation with turboprop comfort, speed, and cruise efficiency. During 1986-87, NASA, FAA, and DOD funded a study titled, \"Civil Tiltrotor Missions and Applications: A Research Study.\" Results showed that a substantial share of the Northeast Corridor shorthaul market may be captured by civil tiltrotor (CTR) aircraft with strategically located, IFR-cerified vertiports. Bell Helicopter Textron and Boeing Helicopters participated under the direction of Boeing Commercial Airplanes by developing CTR vehicle concepts. A status of tiltrotor technology is presented herein with a brief discussion of the market segments, VTOL intercity transport system, and vertiport concepts. Mission profiles and design ground rules were established based on existing Federal Aviation Regulations, including the unprecedented ability to hover at design gross weight with one engine inoperative. Two baseline configurations were evolved from existing tiltrotor products: an 8-passenger executive tiltrotor (XV-15 size) and a 31-passenger commuter (V-22 variant). Additional concepts included a 19-passenger commuter, a 39-passenger commuter, and a 75-passenger transport. Trade studies included variations in seating arrangement, wing placement, nacelle configuration, and canards versus conventional layouts. Performance summaries are presented for all configurations in both VTOL and STOL operations.", "keywords": [ "Nacelle", "Turboprop", "Cruise", "Civil aviation", "Propulsion" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/vfs-f44-031" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399206036", "doi": "10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w4-2024-177-2024", "title": "Institutional and spatial constraints on locating VoloPorts in Greek metropolitan areas", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dionysia Georgia Perperidou", "Eleni Balta" ], "first_author": "Dionysia Georgia Perperidou", "venue": "ISPRS annals of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences", "publisher": "Copernicus Publications", "abstract": "Abstract. Recent technological developments in aviation, such as vertical take-off and landing and electric engines, are bringing the development of integrated urban air transport systems closer and are generally helping to promote the concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). UAM makes it possible to provide integrated air transport services for people and goods in urban areas, reducing travel time initially and leading to cost reductions in the future. The development of UAM will allow urban airspace to be used for short and medium range operations, potentially connecting larger urban areas or neighbouring cities. However, the operation of UAM requires, on the one hand, the development of appropriate urban infrastructure to provide full and vertical support for aircraft, such as vertical landing and take-off areas, specially designed intermediate areas for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and cargo, as well as areas with operational technical bases for loading, parking and maintenance of aircraft. All this is the concept of the VertiPorts/Voloports/Vertistops. However, the development of a VertiPorts/Voloports/ Vertistops in the dense and complex modern urban environment can be challenging, as on the one hand specific rules for aviation safety have to be followed, and on the other hand their integration into the urban environment requires compliance with the rules of urban planning, land use and protection of private property.This paper presents the challenges that researchers have to face in order to integrate Voloports into an already formed and dense urban environment, such as that of the city Athens, the metropolitan centre and capital of Greece, in respect to various constitutional, institutional and spatial restrictions.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Geography", "Regional science", "Economic geography", "Archaeology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w4-2024-177-2024" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415927802", "doi": "10.4018/979-8-3373-4952-7.ch006", "title": "Drone Taxis and Drone Deliveries in Smart Logistics Security Surveillance", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-05", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "ng", "authors": [ "Nidhi Kastwar", "Aakash Gupta" ], "first_author": "Nidhi Kastwar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Integrating drone taxis and drone-based delivery systems is reshaping the landscape of smart logistics worldwide. These surveillance and aerial technologies offer solutions for last-mile delivery, congestion mitigation, and real-time supply chain responsiveness. However, their adoption introduces complex regulatory, technological, ethical, and operational challenges. Effective governance frameworks are needed to address airspace management, liability, insurance, and cross-jurisdictional coordination issues in the context of security surveillance. Technological innovations must be balanced with robust cybersecurity and data protection measures. Ethical imperatives demand that privacy, environmental impact, and social equity be considered in deployment strategies. The chapter examines these dynamics, drawing on international developments and referencing India as a key case for regulatory experimentation. The analysis aims to provide actionable insights to stakeholders seeking to advance sustainable, efficient, and responsible adoption of drone technologies in smart logistics", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Taxis", "Software deployment", "Context (archaeology)", "Key (lock)", "Supply chain", "Corporate governance", "Smart city" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-4952-7.ch006" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117320438", "doi": "10.61782/fa.2025.0225", "title": "Comparative Drone Noise Flight Test Campaign Using Conventional Precision Microphones and an Artificial Head", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Giovanni Fasulo", "Francesco Petrosino", "Mattia Barbarino", "Luigi Federico" ], "first_author": "Giovanni Fasulo", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study investigates the acoustic signatures of a DJI Matrice 300 RTK during LiDAR and photogrammetric mapping missions at the Pianabella UrbanV vertiport in Rome.Utilizing a comprehensive setup that combines conventional precision condenser microphones with an artificial head, measurements were conducted throughout various drone flight phases.Analysis revealed that calculating advanced psychoacoustic metrics with the artificial head can introduce significant errors compared to conventional microphone measurements, for which these metrics were originally designed.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Noise (video)", "Head (geology)", "Flight test", "Test (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dael.euracoustics.org/confs/fa2025/data/articles/000225.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162660487", "doi": "10.62381/acs.dimi2025.15", "title": "Trillion-Yuan Blue Ocean Creates a New Frontier: How to Seize Opportunities Amid the Boom of the Low-Altitude Economy", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Xu Yihang" ], "first_author": "Xu Yihang", "venue": "Academic Conferences Series", "publisher": null, "abstract": "From the perspective of support priorities, the development of low-altitude economy primarily focuses on four aspects. First, logistics and transportation highlight the use of drone-based delivery and emergency medical transport, enabling faster and more flexible service models. Second, in the area of emergency rescue, drones play an increasingly vital role in disaster monitoring and the supply of essential materials. Third, urban mobility emphasizes pilot programs for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and explores the potential of \"air taxi\" services, which may transform future commuting patterns. Finally, the advancement of low-altitude infrastructure, including the construction of drone takeoff and landing sites, as well as communication and navigation systems, provides critical support for the sustainable and large-scale development of the sector. Together, these measures create a comprehensive foundation for the integration of drones and eVTOLs into urban and emergency service systems.", "keywords": [ "Boom", "Drone", "Service (business)", "Foundation (evidence)", "Perspective (graphical)", "Sustainable development" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.62381/acs.dimi2025.15" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2209331582", "doi": "10.4271/690416", "title": "Implementation of Successful VTOL Service", "year": 1969, "publication_date": "1969-02-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "R. William DeDecker" ], "first_author": "R. William DeDecker", "venue": "SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper reviews the benefits to be derived from the implementation of a successful large scale VTOL passenger service and examines various studies, including the Northeast Corridor VTOL Investigation, which show that suitable aircraft will be available starting in the middle 70's, and that VTOL service can be economically attractive if an operating environment is created that is optimized for VTOL aircraft. If an optimized environment is not created, the implementation of successful VTOL service is very doubtful. Particularly important aspects of the operating environment, such as an air traffic control system; landing and navigation systems, vertiport location and operating regulations, are discussed.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/690416" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131362513", "doi": "10.1201/9781003685555-11", "title": "Global Case Studies in eVTOL Deployment and AAM Integration", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dimitrios Ziakkas", "Debra Henneberry", "Amin Vadafar" ], "first_author": "Dimitrios Ziakkas", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Through in-depth studies of Los Angeles, Singapore, and Munich, Chapter 11 examines AAM in action. It identifies the interdependence of public acceptance, financial durability, and policy maturity. The cases show that airport-anchored deployments generate early legitimacy, participatory noise governance builds community trust, and ecosystem sequencing—vehicles, vertiports, regulation, and capital—determines success. The chapter concludes that AAM implementation is fundamentally civic: the measure of readiness lies not in prototypes flown but in institutions prepared to listen, adapt, and share responsibility.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Corporate governance", "Measure (data warehouse)", "Citizen journalism", "Public policy" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003685555-11" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392255227", "doi": "10.1145/3638209.3638217", "title": "Metaheuristic Approach for Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem with Drone", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-11-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohamed Wed Eladham", "Ali Bou Nassif" ], "first_author": "Mohamed Wed Eladham", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A well-known combinatorial optimization issue called The Traveling Salesman issue (TSP) has applications in many fields, including drone-based delivery and monitoring systems. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of three distinct implementations of the Simulated Annealing (SA), Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), and Tabu Search (TS) metaheuristic algorithms to solve the TSP for drone applications. The goal is to evaluate each algorithm's performance and assess whether it is appropriate for use in practical drone deployment scenarios while considering limitations like the maximum drone distance and the number of trips. Our approach focuses on how SA, SSA, and TS are implemented individually and outlines the experimental setup used to compare performance. To guarantee a neutral comparison, the study is carried out in simulation using Python in the same environment for all of the methods. The goal is to reduce the vehicle and drone's combined total distance travelled.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Travelling salesman problem", "Metaheuristic", "Tabu search", "Computer science", "Simulated annealing", "Python (programming language)", "Gadget", "Mathematical optimization", "Implementation", "Software deployment", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3638209.3638217" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3214332151", "doi": null, "title": "Nano-navigation unit at the Natick Soldier Center.", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vincent A. Fusca" ], "first_author": "Vincent A. Fusca", "venue": "Digital WPI", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The JPADS Team at the Soldier System Center is tasked to develop an autonomously guided aerial delivery system of equipment and supplies. This project mirrors the development of the avionics for the system and asks for the deliverables of a bill of materials, block diagram, and justification of design. Components selected for the system are to be low weight, low power, and low cost and should be off the shelf solutions rather then custom designs.", "keywords": [ "Unit (ring theory)", "Center (category theory)", "Computer science", "Psychology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/4112" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2096935623", "doi": "10.7307/ptt.v10i1-2.927", "title": "Airdrop of Armament and Military Equipment from Aircraft", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-10-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dražen Kovačević", "Ernest Bazijanac", "Jasna Jurum-Kipke" ], "first_author": "Dražen Kovačević", "venue": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Air supply can be performed in two ways: by transportingthe technical equipment by transport aircraft or helicopters,and unloading upon landing and by air-dropping. The airdropcan be performed by dropping without parachutes, with parachutesand by low altitude cargo extraction. In the USA- CADS(Controlled Aerial Delivery System) has been developed providingcontrol of the falling cargo via a remote controller.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doaj.org/article/5e0d1b46d0134b0287ee9b84ae78c6d1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127595707", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8418504/v1", "title": "Potenziali impatti del cambiamento climatico sul posizionamento delle infrastrutture U-space", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Stefano Cunietti" ], "first_author": "Stefano Cunietti", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Thematic map", "Digital elevation model", "Terrain", "Operability", "Climate change", "Baseline (sea)", "Geospatial analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8418504/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410557656", "doi": "10.5194/icuc12-550", "title": "A concept of UAV meteorological observation network for application to UAM operation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-05-21", "type": "conference-abstract", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kyung‐Hwan Kwak", "Sooyeon Kim", "Yeon-Uk Kim", "Yeon-Uk Kim", "Dongwon Choi", "Wonseok Ko", "Yongchan Kim", "Yongchan Kim", "Minseo Choi", "Yeji Jeon", "Chanho Park", "H. Lee" ], "first_author": "Kyung‐Hwan Kwak", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is a promising transport system in megacities in the near future. Urban meteorological data is crucial for operating UAM safely and confidently. To obtain the in-situ meteorological data such as wind, turbulence, air temperature, relative humidity, visibility, snow and icing, we have designed a concept of UAV meteorological observation network for application to UAM operation. The target area is Korean UAM testbed located in Ulsan metropolitan area including a couple of vertiports and corridor with a vertical range from the ground to 600 m and a horizontal range up to 30 km from the vertiports. The UAV platform consists of several rotary-wing UAVs and a couple of fixed-wing UAVs, which is equipping multiple meteorological sensors and a high resolution camera. In addition to the observation points within the UAM testbed, an inflow site is selected for simultaneous UAV meteorological observation to provide the essential input data to a micro-to-mesoscale numerical modeling system. The preliminary observation results showed that the accuracy and consistency of observation data were improved by adopting newly-designed meteorological sensors and providing the quality control procedure. We found that the hazardous weather phenomena such as wind shear, low visibility, and sleet/icing could be captured by utilizing the UAV meteorological observation network in addition to the ground meteorological observation network. This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant RS-2024-00404042.", "keywords": [ "Meteorology", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Remote sensing", "Real-time computing", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/icuc12-550" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7155045061", "doi": "10.1201/9781003546306-6", "title": "Anticipate", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Manolis Karachalios" ], "first_author": "Manolis Karachalios", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter frames anticipation as the first discipline of resilient safety in advanced air mobility. It explains why proactive foresight is vital for automated urban operations and outlines the theoretical foundations of resilience engineering. The chapter applies anticipation across five layers: aircraft (design readiness, reliability, and emergent risks), airspace (traffic management and conflict avoidance), operations (contingencies and organizational preparedness), Infrastructure (vertiport capacity, weather, and hazards), and community (perception, regulation, and societal impact). It stresses balancing automation with human adaptability to detect weak signals and prevent escalation. A case study—the 2024 Singapore unmanned aircraft systems GPS-loss incident—illustrates manual reversion, preparedness gaps, and practical lessons for AAM deployment.", "keywords": [ "Anticipation (artificial intelligence)", "Futures studies", "Adaptability", "Preparedness", "Resilience (materials science)", "Air traffic control", "Automation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003546306-6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204151217", "doi": "10.34657/38639", "title": "Abschlussbericht - VertiLocator - Datenbasierte Bewertung von Vertiportstandorten anhand rechtlicher, betrieblicher und wetterbedingter Kriterien", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "type": "report", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Juliane Roesing", "Dario Milani", "Eva Christine Wille", "Jiahui Wang" ], "first_author": "Juliane Roesing", "venue": "RENATE", "publisher": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "abstract": "Das Projekt VertiLocator wurde von September 2024 bis Dezember 2025 im Rahmen des 3. mFund-Förderaufrufs in der Förderlinie 1 Kategorie A gefördert und vom Verkehrswissenschaftlichen Institut der RWTH Aachen sowie DM AirTech GmbH bearbeitet. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurden rechtliche, betriebliche und wetterbedingte Anforderungen an Vertiportstandorte analysiert und eine Methodik zur Überprüfung dieser Anforderungen entwickelt. Anschließend wurde die Methodik beispielhaft im Untersuchungsgebiet Hamburg angewendet. Die Entwicklung von Vertiports (Start- und Landepunkten für elektrisch betriebene, senkrechtstartende Kleinfluggeräte) an geeigneten, urbanen Standorten stellt eine der wesentlichen Herausforderungen für die Realisierung von Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) dar. Durch den in Deutschland geltenden Flugplatzzwang ist das Starten und Landen aktuell nur auf genehmigten Landeplätzen möglich. Bislang fehlt in Deutschland eine vollständige Übersicht einzuhaltender Standortkriterien für Vertiports, die auch wetterbedingte Faktoren beinhaltet, sowie ein einheitlicher und nachvollziehbarer Ansatz zur Überprüfung dieser Kriterien. Im Projekt werden zunächst Anforderungen recherchiert und in einem national anwendbaren Anforderungskatalog zusammengefasst. Der Anforderungskatalog enthält neben den verkehrlichen, physischen und städtebaulichen Kriterien auch mögliche, öffentlich verfügbare Datenquellen zur Überprüfung der Anforderungen sowie einen Leitfaden zur Anwendung einer im Projekt entwickelten Methodik, mit der mögliche Standorte identifiziert werden können. Zudem wird Tool entwickelt, mit dem überprüft werden kann, an welchen Standorten die lokalen städtischen Wetterbedingungen einen Flugtaxibetrieb zulassen. Im weiteren Verlauf des Projekts werden die Anforderungen auf das Stadtgebiet Hamburg angewendet. So kann gezeigt werden, dass die gefundene Methodik umsetzbar ist. Im Rahmen von einem Expertenworkshop werden die Anforderungen diskutiert und die gefundenen Standorte in Hamburg evaluiert. Abschließend findet die kapazitative Untersuchung eines Vertiports in unterschiedlichen Konfigurationen statt, der an identifizierten Standorte, umsetzbar wäre. Aus den Simulationsergebnissen werden Design-Empfehlungen für Betreiber und Infrastrukturplanende abgeleitet. Durch die Erstellung konkreter Standortkriterien und die Anwendbarkeit auf verschiedene Räume soll der Weg hin zu IAM-Betrieb und Herstellung in Deutschland und international durch das Projekt weiter vorangetrieben und gezeigt werden, dass dies relevante Themen für weitere Forschung und Entwicklung darstellen.", "keywords": [ "West germany" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://oa.tib.eu/renate/handle/123456789/39571" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7155055343", "doi": "10.1201/9781003546306-2", "title": "AAM—Evolution", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Manolis Karachalios" ], "first_author": "Manolis Karachalios", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter introduces advanced air mobility (AAM) as a nascent aviation ecosystem spanning electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) passenger services, cargo drones, and enabling infrastructures such as vertiports, charging, and digital traffic management. It traces AAM&s;s evolution from early twentieth-century urban flight concepts, through helicopter operations and unmanned systems, to today&s;s eVTOL demonstrators and pilot services by 2025. The chapter surveys the global landscape, outlining major national initiatives, industrial actors, and research programs shaping early deployments.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Air traffic control", "Aviation", "Takeoff and landing", "Air transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003546306-2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402591662", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4960705", "title": "A Research Approach for Integrating Advanced Air Mobility into Transportation Planning", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mahdi Monemi Nodehi", "Mohammed Almasabi", "Sasan Mahmoudinazlou", "Joseph A. Post", "Yantong Dou", "Yu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Mahdi Monemi Nodehi", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Transportation planning", "Transport engineering", "Environmental planning", "Computer science", "Business", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4960705" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413843374", "doi": "10.24053/iv-2025-0044", "title": "Die Vision urbaner Luftmobilität: Ein stadtzentrierter Ansatz zur Abschätzung und Bewertung der weltweiten Nachfrage nach UAM", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-29", "type": "article", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Lukas Asmer", "Henry Pak", "Petra Kokus" ], "first_author": "Lukas Asmer", "venue": "Internationales Verkehrswesen", "publisher": "Saxon State and University Library, Dresden", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) stellt in Aussicht, den städtischen Verkehr durch schnelle, sichere und komfortable Transportangebote zu erweitern. Für die weitere Planung und Gestaltung ist dabei die Abschätzung der globalen Nachfrage von besonderer Bedeutung. Dieser Artikel stellt eine Methode vor, die die potenzielle UAM-Nachfrage in 990 Städten abschätzt. Unter Berücksichtigung niedriger Ticketpreise und hoher Vertiport-Dichten zeigen mögliche Marktentwicklungsszenarien, dass bis 2050 in über 200 Städten weltweit ein Marktpotenzial für UAM besteht.", "keywords": [ "Art" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.24053/iv-2025-0044" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167494185", "doi": "10.1109/tro.2026.3710425", "title": "AD-Planner: Adaptive In-Flight Delivery Using a Quadrotor With a Suspended Payload", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haojia Li", "Yang Xu", "Chen Feng", "Boyu Zhou", "Shaojie Shen" ], "first_author": "Haojia Li", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Robotics", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Aerial delivery is emerging as an effective approach in complex environments, offering rapid response and access to hard-to-reach areas. A quadrotor with a suspended payload system is a versatile solution for aerial delivery, combining mechanical simplicity with the ability to cast payloads into confined or moving targets. Despite the potential, achieving fully autonomous delivery across dynamic targets remains challenging due to accuracy, safety, and efficiency constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic solution for autonomous delivery using a quadrotor with a suspended payload. Our approach addresses the complete delivery process, encompassing picking, transportation, and casting stages, and is designed to handle dynamic targets. To achieve accurate picking and casting, we introduce an error-bounded planning method that accounts for uncertainty. Moreover, we propose a compact optimization formulation that simultaneously considers safety, feasibility, and efficiency, thereby enabling seamless and agile delivery operations. To further improve computational efficiency and solution quality, we develop a hierarchical initialization strategy. The simulation and real-world experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in generating smooth, feasible, and efficient trajectories for delivery scenarios.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Control theory (sociology)", "Adaptive control", "Robot", "Grippers", "Mobile robot" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2026.3710425" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W327022347", "doi": null, "title": "Failure in the Margins: Aerial Resupply at Dien Bien Phu", "year": 2000, "publication_date": "2000-11-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "John D Plating" ], "first_author": "John D Plating", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The battle of Dien Bien Phu is one of the most studied engagements of the twentieth century. Its outcome signaled a significant step in the decline of European hegemony over colonial holdings, and marked a watershed event in the establishment of a Communist foothold in Southeast Asia. Military histories on the battle tend to be in agreement as to the reasons for French failure and Vietminh victory, with logistics usually appearing toward the top of the list. On the one hand, the Vietminh are lauded for their successful mobilization of massive proportions, while on the other, the French are chided for the failure of their technologically superior aerial resupply effort. But this orthodoxy is in need of refinement. To be sure, the leading cause of French defeat was logistical bankruptcy, but not in matters of strict quantity, but rather in the quality of the aerial delivery. To be sure, the aerial resupply effort succeeded in succoring the French garrison during the critical fifty-six days of the battle; but as the Vietminh ground advance shrunk the drop zones, with antiaircraft fire driving the aerial delivery to higher altitudes, more and more drops fell into the hands of the enemy-an enemy who was starved of ammunition and on the verge of collapse without these misdropped supplies. Conventional wisdom to the contrary, the Battle of Dien Bien Phu was not over before it started.", "keywords": [ "Battle", "Victory", "Fell", "Ammunition", "Adversary", "History", "Guerrilla warfare", "Colonialism", "Bankruptcy", "Ancient history", "Political science", "Economic history" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA384883" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2076251726", "doi": "10.1109/icca.2011.6137933", "title": "Recent advances and new horizons in aerial payload delivery", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oleg A. Yakimenko" ], "first_author": "Oleg A. Yakimenko", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper discusses a progress in improving a touchdown accuracy of an aerial payload delivery over the course of the last decade and overviews new applications brought by the smallest and most accurate systems. Specifically, the paper reviews the key features of a Blizzard aerial delivery system and introduces several research projects on delivery of small payload / sensors / ground robots and establishing short-range short-term mesh networks.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Computer science", "Key (lock)", "Robot", "Systems engineering", "Real-time computing", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Computer network", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icca.2011.6137933" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416924980", "doi": "10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257303", "title": "Investigating Cyclic Airspace Corridor Optimization for UAS Traffic Management Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rodolphe Fremond", "Matthieu Verdoucq", "Zeynep Bilgin", "Murat Bronz" ], "first_author": "Rodolphe Fremond", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As drone traffic increases in urban and suburban environments, more complex airspace structures will be required to accommodate rising demand. Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) service providers risk becoming overwhelmed by the time and resource demands of granting flight authorizations, for both human and automated systems. This research proposes the Cyclic Corridor Concept$\\left(C^{3}\\right)$: a strategic, centralized UTM service architecture designed to offload flight planning trade-offs. The$C^{3}$introduces two vertically separated, unidirectional cyclic corridors within Very Low Level (VLL) airspace. These corridors loop clockwise and counterclockwise through urban areas, passing close to multiple vertiports to ensure fair access and enhance operational efficiency in congested airspace. We investigate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to optimize the corridor's trajectory, accounting for urban constraints such as no-fly zones derived from risk assessments. The proposed method rapidly generates feasible solutions under diverse airspace configurations, enabling near real-time applicability. Results highlight the benefits of$C^{3}$in reducing UTM provider workload as vertiport network complexity increases. The system generates visually intuitive and safe corridors, reducing the need for strategic deconfliction and rerouting. Although the$C^{3}$design may incur additional travel distance, this is offset by faster flight authorizations and more evenly distributed delays across dense traffic flows.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Workload", "Reinforcement learning", "Air traffic control", "Offset (computer science)", "Resource allocation", "Service (business)", "Architecture" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://enac.hal.science/hal-05525326" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413320344", "doi": "10.1109/mpseciceta64837.2025.11118870", "title": "Design Optimization and Cost Benefit Analysis of an Experimental UAV Based Spraying System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paawan Kumar", "Snehal Rajput", "Suneel Yadav", "Pritish Kumar Varadwaj" ], "first_author": "Paawan Kumar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The recent liberalization of Drone Rules 2021, alongside 120 Rs. crore investment in domestic manufacturing for the next three years, is setting India on the path to becoming a global drone hub by 2030. Research shows that UAVs equipped with spraying mechanisms allow precise, targeted applications. This paper presents “Krishi PS-1925” an advanced UAV platform for crop protection, developed at the Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, India. The platform has been rigorously tested in the field for performance and endurance, with its cost, efficiency, and reliability compared to traditional spraying methods. A survey in 70 villages in Ghazipur District, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, highlighted major crop protection challenges. Findings show that the UAV-based approach significantly outperforms conventional methods in time efficiency, area coverage, capacity, cost-effectiveness, and spray accuracy. This study lays the groundwork for creating standards and regulatory protocols for aerial agrochemical applications in India.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Reliability engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/mpseciceta64837.2025.11118870" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131762524", "doi": null, "title": "Carbon-conscious digital health: integrating environmental sustainability into drone-based ART delivery in Uganda", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Petra Kerubo Mariaria", "Agnes Bwanika Naggirinya", "Patrick Ssesaazi", "Rachel King", "Dimitrios; id_orcid 0000-0003-0325-1190 Pappas", "Rosalind; id_orcid 0000-0001-9297-1311 Parkes-Ratanshi" ], "first_author": "Petra Kerubo Mariaria", "venue": "Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)", "publisher": "Queen's University Belfast", "abstract": "This poster explores the integration of environmental sustainability into digital health innovation through a carbon-footprint assessment of drone-based delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Uganda. Nested within a cluster randomised controlled trial in the Kalangala District, the study compares drone delivery with conventional boat transport over a 24-month period. A life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, following ISO 14040/44 standards, was applied to capture direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions and environmental trade-offs. Preliminary findings highlight that while drone deployment offers potential efficiency gains in health access, it also introduces new environmental considerations that must be addressed in future digital health systems. The poster positions sustainability as an essential component of digital health design, aligning technological innovation with climate responsibility and contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).", "keywords": [ "Sustainability", "Software deployment", "Digital health", "Drone", "Life-cycle assessment", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Greenhouse gas" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/370bbc1c-5459-4a0f-a36e-34636234b1c7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125608318", "doi": "10.1109/wsc68292.2025.11339081", "title": "Evaluating Third-Party Impacts in Urban Air Mobility Community Integration: A Digital Twin Approach", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alexander Ireland", "Chun Wang" ], "first_author": "Alexander Ireland", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Future Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations present unique impacts on communities since UAM vehicles will operate primarily in populated areas. This shift from traditional aviation that typically operates point-to-point between urban areas, means that the impacts on third parties are increasingly more important. Safety, privacy, and nuisances such as noise all have third-party outcomes that should be explored to properly design a UAM transportation system that works for users and non-users alike. This thesis explores the use of a Digital Twin to minimize third-party safety and privacy impacts and shows that with accurate live population or mobility data, EVTOL vehicle flight planning is possible that considers where people currently are and adjusts the approach flight path accordingly. A Digital Twin Prototype was developed to represent population density and live traffic data as an equivalent agent-based simulation of the physical world, which becomes the basis for assessing safety and privacy. A case study covering a portion of downtown Montreal is performed for multiple pedestrian and vehicle traffic settings to compare an EVTOL baseline vertiport approach suggested by the Federal Aviation Administration to 127 alternate vertiport approach scenarios to explore generalizations and demonstrate Digital Twin technology for the optimization of UAM operations. It was found that flight path guidelines provided by aviation regulators will not necessarily provide optimal flight paths over urban areas when considering third-party impacts, and it was shown that Digital Twin technology is promising and may play a significant role in promoting community safety and privacy for UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Air pollution", "Field (mathematics)", "Work (physics)", "Urban heat island", "Climate change" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc68292.2025.11339081" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388116583", "doi": "10.1109/mass58611.2023.00089", "title": "Exploring Mixed-Grid Environments for Drone-Based Last-Mile Logistics Optimization", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesco Betti Sorbelli", "Federico Corò", "Cristina Maria Pinotti", "Anil M. Shende" ], "first_author": "Francesco Betti Sorbelli", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In recent years, drone-based delivery systems have gained significant attention for last-mile logistics in various domains. This study focuses on optimizing drone deliveries in mixed-grid environments, which combine urban and rural areas. The objective is to minimize the sum of distances between the delivery locations and the drone’s depot. By selecting the optimal depot placement, we aim to improve factors such as expected delivery time, energy consumption, and environmental impacts. To address this optimization problem, we conducted a comprehensive comparison of several state-of-the-art algorithms specifically designed for computing the drone placement in mixed-grid environments. Our evaluation utilized synthetic and quasi-real data and two distinct scenarios were considered: the full-grid scenario, and the partial-grid scenario. Through empirical analyses, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and provide valuable insights into their trade-offs in terms of performance and time complexity.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Grid", "Computer science", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mass58611.2023.00089" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4378805849", "doi": "10.1109/csnt57126.2023.10134749", "title": "DPC: An amalgamated approach for drone package classification system", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-04-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Niharika Niharika", "Raghav Jain", "Pulkit Singla", "Rishabh Sharma", "Vinay Kukreja", "Ramanjeet Singh" ], "first_author": "Niharika Niharika", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The logistics and e-commerce sectors have always incorporated parcel delivery and packing as their integral part. With the high amount of demand and supply in the domain of e-commerce, there is a high demand for drone-based delivery systems through which a certain amount of parcel packages can be delivered using drones. To assist the aforementioned domain, the proposed work aims to develop a drone package classification (DPC) system for the classification of packages according to their weight and the type of drone that can be employed to deliver the particular class of packages. The complete experiment has been executed using DL based hybrid approach consisting of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) technique on a self-developed package5k dataset resulting in an overall accuracy of 93.82%. The entire investigation and suggested DL-based hybrid strategy have shown to be a successful, efficient, and sustainable method for the identification and classification of drone packages to create a successful and sustainable DPC system.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Domain (mathematical analysis)", "Convolutional neural network", "Identification (biology)", "Class (philosophy)", "Artificial intelligence", "Embedded system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/csnt57126.2023.10134749" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165525400", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.105020", "title": "Learning-based emergency egress trajectory planning for UAV in mixed terminal airspace", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lichen Su", "Shulu Chen", "Yue Wang", "Leyan Chen", "Zhiheng Li", "Kai Wang", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Lichen Su", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Trajectory", "Key (lock)", "Air traffic control", "Terminal guidance", "Collision avoidance" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.105020" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2900102235", "doi": "10.25052/kscm.2018.10.18.2.119", "title": "A Vehicle Destination Decision Problem for the Drone-Vehicle Intermodal Delivery System", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-10-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Byoung-Hak Yang" ], "first_author": "Byoung-Hak Yang", "venue": "한국 SCM 학회지", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this research, we deal with drone-vehicle intermodal delivery system. A vehicle loaded with drones departure from warehouse and move to a vehicle destination. At the vehicle destination, drones fly from the vehicle to end users to deliver the product. After delivering product, drones fly back to the vehicle at the vehicle destination. In this drone-vehicle intermodal delivery system, we suggest non-linear programming mathematical model to minimize the total vehicle transportation cost and drone transportation cost. The problem in this model has a characteristics of special case of the location-allocation problem. The clonal selection algorithm in the artificial immune system is used to solve the problem. A feasibility reinforced initial solution generation method and a local search technic are developed to increase the effectiveness of the clonal selection algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Product (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.25052/kscm.2018.10.18.2.119" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131347291", "doi": "10.1201/9781003685555-2", "title": "Global Regulatory and Certification Standards for eVTOL Integration", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dimitrios Ziakkas" ], "first_author": "Dimitrios Ziakkas", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Chapter 2 maps the evolving regulatory frameworks shaping AAM’s transition from concept to operational reality. It explores how the FAA’s powered-lift category, EASA’s SC-VTOL framework, ICAO’s harmonisation initiatives, and IATA’s ecosystem guidance converge to establish a globally coherent yet adaptable system. The text highlights “convergence without uniformity,” showing how performance-based, risk-scaled certification supports innovation while ensuring safety equivalence. The interplay between airworthiness, pilot licensing, and vertiport design emerges as a model of adaptive governance. The chapter ultimately argues that regulation is not merely compliance-it is a language of trust translating technological potential into legitimate public mobility.", "keywords": [ "Certification", "Adaptation (eye)", "Corporate governance", "Public policy", "Public trust" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003685555-2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110667376", "doi": null, "title": "SMART-MET - Flight Safety of Small Aircraft under Adverse Meteorological Conditions", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Konrath, Robert", "Hon, Jason", "Holzäpfel, Frank", "Kalow, Steffen", "Bartels, Rainer", "Lau, Alexander" ], "first_author": "Konrath, Robert", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "Three main topics are dealt within the project SMART-MET (Flight Safety of Small Aircraft under Adverse Meteorological Conditions): An attractive use case for small aircraft are airport shuttles between urban or suburban areas. However, the required vertiports for eVTOL can frequently only be installed near conventional runways such that they can’t be operated independently from wake vortices of other aircraft. In SMART-MET criteria for acceptable wake vortex encounters shall be developed for various small aircraft. A wake vortex warning system for vertiports WSWS-V at large airports shall be developed and demonstrated consisting of the elements wind and wake vortex prediction (machine learning) as well as the developed encounter criteria. The risk of fatal flight accidents in consequence of ice accretions is particularly relevant to small aircraft. Flight safety can be significantly enhanced by monitoring the atmospheric conditions und ice accretions utilizing advanced sensors to warn the pilot at an early stage or to automatically activate de-/anti-icing systems. However, conventional icing protection systems are challenging for small aircraft because of their high energy consumption. Therefore, developments of innovative approaches for energy-efficient icing sensors and de-/anti-icing systems are required to ensure safe and economic operation of small aircraft. Meteorological effects have a significant impact on the operational efficiency and safety of small aircraft. Weather influences impacting safe operations are identified and the limiting values are determined, whereby the quantification of the time share of operability on different flight routes is relevant. It is examined how meteorological influences affect the availability of small aircraft. In addition, the necessary adaptation measures to maintain flight safety in a changing climate that has a negative impact on safe operations are determined.", "keywords": [ "Operability", "Runway", "Icing", "Wake turbulence", "Wake", "Limiting", "Aviation safety" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/200212/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154787760", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-48143-9", "title": "Intelligent scheduling and resource allocation for urban air mobility networks based on graph neural networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiaoqi Xu", "Y Q Zhao", "Peilong Zhang" ], "first_author": "Xiaoqi Xu", "venue": "Scientific Reports", "publisher": "Nature Portfolio", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a promising solution to metropolitan transportation challenges, yet efficient scheduling and resource allocation in large-scale UAM networks remain computationally intractable for traditional optimization methods. This paper proposes a hybrid scheduling framework that couples graph neural network prediction with deterministic constraint repair for UAM scheduling and resource allocation. We first develop a heterogeneous graph representation scheme that captures diverse network elements including vertiports, waypoints, and aircraft with their distinct attributes. A spatiotemporal graph attention network (ST-GAT) architecture is then constructed, integrating spatial topology awareness with temporal dynamics modeling through dual attention channels. Furthermore, an adaptive multi-objective optimization strategy is designed to balance throughput maximization, delay minimization, and energy efficiency while satisfying operational constraints. Experimental results on a simulated metropolitan UAM network demonstrate that the proposed method achieves 94.2% throughput under peak demand conditions with average delay of 4.1 min, outperforming genetic algorithm and simulated annealing baselines by 15.9% and 19.9% respectively. The integrated pipeline—comprising neural scheduling prediction and post-processing feasibility repair—maintains sub-second inference latency up to 250 concurrent aircraft and 60 vertiports, confirming its suitability for real-time operational deployment within the tested scale.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Inference", "Simulated annealing", "Software deployment", "Artificial neural network", "Graph", "Network topology", "Dynamic priority scheduling" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-48143-9_reference.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7126092258", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-1869", "title": "Faireness-Informed Design of Urban Air Mobility Network: A Case Study of Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jinzhu Yu" ], "first_author": "Jinzhu Yu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) can potentially provide a transformative solution to urban transportation challenges by leveraging electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft to alleviate congestion and enhance connectivity. While existing UAM network design models prioritize cost minimization and operational efficiency, fair access for diverse socioeconomic groups remains underexplored. This study introduces a fairness-informed optimization framework for UAM network design, integrating a novel mixed-integer programming model that balances efficiency and fairness. Fairness is quantified using Conditional Value-at-Risk, a risk-aware metric that prioritizes underserved populations by minimizing disparities in transportation access costs. A case study in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area demonstrates that incorporating CVaR-based fairness significantly alters optimal vertiport placement strategies. Compared to traditional cost-minimization approaches, fairness-aware designs exhibit greater spatial dispersion of vertiports, extending service coverage to peripheral regions while maintaining competitive system-wide efficiency. The results highlight how fairness considerations lead to more geographically balanced network configurations that better serve disadvantaged communities. These findings underscore the critical trade-off between fairness and efficiency in UAM planning and provide actionable insights for policymakers and urban planners. The proposed methodology advances aerial mobility research by offering a scalable framework to address fair resource allocation in emerging transportation systems, ensuring UAM deployment aligns with broader social sustainability goals.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Metric (unit)", "Sustainability", "Disadvantaged", "Software deployment", "Scalability", "Baseline (sea)", "Resource allocation", "Service (business)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-1869" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W777598217", "doi": null, "title": "Visual cueing aids for rotorcraft landings", "year": 1993, "publication_date": "1993-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "es", "authors": [ "Walter W. Johnson", "Anthony D. Andre" ], "first_author": "Walter W. Johnson", "venue": "NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)", "publisher": "NASA Headquarters", "abstract": "The present study used a rotorcraft simulator to examine descents-to-hover at landing pads with one of three approach lighting configurations. The impact of simulator platform motion upon descents to hover was also examined. The results showed that the configuration with the most useful optical information led to the slowest final approach speeds, and that pilots found this configuration, together with the presence of simulator platform motion, most desirable. The results also showed that platform motion led to higher rates of approach to the landing pad in some cases. Implications of the results for the design of vertiport approach paths are discussed.", "keywords": [ "Motion (physics)", "Simulation", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Computer vision", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940008840" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131360901", "doi": "10.1201/9781003685555-3", "title": "Airspace-Integration Framework", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dimitrios Ziakkas" ], "first_author": "Dimitrios Ziakkas", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Chapter 3 describes how AAM will coexist with today’s air traffic management systems before evolving into high-density, digital operations. Integration is framed as a gradual choreography rather than disruption, with early operations operating under established IFR/VFR rules augmented by emerging U-space and UTM frameworks. It analyzes the alignment of FAA’s ConOps 2.0 and Innovate28 with Europe’s U-space regulations, emphasizing transparency, interoperability, and community engagement. Vertiports are treated as civic infrastructure—designed for both efficiency and inclusion. Ultimately, the chapter portrays airspace integration as a social contract: a commitment to shared safety, equitable access, and responsible technological progress.", "keywords": [ "Choreography", "Drone", "Air traffic control", "Control (management)", "Air traffic management", "Disruptive technology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003685555-3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413191329", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-99199", "title": "Stereo Depth-Camera Drone Tracking in GPS-Denied Environments", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Aidan Taylor", "Alex Nguyen", "Nicholas Christner", "Saanvi Athota", "Joseph W. Mikhail", "Marco Obregon", "Yixing Jiang", "Mr. Adam Nokes" ], "first_author": "Aidan Taylor", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents the development of an autonomous air traffic control (ATC) system utilizing stereo cameras and LiDAR to enhance drone tracking accuracy, particularly in GPS-denied environments. The rapid expansion of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) across various industries has created an urgent need for efficient traffic management solutions. As the number of UAVs increases, planned drone hubs are emerging as centralized points for drone operation and coordination. However, large networks of drones coming in and out of drone hubs will exceed the capabilities of current air traffic control (ATC) systems. Additionally, many environments where drones operate—such as dense urban areas, mountainous regions, or indoor facilities—pose significant challenges for GPS-based navigation. Without external positional data, drones are forced to rely on internal guidance data from inertial measurement units (IMUs) and gyroscopes, but these devices are prone to severe error propagation over time. This project addresses these limitations by integrating stereo cameras and a LiDAR unit mounted on a fixed base station, which estimates drone positions by combining external sensor data with the drone’s internal guidance systems and comparing it to GPS data. Input data comes from both the internal guidance system of the drones, including IMUs and gyroscopes, and a fixed bay station with a mounted LiDAR and stereo camera. The bay station data will then be processed using software tools like ZED and OpenCV to give a drone positional estimate relative to the position of the bay station. This generated data will then be compared against the drone’s internal sensors and GPS data to quantify error margins. The initial aim of the study is to refine the positioning algorithm and, if the accuracy reaches an acceptable threshold, enable autonomous navigation via the external tracking methods without the need for GPS input. Several challenges must be addressed to ensure the feasibility of this system. Environmental conditions such as poor lighting, rain, and other visual obstructions can degrade camera and LiDAR-based tracking performance. Similarly, interference from multiple drones in high-traffic situations can introduce additional sensor noise. To mitigate these issues, open source vision-based detection techniques such as the YOLO object detection algorithm are employed and tested against various lighting conditions. The Drone Estimation Lab (DEL) focuses on research areas that support this study, including: Depth cameras and LiDAR for real-time drone tracking. Mapping of true positions against camera/LiDAR-based external tracking. Pathfinding and obstacle avoidance as stretch goals. This study achieves experimental validation using two drones, multiple stereo cameras, and a LiDAR unit in a controlled testing environment. The data gathered is processed and visualized using MATLAB to aid in optimizing the tracking algorithms used. Given the available computational resources, the external tracking computations are not constrained by onboard processing limitations. The outcomes of this research have significant implications for future drone operations in both commercial and industrial settings. Drone hubs will benefit from precise tracking methods that allow for efficient drone traffic management even in highly congested environments. Additionally, the ability for drones to coordinate within swarms will enable more sophisticated autonomous missions, such as search and rescue operations, environmental monitoring, and package delivery logistics. Beyond individual drone performance, an autonomous drone air traffic control system will help regulate large-scale UAV movement, reducing the risk of mid-air collisions and enhancing the reliability of drone-based services in urban and remote areas. These advancements will pave the way for the widespread adoption of UAV technology in scenarios where traditional GPS-based navigation is insufficient, ultimately ensuring safer and more efficient drone integration into modern airspace.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer vision", "Global Positioning System", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer science", "Stereo camera", "Tracking (education)", "Stereopsis", "Computer graphics (images)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2025-99199" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4382050716", "doi": "10.1109/icuas57906.2023.10156046", "title": "Assessment of LiDAR detection capabilities for Urban Air Mobility applications", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-06", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Enrique Aldao", "Gabriel Fontenla-Carrera", "Luis Miguel González-deSantos", "H. González-Jorge" ], "first_author": "Enrique Aldao", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the detection capabilities for U-Space applications using a solid-state LiDAR, specifically the Livox Avia. The focus of this study is the use of this technology as a ground surveillance system, with a particular emphasis on its potential installation in ground infrastructures such as a vertiports. A point cloud simulator was used to replicate the behavior of this device and the acquisition of moving obstacle point clouds was simulated. This information was processed to estimate the position, speed and size of different intruders. Multiple study cases were generated to evaluate the sensor performance under different operating conditions. Finally, a statistical analysis of the results was carried out to evaluate the influence of the distance, speed and size of the intruders on the results.", "keywords": [ "Lidar", "Computer science", "Obstacle", "Focus (optics)", "Point cloud", "Real-time computing", "Replicate", "Emphasis (telecommunications)", "Remote sensing", "Cloud computing", "Simulation", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icuas57906.2023.10156046" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203699690", "doi": "10.1109/access.2026.3724656", "title": "Low-Altitude Economy as a System-of-Systems: A Review of Concepts, Enabling Infrastructure, Operational Scenarios, and Governance Pathways", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haodong Li", "Zhenxun Wei", "Zhijian Cao", "Aheyelike Jumaybayi", "Rizwangul Shatar" ], "first_author": "Haodong Li", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The low-altitude economy (LAE) is evolving from a policy-driven concept into a multidisciplinary research field spanning low-altitude airspace governance, unmanned aircraft systems, eVTOL platforms, public air routes, vertiports, digital traffic services, industrial applications, and social acceptance. However, existing knowledge remains fragmented across Chinese LAE studies and international urban air mobility, advanced air mobility, drone logistics, and airspace-management literatures. This review adopts a PRISMA-informed structured narrative protocol to synthesize representative studies published between 2020 and March 2026, and argues that LAE should be understood as a system-of-systems rather than as a relabeling of drones, air taxis, or general aviation modernization. The article makes five contributions. First, it clarifies the conceptual boundaries among LAE, general aviation, the UAV economy, and UAM/AAM. Second, it positions LAE against prior ecosystem, socio-technical, and transportation system-of-systems frameworks. Third, it develops and operationalizes a five-layer framework linking airspace resources, vehicles and manufacturing, physical and digital infrastructure, operational scenarios, and governance-based value realization. Fourth, it synthesizes key enabling conditions, including public air-route networks, UTM–ATM convergence, vertiports, cybersecurity, edge intelligence, digital twins, certification, and social legitimacy. Fifth, it compares scenario-specific deployability across mobility, logistics, public-service, industrial, environmental-monitoring, and regional-accessibility applications. The central conclusion is that LAE scalability will not be determined by aircraft innovation alone; it depends on coordinated readiness across infrastructure, regulation, digital observability, operational value, resilience, and public trust.", "keywords": [ "Corporate governance", "Digital economy", "Government (linguistics)", "Information governance", "Production (economics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3724656" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7202179222", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-10532667/v1", "title": "Developing A Network-Based Framework for Urban Air Mobility and eVTOL Route Planning Using Existing Heliport Infrastructure", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-11", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Devie Anggraeni Hadi", "Mohammed Ali Berawi", "Bambang Susantono" ], "first_author": "Devie Anggraeni Hadi", "venue": "Research Square", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Metropolitan area", "Obstacle", "Runway", "Terrain", "Operational effectiveness", "Hazard", "Aviation safety", "Residual", "International airport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10532667/latest.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401028009", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-3651-5_4", "title": "Design and Structural Analysis of Quadcopter for Medicine Package Delivery", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Suchit", "N. G. Vivek", "B. S. Nithyananda", "G. V. Naveen Prakash" ], "first_author": "Suchit", "venue": "Lecture notes in mechanical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Quadcopter", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3651-5_4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160713447", "doi": "10.1007/s40864-026-00270-2", "title": "Multimodal Hub-and-Spoke Network Design Problems to Integrate Urban Air Mobility and High-Speed Rail Services: A Semi-Quadratic Assignment Formulation and its Linearization", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xin Wu", "Yanfu Huo", "Yidan Wen", "Jiahao Xing" ], "first_author": "Xin Wu", "venue": "Urban Rail Transit", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract Urban air mobility (UAM) leverages advanced air transportation systems to facilitate efficient and reliable air travel within and around urban areas. It involves the use of electric aircraft capable of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), such as air taxis, which navigate urban airspace to transport passengers quickly between locations. High-speed rail (HSR) service, on the other hand, is a rail transport system that utilizes trains operating at higher speeds than traditional rail services, providing rapid connectivity between major metropolitan areas. In this study, we aim to develop a hub-and-spoke network design (HSND) problem that integrates UAM and HSR (UAMHSR–HSND) to improve the efficiency of multimodal transportation systems. The hub-and-spoke model captures the interfacility interactions between passenger flows and vertiport–station assignments via a semi-quadratic assignment model, which poses significant computational challenges. To address this challenge, we compare different linearization models that leverage the special network configuration of UAMHSR–HSND and allow the problem to be solved using off-the-shelf solvers. We further propose a hybrid solving strategy that uses NET-QAP to generate warm-start solutions and then refine them with stronger linearization models, thereby enhancing scalability for large instances. Numerical results show that the NET-QAP model consistently solves large-scale cases with reasonable optimality gaps, and that integrating it with the multicommodity-flow linearization can obtain optimality (GAP = 0%) within reasonable time limit on large-scale instances. Case studies conducted along the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed rail corridor, with spoke vertiports scattered throughout both Beijing and the Changjiang Delta, demonstrate the practicality of the proposed method.", "keywords": [ "Linearization", "Train", "Scalability", "Leverage (statistics)", "Air traffic control", "Punctuality", "Beijing", "Flow network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40864-026-00270-2.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164809002", "doi": "10.1080/21681015.2026.2687521", "title": "A Joint economic lot size model for tuna supply chains with battery-constrained electric vehicles and drone-based last-mile delivery", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Muhammad Ridwan Andi Purnomo", "Novrianty Rizky", "Elisa Kusrini", "Agus Salim Mansur", "Ivan Darma Wangsa", "Wakhid Ahmad Jauhari" ], "first_author": "Muhammad Ridwan Andi Purnomo", "venue": "Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "This study proposes a sustainable joint economic lot size (JELS) model for tuna supply chains under stochastic demand. The model considers a multi-echelon network consisting of a processor, a distribution center, multiple retailers, and end customers. Its novelty lies in integrating battery-constrained electric vehicles and drone-based delivery with stochastic demand and variable lead time, aspects rarely addressed simultaneously in previous studies. Lead time is formulated as a function of production, transportation, loading and unloading, transit, charging, and courier delivery activities. To solve the proposed model, an algorithm is developed and validated through a real-world case study. The results show that electric motorcycles achieve annual cost savings of IDR 8.469 billion (80.61%) compared to drones. Conversely, drones reduce delivery time by 2.32 days (55.42%) but increase carbon emissions by 3.13 t.CO₂e (2.65%). Sensitivity analysis identifies product weight, vehicle load capacity, speed, and transport distance as key factors affecting system performance.", "keywords": [ "Supply chain", "Tuna", "Key (lock)", "Electric vehicle", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Joint (building)", "Variable (mathematics)", "Product (mathematics)", "Lead time", "Supply and demand" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2026.2687521" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154122827", "doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/3207/1/012063", "title": "Cooperative homing of multiple parafoil systems based on multiple agents consensus", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Zhihan Li", "Yang Chen", "Hao Xie", "Guangshan Chen", "Changchun Zhao" ], "first_author": "Zhihan Li", "venue": "Journal of Physics Conference Series", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract In aerial delivery, multiple parafoil systems allow large-scale supply drops, but cooperative homing strategies are needed. This paper investigates leader-followers coordination, proposing a multiple agents consensus control law for formation tracking under a high-order model. Followers maintain formation by tracking the leader. Simulations cover the entire homing process, demonstrating successful aggregation and collision avoidance. The results confirm the strategy’s feasibility for multiple parafoil systems.", "keywords": [ "Homing (biology)", "Multi-agent system", "Tracking (education)", "Cover (algebra)", "Collision" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3207/1/012063" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1635712825", "doi": null, "title": "Development of a Total Trajectory Simulation for Single Recovery Parachute Systems. Volume 1. Analytical Model and Computer Program Design Rationale", "year": 1973, "publication_date": "1973-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "H. G. Heinrich", "Robert A. Noreen", "David P. Saari" ], "first_author": "H. G. Heinrich", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : A method of total trajectory simulation was established which is based on the governing equations of the various phases of an airdrop or recovery system. In view of these equations, a computer program capable of predicting the performance characteristics of a parachute-load system from the instant of initiation to the moment of landing was established. Calculations were performed for a number of different aerial delivery systems. The calculated results fall well within the broad ranges of expected performance, based upon a familiarity with field test results.", "keywords": [ "Trajectory", "Moment (physics)", "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Field (mathematics)", "Simulation", "Computer science", "Computer program", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0779527" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7151214793", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6467219", "title": "HeliNet-AI: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Optimal Heliport Site Selection in India's Emerging Urban Air Mobility Landscape", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Sanjay Kumar" ], "first_author": "Sanjay Kumar", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Megacity", "Function (biology)", "Population", "Interdependence", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Encoding (memory)", "Site selection", "Domain (mathematical analysis)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6467219" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128500020", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace13020165", "title": "Intent-Driven UAM Scheduling: An Explainable Hybrid AI Framework", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeongseok Kim", "KyuRang Kim" ], "first_author": "Jeongseok Kim", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This paper presents a hybrid AI framework for rescheduling tasks within UAM vertiports. This scheduling challenge is approached as a resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP), typically solved via mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). However, unlike ideal models, real-world UAM operations are messy, and operator requests are frequently ambiguous. To handle this uncertainty, the proposed framework pairs a Bayesian network to infer intent via dialogue with Answer Set Programming (ASP) to categorize specific ambiguity types. Once the input is clarified, the system generates new MILP constraints and recalculates the schedule, allowing the operator to instantly verify changes against the initial plan.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Ambiguity", "Operator (biology)", "Set (abstract data type)", "Hybrid system", "Linear programming", "Answer set programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/13/2/165/pdf?version=1770800023" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W164898329", "doi": null, "title": "1820. A Look at Tomorrow's Civil Tilt Rotor", "year": 1988, "publication_date": "1988-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Joseph B. Wilkerson" ], "first_author": "Joseph B. Wilkerson", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The present evaluation of the development status of the tilt-rotor VTOL aircraft concept proceeds to identify a large civilian market potential for vehicles of this type, especially along high commuter traffic density urban corridors. A variant of the V-22 tilt-rotor is judged to be of sufficient size for this high-density passenger market in the near term, provided that the rotor-drive system undergoes suitable modifications for more reliable one-engine-inoperative emergency operation. New, larger-than-V-22 and least-cost-optimized civil tilt-rotors carrying as many as 75 passengers are under study, but will require the construction of 'vertiports' at strategically advantageous urban locations.", "keywords": [ "Tilt (camera)", "Rotor (electric)", "Automotive engineering", "Aeronautics", "Term (time)", "Engineering", "Transport engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Structural engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sawe.org/papers/1820" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1583988808", "doi": "10.21236/ada067859", "title": "On the Notions of Free Drop and Fragility Ratings", "year": 1978, "publication_date": "1978-10-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Franklin D. Barca" ], "first_author": "Franklin D. Barca", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Free drop is the air-to-ground delivery of supplies and equipment without the aid of conventional recovery parachutes. This study was conducted to determine the present state of the art in free drop aerial delivery and to identify areas which require additional investigation to expand the military free drop capability. Results of the study indicate that future effort would be best expended in the areas of fragility rating determination and improved packaging methods for subsistence items such as food, clothing, and water. A bibliography is also included.", "keywords": [ "Fragility", "Drop (telecommunication)", "Drop out", "Psychology", "Mathematics", "Econometrics", "Economics", "Computer science", "Demographic economics", "Thermodynamics", "Physics", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ada067859" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133300394", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18844943", "title": "Beyond Takeoff: Policy Strategies to Build the Infrastructure Future for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-24", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dominic Mathew" ], "first_author": "Dominic Mathew", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "The future of aviation is taking off—literally. SAFE’s Coalition for Reimagined Mobility (ReMo) has released its latest report, “Beyond Takeoff: Policy Strategies to Build the Infrastructure Future for Advanced Air Mobility,“ offers strategies for policymakers to help drive the development of an interoperable and accessible Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) ecosystem. With a projected global market value of $500 billion by 2040 and the potential to create hundreds of thousands of skilled jobs, AAM has the power to transform transportation. However, without strategic public infrastructure investments, regulatory coordination, and flexible and enduring funding mechanisms, AAM risks being dominated by private interests, limiting competition and innovation. The report outlines three key policy recommendations to ensure the successful development and integration of AAM infrastructure: Establishing Use, Ownership, and Access of Finite Real Estate: Local governments, under FAA guidance, should safeguard open access requirements for public vertiports to ensure competitive development. Prioritize Interoperable Digital Infrastructure: Implement standardized, real-time communications frameworks and cybersecurity protocols to integrate AAM with other transportation modes. Initiate Enduring Funding & Investment Mechanisms: The creation of a National AAM Infrastructure Fund, alongside tax incentives and public-private partnerships, is essential to accelerate vertiport development and AAM adoption. This report also highlights the global competition in AAM infrastructure, noting that China’s aggressive state-led investments and regulatory advancements place the U.S. at risk of falling behind. Without a coordinated national strategy, the U.S. could lose its leadership position in this transformative sector. Further, Beyond Takeoff also builds on insights from existing transportation sectors, such as ground mobility and aviation, to provide a framework for the efficient and long-term development of AAM infrastructure. By implementing these policy recommendations, the U.S. can foster an innovative and resilient AAM ecosystem that benefits communities, businesses, and the broader economy.", "keywords": [ "Interoperability", "Competition (biology)", "Aviation", "Investment (military)", "Public policy", "Position (finance)", "Limiting", "Incentive", "Critical infrastructure" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18844943" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118010807", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-96-9642-0_8", "title": "Impact of Urban Air Mobility on Urban Commuting and Traffic Congestion: A Case Study of Shenzhen", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Di Lv", "Kai Wang", "Wei Zhang", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Di Lv", "venue": "Lecture notes in civil engineering", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Traffic congestion", "Travel time", "Public transport", "Air quality index", "Quality (philosophy)", "Travel behavior", "Transportation planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-9642-0_8" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406835127", "doi": "10.12794/metadc1873865", "title": "Air Corridors: Concept, Design, Simulation, and Rules of Engagement", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-12-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sabrina Islam Muna" ], "first_author": "Sabrina Islam Muna", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Air corridors are an integral part of the advanced air mobility infrastructure. They are the virtual highways in the sky for transportation of people and cargo in the controlled airspace at an altitude of around 1000 ft. to 2000 ft. above the ground level. This paper presents fundamental insights into the design of air corridors with high operational efficiency as well as zero collisions. It begins with the definitions of air cube, skylane or track, intersection, vertiport, gate, and air corridor. Then, a multi-layered air corridor model is proposed. Traffic at intersections is analyzed in detail with examples of vehicles turning in different directions. The concept of capacity of an air corridor is introduced along with the nature of distribution of locations of vehicles in the air corridor and collision probability inside the corridor are discussed. Finally, the results of simulations of traffic flows are presented.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Architectural engineering", "Engineering", "Systems engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1873865/m2/1/high_res_d/MUNA-THESIS-2021.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W216506735", "doi": null, "title": "DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMUM SIZED PARACHUTE REQUIRED FOR STABILIZATION OF THE A-22 CARGO CONTAINER", "year": 1961, "publication_date": "1961-11-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "H. G. Heinrich", "Shukry K. Ibrahim" ], "first_author": "H. G. Heinrich", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "An investigation to determine experimentally the minimum size and optimum type of parachute for stabilizing general aerial delivery cargo and more specifically, the A-22 Cargo Container, was conducted. A 4 ft ribless guide surface parachute in connection with a riser at least 10 ft long represented the desired optimum. A 64 in. ribbon parachute with 20% geometric porosity in connection with a minimum riser length of 10 ft appeared also to be quite satisfactory. In addition, the investigation provided sufficient data for the calculation of trajectories for different configurations and release conditions.", "keywords": [ "Container (type theory)", "Ribbon", "Connection (principal bundle)", "Marine engineering", "Porosity", "Structural engineering", "Engineering", "Mechanics", "Computer science", "Mechanical engineering", "Mathematics", "Geometry" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0270535" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388561568", "doi": "10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311230", "title": "Safety and Capacity Analysis Framework for Integrated UAM Operation in Airports", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Naomi Hani Gray", "Suyoung Shin", "Seokbin Yoon", "Yulim Park", "Hongah Chai", "Keumjin Lee", "H S Kim", "Se-Yeon Jung" ], "first_author": "Naomi Hani Gray", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper investigates a method for the safe integration of urban air mobility (UAM) into controlled airspace while also analyzing its impact on the capacity of conventional aircraft runways. The proposed method consists of two main steps: route design and runway capacity assessment. In the first step, the UAM route is designed to maintain safe distances from obstacles and conventional traffic around the airport. In the second step, the impact of the route designed in the first step on runway capacity is assessed. The proposed method was applied to a potential vertiport location at Incheon International Airport using real traffic and obstacle data. The results demonstrated that the proposed method could assist decision-makers in comprehending various safety factors that influence the feasibility of UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Runway", "Obstacle", "ASDE-X", "Air traffic control", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Separation (statistics)", "International airport", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311230" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417489130", "doi": "10.1016/j.lanprc.2025.100074", "title": "Delivery models to improve adherence to medicines for chronic diseases in primary care", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Romina Diaz", "Gautam Satheesh", "Andrew Edward Moran", "Pablo Perel", "Anthony J. Rodgers", "Aletta Elisabeth Schutte" ], "first_author": "Romina Diaz", "venue": "The Lancet Primary Care", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Global efforts to improve medication adherence have increasingly recognised that suboptimal control of chronic diseases is shaped not only by patient behaviour but also by the design and performance of health-care delivery systems. Although adherence is widely accepted as crucial to improved long-term outcomes, the structural role of medication-delivery models in supporting or constraining adherence remains underexplored. In this Health Policy, we provide an analysis of delivery systems of medicines for chronic diseases in 31 countries and aim to assess their regulatory designs, cost-efficiency, effects on access and adherence, and affordability to inform future dispensing policy. Across countries, medicines for chronic diseases are distributed through varied systems, including in-person pharmacy pick up and mail-order programmes. Innovations such as direct-to-consumer e-pharmacies, automated dispensers, and drone-based delivery have emerged from both large private-sector companies and adaptations in low-resource settings driven by necessity. However, many high-income systems have been slow to innovate, and these innovations experience challenges and barriers.", "keywords": [ "Primary care", "Chronic disease", "Pharmacy", "Healthcare system", "Healthcare delivery", "Delivery system", "Chronic care" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanprc.2025.100074" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7120052815", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18153137", "title": "LOGISTICS DRONES", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-05", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "David Padi and Janet O. Sadiku Matthew N. O. Sadiku" ], "first_author": "David Padi and Janet O. Sadiku Matthew N. O. Sadiku", "venue": "INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH", "publisher": null, "abstract": "ABSTRACT Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are very small aircraft operated without the presence of a human pilot onboard. Technology has brought great transformation into various logistics sectors such as agricultural, healthcare, education, surveillance and disaster response. Logistics drones involve delivering packages or goods from point A to point B using aerial routes rather than conventional road networks. UAVs are used for faster, cost-effective, and efficient delivery, especially for \"last-mile\" transport, by bypassing traffic for direct routes and reducing carbon footprints. They help reduce operational costs by providing faster delivery anytime, anywhere. The drone market is expected to make waves in the operations of supply chains as more enterprises prioritize efficiency in each step of the supply chain process. Soon, drone-based deliveries will be a staple. This paper explores the various uses of logistics drones. Key Words: drones, unmanned aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), logistics, logistics drones, supply chain, transportation", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Supply chain", "Key (lock)", "Point (geometry)", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Traffic management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18153137" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7126125233", "doi": null, "title": "CRV: Automated Cyber-Resiliency Reasoning for System Design Models", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Daniel Larraz", "Robert Lorch", "Yahyazadeh M", "Arif F", "Chowdhury O", "Tinelli C" ], "first_author": "Daniel Larraz", "venue": "Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)", "publisher": "Newcastle University", "abstract": "We present the design and implementation of anautomated static analysis approach and corresponding diagnostictool, called Cyber Resiliency Verifier (CRV), to check whethera system design satisfies its end-to-end guarantees when theintegrity of one or more of its components cannot be guaranteed.CRV’s key insight is to reason about effects of integrity attacksinstead of concrete attacks, enabling it to reason also about theimpact of future attacks having the same captured effects. Wedemonstrate CRV’s effectiveness with a case study on a realisticdesign of an unmanned aerial delivery drone.", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Systems design", "Data integrity", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Structured systems analysis and design method", "Information system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=304055/68D34F91-3B43-4E29-8A37-358A979CBDE0.pdf&pub_id=304055" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127408615", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-2762", "title": "Effects of Motion Fidelity on Pilot Performance Using Mixed-Reality Visuals", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Peter M. T. Zaal", "Matt Blanken", "Samuel P. Orth", "Supreethi V. Penmetcha", "Paul Slade" ], "first_author": "Peter M. T. Zaal", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper investigates the effects of simulator motion fidelity on pilot performance using mixed-reality visuals. In NASA's Vertical Motion Simulator, eleven pilots flew a lift-plus-cruise electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle in a vertiport approach and landing task with four different motion conditions: no motion, small hexapod motion, large hexapod motion, and full motion. The simulator motion condition statistically significantly affected: 1) the severity of cybersickness, 2) motion ratings, 3) final approach and take-off boundary crossing groundspeed, 4) longitudinal touchdown point, and 5) battery time remaining after landing. The findings suggest that motion systems are essential in simulators with virtual- or mixed-reality visuals when it is required to have pilot flying performance similar to that in real flight.", "keywords": [ "Hexapod", "Touchdown", "Motion (physics)", "High fidelity", "Motion simulator", "Fidelity", "Task (project management)", "Driving simulator" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2762" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400361197", "doi": "10.31127/tuje.1428703", "title": "Design of a service for hospital internal transport of urgent pharmaceuticals via drones", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alireza Gholami" ], "first_author": "Alireza Gholami", "venue": "Turkish Journal of Engineering", "publisher": "Süleyman Demirel University", "abstract": "The movement of medical supplies within a hospital heavily depends on people physically carrying these materials. Traditional methods of transporting medical supplies within hospitals often encounter logistical challenges, particularly in densely populated areas like Yalova Merkez in Yalova Province, Turkey. To address these challenges, this study introduces a drone-based delivery system for urgent pharmaceuticals, specifically designed to enhance logistics efficiency and safety within hospital settings. Through a collaborative approach, we developed and validated this service design at CityHospital, a Virtual/Simulated Hospital utilized for our research simulation. Primary user needs were identified through interviews and visual aids, informing the design of the drone service. Feedback from users underscores its potential to significantly improve healthcare logistics. While this system offers notable advantages in efficiency, precautions against risks such as tampering with delivery containers are essential. Proposed strategies include the use of tamper-evident seals and mechatronic locks. Furthermore, this analysis identifies key information for implementing a digital logistics management system, paving the way for future enhancements.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Service (business)", "Key (lock)", "Business", "Health care", "Process management", "Engineering management", "Medical emergency", "Operations management", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3695442" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399893789", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-60019-7_4", "title": "Conventional Operations and Means Incorporating Bioagents as Partial Effectors", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Manousos E. Kambouris" ], "first_author": "Manousos E. Kambouris", "venue": "Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60019-7_4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7119575347", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18153138", "title": "LOGISTICS DRONES", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-05", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "David Padi and Janet O. Sadiku Matthew N. O. Sadiku" ], "first_author": "David Padi and Janet O. Sadiku Matthew N. O. Sadiku", "venue": "INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH", "publisher": null, "abstract": "ABSTRACT Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are very small aircraft operated without the presence of a human pilot onboard. Technology has brought great transformation into various logistics sectors such as agricultural, healthcare, education, surveillance and disaster response. Logistics drones involve delivering packages or goods from point A to point B using aerial routes rather than conventional road networks. UAVs are used for faster, cost-effective, and efficient delivery, especially for \"last-mile\" transport, by bypassing traffic for direct routes and reducing carbon footprints. They help reduce operational costs by providing faster delivery anytime, anywhere. The drone market is expected to make waves in the operations of supply chains as more enterprises prioritize efficiency in each step of the supply chain process. Soon, drone-based deliveries will be a staple. This paper explores the various uses of logistics drones. Key Words: drones, unmanned aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), logistics, logistics drones, supply chain, transportation", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Supply chain", "Key (lock)", "Point (geometry)", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Traffic management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18153138" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W576707418", "doi": null, "title": "Civil tiltrotor missions and applications. Phase 2: The commercial passenger market", "year": 1991, "publication_date": "1991-02-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "P. R. Thompson", "Robert L Neir", "Ron Reber", "R. Scholes", "Harold L. Alexander", "David Sweet", "Dennis Berry" ], "first_author": "P. R. Thompson", "venue": "NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)", "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abstract": "The commercial passenger market for the civil tiltrotor was examined in phase 2. A market responsive commercial tiltrotor was found to be technically feasible, and a significant worldwide market potential was found to exist for such an aircraft, especially for relieving congestion in urban area-to-urban area service and for providing cost effective hub airport feeder service. Potential technical obstacles of community noise, vertiport area navigation, surveillance, and control, and the pilot/aircraft interface were determined to be surmountable. Nontechnical obstacles relating to national commitment and leadership and development of ground and air infrastructure were determined to be more difficult to resolve; an innovative public/private partnership is suggested to allow coordinated development of an initial commercial tiltrotor network to relieve congestion in the crowded US Northeast corridor by the year 2000.", "keywords": [ "Service (business)", "General partnership", "Business", "Engineering", "Transport engineering", "Finance", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910016812" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415473456", "doi": "10.61173/dp291h29", "title": "Collaborative Transportation Methods of Drones and Vehicles from the Perspective of Intermodal Transport", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-23", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Yuezhi Deng" ], "first_author": "Yuezhi Deng", "venue": "Science and Technology of Engineering Chemistry and Environmental Protection", "publisher": null, "abstract": "With the rapid development of logistics driven by the e-commerce industry, drone-based cargo transportation has been partially implemented in this sector, attracting academic research on related projects. Although drone transportation has certain advantages over traditional logistics to some extent, relying solely on drones for logistics remains challenging. Therefore, this paper introduces the concept of intermodal transport and explores the progress in research on collaborative transportation of drones and vehicles from this perspective. First, the basic concept of drone-based intermodal transport is presented. In this section, the types of drones and their applicable scenarios are described, and the types of intermodal transport are analyzed. Then, the latest progress in core issues of intermodal transport is reviewed, with a categorized discussion of various research on intermodal transport under different environmental conditions. Finally, this paper discusses the accuracy issues in current models and suggests potential future research directions, specifically the possibility of constructing accurate models by integrating real-world data.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Perspective (graphical)", "Key (lock)", "Core (optical fiber)", "Air transport", "Transportation planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.61173/dp291h29" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4300981958", "doi": "10.18297/etd/3756", "title": "Drone location and scheduling problems in humanitarian logistics.", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zabih Ghelichi" ], "first_author": "Zabih Ghelichi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, are a promising technology for the last-mile delivery of medical and aid items in humanitarian logistics. In emergency scenarios, like disasters, where transportation networks are destroyed and people are stranded, drones can accelerate the delivery of urgently needed items, e.g., food and water, insulin shots and blood pressure pills, to those trapped in the disaster-affected areas. Drones can also provide logistics services in many non-emergency situations by delivering medical items, e.g., vaccine shots and lab specimens, to remote communities and hard-to-access locations. The contribution of using UAVs goes beyond merely having access to remote and disaster-affected areas. With inexpensive launching infrastructures and no need for on-board pilots, drones can offer an inexpensive, agile, and ready-to-use alternative to traditional last-mile delivery modes. Motivated by the challenges associated with the last-mile delivery of aid items to hard-to-access areas, this dissertation studies the problem of drone-based delivery of aid items, e.g., medical and relief packages, to hard-to-access areas in humanitarian logistics. The main goal of this dissertation is to design the logistics and orchestrate a fleet of drones to provide the timely delivery of items to hard-to-access areas in emergency and non-emergency scenarios. In this dissertation, we develop multiple extensions of a drone location and scheduling problem while taking into account the critical aspects of drone- based delivery systems in humanitarian logistics. These critical aspects include: i) limited coverage range, ii) limited payload capacity, iii) energy consumption, iv) timeliness, and v) uncertainty. Chapter II presents a general case of the drone location and scheduling (DLS) problem for the delivery of aid items in disaster-affected areas. In this chapter, we first develop a time-slot formulation to address the problem of optimally locating drone take- off platforms and concurrently scheduling and sequencing a set of trips for each drone to minimize total disutility for product delivery. We extend a two-period problem of DLS where the platforms can be relocated using useable road networks after the first period in order to provide a higher level of coverage. Chapter III proposes a multi-stop drone location and scheduling (MDLS) problem for the delivery of medical items in rural and suburban areas. In this chapter, we assume drones are allowed to stop at one or multiple charging stations, installed on existing platforms having access to electricity, e.g., streetlights, during each trip in order to improve the drones’ coverage range while", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Last mile (transportation)", "Agile software development", "Mile", "Humanitarian aid", "Computer security", "Emergency management", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5070&context=etd" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133299290", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18844944", "title": "Beyond Takeoff: Policy Strategies to Build the Infrastructure Future for Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-24", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dominic Mathew" ], "first_author": "Dominic Mathew", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "The future of aviation is taking off—literally. SAFE’s Coalition for Reimagined Mobility (ReMo) has released its latest report, “Beyond Takeoff: Policy Strategies to Build the Infrastructure Future for Advanced Air Mobility,“ offers strategies for policymakers to help drive the development of an interoperable and accessible Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) ecosystem. With a projected global market value of $500 billion by 2040 and the potential to create hundreds of thousands of skilled jobs, AAM has the power to transform transportation. However, without strategic public infrastructure investments, regulatory coordination, and flexible and enduring funding mechanisms, AAM risks being dominated by private interests, limiting competition and innovation. The report outlines three key policy recommendations to ensure the successful development and integration of AAM infrastructure: Establishing Use, Ownership, and Access of Finite Real Estate: Local governments, under FAA guidance, should safeguard open access requirements for public vertiports to ensure competitive development. Prioritize Interoperable Digital Infrastructure: Implement standardized, real-time communications frameworks and cybersecurity protocols to integrate AAM with other transportation modes. Initiate Enduring Funding & Investment Mechanisms: The creation of a National AAM Infrastructure Fund, alongside tax incentives and public-private partnerships, is essential to accelerate vertiport development and AAM adoption. This report also highlights the global competition in AAM infrastructure, noting that China’s aggressive state-led investments and regulatory advancements place the U.S. at risk of falling behind. Without a coordinated national strategy, the U.S. could lose its leadership position in this transformative sector. Further, Beyond Takeoff also builds on insights from existing transportation sectors, such as ground mobility and aviation, to provide a framework for the efficient and long-term development of AAM infrastructure. By implementing these policy recommendations, the U.S. can foster an innovative and resilient AAM ecosystem that benefits communities, businesses, and the broader economy.", "keywords": [ "Interoperability", "Competition (biology)", "Aviation", "Investment (military)", "Public policy", "Position (finance)", "Limiting", "Incentive", "Critical infrastructure" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18844944" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387038948", "doi": "10.1049/icp.2023.1654", "title": "Emergency material supply in disaster relief operations based on truck-UAV collaborative distribution", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cheng Zhang", "Ye Li", "Jiansong Zhang", "C. Wei", "Jicai Liang" ], "first_author": "Cheng Zhang", "venue": "IET conference proceedings.", "publisher": "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "abstract": "Given the urgency inherent in disaster relief operations, a supply mode for the distribution of emergency materials, utilizing collaboration between truck and drone transportation, is proposed. In this model, decisions concerning the supply method for each depot with specific material demands, the sequential ordering of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and the route planning for the trucks are integrated into a singular combinatorial optimization problem. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is formulated to minimize the overall delivery completion time. Two distinct algorithms are devised to solve this problem efficiently: a logic-based Benders decomposition algorithm and a hybrid genetic algorithm. Numerical experiments conducted on 40 instances demonstrate that the proposed model and algorithms robustly support the novel supply mode grounded in truck- UAV collaborative distribution. The results provide valuable insights for decision-makers seeking to develop efficient, accurate, and globally optimal supply solutions and carry significant theoretical and practical implications.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Computer science", "Integer programming", "Mode (computer interface)", "Decomposition", "Linear programming", "Operations research", "Genetic algorithm", "Emergency management", "Integer (computer science)", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2023.1654" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7116052597", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2512.15462", "title": "Intent-Driven UAM Rescheduling", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Kim, Jeongseok", "Kim, Kangjin" ], "first_author": "Kim, Jeongseok", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Due to the restricted resources, efficient scheduling in vertiports has received much more attention in the field of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). For the scheduling problem, we utilize a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), which is often formulated in a resource-restricted project scheduling problem (RCPSP). In this paper, we show our approach to handle both dynamic operation requirements and vague rescheduling requests from humans. Particularly, we utilize a three-valued logic for interpreting ambiguous user intents and a decision tree, proposing a newly integrated system that combines Answer Set Programming (ASP) and MILP. This integrated framework optimizes schedules and supports human inputs transparently. With this system, we provide a robust structure for explainable, adaptive UAM scheduling.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Integer programming", "Job shop scheduling", "Linear programming", "Dynamic priority scheduling", "Set (abstract data type)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.15462" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161768601", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-3382", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Community Noise Assessment Using the ISVR Whole Aircraft Noise Prediction Framework", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Daniel C. Amargianitakis", "Sergi Palleja-Cabre", "Rod Self" ], "first_author": "Daniel C. Amargianitakis", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper outlines the Modular Novel Transport Aircraft Noise Assessor (MONTANA) framework developed at the ISVR and its application to an Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) case study in London. MONTANA is designed for early-stage evaluation of novel aircraft configurations, integrating component-level noise models, trajectory-based propagation, and exposure metrics. The framework employs a lumped source approach combined with spherical harmonic directivity and generates Noise-Power-Distance (NPD) curves for key flight phases under steady-state assumptions. A case study involving three electric VTOL rotorcraft concepts is presented to demonstrate the capability of the framework to predict noise exposure contours for an urban network of nine vertiports. Preliminary results indicate that rotorcraft architecture strongly influences acoustic performance, with the tilt-rotor lift-plus-cruise configuration showing the smallest predicted noise footprint.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Aircraft noise", "Air traffic control", "Term (time)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-3382" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7140809834", "doi": "10.1007/s12518-026-00719-w", "title": "Potential impacts of climate change on the siting of U-space infrastructure", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stefano Cunietti" ], "first_author": "Stefano Cunietti", "venue": "Applied Geomatics", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract The integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the U-Space system requires dedicated infrastructure planning, such as vertiports and aerial corridors, that is not only efficient but also resilient to future meteorological changes. In this study, focused on the Emilia-Romagna region, we develop a methodological framework based on Geographic Information Systemspatial analysis to estimate the annual hours of flight operability (flyability). The methodology is applied by comparing the current meteorological scenario, derived from historical climatological data, with a scenario featuring a temperature increase of + 6 °C. This increase is not presented as a most likely projection, but rather as a high-end sensitivity analysis designed to assess how the spatial distribution of flyability may respond to strong warming conditions. The procedure starts from the creation of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), from which additional thematic layers such as aspect and surface roughness are derived. The influence of local meteorological conditions is simulated using a Random Forest predictive model, designed to identify the areas with the highest probability of exceeding the maximum operational thresholds for drones, mainly related to wind, rainfall, and temperature. As a result, we obtain raster maps that quantify, for each territorial pixel, the annual hourly fraction available for UAS flight. The comparative analysis highlights a heterogeneous reduction in flight hours in the stress-test scenario, with particularly pronounced decreases in hilly and foothill areas. Conversely, coastal plains maintain high levels of operability. Based on this evidence, we propose two guidelines for U-Space planning: (i) preferentially select sites that preserve high flyability even under future climate scenarios; (ii) adopt targeted adaptation strategies in the most vulnerable areas, such as alternative routes, satellite vertiports, energy storage systems, and real-time meteorological monitoring.", "keywords": [ "Thematic map", "Operability", "Digital elevation model", "Climate change", "Raster graphics", "Terrain", "Geospatial analysis", "Elevation (ballistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12518-026-00719-w.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399990174", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2406.14832", "title": "Autonomous Decision Making for Air Taxi Networks", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-21", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alex Vesel" ], "first_author": "Alex Vesel", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Future urban air mobility systems are expected to be operated by rideshare companies as fleets, which will require fully autonomous air traffic control systems and an order of magnitude increase in airspace capacity. Such a system must not only be safe, but also highly responsive to customer demand. This paper proposes the air traffic network problem (ATNP), which models the optimization problem of future cooperative air taxi networks. We propose a three-phase decision making model that efficiently assigns vehicles to passengers, determines flight levels to reduce collision risk, and resolves aircraft conflicts by selectively applying Monte Carlo tree search. We develop a simulator for the ATNP and show that our approach has increased safety and reduced passenger waiting time compared to greedy and first-dispatch protocols over potential vertiport layouts across the Bay Area and New York City.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Business", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.14832" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400592043", "doi": "10.57169/jssa.0010.01.0308", "title": "Impact of India’s Drone Capabilities on Pakistan", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Azfar Bilal", "Abdul Samad" ], "first_author": "Azfar Bilal", "venue": "Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Drones are changing the face of modern warfare and have emerged as a potent weapon of choice in recent wars, including in Nagorno Karabakh and the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. The success of drones on the battlefield has spurred states to acquire UAVs forintelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting capabilities. In South Asia, the export of drones to India by extra-regional powers such as the United States and Israel is disturbing the regional military balance. The United States has approved the sale of 31 MQ-9B Reaper drones and missiles to India, while Israel has supplied the Indian military with Heron and Hermes 900 drones. In addition, India’s DRDO has recently invested in building a home-grown industry that can design and assemble drones and indigenously make the components that go into the manufacturing process. In line with this, the Indian government has set the ambitious target of becoming a global drone hub by 2030. This research paper will employ Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver’s Regional Security Complex Theory to understand how India’s development and acquisition of high-tech drone technology contributes to security dilemma for Pakistan and imperils peace and stability in the region.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Security dilemma", "Dilemma", "Political science", "Battlefield", "Government (linguistics)", "Face (sociological concept)", "Computer security", "International trade", "Business", "Law", "Sociology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.57169/jssa.0010.01.0308" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W215103113", "doi": null, "title": "FAA Rotorcraft Research, Engineering, and Development Bibliography 1962-1989", "year": 1990, "publication_date": "1990-05-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert Dean Smith" ], "first_author": "Robert Dean Smith", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : This report is a supplement to 'FAA Helicopter/Heliport Research, Engineering, and Development - Bibliography, 1964 - 1986' (FAA/PM-86/47) published in November 1986 (NTIS accession number ADA 174 697) and to 'FAA rotorcraft Research, Engineering, and Development Bibliography, 1962 - 1988' (FAA/DS-89/03) published in March 1989 (ADA 207 162). Both bibliographies are limited to documents in which the research, engineering, and development elements of the FAA were involved as sponsors, participants, or authors. This bibliography contains the abstracts of 68 technical reports. The indexes in this document address these 68 reports as well as the 53 reports in FAA/DS-98/03 and the 133 reports in FAA/PM-86/47. Keywords: Helicopters bibliographies/indexes; Heliports; Rotorcraft; Tilt rotor aircraft; Vertiports; Powered-lift vehicles.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Bibliography", "Engineering", "Library science", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a224256.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W273068814", "doi": null, "title": "GROUND IMPACT SHOCK MITIGATION CARGO TRUCK, 3/4-TON M37", "year": 1966, "publication_date": "1966-12-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "D. G. Wiederanders", "W. L. Guyton", "E. A. Ripperger" ], "first_author": "D. G. Wiederanders", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Seven drops of the M37 3/4-ton truck have been made at impact velocities up to 56 fps, and at design accelerations as high as 30g. The cushioning system used for each drop is described and the damage sustained by the vehicle is discussed. It is concluded that this vehicle can be dropped at impact velocities up to 50 fps without any damage, if a properly designed cushioning system is used. Recommendations for improvements, from the aerial delivery standpoint, in the design of the vehicle are included. A detailed description is given of the procedure that should be followed in the design of a cushioning system.", "keywords": [ "Cushioning", "Truck", "Ton", "Ballast", "Drop (telecommunication)", "Engineering", "Barrel (horology)", "Shock (circulatory)", "Launched", "Environmental science", "Automotive engineering", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0667939" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415818163", "doi": "10.3390/electronics14214285", "title": "Full Process Dynamics and HIL Simulation of Precise Airdrop System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wen Zou", "Zhanxin Cui", "Jiaoyan Li", "Qingbin Zhang" ], "first_author": "Wen Zou", "venue": "Electronics", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Amid intensifying competition in airdrop equipment development, there is a growing demand for large-load, high-precision, maneuverable, and low-cost airdrop systems. However, Precision Aerial Delivery Systems (PADS) exhibit structural complexity and immature dynamics theory for flexible-body parachute/parafoil systems. Flight testing proves prohibitively expensive, while random environmental interference hinders data consistency. To address these challenges, this paper integrates navigation control systems and actuators with dynamics models through a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation system for comprehensive performance evaluation.", "keywords": [ "Process (computing)", "Actuator", "System dynamics", "Interference (communication)", "Control system", "Flight dynamics", "Dynamics (music)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/21/4285/pdf?version=1761912932" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3156378251", "doi": null, "title": "Kalman filter state estimation for navigation based on low-cost sensors", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-11-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raúl A. García-Huerta" ], "first_author": "Raúl A. García-Huerta", "venue": "ITESO Institutional Repository (ReI) (Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education)", "publisher": "Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente", "abstract": "The research in this doctoral thesis presents the development and implementation of an estimation scheme, based on a Kalman filter, for the state estimation of vehicles during navigation, fusing measurements from low-cost sensors. For navigation purposes, the states of interest are the components that define the position and attitude of the vehicle. The inclusion of information regarding the dynamics of the vehicle, together with measurements from one or several sensors, enhances the accuracy and precision to which the states can be determined. The proposed state estimation scheme is implemented in pedestrian and aerial applications. For pedestrian applications a methodology is developed, to improve the position estimation by using aerial images. Also, the flight dynamics of precision aerial delivery systems is studied thoroughly, specifically for micro-lightweight parafoil-payload systems. For these systems, two linear models that capture their flight dynamics are proposed and implemented in the state estimation scheme for position and attitude determination, fusing measurements from low-cost sensors employing a Kalman filter. The implementation results proved that the state estimation scheme is effective and suitable for low-cost applications. The incorporation of aerial images in the position estimation process for pedestrian applications allows for the accuracy determination of low-cost navigation sensors, as well as improving the estimation of the position. The lineal models developed for micro-lightweight precision aerial delivery systems proved to capture their flight dynamics. The use of these models, together with the fusion of measurements from low-cost sensors in the estimation scheme, demonstrates an improvement in the position and attitude determination of the vehicles during their descent trajectory.", "keywords": [ "Kalman filter", "Extended Kalman filter", "Sensor fusion", "Computer science", "Position (finance)", "Payload (computing)", "Process (computing)", "Scheme (mathematics)", "Navigation system", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://rei.iteso.mx/bitstreams/cfe5b3ba-00de-4b2f-9992-7975c30dde21/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164027994", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2606.08533", "title": "Autonomous Aerial Manipulation via Contextual Contrastive Meta Reinforcement Learning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-07", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "金利宣", "Bingxuan Lan", "Xinyi Bao", "Xiangyuan Xie", "Chunjie Zhang", "Zheng Chen (49483)", "Tianshuo Liu", "Ruijie Tian", "Jinyu Ru", "Gang Wang", "Lei Yuan", "Yang Yu" ], "first_author": "金利宣", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being deployed in logistics, service robotics, and other real-world applications, creating a growing demand for autonomous payload acquisition and delivery. Existing approaches typically assume pre-attached payloads or rely on specialized grippers, leaving versatile end-to-end aerial delivery largely unresolved, where different payloads induce highly variable flight dynamics, requiring a single policy to adapt online without manual calibration or explicit system identification. To this end, we study \\textbf{A}utonomous \\textbf{A}erial Manipulation via \\textbf{Co}ntextual \\textbf{Co}ntrastive Meta Reinforcement Learning (\\textbf{\\textit{Aco2}}), a fully autonomous aerial delivery setting in which a quadrotor equipped with a lightweight hook continuously picks up, transports, and delivers diverse handle-equipped objects between randomized locations, all without human intervention. First, we design a contextual observation encoder that infers a compact latent context from recent interaction history, enabling the policy to adapt online to payload-dependent dynamics. To further improve the quality of this context, we introduce a contrastive objective that structures the context embedding around task-relevant variations, improving generalization across diverse payloads without requiring explicit system identification. Trained entirely in simulation with extensive domain randomization, \\textit{Aco2} can be directly deployed on a physical quadrotor without real-world fine-tuning.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Reinforcement learning", "Payload (computing)", "Context (archaeology)", "Generalization", "Domain (mathematical analysis)", "Embedding" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.08533" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131266871", "doi": "10.46254/in05.20250381", "title": "Autonomous Drone Delivery Systems for Urban Logistics: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-06", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ruhina Quazi", "Rudrapratap Singh", "Piyush Umate", "Prajjwal Dubey", "Ritik Gop" ], "first_author": "Ruhina Quazi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The accelerated growth of online shopping and the need for quick last-mile delivery have accelerated research interest in autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) delivery systems. This detailed review systematically examines the state-of-the-art in drone-based delivery systems, integrating recent breakthroughs in system architectures, route optimization algorithms, energy management strategies, and IoT-enabled operational frameworks. Based on the critical evaluation of scholarly articles from 2016 to 2025 across IEEE, ACM, and logistics research journals, this review finds three main system setups: single depot facilities, networked multiple depots, and support station-based systems. The paper evaluates key technological elements such as GPS autonomous flight navigation systems, web order management systems based on Node.js and MongoDB, Crossflight flight control systems, and Raspberry Pi 4-based companion computing. This review offers researchers and practitioners a unified understanding of existing capabilities, implementation issues, and areas of future research required for large-scale deployment of autonomous drone delivery systems within urban and rural logistics networks.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Software deployment", "Global Positioning System", "Key (lock)", "Control (management)", "Order (exchange)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/india2025/381.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400868914", "doi": "10.31219/osf.io/3rgjw", "title": "Integrating Flight and Charging Schedules in Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-22", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shangqing Cao", "Xuan Jiang", "Vishwanath Bulusu", "Anjan Chakrabarty", "Mark M. Hansen", "Emin Burak Onat", "Raja Sengupta", "Bo Zou" ], "first_author": "Shangqing Cao", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper investigates the simultaneous optimization of flight schedule and charging policy of electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft for Urban Air Mobility operations. An optimization model is developed for a two-vertiport system to design an efficient flight schedule, including re-balancing flights, and a charging policy that serves a given demand with the objective of minimizing the required fleet size. The results highlight that charging aircraft to a lower State of Charge level during peak demand periods and to a higher level during off-peak times effectively reduces the fleet size, due to the non-linearity of battery charging times. The study includes a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact of various demand levels and flight times on the system. The results highlight the interplay between fluctuations in passenger demand and battery charging policies. Future work will integrate infrastructure constraints into the optimization model.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/3rgjw" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133410310", "doi": null, "title": "Regional-Scale Multimodal Service Optimization for Innovative Air Mobility Using MILP", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xuhao Gui", "Jean-Claude Lebègue", "Daniel Delahaye" ], "first_author": "Xuhao Gui", "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique", "abstract": "By 2050, 90% of European travelers are expected to complete door-to-door journeys within four hours, a target that would require a substantial expansion of transport infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, which account for 19.2% of the population. Innovative Air Mobility (IAM), which can enhance regional connectivity while relying on limited ground infrastructure, represents a promising solution to this challenge. This paper proposes an IAM service optimization model for integrating IAM into regional multimodal transport networks. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. To address computational tractability, a vertiport connection sparsification technique is introduced to reduce model complexity. The sparsified model is solved using CPLEX, and a case study is used to validate its performance. The results indicate that the sparsification technique reduces model complexity to 18.5\\% of the original formulation and, on average, performs better than a heuristic-based approach.", "keywords": [ "Linear programming", "Service (business)", "Multimodal transport", "Air transport", "Optimization problem", "Connection (principal bundle)", "Stochastic programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05531747/document" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7210271138", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7422350", "title": "An adaptive bounded-support matheuristic for large-scale air–ground emergency logistics network design", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chuhang Yu", "Chunxia Yu", "Dong Zhang" ], "first_author": "Chuhang Yu", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Solver", "Set (abstract data type)", "Flow network", "Network planning and design", "Extrapolation", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Path (computing)", "Bounded function", "Service (business)", "Filter (signal processing)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7422350" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7147109617", "doi": "10.71443/9789349552203-09", "title": "Emergency Medical Supply Delivery Using AI-Based Route Optimization and Autonomous Drone Systems", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "type": "book-chapter", "language": null, "authors": [ "Lalman Patel" ], "first_author": "Lalman Patel", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The integration of autonomous drones and AI-based route optimization is revolutionizing emergency medical supply delivery, offering unprecedented efficiency and reliability in critical healthcare logistics. With the ability to navigate complex environments, these drones significantly reduce delivery times, particularly in remote, underserved, or disaster-stricken areas. This chapter explores the technological advancements, regulatory challenges, and real-world applications of drones in medical supply chains, emphasizing the importance of AI-powered decision-making, redundancy systems, and fail-safe mechanisms in ensuring operational safety and reliability. The evolving role of AI algorithms in route planning, real-time data integration, and predictive maintenance is highlighted, demonstrating how these systems adapt to dynamic conditions and ensure timely deliveries. Case studies from global projects underscore the scalability and impact of drone-based delivery systems in various healthcare settings. Finally, the chapter discusses the legal, regulatory, and ethical considerations that must be addressed to fully harness the potential of autonomous drones in emergency response. The convergence of cutting-edge drone technology, AI, and healthcare logistics marks a pivotal step toward optimizing medical deliveries and saving lives in critical situations.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Scalability", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Health care", "Convergence (economics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.71443/9789349552203-09" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415132146", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2025.33.3.185", "title": "A Study on the Development Plan for UAM Demonstration Routes in Island Areas of Jeollanam-do", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jun-Suk Seo", "Sungsik Park", "Jung-bin Kim" ], "first_author": "Jun-Suk Seo", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study examines the feasibility of introducing Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to address transportation isolation and the limitations of maritime transport in island regions of Jeollanam-do, South Korea. Three major passenger ferry routes with the highest traffic volumes were selected, and the JARUS SORA 2.5 model was applied to quantitatively assess operational risks. The analysis confirmed that all routes met the required safety and operational feasibility standards, indicating favorable conditions for UAM adoption in the region. Based on these findings, the study proposes policy recommendations including the development of tailored vertiport infrastructure, the establishment of integrated air traffic management systems for manned and unmanned aircraft, and measures to enhance social acceptance. This research demonstrates the viability of UAM demonstration routes in island areas and provides foundational insights to support future UAM commercialization and transportation welfare improvement in South Korea.", "keywords": [ "Commercialization", "Plan (archaeology)", "Development plan", "Transportation planning", "Strategic planning", "Air pollution" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-33-3-185" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W325095579", "doi": null, "title": "Development of a Total Trajectory Simulation for Single Recovery Parachute Systems. Volume 2. Calculation Procedures and Computer Program", "year": 1973, "publication_date": "1973-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert A. Noreen", "David P. Saari" ], "first_author": "Robert A. Noreen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : A method of total trajectory simulation was established which is based on the governing equations of the various phases of an airdrop or recovery system. In view of these equations, a computer program capable of predicting the performance characteristics of a parachute-load system from the instant of initiation to the moment of landing was established. Calculations were performed for a number of different aerial delivery systems. The calculated results fall well within the broad ranges of expected performance, based upon familiarity with field test results. In Volume I, simulation methods and numerical calculation results are presented; in Volume II details of the calculation procedures and computer program are presented.", "keywords": [ "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Trajectory", "Computer program", "Moment (physics)", "Field (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Simulation", "Mathematics", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0779528.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1605001306", "doi": "10.21236/ad0603723", "title": "THEORETICAL PARACHUTE INVESTIGATIONS", "year": 1961, "publication_date": "1961-11-30", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "H. G. Heinrich", "Toma Riabokin", "Shukry K. Ibrahim", "Eugene L. Haak", "R. J. Niccum" ], "first_author": "H. G. Heinrich", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Contents: Investigation of wake effects on the behavior of parachutes and other retardation devices behind large bodies; Investigation of basic stability parameters of conventional parachutes; Theoretical study of supersonic parachute phenomena; Theoretical analysis of the dynamics of the opening parachute; Statistical analysis of extraction time, deployment time, opening time, and drag coefficient for aerial delivery parachutes and systems; Gliding aerodynamic decelerator; Effective porosity studies; Study of flow patterns of aerodynamic decelerators by means of the surface wave analogy; Stress analysis of the T-10 troop parachute; Aerodynamic characteristics of the parachute stabilized A-21 cargo container; Aerodynamic characteristics of the cross and wagon-wheel type parachutes; Determination of mass flow through parachutes with inherent geometric porosity.", "keywords": [ "Aerospace engineering", "Aeronautics", "Geology", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ad0603723" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2253241002", "doi": "10.4271/680697", "title": "C-5 Troop/Cargo Handling Subsystems", "year": 1968, "publication_date": "1968-02-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alexander Wilcox", "James H. Monti" ], "first_author": "Alexander Wilcox", "venue": "SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Lockheed C-5 is unique with respect to size, pay-load/range, and engine thrust rating. The upper deck, contains the passenger carrying compartments, although the cargo compartment, when properly supplemented, may also be used for emergency evacuation of troops. Comfortable accommodations, along with galley and sanitation facilities, are provided for crew, relief crew, and troops. Operational aspects of the cargo handling subsystem are multiple and varied. Sophisticated procedures accomplish the primary logistics mission of loading, restraining, and unloading of vehicular, bulk, and palletized cargo. The C-5 has the additional facility for aerial delivery of cargo and troops.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/680697" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2792002384", "doi": "10.1093/crival/vay002", "title": "Not a Flight of Fancy, Drones are Put to Use in Sample Transport", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-03-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Molly V. Strzelecki" ], "first_author": "Molly V. Strzelecki", "venue": "Critical Values", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "abstract": "Serving resource-limited countries to ensure they have proper medical care is a challenge. Add to that fact transporting laboratory samples to obtain diagnoses over terrain that has low-quality or no roads at all, and improving the health of people in need becomes an even greater challenge. As new technologies emerge, getting samples safely and unharmed to a laboratory when there is not one nearby is one of the issues being tackled by one of the latest pieces of machinery to make headlines: the drone. Timothy Amukele, MD, PhD, is the lab director for Johns Hopkins Bayview Hospital and an assistant professor of pathology at Johns Hopkins Medicine. He also serves as the medical director for Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration Core Laboratory in Uganda. Dr. Amukele is the lead author on a paper published in the November issue of AJCP, “Drone Transport of Chemistry and Hematology Samples over Long Distances,” which looks at this new method of transportation for medical purposes and assesses its value to the laboratory. Critical Values spoke with Dr. Amukele to discuss the findings and what drones could mean for laboratory services in resource-limited and remote areas. Timothy Amukele (TA): The idea of this study was to validate conditions for using drones [to transport samples] when there are no roads. Although this often applies to poor countries, it can also apply to remote areas of [other] countries. It’s not just a low-resource challenge; anywhere you have a bay, and the bridge is two hours away, while the other shore is only 10 minutes by drone, it’s a challenge, a need. There are lots of places like this, even in the US. So the idea was pretty straightforward: find another way to move things around. The challenge with biological samples is that they’re pretty fragile. Our focus has been figuring out the range of acceptable transport conditions. How hot? How cold? How far? How long? What kind of drone? We had done previous studies that looked at drone usage for the most common tests done in a lab, then moved on to micro, then to blood units. Initially we looked at 30 minutes [of flight time], but we extended it to three hours because of a really practical reason—someone had contacted us about setting up a drone network, but they wanted to cover 100 kilometers one way, which means 200 kilometers round trip, and we hadn’t tested that. We had originally thought that 30 miles would be the maximum distance most people would want to fly, but [now] we thought, “Let’s do something to test the range people are actually interested in.” TA: In three prior studies we conducted, we found essentially no difference in the samples that were flown vs. the samples that were not flown. And that’s what you want to see if you’re using drone transportation. But with this study, we saw some effects of the flights. [One] effect was in the glucose and potassium, which are known to be finicky in lab testing anyway, so that part wasn’t surprising. So now we know for those labs that are as far away as three hours or in hot places, either we should not use drone-transported samples for glucose, or we have to be really careful about controlling the climate on the drone. Photos courtesy of AJCP. Clockwise from left: A custom-built cooler was used to transport samples. The authors built a custom box under the drone’s fuselage to transport the custom-built cooler. Sleeved vacutainers were placed in two biohazard bags in the custom cooler. All the other analytes were pretty stable. We did 19 tests, and of the 19, only two had an issue. The reasons for publishing our findings were twofold. One was to share what we found. The other, to my mind, was to share how anyone should approach these kinds of validations on drones. Because eventually drones are going to be everywhere, we can’t just adopt this technology assuming it’s okay for everything. If you look at pneumatic tubes that they use in hospitals to move things around, 99% of the time they’re great, but there are some specimen types or analytes that don’t do well in pneumatic tubes, and those you have to walk down to the lab. With drones, it’s the same kind of thing: figuring out what the parameters are, which is what we’re doing for this new technology. TA: One thing that was surprising was the samples on the drone were in a custom-built cooler. We couldn’t buy one, so we had to build it. And what was surprising was that the samples in that cooler did better than the samples that were just sitting in the car for three hours with the air conditioning on, because we tried to control the climate in the car. It tells you a lot about what we assume are okay processes. If someone showed up at our clinic, having driven samples in a car for a couple hours to get them to us, we wouldn’t necessarily ask if that’s okay. It underscored some of the really basic things that we all know, but forget: transport conditions matter—otherwise your sample is essentially of no value. TA: One concern is the amount of customization it takes to work with drones currently. The drone we used was built for things like inspecting railway lines. It was not built to carry medical cargo. We had to design a bay underneath the fuselage to hold the sample and then build the custom cooler. I’m not an engineer; as a medical person trying to answer a medical question, we really had to grow our engineering expertise because it became very clear that the field is not quite yet set up to address [certain] medical needs. We’ve had to build these things from the ground up. The second is that although people are getting more comfortable with drones, there are still some concerns around how safe they are. We don’t know as much about drone safety as we do airline safety. We can look at airplane data and say planes flew 10 million miles last year, and there were ten near misses and one accident. But for drones that data just doesn’t exist. Currently a lot of drones are owned by hobb", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Sample (material)", "Advertising", "Aeronautics", "Business", "Engineering", "Chemistry", "Chromatography", "Biology", "Botany" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://academic.oup.com/criticalvalues/article-pdf/11/2/28/24348202/vay002.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404821560", "doi": "10.1007/s42405-024-00840-3", "title": "Vision-Based Aircraft Marshalling Recognition and UAM Control Command Generation", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeonghun J. Lee", "Sungwook Cho", "Yeondeuk Jung" ], "first_author": "Jeonghun J. Lee", "venue": "International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Marshalling", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Control (management)", "Command and control", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-024-00840-3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W310888055", "doi": null, "title": "FAA Vertical Flight Research, Engineering, and Development Bibliography, 1962-1991", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert Dean Smith" ], "first_author": "Robert Dean Smith", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This is a bibliography of FAA vertical flight research and development reports published from 1962 to 1991. Abstracts for approximately 300 reports are included along with various indexes to help identify specific of interest. This bibliography has been assembled as an aid to those who are interested in research, engineering, and development of vertical flight issues including heliports, vertiports, helicopters, tiltrotor, and tiltwing vehicles. The intended audience includes people within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), in industry, and in state and local governments. In selecting technical reports to be included in this bibliography, two limitations have been observed. First, the reports are specifically related, in whole or in part, to vertical flight issues. Second, they are limited to reports in which the research, engineering, and development elements of the FAA have been involved as sponsors, participants, or authors.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Bibliography", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Aviation engineering", "State (computer science)", "Operations research", "Library science", "Computer science", "Civil aviation", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA248224" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W63571701", "doi": null, "title": "Navigation and guidance requirements for commercial VTOL operations", "year": 1974, "publication_date": "1974-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "William C. Hoffman", "Walter M. Hollister", "J. D. Howell" ], "first_author": "William C. Hoffman", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has undertaken a research program to develop the navigation, guidance, control, and flight management technology base needed by Government and industry in establishing systems design concepts and operating procedures for VTOL short-haul transportation systems in the 1980s time period. The VALT (VTOL Automatic Landing Technology) Program encompasses the investigation of operating systems and piloting techniques associated with VTOL operations under all-weather conditions from downtown vertiports; the definition of terminal air traffic and airspace requirements; and the development of avionics including navigation, guidance, controls, and displays for automated takeoff, cruise, and landing operations. The program includes requirements analyses, design studies, systems development, ground simulation, and flight validation efforts.", "keywords": [ "Avionics", "Aeronautics", "Cruise", "Takeoff and landing", "Systems engineering", "Air traffic control", "Engineering", "Transport engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740021980" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212076934", "doi": "10.4050/vfs-f45-062", "title": "CREATING A COMMERCIAL TILTROTOR (CTR) SYSTEM (PRODUCT SUPPORT PERSPECTIVES)", "year": 1989, "publication_date": "1989-05-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Thomas K. Fleming", "George M. Powell", "Ron Reber", "Sam Mayer" ], "first_author": "Thomas K. Fleming", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Support professionals are charged with the objective of assuring operational success and customer satisfaction inherent with the delivered products. To do so, customer support personnel must address, both before and after delivery, the issues of safety; dispatch, mission, and maintenance reliability; cost of operations; the product maturity cycle; and customer satisfaction. This paper relates those issues in terms of design and support objectives for the Military V-22 OSPREY TILTROTOR. It then translates those objectives to significance and priorities for the Commercial TILTROTOR (CTR) commuter. This commuter is a unique airplane that will operate without runways and at cruise speeds over 350 MPH and ranges up to 700 statute miles with 31 or more passengers. The V-22 is concurrently (with the Military development and Qualification program) being FAA-certified as a key part of a CTR program initiated by former FAA Administrator T. Allan McArtor. Cost comparisons are made for current helicopters, scheduled fixed wing airlines, and fixed wing commuters. The CTR potential will depend heavily on both fact and perception of safety, dispatch reliability, cost per seat mile (SM), cost portal to portal, infrastructure availability, and the neighborhoods' acceptance of the presence and noise level. Vertiports comprise the building blocks of the infrastructure. Location, cost, and maintenance capability are examined. The technical and operating cost maturity cycles are addressed. Effective support for accelerating through the inevitably difficult but hopefully brief dispatch reliability and cost maturity period is essential. The paper concludes that the CTR has the potential for mass transport success (using vertiports or airports) in the same context that the introduction of the commercial jet airplane has had on mass transport since its introduction in 1959. However, it also concludes that strict attention must be paid to the successes and lessons learned from helicopter operation, from fixed wing short and long hauls, and corporate programs. Recommendations and priorities for success of the CTR through customer support perspectives are highlighted. They become a checklist for the development and operating introduction of the CTR commuter. A key recommendation by the authors is that government and industry fund a joint office for infrastructure development and for communicating with cities, manufacturers, operators, FAA, and Congress.", "keywords": [ "Customer satisfaction", "Maturity (psychological)", "Fleet management", "Train", "Product (mathematics)", "Cruise", "Mile", "Reliability (semiconductor)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/vfs-f45-062" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407388186", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-1900", "title": "Conflict Detection and Resolution for VTOL Vehicle Trajectories in 4D", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marc Welsch", "Walter Fichter" ], "first_author": "Marc Welsch", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In order to allow safe operation of vehicles in low-level urban airspaces around vertiports, a solution to coordinate the trajectories of each vehicle is required. While strategic planning approaches serve as a starting point in advance, the dense nature of the environment makes it mandatory to account for unexpected circumstances during the operation and therefore, tactical avoidance solutions need to be employed as well. This work presents an algorithm that uses trajectories, either known or estimated, for each individual vehicle as a basis, identifies potential conflicts, and finally determines required modifications of the trajectories using an artificial forces approach. Besides the three spatial dimension of the paths, the time domain is inherently incorporated in the approach in order to exploit all degrees of freedom and boundaries set by the environment are respected as well. It can be shown that the presented algorithm is able to resolve trajectory conflicts with sufficiently good performance.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Conflict resolution", "Resolution (logic)", "Computer vision", "Aeronautics", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Political science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-1900" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403000600", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-658-42647-7_48", "title": "Bedarfsanalyse für Flugtaxidienste in Nordrhein-Westfalen", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "de", "authors": [ "Juliane Rösing", "Sebastian Harm" ], "first_author": "Juliane Rösing", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Art" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42647-7_48" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2993052393", "doi": null, "title": "Supplying aid to Africa : a Herculean task : aviation", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Terence Wood" ], "first_author": "Terence Wood", "venue": "Transport world Africa", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Extracted from text ... 32 - TWA September / October 2005 \naviation \nSupplying aid to Africa \nA Herculean task \nby Terence Wood \nLease agreements make a variety of air services possible. One of these is the aerial delivery of food parcels into the most remote areas of Africa, where very few suitable and/or secure landing strips enable adequate delivery of essential reserves. \nSafair is offering a wide variety of lease options on their Hercules L100-30 aircraft to make these drops possible. This local aircraft leasing company has operations around the world and is currently doing food drops for the World Food Program ..", "keywords": [ "Lease", "Variety (cybernetics)", "Aviation", "Task (project management)", "Aeronautics", "Business", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Finance", "Aerospace engineering", "Systems engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://journals.co.za/content/sh_twa/3/5/EJC107087" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413069771", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2025.33.2.001", "title": "Development of a Single Dynamic Corridor Generation Algorithm for Urban Air Mobility in Mountainous Busan", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Geemoon Noh", "Sung-Ho Lee", "JunSoo Kwon", "Ji Hoon Park", "DaeWoo Lee" ], "first_author": "Geemoon Noh", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a solution to urban transportation issues, and Korea is advancing UAM development through the K-UAM roadmap. This study proposes a single dynamic corridor generation algorithm as a core technology for real-time traffic management. Using the A* algorithm and DEM-based grid terrain data, optimal flight corridors were generated between Vertiports in Busan. A risk map with terrain-based weights was applied to guide corridor formation away from urban areas toward mountains or seas. Simulation results confirmed the system’s ability to flexibly adapt to environmental characteristics. However, increased computation time was observed with longer distances and higher terrain complexity. Future research will focus on improving system realism by integrating factors such as population density, weather, and urban airflow effects.", "keywords": [ "Geography", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Algorithm", "Meteorology", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-33-2-1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7103989003", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17522385", "title": "Study of Swarming Logistics with Tactical Last Mile Delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Maj Nilam Gorwade", "Dr. John A" ], "first_author": "Maj Nilam Gorwade", "venue": "International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Trends", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Last-mile delivery in a military context can often be dangerous, putting personnel and the supplies they carry at risk. The emergence of aerial ‘delivery drones’ from the commercial delivery sector highlights the possibilities of uncrewed vehicles being used in last-mile delivery. However, demonstrations of such technology have been limited to single vehicle deliveries, where only small portions of supplies can be delivered at once. This paper explores the concept of low-cost, uncrewed vehicle swarming for tactical last-mile delivery in a deployed setting. The benefits of uncrewed swarming systems over conventional methods of resupply are discussed, as well as the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by such systems.", "keywords": [ "Swarming (honey bee)", "Drone", "Context (archaeology)", "Delivery system", "Last mile (transportation)", "Paratransit" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17522385" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7147101113", "doi": "10.71443/9789349552203-16", "title": "Retail and E-Commerce Drone Delivery Systems Using AI, Cloud Computing, and Logistics Optimization", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "type": "book-chapter", "language": null, "authors": [ "Prarthana Joshi", "Subhasheni A" ], "first_author": "Prarthana Joshi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The integration of drone technology into retail and e-commerce delivery systems has revolutionized the logistics sector, offering unprecedented advantages in terms of speed, efficiency, and cost reduction. This chapter explores the multifaceted role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing, and Logistics Optimization in enhancing the performance of drone-based delivery systems. The focus is on key technological advancements that drive the efficiency, safety, and scalability of drone operations, particularly in the context of last-mile delivery. AI algorithms enable real-time route optimization, predictive analytics, and autonomous decision-making, while cloud platforms provide seamless coordination and management of drone fleets across diverse operational environments. Despite the significant potential, challenges related to regulatory frameworks, data security, and consumer privacy persist, requiring innovative solutions for safe and secure integration into commercial airspace. The chapter delves into the complexities of optimizing payloads and delivery speeds, addressing regulatory and ethical concerns, and ensuring robust data protection mechanisms. By evaluating current trends and future opportunities, this work provides insights into the strategic implications of adopting drone delivery systems for global supply chains, with a focus on enhancing customer experience and operational efficiency.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Cloud computing", "Context (archaeology)", "Key (lock)", "Scalability", "Supply chain", "Work (physics)", "Focus (optics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.71443/9789349552203-16" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2011543510", "doi": "10.1109/isscaa.2010.5633135", "title": "The dynamic model of LAPES base on separate method", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-06-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yu Yang", "Yuping Lu" ], "first_author": "Yu Yang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "LAPES (Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System) is one of the three methods used for Aerial Delivery. It can transport the cargos, weapons and equipments to the front fast. However, it also makes a high demand to the aircraft. The drop sequence's low altitude allows for no margin for pilot error and a plane crash is real dangerous. This paper takes the cargos which are moving in the aircraft or falling off the aircraft as the disturbance to build dynamic model of the plane. Then, try to obtain the posture response of the aircraft when engage in the airdrop through the simulation. The result will be helpful to provide a foundation to design the control system of the airdrop to ensure the safety of the plane.", "keywords": [ "Crash", "Computer science", "Margin (machine learning)", "Aerospace engineering", "Aeronautics", "Low altitude", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Altitude (triangle)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/isscaa.2010.5633135" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7104056510", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17522384", "title": "Study of Swarming Logistics with Tactical Last Mile Delivery", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Maj Nilam Gorwade", "Dr. John A" ], "first_author": "Maj Nilam Gorwade", "venue": "International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Trends", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Last-mile delivery in a military context can often be dangerous, putting personnel and the supplies they carry at risk. The emergence of aerial ‘delivery drones’ from the commercial delivery sector highlights the possibilities of uncrewed vehicles being used in last-mile delivery. However, demonstrations of such technology have been limited to single vehicle deliveries, where only small portions of supplies can be delivered at once. This paper explores the concept of low-cost, uncrewed vehicle swarming for tactical last-mile delivery in a deployed setting. The benefits of uncrewed swarming systems over conventional methods of resupply are discussed, as well as the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by such systems.", "keywords": [ "Swarming (honey bee)", "Drone", "Context (archaeology)", "Delivery system", "Last mile (transportation)", "Paratransit" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17522384" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W325840601", "doi": "10.21236/ad0866178", "title": "Improved LAPES Equipment and Techniques. Phase 1. Performance Evaluation of a Drogue Initiation Device", "year": 1970, "publication_date": "1970-02-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "James M. Black" ], "first_author": "James M. Black", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The report presents information obtained during the test and evaluation of a drogue initiation device. The drogue initiation device tested was designed and manufactured for the Adverse Weather Aerial Delivery Systems Program Office by the Oxford Corporation of Buffalo, NY. Data were obtained during tow tests and release tests of a drogue parachute using the drogue initiation device mounted in a C-130 aircraft flying at 2000 ft MSL altitude and at an indicated airspeed of 110 or 150 knots. Twenty-two tests were conducted. Parachute drag forces were measured and drogue initiation device functional characteristics were observed.", "keywords": [ "Phase (matter)", "Computer science", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ad0866178" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W188159537", "doi": null, "title": "Conceptual Design of a Tiltrotor Transport Flight Deck", "year": 1995, "publication_date": "1995-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "William A. Van Decker", "Daniel C. Dugan", "Rickey C. Simmons", "George E. Tucker", "Edwin W. Aiken" ], "first_author": "William A. Van Decker", "venue": "NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)", "publisher": "NASA Headquarters", "abstract": "A tiltrotor transport has considerable potential as a regional transport, increasing the air transportation system capacity by off-loading conventional runways. Such an aircraft will have a flight deck suited to its air transportation task and adapted to unique urban vertiport operating requirements. Such operations are likely to involve steep, slow instrument approaches for vertical and extremely short rolling take-offs and landings. While much of a tiltrotor transport's operations will be in common with commercial fixed-wing operations, terminal area operations will impose alternative flight deck design solutions. Control systems, displays and guidance, and control inceptors must be tailored to both routine and emergency vertical flight operations. This paper will survey recent experience with flight deck design elements suitable to a tiltrotor transport and will propose a conceptual cockpit design for such an aircraft. A series of piloted simulations using the NASA Ames Vertical Motion Simulator have investigated cockpit design elements and operating requirements for tiltrotor transports operating into urban vertiports. These experiments have identified the need for a flight director or equivalent display guidance for steep final approaches. A flight path vector display format has proven successful for guiding tiltrotor transport terminal area operations. Experience with a Head-Up Display points to the need for a bottom-mounted display device to maximize its utility on steep final approach paths. Configuration control (flap setting and nacelle angle) requires appropriate augmentation and tailoring for civil transport operations, flown to an airline transport pilot instrument flight rules (ATP-IFR) standard. The simulation experiments also identified one thrust control lever geometry as inappropriate to the task and found at least acceptable results with the vertical thrust control lever of the XV-15. In addition to the thrust controller, the attitude control of a tiltrotor transport may be effected through an inceptor other than the current center sticks in the XV-15 and V-22. Simulation and flight investigations of side-stick control inceptors for rotorcraft, augmented by a 1985 flight test of a side-stick controller in the XV-15 suggest the potential of such a device in a transport cockpit.", "keywords": [ "Cockpit", "Engineering", "Nacelle", "Deck", "Flight simulator", "Propulsion", "Conceptual design", "Aeronautics", "Runway", "Aerospace engineering", "Simulation", "Systems engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020034912" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3030862806", "doi": null, "title": "Cost Effectiveness Analysis for Drone Tactical Aerial Resupply Systems.", "year": 1973, "publication_date": "1973-10-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael K. Kelley" ], "first_author": "Michael K. Kelley", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The study develops a simulation model which can be used to assist in making decisions among competing aerial delivery systems for emergency resupply. It is the result of a request by Tactical Air Command for an examination of the possible use of drone systems for the resupply role. Although the examples covered are concerned with drone type systems the simulation model can easily handle manned systems. The methodology involves the use of a cost structure which can and should be altered to fit the situation under investigation. The simulation model uses the operational characteristics of the competing systems and characteristics of the scenario to provide information required for use with the cost structure. (Modified author abstract)", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0772240" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162429325", "doi": "10.18535/ijsrm/v14i05.ec04", "title": "Optimization and Engineering Analysis of A Drone-Based Blood Delivery Logistics System for Remote District Hospitals in Ulaanbaatar", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "MS. Gan-Erdene Ganbat", "Enkhjargal Biziya", "Namsrai Yumbayar" ], "first_author": "MS. Gan-Erdene Ganbat", "venue": "International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study investigates the engineering feasibility and logistics optimization of a drone-based system for transporting blood and blood products to hospitals in remote districts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Conventional ground transportation systems are highly affected by traffic congestion, infrastructure limitations, and adverse weather conditions, resulting in delayed emergency medical deliveries. To address these challenges, a drone-assisted medical logistics framework was developed and evaluated using mathematical modeling and simulation approaches. The proposed system analyzed delivery time, operational cost, route efficiency, payload capacity, and energy consumption under various transportation scenarios. The optimization model aimed to minimize delivery time and operational expenses while maintaining transportation reliability and medical temperature requirements. Simulation results demonstrated that the drone-based delivery system reduced delivery time by approximately 66.7% and decreased operational costs by 64.6% compared with traditional ground transportation. In addition, the number of daily deliveries increased by approximately 3.2 times, indicating a significant improvement in logistics efficiency and emergency response capability. The findings suggest that drone-assisted transportation systems can provide an effective, reliable, and sustainable solution for improving healthcare accessibility and emergency medical logistics in geographically isolated urban regions", "keywords": [ "Delivery system", "District hospital", "Population" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ijsrm.net/index.php/ijsrm/article/view/7314/7314" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415601900", "doi": "10.5050/ksnve.2025.35.5.471", "title": "Predicting the Aerodynamic Noise of Rotorcrafts Approaching Urban Landing Sites", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chanho Song", "Sang-Min Son", "Da-bin Jung", "Rho-Shin Myong", "Hakjin Lee" ], "first_author": "Chanho Song", "venue": "Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering", "publisher": "Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has been developed as a new transportation system and is expected to operate in congested urban environments near vertiports and surrounding buildings. These environments can produce unsteady aerodynamic interference phenomena, including ground and obstacle effects, which may increase flight instability and noise levels. In this study, we investigated the ground and obstacle effects on the aerodynamic performance and acoustic characteristics of a helicopter model using the vortex-based rotorcraft analysis code VALOR (Vortex-based Aerodynamic simuLation cOde for Rotorcraft) and an acoustic analogy based on the Farassat-1A formula. The simulation results indicate that the ground and obstacle effects generate unsteady aerodynamic loads acting on the rotor blades. In addition, strong unsteady aerodynamic loads lead to a high overall sound pressure level (OASPL) in the noise hemisphere. Finally, the parametric study showed that the highest OASPL occurred when the aircraft was located near or above the obstacle.", "keywords": [ "Aerodynamics", "Noise (video)", "Aircraft noise", "Noise control", "Background noise" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2025.35.5.471" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415927807", "doi": "10.4018/979-8-3373-4952-7.ch010", "title": "Marketing Strategies for Integrating Urban Air Mobility into Sustainable Tourism", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-05", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "ng", "authors": [ "Sandra Cristina Ortiz" ], "first_author": "Sandra Cristina Ortiz", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM), encompassing electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and vertiport infrastructures, is poised to redefine urban transportation and offer transformative opportunities for sustainable tourism. While technological and operational dimensions have been explored, the role of marketing strategies in integrating UAM into tourism ecosystems remains underexamined. This chapter investigates how UAM can act as a strategic enabler for destination appeal, environmentally conscious travel, and urban sustainability. Through a multidisciplinary lens, it explores tourism marketing trends, evolving consumer expectations, and partnerships between UAM providers and tourism stakeholders. Case studies from Paris, Dubai, and Singapore demonstrate how UAM is being positioned as both cutting-edge technology and value-added tourism innovation. The chapter provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for aviation professionals, marketers, and policymakers committed to aligning UAM deployment with the goals of sustainable tourism development.", "keywords": [ "Tourism", "Enabling", "Aviation", "Sustainable tourism", "Ecotourism", "Multidisciplinary approach", "Transformative learning", "Tourism geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-4952-7.ch010" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7153783223", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2026.112023", "title": "Distributionally robust facility location and transportation with drones under facility disruption and demand uncertainty", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhi Pei", "Chenxu Lou", "Hanghang Zhu", "Haimin Lu" ], "first_author": "Zhi Pei", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Robust optimization", "Facility location problem", "Stochastic programming", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2026.112023" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400237459", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4883253", "title": "Drone Spatial Route Optimization – a Systematic Review", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "M. B. Sushma", "Bardia Mashhoodi", "Wendy Tan" ], "first_author": "M. B. Sushma", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4883253" } ]