[
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2999896236",
    "doi": "10.3390/su12020648",
    "title": "Logistic Modeling of the Last Mile: Case Study Santiago, Chile",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-01-16",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Juan Guillermo Urzúa-Morales",
      "Juan Pedro Sepúlveda-Rojas",
      "Miguel D. Alfaro",
      "Guillermo Fuertes",
      "Rodrigo Ternero",
      "Manuel Vargas"
    ],
    "first_author": "Juan Guillermo Urzúa-Morales",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "This research proposes a new distribution system of goods in the historical center of the city of Santiago, Chile. For the design of the urban logistic system, the methodology city logistics and last mile are used. This design incorporates to the freight transport flexible solutions that improve the efficiency of the distribution process and trade supply, minimizing the environmental impact of the atmospheric pollution (AP). The proposal was made through the data collection, the characterization of the sector and the diagnosis of the urban logistics processes. The analysis of the factors allowed to evaluate the costs of the AP negative externalities. The causes were used as design criteria for the proposals, with the aim of improving the quality of life of the city users. The physical location selection of the Cross-Docking was made through an optimization model of maximum coverage. The optimization algorithm of the nearest neighbor was proposed for vehicle routing. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to generate a ranking of the best non-polluting vehicles to be used in the zone. Finally, the results obtained allowed a 53 ton decrease in carbon dioxide in the square kilometer and reduced 1103 h of interruptions per year in the vehicular congestion of the sector.",
    "keywords": [
      "Analytic hierarchy process",
      "City logistics",
      "Kilometer",
      "Externality",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Ranking (information retrieval)",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 30,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/2/648/pdf?version=1579163644"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2148312361",
    "doi": "10.1109/ical.2011.6024708",
    "title": "The choice of private cars impact on vehicle routing schemes in city logistics distribution",
    "year": 2011,
    "publication_date": "2011-08-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Xinquan Liu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Xinquan Liu",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The role of travel behavior of private cars in the vehicle routing schemes in city logistics distribution is investigated in this paper. A mixed logit model has been established to account for the influence of travel behavior to logistics distribution. A numerical study is conducted to understand the influence of the vehicle routing schemes in city logistics distribution.",
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Business",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ical.2011.6024708"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4312355564",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4308227",
    "title": "Vehicle Routing Problem for Fresh Products Distribution Considering Customer Satisfaction Through Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Min Huang",
      "Minghao Liu",
      "Hanbin Kuang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Min Huang",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Customer satisfaction",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Business",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Computer science",
      "Marketing",
      "Mathematics",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4308227"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399769753",
    "doi": "10.1109/icaace61206.2024.10548486",
    "title": "Routing Optimization of Electric Vehicles Under Uncertain Travel Time",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-03-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Shijie Lai"
    ],
    "first_author": "Shijie Lai",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "With the rapid development of urban logistics and express delivery industry, green logistics has gradually become a hot topic. Many logistics companies have used electric logistics vehicles to replace traditional fuel vehicles for urban distribution. At the same time, people now have higher requirements for the timeliness of transportation, but there are various uncertain factors in the traffic road. This paper considers the uncertain travel time of vehicles, and constructs the routing optimization model of electric vehicles. An Adaptive Large-Scale Neighborhood Search Algorithm (ALNS) is developed to solve the routing planning problem which is more realistic.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Computer network",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaace61206.2024.10548486"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415799709",
    "doi": "10.1007/s10479-025-06822-2",
    "title": "The grey zone two-echelon vehicle routing problem with customer-to-parcel locations and synchronization for last-mile deliveries",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-11-03",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Siebenrok Odorczyk Ricardo",
      "Nacima Labadie",
      "P Arokya Mary Caroline"
    ],
    "first_author": "Siebenrok Odorczyk Ricardo",
    "venue": "Annals of Operations Research",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Synchronization (alternating current)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Integer programming",
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "Population",
      "Software deployment",
      "Crossover",
      "Greedy algorithm"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-025-06822-2"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160154228",
    "doi": "10.3390/systems14050491",
    "title": "Optimization of Transportation and Delivery Routes Under Regional Constraints: A Two-Stage Solution Model Based on SDVRP and Truck-Drone Collaboration",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-04-30",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Weiquan Kong",
      "Senlai Zhu",
      "Gaoming Yu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Weiquan Kong",
    "venue": "Systems",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "With the rapid development of e-commerce and the increasing complexity of urban logistics, traditional delivery methods face significant challenges due to regional traffic restrictions and congestion. This paper presents a two-stage optimization approach for urban delivery routing, integrating the Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem (SDVRP) and truck-drone collaboration to address these challenges. In the first stage, a transportation route optimization model based on SDVRP is proposed, which accounts for regional constraints and vehicle capacity limitations. The model allows for demand splitting, reducing the number of vehicles required and minimizing transportation costs. In the second stage, a truck-drone collaborative delivery model is introduced to handle the “last mile” distribution, where drones complement trucks by delivering to areas with restricted vehicle access. The optimization model aims to minimize overall delivery costs while ensuring timely service. An enhanced genetic algorithm is further developed to solve this complex, multi-constrained model. Experimental results show that the proposed collaborative strategy reduces delivery costs by over 10% compared to truck-only delivery, and the improved algorithm achieves a 4.77% average cost reduction over traditional approaches. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing urban logistics systems under regional constraints, offering both theoretical and practical contributions to smart logistics development.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Genetic algorithm",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "City logistics",
      "Complement (music)",
      "Drone"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/491/pdf?version=1779066150"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2270748913",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-30337-6_6",
    "title": "Using the Crowd of Taxis to Last Mile Delivery in E-Commerce: a methodological research",
    "year": 2016,
    "publication_date": "2016-01-01",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Chao Chen",
      "Shenle Pan"
    ],
    "first_author": "Chao Chen",
    "venue": "Studies in computational intelligence",
    "publisher": "Springer Nature",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Taxis",
      "Crowdsourcing",
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "City logistics",
      "The Internet",
      "Computer science",
      "Mile",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "World Wide Web",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 68,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30337-6_6"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391423630",
    "doi": "10.1109/ieem58616.2023.10406620",
    "title": "Optimizing Sustainable City Logistics: A Time Window and CO2Emissions-Aware Vehicle Routing Approach",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-12-18",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Fei-Pai Liu",
      "Jun-Der Leu",
      "André Krischke"
    ],
    "first_author": "Fei-Pai Liu",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Modern digital businesses rely on efficient city logistics to satisfy customers' demands for fast deliveries. However, urban traffic congestion causes delays and significant carbon emissions, contributing to global warming. It is worth noting that vehicle emissions arise not only during transportation (hot emissions) but also during unloading (idle emissions). This research proposes a vehicle routing model for city logistics, aiming to minimize both hot and idle emissions while ensuring timely deliveries and meeting customer demands. The model considers traffic variations, and a heuristic algorithm is introduced to solve benchmark problems with 100 nodes. The algorithm's effectiveness is evaluated, and its solutions are compared to those generated by a traditional VRP algorithm that minimizes total distance and travel time. The results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the traditional approach in terms of environmental and economic considerations.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Greenhouse gas",
      "Idle",
      "Computer science",
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Heuristic",
      "Transport engineering",
      "City logistics",
      "Operations research",
      "Environmental economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem58616.2023.10406620"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405696048",
    "doi": "10.3390/su162411265",
    "title": "AI-Driven Optimization of Urban Logistics in Smart Cities: Integrating Autonomous Vehicles and IoT for Efficient Delivery Systems",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-12-22",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Baha M. Mohsen"
    ],
    "first_author": "Baha M. Mohsen",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Urban logistics play a pivotal role in smart city development, aiming to improve the efficiency and sustainability of goods delivery in urban environments. As cities face growing challenges related to congestion, traffic management, and environmental impact, there is an increasing need for advanced technologies to optimize urban delivery systems. This paper proposes an innovative framework that integrates artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles (AVs), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to address these challenges. The framework leverages real-time data from IoT-enabled infrastructure to optimize route planning, enhance traffic signal control, and enable predictive demand management for delivery services. By incorporating AI-driven analytics, the proposed approach aims to improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and minimize the carbon footprint of urban logistics, contributing to the development of more sustainable and efficient smart cities. This work highlights the potential for combining these technologies to transform urban logistics, offering a novel approach to enhancing delivery operations in densely populated areas.",
    "keywords": [
      "Internet of Things",
      "Smart city",
      "City logistics",
      "Computer science",
      "Food delivery",
      "Systems engineering",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Engineering",
      "Business",
      "Embedded system",
      "Marketing"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 98,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/24/11265/pdf?version=1734876916"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7140486274",
    "doi": "10.3390/su18073255",
    "title": "Energy-Aware Time-Dependent Routing of Electric Vehicles for Multi-Depot Pickup and Delivery with Time Windows",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-03-26",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ying Wang",
      "Li Qiang",
      "Jicong Duan",
      "Qin He Zhang",
      "Yu Ding"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ying Wang",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "The rapid expansion of e-commerce and on-demand logistics has intensified the need for cost-effective and reliable urban distribution systems. This paper investigates an energy-aware routing problem for electric vehicle fleets operating from multiple depots under time-varying traffic conditions. We propose a novel multi-depot vehicle routing model that jointly incorporates time-dependent travel speeds, simultaneous pickup and delivery operations, and time window constraints. The model explicitly captures key operational realities, including battery capacity limitations, load- and speed-dependent energy consumption, synchronized pickup-delivery requirements, and soft time windows. The objective is to minimize total operational cost by simultaneously optimizing depot assignments, vehicle routes, and service schedules. Given the NP-hard nature of the problem, we develop a two-stage heuristic solution framework. In the first stage, a spatio-temporal clustering strategy is employed to assign customers to depots efficiently. In the second stage, route construction and improvement are performed using an enhanced Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm equipped with problem-specific destroy and repair operators. Computational experiments on adapted benchmark instances demonstrate that the proposed approach consistently produces high-quality solutions and exhibits robust convergence behavior. In addition, sensitivity analyses provide managerial insights, revealing an optimal range of vehicle energy capacity and an economically efficient speed band that balances travel time and energy consumption.",
    "keywords": [
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "Pickup",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Convergence (economics)",
      "Cluster analysis",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Heuristic"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/7/3255/pdf?version=1774534625"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161445604",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.urbmob.2026.100231",
    "title": "Noise-aware urban drone delivery: Integrating demand modeling, routing optimization and spatial noise exposure assessment",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-05-16",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ei Phyu Kyi",
      "Tao FENG"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ei Phyu Kyi",
    "venue": "Journal of Urban Mobility",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "While drone delivery is increasingly discussed for urban logistics, concerns regarding resident noise exposure potentially limit its large-scale deployment. In this study, we attempt to evaluate noise-aware urban delivery strategies by proposing an integrated modeling framework that links demand estimation with spatially explicit drone routing and noise simulation. Consumer choice of drone delivery is predicted based on a multinomial logit model, and the resulting distance-based delivery demand is translated into daily order volumes. Drone operations are then simulated under four scenarios combining direct-to-home delivery versus neighborhood-scale micro-hub-based (convenience-store-based) delivery and distance-optimal versus noise-aware routing. A modified A* algorithm incorporating altitude-dependent sound propagation and population-weighted noise penalties is applied to generate flight paths. Results based on the assessment of grid-based sound exposure indicate that noise-aware routing and micro-hub delivery reshape the spatial distribution of noise exposure, with mixed effects across exposure thresholds, while higher flight altitudes further mitigate peak noise levels. These findings offer important insights for urban planners and logistics providers by demonstrating that drone-related noise is not an avoidable externality, but a controllable outcome shaped by noise-aware integrated routing frameworks. The proposed framework provides a practical approach for assessing noise-aware urban drone deployment strategies in dense city environments.",
    "keywords": [
      "Drone",
      "Noise (video)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Software deployment",
      "Noise control",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Multinomial logistic regression"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 2,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2026.100231"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3048708729",
    "doi": "10.1061/9780784482933.161",
    "title": "Research on the Urban Logistics Distribution Routing Problem Based on the Right of Way",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-08-12",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yanan Li",
      "Laijun Wang",
      "Liting Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yanan Li",
    "venue": "CICTP 2020",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "In order to alleviate the traffic congestion caused by the rapid increase of vehicle ownership and the slow development of urban roads and to improve the efficiency of urban logistics distribution, this paper studies the planning of urban logistics distribution system from the perspective of right of way (ROW). The distribution routing problem is mainly discussed. In this paper, a mathematical model of distribution path with the shortest distribution time as the objective function is established, which limits some aspects of distribution vehicles. The improved ant colony algorithm is used to plan the distribution path, and the optimization of the distribution path is completed according to the constraint conditions of the ant colony algorithm of TSP problem. Then an example is simulated by MATLAB to illustrate the importance of the research-based on ROW. The results show that the improved ant colony algorithm can optimize the distribution path, alleviate the difficult problem of urban distribution which is of great practical significance.",
    "keywords": [
      "Ant colony optimization algorithms",
      "Path (computing)",
      "Computer science",
      "Shortest path problem",
      "Constraint (computer-aided design)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Plan (archaeology)",
      "Ant colony",
      "Operations research"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482933.161"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391333618",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2024.104492",
    "title": "Designing zero-emissions containerized last-mile delivery systems: A case study for melbourne",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-01-29",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Seyed Sina Mohri",
      "Mehrdad Mohammadi",
      "Tom Van Woensel"
    ],
    "first_author": "Seyed Sina Mohri",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "This research investigates the benefits of using swap containers in Two-Echelon (2E) urban delivery systems, which extend beyond the reduced handling costs and processing time in van-bike delivery systems. By drawing on the success of standardized freight containers in the international shipping industry, swap containers can be used to substitute low-capacity vehicles in the first delivery echelon with large-capacity vehicles such as buses or trams. Standardization of swap containers can also encourage collaboration and bring economies of scale. The study proposes a 2E Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-CVRP) and a modified multi-start heuristic solution algorithm to analyze the impact of (1) container standardization, (2) large-scale shipping of containers overnight with on-street and high-capacity public vehicles, and (3) decentralized deployment of satellites in Melbourne. Results indicate that standardization can stimulate collaboration and reduce the required bike fleet by 8 %. Shipping containers by overnight tram services can reduce total delivery costs by up to 25 % and eliminate 190 km of daily van travel distances. Using car parking spaces as storage satellites can decrease operational costs by 8 % and travel distances by 27.4 %.",
    "keywords": [
      "Mile",
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "Zero emission",
      "Delivery system",
      "Environmental science",
      "Engineering",
      "Aeronautics",
      "Waste management",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 12,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2024.104492"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3010248145",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "A Branch-and-Price Algorithm for a Green Two-Echelon Capacitated Location Routing Problem",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-03-01",
    "type": "report",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mentong Wang",
      "Michael G.H. Bell",
      "Lixin Miao"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mentong Wang",
    "venue": "The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney)",
    "publisher": "The University of Sydney",
    "abstract": "In this paper, we present a new green two-echelon capacitated location routing problem (G-2E-CLRP), which aims to determine simultaneous decisions on locating satellites and routing electric vehicles for city logistics delivery system. The first echelon consists of round trips from the depot to open satellites, the second echelon consists of tours from these satellites to the end customers, whereas battery swapping operations are only allowed at the depot or satellites. The problem is formulated as an arc-based formulation and then we propose a set- partitioning formulation in which routes are defined as second-echelon tours. We develop an branch- and-price (B&P) algorithm to solve this problem and propose a column generation procedure that combines modified Clarke Wright (MCW) savings method and pulse algorithm to provide feasible tours efficiently. The proposed algorithm is validated using extensive computational experiments and is found to perform well when compared against commercial branch-and- bound/cut solvers such as CPLEX. Based on these results, we assess the benefits of integrating locations of satellites and routes of electric vehicles in this new green two- echelon logistics system.",
    "keywords": [
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Computer science",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Algorithm",
      "Mathematics",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21882"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396864847",
    "doi": "10.21275/sr24204152345",
    "title": "Smart Road Networks in Urban Freight Transport for Sustainable City Logistics",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-02-05",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Shilimi Moono Jiani Wu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Shilimi Moono Jiani Wu",
    "venue": "International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The burgeoning urbanization and population growth in African cities have precipitated a surge in freight transport demand, giving rise to challenges such as pollution, congestion, and environmental degradation. Addressing these issues, smart road networks (SRNs) have emerged as a progressive solution for sustainable urban freight transport. The present paper investigates the details of two research methods used for route optimization challenges. The first method is a multi-route planning system that employs a variety of algorithms to calculate the most optimal route. This system is capable of addressing complex route optimization challenges with nearoptimal outcomes. The second is the continuous approximation model, which is used to calculate road network problems where customer locations differ on a daily basis. The study centers on the city of Lusaka in Zambia which has been considered as a case study to explore the potential of SRNs in fostering sustainable city logistics. Results have shown that by the implementation of SRNs wouldreduce delivery times by providing optimal routes for drivers.Furthermore, packages can be tracked in real time using vehicle-toinfrastructure technologies.",
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Traffic management",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Business",
      "Green logistics",
      "Sustainability",
      "Engineering",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21275/sr24204152345"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400904988",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2024.103677",
    "title": "A gradient-descent-based framework for solving a stochastic two-echelon delivery problem with cargo-bikes",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-07-23",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Fatima Ezzahra Achamrah",
      "Jakob Puchinger"
    ],
    "first_author": "Fatima Ezzahra Achamrah",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Descent (aeronautics)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Gradient descent",
      "Computer science",
      "Stochastic gradient descent",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematics",
      "Artificial intelligence",
      "Aerospace engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 8,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-04660747v1/file/Achamrah2024Preprint.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405669652",
    "doi": "10.61467/2007.1558.2023.v14i2.353",
    "title": "Optimization of terrestrial distribution routes for mass consumption products using genetic algorithm",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-06-07",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Víctor Hugo Bustos-Rivera",
      "Myrna Hortencia Lezama León",
      "Héctor Armando Figueroa Urrea",
      "Eduardo Cruz Aldana"
    ],
    "first_author": "Víctor Hugo Bustos-Rivera",
    "venue": "International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics.",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "This research aims to show the results of applying optimization in the distribution network of high consumption products, using metaheuristics for the design of distribution routes, applying genetic algorithms, performing the simulation in the HeuristicLab software. Achieving the optimization of the distribution processes of high consumption products which has grown in recent years to the increase of the population and the increase of the vehicular congestion, in the big cities, hindering the achievement of common objectives between the different actors in Urban Distribution of Merchandise (DUM). The research was quantitative cross-sectional non-experimental, because the situations and subjects of study, could not be manipulated by the researcher, the information was provided by the company, which, for reasons of confidentiality, will not be named.",
    "keywords": [
      "Consumption (sociology)",
      "Genetic algorithm",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Computer science",
      "Metaheuristic",
      "Software",
      "Confidentiality",
      "Population",
      "Operations research",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Algorithm",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/download/353/218"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W611880156",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Pickup and Delivery Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problem with Time Windows for Evaluating the Effect of E-Commerce on Urban Freight Transport",
    "year": 2008,
    "publication_date": "2008-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Kenji Takai",
      "Eiichi Taniguchi",
      "Tadashi Yamada"
    ],
    "first_author": "Kenji Takai",
    "venue": "15th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems and ITS America's 2008 Annual MeetingITS AmericaERTICOITS JapanTransCore",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The pickup and delivery vehicle routing problem is an extension to the classical vehicle routing problem, where customers may both receive and send goods. If e-commerce will be more popular, both of these demand, receiving goods and sending goods, may increase, and also increase directly home delivery/pickup, and become consumers’ time windows more severe. This paper draw a comparison for evaluating the urban freight transport between some PDPTW (pickup and delivery vehicle routing and scheduling problem with time windows) and VRPTW (vehicle routing and scheduling problem with time windows), and present the models of PDPTW for evaluating the effect of e-commerce and the effect of facilitating pickup point on urban freight transport and the environment by calculating running distance and CO2 emissions.",
    "keywords": [
      "Pickup",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "City logistics",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer science",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network",
      "Operations management"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=904981"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412935324",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101089",
    "title": "Optimizing energy and CO2 efficiency in last-mile delivery using hybrid fleet models",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-08-04",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Armin Mahmoodi",
      "Leila Hashemi",
      "Jeremy F. Laliberté",
      "Seyed Mojtaba Sajadi"
    ],
    "first_author": "Armin Mahmoodi",
    "venue": "Sustainable Futures",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "Effective urban delivery systems demand innovative approaches to reduce energy use and lower CO 2 . This study compares the environmental performance of hybrid and diesel trucks with quadcopter and fixed-wing remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), employing a multi-objective optimization approach non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to identify optimal delivery routes balancing operational efficiency and sustainability. Given that existing solutions like e-bikes or electric vans may not be feasible everywhere, this research evaluates different vehicle types under various urban delivery scenarios. Using a synthetic dataset that simulates realistic conditions, the findings reveal that fixed-wing RPAS excel in long-range efficiency, while quadcopters perform better in short-range deliveries. Hybrid trucks are advantageous for larger loads, reducing emissions compared to diesel trucks. The results highlight key trade-offs in energy use and emissions, advocating for a mixed-fleet strategy tailored to specific logistics needs. This study provides actionable insights for sustainable urban freight planning and policymaking.",
    "keywords": [
      "Mile",
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "Environmental science",
      "Computer science",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 16,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101089"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2006189463",
    "doi": "10.1007/s13762-014-0573-4",
    "title": "Impacts of high-intensity storms on urban transportation: applying traffic flow control methodologies for quantifying the effects",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-04-09",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Evangelos Mitsakis",
      "Iraklis Stamos",
      "Michalis Diakakis",
      "Josep Maria Salanova Grau"
    ],
    "first_author": "Evangelos Mitsakis",
    "venue": "International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Flooding (psychology)",
      "Flood myth",
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Storm",
      "Environmental science",
      "Extreme weather",
      "Traffic flow (computer networking)",
      "Meteorology",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Geography",
      "Climate change"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 57,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0573-4"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414198400",
    "doi": "10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146292",
    "title": "CARGO: A Co-Optimization Framework for EV Charging and Routing in Goods Delivery Logistics",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-09-15",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Arindam Khanda",
      "Anurag Satpathy",
      "Amit Jha",
      "Sajal Kumar Das"
    ],
    "first_author": "Arindam Khanda",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "With growing interest in sustainable logistics, electric vehicle (EV)-based deliveries offer a promising alternative for urban distribution. However, EVs face challenges due to their limited battery capacity, requiring careful planning for recharging. This depends on factors such as the charging point (CP) availability, cost, proximity, and vehicles’ state of charge (SoC). We propose CARGO, a framework addressing the EV-based delivery route planning problem (EDRP), which jointly optimizes route planning and charging for deliveries within time windows. After proving the problem’s NP-hardness, we propose a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)-based exact solution and a computationally efficient heuristic method. Using real-world datasets, we evaluate our methods by comparing the heuristic to the MILP solution, and benchmarking it against baseline strategies, Earliest Deadline First (EDF) and Nearest Delivery First (NDF). The results show up to 39% and 22% reductions in the charging cost over EDF and NDF, respectively, while completing comparable deliveries.",
    "keywords": [
      "Integer programming",
      "Heuristic",
      "Benchmarking",
      "Linear programming",
      "Baseline (sea)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Point (geometry)",
      "Route planning"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146292"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404731318",
    "doi": "10.55041/ijsrem39032",
    "title": "Eco-Optimized Route Planning A Sustainable Short-Path Algorithm for Product Delivery",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-11-27",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Cheekatla Srinivas"
    ],
    "first_author": "Cheekatla Srinivas",
    "venue": "INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Efficient product delivery is a critical component of modern logistics, and optimizing delivery routes can significantly reduce costs and environmental impact. This study proposes a short-path algorithm tailored for eco-friendly product delivery, incorporating factors such as carbon emissions, fuel consumption, traffic patterns, and vehicle-specific constraints. The algorithm models the delivery network as a weighted graph, where edge weights reflect both logistical and environmental costs. By integrating real-time data on road conditions, traffic congestion, and renewable energy infrastructure, the algorithm dynamically identifies routes that minimize emissions while ensuring timely deliveries. Multi-objective optimization techniques are employed to balance efficiency with sustainability goals, allowing for the consideration of both economic and environmental objectives in decision-making. This approach demonstrates how environmentally conscious logistics can align with operational objectives, supporting green supply chains and regulatory compliance, especially in industries where sustainability is a key concern. Moreover, the system incorporates adaptive learning mechanisms to continuously improve route planning by leveraging historical data on delivery performance, which further refines the optimization process over time. The proposed solution is particularly relevant for urban deliveries and intercity logistics, offering a scalable framework adaptable to various vehicle types, including electric and hybrid fleets. The ability to integrate electric vehicles' charging station data and energy consumption into the route planning process enhances the overall sustainability of the delivery network. The results highlight the potential for reducing the environmental footprint of logistics operations while maintaining economic viability. By optimizing delivery routes in real-time, businesses can achieve significant fuel savings, lower emissions, and increase operational efficiency. This work contributes to the growing field of sustainable logistics and serves as a foundation for future advancements in green transportation systems. It also lays the groundwork for incorporating emerging technologies like autonomous vehicles, machine learning for traffic prediction, and advanced energy management systems to further enhance the sustainability and efficiency of product delivery networks. Keywords: Eco-optimization, route planning, sustainable logistics, short-path algorithm, product delivery",
    "keywords": [
      "Product (mathematics)",
      "Path (computing)",
      "Algorithm",
      "Computer science",
      "Motion planning",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Mathematics",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://ijsrem.com/download/eco-optimized-route-planning-a-sustainable-short-path-algorithm-for-product-delivery/?wpdmdl=40343&refresh=6747151469e0a1732711700"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415038669",
    "doi": "10.3390/math13203243",
    "title": "Solving a Multi-Depot Battery Swapping Cabinet Location-Routing Problem with Time Windows via a Heuristic-Enhanced Branch-and-Price Algorithm",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-10-10",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yongtong Chen",
      "Haojie Zheng",
      "Shuzhu Zhang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yongtong Chen",
    "venue": "Mathematics",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "On-demand urban delivery increasingly relies on electric delivery bicycles (EDBs), yet their limited battery capacity creates coupled challenges of routing efficiency and energy replenishment. We study a novel battery swapping cabinet location-routing problem (BSC-LRP) with multiple depots, which jointly optimizes routing and modular energy infrastructure deployment under time-window and battery constraints. To address the problem’s complexity, we design an improved branch-and-price algorithm enhanced with adaptive heuristic-exact labeling (IBP-HL) and a robust arc-based branching scheme. This hybrid framework accelerates column generation while preserving exactness, representing a methodological advancement over standard B&P approaches. Computational experiments on modified Solomon instances show that IBP-HL consistently outperforms Gurobi in both runtime and solution quality on small cases, and achieves substantial speedups and improved bounds over baseline B&P on medium and large cases. These results demonstrate not only the scalability of IBP-HL but also its practical relevance: the framework provides decision support for operators and planners in designing cost-efficient, reliable, and sustainable last-mile delivery systems with battery-swapping infrastructure.",
    "keywords": [
      "Scalability",
      "Modular design",
      "Software deployment",
      "Column generation",
      "Battery (electricity)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Baseline (sea)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 2,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/20/3243/pdf?version=1760090060"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7135011912",
    "doi": "10.31449/inf.v50i9.12122",
    "title": "Double Deep Q-Network with Experience Replay for Time Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows Under Historical Congestion Constraints Rina",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-03-12",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Rina Refianti",
      "Alifurrohman Alifurrohman",
      "Eri Prasetyo Wibowo",
      "Ina Siti Hasanah",
      "Achmad Benny Mutiara"
    ],
    "first_author": "Rina Refianti",
    "venue": "Informatica",
    "publisher": "Slovenian Society Informatika",
    "abstract": "This study addresses the Time-Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (TD-VRPTW) for a single-vehicle urban distribution system in Jakarta. Time-dependent travel times are constructed from one week of hourly historical congestion profiles obtained from TomTom Traffic and preprocessed into time-varying speed factors that are mapped to 40- and 50-customer delivery instances with a common service window of 08:00–19:00. A Deep Q-Network (DQN) enhanced with Double DQN and Prioritized Experience Replay (PER) is trained end-to-end using a multilayer perceptron with two hidden layers (128 and 64 units, ReLU activations) to approximate the state–action value function. The reward function penalizes time-dependent travel time, lateness with respect to customer time windows, long inter-customer jumps, and inter-cluster moves, thereby shaping the policy toward both schedule adherence and congestion-aware routing. For each scenario, the agent is trained for 1,000 episodes under three random seeds and evaluated on three representative weekdays (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Across all settings, the learned policy achieves a 100% on-time delivery rate with zero late customers, with best time-dependent route costs of approximately 526–539 minutes for 40 customers and 595–617 minutes for 50 customers. Comparative experiments with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) show that ACO attains the shortest travel times, while the proposed DQN+PER model yields routes that are only about 5–8% longer than ACO but reduce time-dependent travel cost by roughly 35–45% compared with GA in the same TD-VRPTW instances. Reward and loss trajectories exhibit smooth convergence, and a sensitivity analysis on the lateness penalty confirms that the main conclusions are robust to hyperparameter variations. These findings demonstrate that leveraging historical congestion to build time-dependent travel times enables DQN-based control to produce competitive, congestion-aware solutions for TD-VRPTW in realistic urban distribution networks.",
    "keywords": [
      "Schedule",
      "Ant colony optimization algorithms",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Genetic algorithm",
      "Network congestion",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Path (computing)",
      "Ant colony"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/12122/6546"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W607724989",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "GOODTRIP: A NEW APPROACH FOR MODELLING AND EVALUATING URBAN GOODS DISTRIBUTION",
    "year": 1999,
    "publication_date": "1999-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jhk Boerkamps",
      "Arjan J. van Binsbergen"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jhk Boerkamps",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The GoodTrip model estimates goods flows, urban freight traffic and its impacts. This paper discusses the theory and application of the model, that is based on logistical chains. Liveability and accessibility of urban areas are influenced by freight traffic resulting from logistical choices in the supply chain, like warehouse location, delivery frequencies, vehicle type and routing. To support decision making it is necessary to model these choices and their effects, in current and future situations. GoodTrip is a tool for evaluating different concepts of freight distribution from both a societal and an economical viewpoint. The modelling approach is innovative and the first results are promising. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD E202211.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "City logistics",
      "Supply chain",
      "Traffic management",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Truck",
      "Choice modelling",
      "Operations research",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 34,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/658235"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3131500255",
    "doi": "10.46585/pc.2020.2.1644",
    "title": "SUSTAINABLE GREEN CITY LOGISTIC SOLUTION FOR THE PRAGUE AGGLOMERATION AND RETAIL CHAIN",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-12-30",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Dana Sommerauerová",
      "Jan Chocholáč",
      "Klára Urbanová"
    ],
    "first_author": "Dana Sommerauerová",
    "venue": "Perner s Contacts",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "During the 20th century, population growth and changes in the business environment also led to a change in mobility requirements. Gradually, there was an increase in transport performance in the area of passenger and freight transport. These trends are also characteristic of the 21st century, when it is also possible to talk about the fundamental development of modern information and communication technologies. The sustainable and green city logistics deals with all transport (passenger and freight) and includes material and goods flows and movements of people inside and outside the city and agglomeration with respect to the sustainability pillars. This article deals with the possibilities of supplying Lidl Česká republika v.o.s. (hereinafter Lidl) stores in Prague agglomeration from the planned logistic centre in Buštěhrad. Two scenarios are tested in terms of total carbon dioxide emissions produced: standard way of distributing goods to stores (scenario A) and sustainable and green way of distributing goods to stores (scenario B). The scientific methods and approaches are used in this article, there are: scenario analysis, vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery with time windows and carbon dioxide emissions calculation approaches.",
    "keywords": [
      "Sustainability",
      "Business",
      "Urban agglomeration",
      "Economies of agglomeration",
      "Population",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Sustainable development",
      "Commerce",
      "Industrial organization",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Economy"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 7,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://pernerscontacts.upce.cz/index.php/perner/article/download/1644/1408"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W1522472440",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Modeling e-logistics for urban B2C in Europe",
    "year": 2005,
    "publication_date": "2005-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Dante Galván",
      "Francesc Robusté",
      "Miquel Estrada",
      "José Magín Campos Cacheda"
    ],
    "first_author": "Dante Galván",
    "venue": "RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)",
    "publisher": "Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya",
    "abstract": "Major cities need to carry out good delivery operations that coexist with the rest of urban functions. The efficiency in city organisation depends directly on the proper management of logistic networks. In this context, Urban Logistics is born to improve the efficiency in public facilities dealing with the organisation of supply networks, especially in urban freight transport networks. This paper quantitatively models supply chains in the vehicle routing problem with time windows, especially in the delivery of e-commerce companies. Orders are placed through internet, but deliveries are made at the customer’s home. The model takes special account of the effect produced on logistics variables (distances, times, costs, shipments, stops, etc.), by the way in which orders are received, and includes the delivery in time windows in urban areas.\\nPlanners should design parking space and loading/unloading procedures so that the deliveries are made efficiently and with little traffic perturbation, and the industry should start getting ready to understand the high cost of this quality of service: the “picking” process has a high cost that cannot be assumed in high volumes and everyday the good (the street is contemplated as a scarce social good) and bad (double parking, bus lane blocking, etc. causing additional traffic congestion) use of the streets will likely cost more money. An application to Barcelona, Spain, for the food distribution sector (supermarkets) shows that, for the previously stated reasons, the current industry procedures are only feasible for very low demand share (less than 10%).",
    "keywords": [
      "Business",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Traffic management",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "The Internet",
      "Public transport",
      "City logistics",
      "Operations research",
      "Operations management",
      "Computer science",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 9,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15614"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2965036187",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "High-level Architecture and Compelling Technologies for an Advanced Web-based Vehicle Routing and Scheduling System for Urban Freight Transportation",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-07-25",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Leonardo Creato"
    ],
    "first_author": "Leonardo Creato",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The search for a more efficient routing and scheduling, the improvement of service’s level and the increasing complexity of real-world distributive contexts are contingent variables that generate the need for a system’s architecture that may be holistic, innovative, scalable and reliable. Hence, new technologies and a lucid awareness of involved actors and infrastructures, provide the basis to create a more efficient routing and scheduling architecture for enterprises.",
    "keywords": [
      "Architecture",
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Computer science",
      "Scalability",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Distributed computing",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering",
      "Database",
      "Operations management"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://tesi.cab.unipd.it/62805/"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2167459568",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.rtbm.2014.03.003",
    "title": "Urban goods movements in a sensitive context: The case of Parma",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-04-13",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Michele Tozzi",
      "Maria Vittoria Corazza",
      "Antonio Musso"
    ],
    "first_author": "Michele Tozzi",
    "venue": "Research in Transportation Business & Management",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Constraint (computer-aided design)",
      "Duration (music)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Global Positioning System",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Process (computing)",
      "City centre",
      "Operations research"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 25,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2014.03.003"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3158103979",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2021.103155",
    "title": "Deploying autonomous mobile lockers in a two-echelon parcel operation",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-05-03",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jun Li",
      "Hamidreza Ensafian",
      "Michael G.H. Bell",
      "D. Glenn Geers"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jun Li",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Heuristics",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Heuristic",
      "Transshipment (information security)",
      "Integer programming",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Quality (philosophy)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Operations management",
      "Real-time computing"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 46,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103155"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409985265",
    "doi": "10.1109/access.2025.3565924",
    "title": "Research on Vehicle Route Optimization for Half-Open Multi-Energy Urban Distribution Considering Order Priority",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mingxuan Zhang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mingxuan Zhang",
    "venue": "IEEE Access",
    "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",
    "abstract": "Aiming at the current problems of increasingly serious tailpipe pollution of urban distribution vehicles and irrational distribution route planning, we construct a fuel-electric hybrid multi-trip multi-center half-open joint distribution vehicle routing optimization model (F-EHOMTMDVRPOPTW) considering order priority and fuzzy time window, and introduce Tent chaotic mapping combined with an improved discrete sparrow search algorithm (DSSA) with stochastic key encoding strategy for solving. Based on the traditional fuel VRP, new energy vehicles are added to form a multi-energy vehicle formation. Considering the order priority and customer time window in the context of urban distribution with non-new energy vehicle restriction, and constructing a distribution model for minimizing the total cost with the transportation cost, charging cost of new energy vehicles, carbon emission and fuel consumption cost, and penalty cost for violating the time window. On the basis of the sparrow search algorithm, Tent chaotic mapping is added and random key coding strategy is inserted for discretization, which increases the diversity of the initial population of the sparrow search algorithm and improves the algorithm’s global optimization seeking ability. Finally, the algorithms and models are analyzed in simulation experiments using benchmark test functions and arithmetic examples to verify the reasonableness of the models and the effectiveness of the algorithms, which provides theoretical basis for urban distribution and utilization of energy.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Energy (signal processing)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Mathematics",
      "Statistics",
      "Business"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565924"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2042678256",
    "doi": "10.1109/mits.2014.2314191",
    "title": "Optimization of Charging Stops for Fleet of Electric Vehicles: A Genetic Approach",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Francesco Alesiani",
      "Nitin Maslekar"
    ],
    "first_author": "Francesco Alesiani",
    "venue": "IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine",
    "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",
    "abstract": "Electrification of transport is one of the approach to improve transport efficiency and sustainability. The current cost of transport associated with electrical vehicles is mainly related to the cost of acquisition and maintenance of batteries. Finding an efficient way of managing the available energy allows reducing the size of the batteries and thus the cost associated with transport. Recently taxi services and urban delivery companies are introducing electric vehicles in their fleet. Available route planners do not consider properly the characteristics and charging stop requirements of EV fleets in decision making which results in non-optimal routing solution. The proposed work addresses the problem of finding the routes for a fleet of electric vehicles which will not only consider the battery limit of the vehicle, but also the concurrent use of charging stations along the route. The proposed solution computes routes for the fleet of vehicles that minimizes the associated cost which is a combination of travel time, charging time and the energy consumption along the route and is based on an evolutionary genetic algorithm with learning strategy. The results demonstrate that, the proposed algorithm finds a feasible solution in a reasonable amount of time and distributes the vehicles amongst the charging station to minimize the concurrency. The stated problem is non-polynomial and while genetic algorithm allows to efficiently explore large solution spaces, the work also presents some approximations and some strategies that allow to reduce the computational requirements and to find a solution in reasonable time.",
    "keywords": [
      "Electrification",
      "Genetic algorithm",
      "Computer science",
      "Battery (electricity)",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Electric vehicle",
      "Battery electric vehicle",
      "Energy consumption",
      "Total cost of ownership",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Charging station",
      "Mathematical optimization"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 48,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2014.2314191"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4294367075",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2022.102842",
    "title": "Community logistics for dynamic vehicle dispatching: The effects of community departure “time” and “space”",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-08-10",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Zhiyuan Ouyang",
      "Eric Ka Ho Leung",
      "George Q. Huang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Zhiyuan Ouyang",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Space (punctuation)",
      "Computer science",
      "Business",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 23,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102842"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4297793595",
    "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2209.04265",
    "title": "Route Planning for Last-Mile Deliveries Using Mobile Parcel Lockers: A Hybrid Q-Learning Network Approach",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-09-09",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yubin Liu",
      "Qiming Ye",
      "Jose Javier Escribano Macias",
      "Yuxiang Feng",
      "Candela, Eduardo",
      "Angeloudis, Panagiotis"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yubin Liu",
    "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)",
    "publisher": "Cornell University",
    "abstract": "Mobile parcel lockers have been recently proposed by logistics operators as a technology that could help reduce traffic congestion and operational costs in urban freight distribution. Given their ability to relocate throughout their area of deployment, they hold the potential to improve customer accessibility and convenience. In this study, we formulate the Mobile Parcel Locker Problem (MPLP) , a special case of the Location-Routing Problem (LRP) which determines the optimal stopover location for MPLs throughout the day and plans corresponding delivery routes. A Hybrid Q Learning Network based Method (HQM) is developed to resolve the computational complexity of the resulting large problem instances while escaping local optima. In addition, the HQM is integrated with global and local search mechanisms to resolve the dilemma of exploration and exploitation faced by classic reinforcement learning methods. We examine the performance of HQM under different problem sizes (up to 200 nodes) and benchmarked it against the exact approach and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Our results indicate that HQM achieves better optimisation performance with shorter computation time than the exact approach solved by the Gurobi solver in large problem instances. Additionally, the average reward obtained by HQM is 1.96 times greater than GA, which demonstrates that HQM has a better optimisation ability. Further, we identify critical factors that contribute to fleet size requirements, travel distances, and service delays. Our findings outline that the efficiency of MPLs is mainly contingent on the length of time windows and the deployment of MPL stopovers. Finally, we highlight managerial implications based on parametric analysis to provide guidance for logistics operators in the context of efficient last-mile distribution operations.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Software deployment",
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Solver",
      "Reinforcement learning",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Operations research",
      "Service (business)",
      "Local search (optimization)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.04265"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118555551",
    "doi": "10.1117/12.3096448",
    "title": "Intelligent charging station layout and vehicle routing collaborative planning based on an improved fata morgana algorithm in the context of sustainable urban freight",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-08",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Juan Guo",
      "Qingxiu Zou",
      "Fengjiao Zhou"
    ],
    "first_author": "Juan Guo",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Route planning",
      "Intelligent transportation system",
      "Routing algorithm"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3096448"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2596687583",
    "doi": "10.3141/2609-09",
    "title": "Enabling a Freight Traffic Controller for Collaborative Multidrop Urban Logistics",
    "year": 2017,
    "publication_date": "2017-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Julian Allen",
      "Tolga Bektaş",
      "Tom Cherrett",
      "Adrian Friday",
      "Fraser N. McLeod",
      "Maja Izabela Piecyk",
      "Marzena Piotrowska",
      "Martin Zaltz Austwick"
    ],
    "first_author": "Julian Allen",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board",
    "publisher": "SAGE Publishing",
    "abstract": "There is increasing interest in how horizontal collaboration between parcel carriers might help alleviate problems associated with last-mile logistics in congested urban centers. Through a detailed review of the literature on parcel logistics pertaining to collaboration, along with practical insights from carriers operating in the United Kingdom, this paper examines the challenges that will be faced in optimizing multi-carrier, multidrop collection, and delivery schedules. A “freight traffic controller” (FTC) concept is proposed. The FTC would be a trusted third party, assigned to equitably manage the work allocation between collaborating carriers and the passage of vehicles over the last mile when joint benefits to the parties could be achieved. Creating this FTC concept required a combinatorial optimization approach for evaluation of the many combinations of hub locations, network configuration, and routing options for vehicle or walking to find the true value of each potential collaboration. At the same time, the traffic, social, and environmental impacts of these activities had to be considered. Cooperative game theory is a way to investigate the formation of collaborations (or coalitions), and the analysis used in this study identified a significant shortfall in current applications of this theory to last-mile parcel logistics. Application of theory to urban freight logistics has, thus far, failed to account for critical concerns including ( a) the mismatch of vehicle parking locations relative to actual delivery addresses; ( b) the combination of deliveries with collections, requests for the latter often being received in real time during the round; and ( c) the variability in travel times and route options attributable to traffic and road network conditions.",
    "keywords": [
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "City logistics",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Computer science",
      "Game theory",
      "Operations research",
      "Mile",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Traffic management",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Control (management)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 47,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3141/2609-09"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4311969341",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cor.2022.106119",
    "title": "Robust optimization for the electric vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time windows and uncertain demands",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-12-08",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Xiaochang Liu",
      "Dujuan Wang",
      "Yunqiang Yin",
      "T.C.E. Cheng"
    ],
    "first_author": "Xiaochang Liu",
    "venue": "Computers & Operations Research",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Column generation",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Solver",
      "Robust optimization",
      "Stochastic programming",
      "Operations research",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 48,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2022.106119"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3015170659",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2020.106452",
    "title": "Hybrid optimization procedures applying for two-echelon urban underground logistics network planning: A case study of Beijing",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-04-05",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Wanjie Hu",
      "Jianjun Dong",
      "Bon‐Gang Hwang",
      "Rui Chen Ren",
      "Zhilong Chen"
    ],
    "first_author": "Wanjie Hu",
    "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Network planning and design",
      "Beijing",
      "Heuristic",
      "Convergence (economics)",
      "Engineering",
      "Flow network",
      "Integer programming",
      "Operations research",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "China"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 63,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106452"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283027254",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2022.102782",
    "title": "Urban consolidation centers and city toll schemes–Investigating the impact of city tolls on transshipment decisions",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-06-17",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Christian Friedrich",
      "Ralf M. Elbert"
    ],
    "first_author": "Christian Friedrich",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Toll",
      "City logistics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Transshipment (information security)",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Consolidation (business)",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Integer programming",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Service provider"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 13,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102782"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3157090301",
    "doi": "10.3390/su13095228",
    "title": "Reactive UAV Fleet’s Mission Planning in Highly Dynamic and Unpredictable Environments",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-05-07",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Grzegorz Radzki",
      "Izabela  Ewa Nielsen",
      "Paulina Golińska-Dawson",
      "Grzegorz Bocewicz",
      "Zbigniew Antoni Banaszak"
    ],
    "first_author": "Grzegorz Radzki",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) create an interesting alternative for establishing more sustainable urban freight deliveries. The substitution of traditional trucks in the last-mile distribution by a UAV fleet can contribute to urban sustainability by reducing air pollution and increasing urban freight efficiency. This paper presents a novel approach to the joint proactive and reactive planning of deliveries by a UAV fleet. We develop a receding horizon-based approach to reactive, online planning for the UAV fleet’s mission. We considered the delivery of goods to spatially dispersed customers over an assumed time horizon. Forecasted weather changes affect the energy consumption of UAVs and limit their range. Therefore, consideration should be given to plans for follow-up tasks, previously unmet needs, and predictions of disturbances over a moving time horizon. We propose a set of reaction rules that can be encountered during delivery in a highly dynamic and unpredictable environment. We implement a constraint programming paradigm, which is well suited to cope with the nonlinearity of the system’s characteristics. The proposed approach to online reactive UAV routing is evaluated in several instances. The computational experiments have shown that the developed model is capable of providing feasible plans for a UAV fleet’s mission that are robust to changes in weather and customer’s orders.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Time horizon",
      "Computer science",
      "Fuel efficiency",
      "Constraint (computer-aided design)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Business",
      "Automotive engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 26,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/9/5228/pdf?version=1620474506"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2172317666",
    "doi": "10.1016/b978-008044799-5/50121-2",
    "title": "Using Daytime Population for Dangerous Goods Vehicle Route Planning",
    "year": 2006,
    "publication_date": "2006-01-01",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Kwok Hung Lau"
    ],
    "first_author": "Kwok Hung Lau",
    "venue": "Elsevier eBooks",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Daytime",
      "Population",
      "Business",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Environmental health",
      "Medicine",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044799-5/50121-2"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2922023509",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-12450-2_53",
    "title": "Techniques for Smart Urban Logistics Solutions’ Simulation: A Systematic Review",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ioannis D. Karakikes",
      "Eftihia Nathanail",
      "Mihails Savrasovs"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ioannis D. Karakikes",
    "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems",
    "publisher": "Springer International Publishing",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Traffic management",
      "Sustainability",
      "Plan (archaeology)",
      "Smart city",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Business",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 15,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12450-2_53"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2138278563",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Using daytime population for dangerous goods vehicle route planning",
    "year": 2005,
    "publication_date": "2005-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Lau, Charles"
    ],
    "first_author": "Lau, Charles",
    "venue": "RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library)",
    "publisher": "RMIT University",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Traffic management",
      "Benchmarking",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Business",
      "Multimodal transport",
      "Public transport",
      "Intelligent transportation system",
      "Urban planning",
      "Transportation planning",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://cat.lib.rmit.edu.au/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=539049"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W844550433",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "FLEET REROUTING STRATEGIES WITH REAL-TIME TRAFFIC INFORMATION",
    "year": 2010,
    "publication_date": "2010-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jaime Barceló Bugeda",
      "Jesús Arturo Orozco"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jaime Barceló Bugeda",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The design and evaluation of City Logistics applications requires an integrated framework in which all components could work together. Therefore, City Logistics models should account for vehicle routing applications and fleet management models capable of including also the dynamic aspects of the underlying road network, namely when ICT applications are taken into account. This paper develops a methodological proposal based on an integration of vehicle routing models and real-time traffic information. In the computational experiments conducted in this paper, a dynamic traffic simulation model has been used to emulate the actual traffic conditions providing, at each time interval, estimates of the traffic state on each link of the road network that are then used, by a real time fleet management system, to determine the optimal dynamic routing and scheduling of the fleet.",
    "keywords": [
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Computer science",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Fleet management",
      "Real-time data",
      "Operations research",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Traffic management",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Real-time computing",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 5,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2117/10877"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133444955",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Vehicle routing model for finished goods urban distribution in the metropolitan área of bucaramanga, case of study: espumas santander s.a.s.",
    "year": 2017,
    "publication_date": "2017-01-01",
    "type": "dissertation",
    "language": "es",
    "authors": [
      "Miguel Angel Toloza Angulo"
    ],
    "first_author": "Miguel Angel Toloza Angulo",
    "venue": "Universidad Industrial de Santander",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Espumas Santander S.A.S. es una empresa colombiana dedicada a la fabricación y comercialización de colchones y espuma laminada, que cuenta con su propio sistema de distribución de mercancía para el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. El presente proyecto propone la caracterización del proceso de distribución de mercancía en la empresa para realizar una búsqueda de un modelo de ruteo que se ajustase a la operación actual de la sección, con lo cual se inicia una revisión literaria en bases de datos electrónicas acerca de modelos de ruteo y técnicas de solución para resolverlo. Se define un modelo HFVRPTW enfocado hacia la disminución de la distancia total de recorrido en los vehículos. Se desarrollan algoritmos de solución para el modelo en lenguaje VBA basados en la heurística de ahorros y la técnica de solución metaheurística de búsqueda grande de vecindario adaptable ALNS. La solución obtenida de esos algoritmos es alimentada a una interfaz gráfica escrita en lenguaje HTML/CSS/JavaScript, que accede al servicio de Google Maps para realizar la representación gráfica de las rutas obtenidas. Para evaluar el funcionamiento y eficacia de la herramienta generada, se realiza una comparación entre una solución obtenida a partir de un ruteo programado previamente y su versión procesada mediante el aplicativo; los resultados muestran una disminución considerable en la distancia recorrida por los vehículos, lo que implica ahorro en gastos operativos de la sección",
    "keywords": [
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Distribution (mathematics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://noesis.uis.edu.co/bitstreams/41c4cb86-8c2e-4ef9-9663-ab999277e973/download"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410316585",
    "doi": "10.3390/drones9050368",
    "title": "Bridging ACO-Based Drone Logistics and Computing Continuum for Enhanced Smart City Applications",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-05-13",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Salvatore Rosario Bassolillo",
      "Egidio D’Amato",
      "Immacolata Notaro",
      "Luca D’Agati",
      "Giovanni Merlino",
      "Giuseppe Tricomi"
    ],
    "first_author": "Salvatore Rosario Bassolillo",
    "venue": "Drones",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "In the context of evolving Smart Cities, the integration of drone technology and distributed computing paradigms presents significant potential for enhancing urban infrastructure and services. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to optimizing urban delivery logistics through a cloud-based model that employs Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for planning and Model Predictive Control (MPC) for trajectory tracking within a broader Computing Continuum framework. The proposed system addresses the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) by considering both drone capacity constraints and autonomy, using the ACO-based algorithm to efficiently assign delivery destinations while minimizing travel distances. Collision-free paths are computed by using a Visibility Graph (VG) based approach, and MPC controllers enable drones to adapt to dynamic obstacles in real time. Additionally, this work explores how clusters of drones can be deployed as edge devices within the Computing Continuum, seamlessly integrating with IoT sensors and fog computing infrastructure to support various urban applications, such as traffic management, crowd monitoring, and infrastructure inspections. This dual-architecture approach, combining the optimization capabilities of ACO with the flexible, distributed nature of the Computing Continuum, allows for scalable and efficient urban drone deployment. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed model in enhancing delivery efficiency and collision avoidance while demonstrating the potential of integrating drone technology into Smart City environments for improved data collection and real-time response.",
    "keywords": [
      "Drone",
      "Bridging (networking)",
      "Computer science",
      "Computer security"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 8,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/5/368/pdf?version=1747193597"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388714956",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2023.104407",
    "title": "Multi-trucks-and-drones cooperative pickup and delivery problem",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-11-15",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jiajing Gao",
      "Lu Zhen",
      "Shuaian Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jiajing Gao",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Drone",
      "Pickup",
      "Column generation",
      "Computer science",
      "Integer programming",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Frame (networking)",
      "Linear programming",
      "Mathematical optimization"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 79,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10397/107810"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2909532833",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Neighborhood Search Algorithms for Multi-Trip Vehicle Routing",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-06-28",
    "type": "dissertation",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Véronique François"
    ],
    "first_author": "Véronique François",
    "venue": "Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège)",
    "publisher": "University of Liège",
    "abstract": "Think about the lines of trucks we overtake on highways. Each of these trucks is performing a journey that may include several delivery or pickup operations before getting to a depot. And each of these journeys is generally determined through a large-scale planning process that concerns a fleet of vehicles. While establishing such a plan, transport operators organize vehicle journeys with an underlying objective such as the minimization of the transportation cost or the maximization of the service level. During the planning process, at least the following decisions have to be made: which customers are going to be visited by each vehicle and in which order. This is a difficult problem to solve even for as few as several tens of customers. In the literature, it is referred to as the vehicle routing problem, which has been extensively studied for nearly six decades. When solving a vehicle routing problem in a practical context, industry or company-specific constraints have to be taken into account, constantly providing the scientific community with new challenges. One of these calls for deciding how many times and when each vehicle should come back to a depot for loading purposes, besides determining the attribution of customers to vehicles and the related visit sequences. The underlying problem is called the multi-trip vehicle routing problem since each vehicle may perform more than one trip during the planning period, trips being separated by loading operations. Such problems are especially relevant in the field of city logistics. In this thesis, we propose a tailored heuristic approach to solve the multi-trip routing problem and compare it to a more classical solution scheme. We extend both solution methods and compare them on a variant of the problem that takes into account time windows and driver shifts. We configure our methods using an automatic algorithm configuration software and obtain numerical results that show that our tailored approach is very effective, especially in the presence of time windows. Moreover, we provide insights about the behavior of several algorithmic components. Also, we question algorithmic development methodologies and benchmark instances commonly used, and we propose related methodological contributions.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Algorithm",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/226188"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2945721396",
    "doi": "10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.161470",
    "title": "A spatial-temporal charging load forecast and impact analysis method for distribution network using EVs-traffic-distribution model",
    "year": 2017,
    "publication_date": "2017-09-20",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yinchi Shao",
      "Yunfei Mu",
      "Xiaodan Yu",
      "Xiaohong Dong",
      "Hongjie Jia",
      "Jianzhong Wu",
      "Yuan Zeng"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yinchi Shao",
    "venue": "ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)",
    "publisher": "Cardiff University",
    "abstract": "A method for the forecast of charging load of electric vehicles (EVs) under “EVs-Traffic-Distribution” (ETD) system was developed to precisely manifest the spatial-temporal characteristics of large scale EV charging load in urban area and to evaluate the impact of the load on urban distribution network. An EV model with charging characteristics, a traffic network model with urban road topology and a classic velocity-capacity model were introduced to provide the spatial-temporal driving routes and velocity. With the above information, origin-destination (OD) analysis was used to simulate the mobility of each EV. And, Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to estimate the EVs’ spatial-temporal charging load characteristics over a day. By allocating the charging load of each EV to the nearest node in the distribution network, sequential power flow was conducted to evaluate the impact of charging load on the distribution network. A 29-node urban area combined with the geographic information and a 33-node distribution system was selected to validate the proposed method. Simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness.",
    "keywords": [
      "Node (physics)",
      "Monte Carlo method",
      "Simulation",
      "Computer science",
      "Traffic flow (computer networking)",
      "Geographic information system",
      "Real-time computing",
      "Topology (electrical circuits)",
      "Engineering",
      "Geography",
      "Statistics",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 73,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/121065/"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283709271",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2022.102806",
    "title": "Selection of vehicle size and extent of multi-drop deliveries for autonomous goods vehicles: An assessment of potential for change",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-06-28",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Garrett Bray",
      "David Cebon"
    ],
    "first_author": "Garrett Bray",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "This paper examines how vehicle size and multi-drop deliveries may change as a result of the removal of the driver cost for autonomous goods vehicles. Analysis is conducted by combining parameters derived from transport economics and vehicle engineering for a series of increasingly complex applications, ultimately incorporating a unique vehicle routing problem formulation for two multi-destination applications. It is concluded that while the removal of the driver cost produced the greatest savings, the use of smaller vehicles and fewer deliveries per journey could produce incremental savings, dependent on the application. The incremental savings and potential change in vehicle sizes and number of deliveries was greatest for applications: 1) where the human driver would otherwise constitute a greater proportion of overall cost (such as urban deliveries), 2) where there is greater dispersion of delivery locations relative to the origin depot, 3) where the value of the cargo time is higher. For a UK customer deliveries case study currently using 3.5 t vans, a shift to smaller 2.1 t vans performing 40–60% fewer stops per route could lead to an additional 7–16% of cost savings, or up to 75% savings when combined with the direct driver cost savings. By contrast, for a UK supermarket distribution case study using 44 t articulated trucks, the introduction of some 26 t rigids serving fewer stops per route indicated effectively negligible potential savings compared to the 22–32% of savings due to the removal of the driver. Conclusions are conditional on treating a number of aspects of the logistics system as fixed in order to isolate factors of interest. Realistically, such aspects may be subject to change in future scenarios under the combined impact of autonomous freight vehicles and other trends.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Value of time",
      "Total cost",
      "Computer science",
      "Travel time",
      "Operations management",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 8,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1366554522001958/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W1972667971",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.1994",
    "title": "A Statistical Analysis for Micro-Simulation of Udc Operativity",
    "year": 2011,
    "publication_date": "2011-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Domenico Gattuso",
      "Gian Carla Cassone"
    ],
    "first_author": "Domenico Gattuso",
    "venue": "Procedia Engineering",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "An Urban Distribution Center (UDC) is a useful City Logistics policy instrument. A UDC is a logistic site dedicated to decompose and consolidate freight directed to the city, by planning the routes and service time, restricting the traffic of trucks and increasing the load factor of feeder vehicles. A UDC can produce interesting impacts on the dynamics of urban freight distribution, but its success depends on many factors: an appropriate location; a wellbalanced presence of spaces and equipment; an efficient and effective organization of internal services; a connection with the surrounding area and with the related transport services; a management structure that meets different and complementary requirements; a capacity to support itself. The paper proposes an analysis of the functional organization of a UDC through a \"what if\" micro-simulation approach aimed at the UDC efficiency control. After a review of the state of the art, a procedure to implement a discrete-event micro-simulation model is described. Probability functions concerning the times of UDC activities are proposed.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Service (business)",
      "Control (management)",
      "Event (particle physics)",
      "Operations research",
      "Computer science",
      "State (computer science)",
      "Engineering",
      "Business",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 5,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.1994"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3000672425",
    "doi": "10.1061/9780784480915.155",
    "title": "Urban Freight Routing Based on Static User Equilibrium",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-01-18",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Liang Ma"
    ],
    "first_author": "Liang Ma",
    "venue": "CICTP 2017",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "This paper proposes a bi-level decision making process for an urban freight routing problem considering the interaction between background traffic and freight trucks. The urban freight routing problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game, where the followers’ game is a static traffic equilibrium among private vehicles and the leader’s game is a minimum-cost freight routing problem subject to the lower-level equilibrium and additional constraints. The interactions are captured through the link cost function employed in the user equilibrium accommodating the truck use. User equilibrium is solved by the fixed-point algorithm, where candidate routes are generated by the sweep method and the k-shortest paths method. Compared with two traditional methods, this methodology shows a reduced cost of freight trucks in test networks. The reduction depend on factors including the demand pattern of private vehicles and the network. However, this methodology can be computationally more expensive, which can be improved by parallel computing techniques as demonstrated in this paper.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480915.155"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W199327256",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Analysis of Freight Tours in a Congested Urban Area Using Disaggregated Data: Characteristics and Data Collection Challenges",
    "year": 2007,
    "publication_date": "2007-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Miguel Figliozzi",
      "Lynsey Kingdon",
      "Andrea Wilkitzki"
    ],
    "first_author": "Miguel Figliozzi",
    "venue": "PDXScholar  (Portland State University)",
    "publisher": "Portland State University",
    "abstract": "Confidentiality issues are usually an insurmountable barrier that precludes the collection of detailed and complete freight data. However, when detailed disaggregated truck activity data is available, the analysis of commercial vehicle routes and trip chain structures can provide insightful information about urban commercial vehicle tours, travel patterns, and congestion levels. Where truck data is usually aggregated and cross-sectional, this research analyzes several months of detailed truck activity records in a congested urban area and thus contributes a level of investigation unavailable with aggregated data. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no published research regarding the analysis of disaggregated truck data in congested areas. Data corresponds to the daily activity of less than truckload (LTL) delivery tours in the city of Sydney. The analysis of the data provides insightful information about urban truck tours and congestion levels. This paper identifies route patterns and analyzes their relationship to trip and tour length distribution. Travel between different industrial suburbs explains the shape of multimodal trip length distributions. Variations in daily demand explain the normal-like shape of the tour trip distribution. Tour data indicates that there is no clear relationship between tour distance, percentage of empty trips, and percentage of empty distance. Congestion data indicates that the standard deviation of travel speed is significant. In addition, correlations between travel times are positive and they should be used as an additional congestion measure for trip-chains or urban freight tours. Despite the availability of complete tour data, tour congestion analysis proved challenging due to the large number of customers visited and links traveled during the period of study.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Transport engineering",
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "Data collection",
      "Trip generation",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Computer science",
      "Geography",
      "Engineering",
      "Statistics",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 17,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cengin_fac/69"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204129761",
    "doi": "10.31181/jidmgc21202650",
    "title": "Rolling-Horizon Vehicle Routing for Dynamic Urban Distribution with Soft Time Windows: A Dynamic Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Approach",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-08-24",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Anbang Xie",
      "Min Kong"
    ],
    "first_author": "Anbang Xie",
    "venue": "Journal of Intelligent Decision Making and Granular Computing",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban distribution plans often have to be adjusted after vehicles leave the depot because new orders continue to arrive and some vehicles are still executing earlier routes. This creates a routing problem in which available information and vehicle states change over time. The problem considered here involves a single depot, vehicle-capacity limits, soft latest-service times, fixed committed routes, and limited order postponement. The study aims to improve route adjustment when only part of the order information is known at the beginning of the planning horizon. A rolling-horizon dynamic adaptive large neighborhood search method is developed for this setting. At each decision epoch, newly released orders are combined with unfinished orders from the previous epoch, and only vehicles that have returned to the depot are available for replanning. Orders are served whenever a feasible insertion exists; postponement is used only when no feasible insertion can be found. Three operators are added to the search process to account for order time pressure, insertion priority, and postponement history. Local search, adaptive operator weighting, and simulated-annealing acceptance are also used. The common search parameters are selected through an orthogonal experiment. The method is tested on dynamic Solomon RC101 instances with 40, 60, and 80 customers and is compared with five benchmark approaches. It obtains the best overall mean rank of 2.05. At 40 customers, it is not the best-performing method. At 60 and 80 customers, however, it gives the lowest mean objective values. For the 60-customer instances, the mean objective value is 1905.79, compared with 2047.52 for the standard rolling-horizon adaptive large neighborhood search method. The corresponding values for the 80-customer instances are 2326.43 and 2351.53. The proposed method also reaches 90% of its total improvement after 9.5% of normalized search progress, while the standard rolling-horizon method requires 26.0%. Its performance advantage becomes larger when a greater share of orders is released dynamically. The method is therefore more useful when route adjustment becomes more difficult, although its advantage is not consistent under every tested condition.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "Operator (biology)",
      "Postponement",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Rank (graph theory)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://jidmag.org/jidmag/article/download/50/37"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3204694606",
    "doi": "10.3390/su131910653",
    "title": "The Sustainability Dimensions in Intelligent Urban Transportation: A Paradigm for Smart Cities",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-09-25",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Lorena Silvana Reyes-Rubiano",
      "Adrián Serrano-Hernández",
      "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres",
      "Javier Faulín"
    ],
    "first_author": "Lorena Silvana Reyes-Rubiano",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "The transportation sector has traditionally been considered essential for commercial activities, although nowadays, it presents clear negative impacts on the environment and can reduce social welfare. Thus, advanced optimization techniques are required to design sustainable routes with low logistic costs. Moreover, these negative impacts may be significantly increased as a consequence of the lack of synergy between the sustainability objectives. Correspondingly, the concept of transport optimization in smart cities is becoming popular in both the real world and academia when public decision making is lit by operations research models. In this paper, however, we argue that the level of urban smartness depends on its sustainability and on the level of information and communication technologies developed in the city. Therefore, the operations research models seek to achieve a higher threshold in the sustainable transport standards in smart cities. Thus, we present a generic definition of smart city, which includes the triple bottom line of sustainability, with the purpose of analyzing its effects on city performance. Finally, this work provides a consolidate study about urban freight transport problems, which show that sustainability is only one facet of the diamond of characteristics that depict a real smart city.",
    "keywords": [
      "Sustainability",
      "Smart city",
      "Sustainable city",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Public transport",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Triple bottom line",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Business",
      "Social sustainability",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Intelligent transportation system"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 38,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10653/pdf?version=1634008340"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3016662199",
    "doi": "10.1109/access.2020.2987380",
    "title": "The Sustainable Parcel Delivery (SPD) Problem: Economic and Environmental Considerations for 3PLs",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Francesco Pilati",
      "Ilenia Zennaro",
      "Daria Battini",
      "Alessandro Persona"
    ],
    "first_author": "Francesco Pilati",
    "venue": "IEEE Access",
    "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",
    "abstract": "Sustainability in parcel delivery is a growing area of interest, especially for third-party logistics providers (3PLs). The recent increase of urban population is directly related to the increase request of goods in urban areas, and consequently to the growth of the urban freight transport and CO2 emissions. For these reasons, national and local institutions carried out regulations and incentives to reduce urban pollution and promote zero-emission vehicles. In particular, daily tickets to access to city centers is a common regulation applied to reduce freight transport. This paper presents a new SPD model that compares Eclectic Vehicles (EVs) and Fossil Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) considering economic savings and CO2 emissions, for parcel delivery from a single distribution center to a set of delivery point located inside and/or outside an urban area. Limitations as the daily ticket, the fuel cost, the battery duration are considered to provide 3PLs an innovative model to evaluate both the economic convenience and the environmental impact of its vehicles fleet. Through an explanatory study, economic considerations are carried out, related to the length of the route, the daily ticket cost, and the fuel cost to evaluate and to assess the different transportation options. It demonstrates that EVs are more convenient in terms of economic savings when the route (urban distances) and the daily ticket cost increase.",
    "keywords": [
      "Ticket",
      "Sustainability",
      "Incentive",
      "Business",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Population",
      "Computer science",
      "Economics",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer security"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 33,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09064539.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W611973254",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "A HEURISTIC APPROACH TO VEHICLE ROUTING WITH ADJUSTMENT OF TIME WINDOWS",
    "year": 2000,
    "publication_date": "2000-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Hisafumi Kokubugata",
      "K Kinukawa",
      "H. Kawashima"
    ],
    "first_author": "Hisafumi Kokubugata",
    "venue": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH WORLD CONGRESS ON INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "In the urban freight transportation, many customers require deliveries with strict time windows. When the time windows imposed by customers are changed to some extent, the total transportation costs can be potentially reduced significantly. The vehicle routing method accompanied with the adjustment of time windows is considered. A time window moderation model was introduced in addition to the vehicle routing data model that was developed in previous research. Based on these data models, the simulated annealing procedure is adopted to obtain solutions. Computational experiments are conducted to show the efficiency of this method. For the covering abstract see ITRD E114174.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Simulated annealing",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Heuristic",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer science",
      "Travel time",
      "Operations research",
      "Simulation",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/733052"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W1496741495",
    "doi": "10.1201/b16379",
    "title": "Essentials of Logistics and Management",
    "year": 2012,
    "publication_date": "2012-12-11",
    "type": "reference-entry",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [],
    "first_author": null,
    "venue": "EPFL Press eBooks",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Introduction What is Essentials of Logistics and Management? New stakes, new challenges for logistics Logistics: a holistic approach Global Supply Chain Management Organization and competition in a globalized economy Global Supply Chain Management Bibliography The author The Structure and the Operations of Logistics Systems Introduction Forms and strategies of design Discovery of stochastic lags and oversized inventories Designing the logistics project's life cycle Measuring the risk Simulating the risk profile of the logistics project Designing with multicriteria decision-making tools Bibliography The author Designing the Supply Chain. Supply chain management Managing variety The supply chain in the digital era Supply chain management and strategy Turbulent times The authors Statistical Forecasting and Demand Analysis Introduction Model application Characteristics of a chronological series and forecasting basics Examples of forecasting models Forecasting model: application Models and forecast results Quality of a forecast Interpretation of forecast results Forecasting approach, application Conclusion Glossary Bibliography The author Leading in Service Innovation: Three Perspectives on Customer Service Value Delivery Understanding the growing importance of innovation in services Deploying innovation and reinventing service businesses Developing cross-functional coordination in service innovation Harnessing technology as an enabling option for strategic value delivery The author Purchasing and Logistics: Perimeter Overlaps in a Context of Global Sourcing When survival is the issue, you need to be better than your competitor Purchasing as the decisive factor of a company's competitiveness The sense of global sourcing Successful purchasing is a triangular game (De)centralization of purchasing Long-term partnering with Suppliers (SRM), or iterative re-exposure to competition? Supplier and product development Cost/price/value/stakes: four approaches to weigh the impact of a given purchase on business profitability Ethics and purchasing Buying is a fantastic game! The author Production Systems The Just in Time approach, of misleading simplicity Computerized approach to production management: MRP (Manufacturing Resources Planning) Interdependence of methods and representations Bibliography The author The Management of Distribution and Operational Logistics The different levels of logistics maturity Warehouse conception Operational warehouse management Stock management Transport E-business The author Transport Management as a Key Logistics Issue 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Production, logistics and transport 9.3 Logistical management of transport 9.4 Conclusions 9.5 First Focus: Rail freight transport in Europe 9.6 Second Focus: Intermodal transportation: a major challenge for seaports 9.7 Third Focus: Urban freight transport 9.8 References 9.9 The authors Logistics of International Trade Introduction Key logistics options Major aspects of an international trade transaction The international movement of goods Border-crossing issues Recommended reading and websites The authors Information Systems Introduction Information Systems (IS) vs Information Technology (IT) Information Systems Conclusion & Perspectives Glossary References/Useful Links (as of March 2007) The author Supply Chain Connective Technologies Introduction: What does supply chain connectives technologies mean? General overview and major trends in connective technologies e-Supply chain: from physical to virtual chains e-Supply chain: M2A versus A2A The costs and benefits of e-supply chain implementation: fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) and other examples in Italy Examples of e-supply chain implementation and cooperation Tracking systems: RFId RFId impact on MIS: centralized versus distributed RFId on the product: the supply chain RFId on people Wireless sensor networks: more than RFId Localization: several technologies for performance Conclusions Bibliography The authors Operations Research in Logistics What is operations research? Vehicle routing problems The traveling salesman problem Solution methods for the TSP Solution methods for the vehicle-routing problem Real-life constraints Arc-routing problems Conclusion References The author Modeling and Simulation in Logistics Introduction Discrete-event simulation Mathematical toolbox Applications Bibliography The authors The Lean Supply Chain Introduction The roots of lean in the Buddhist Philosophy Growing product variety: the Toyota response New product development is the first strategic issue Time is critical for everything Concurrent engineering and Obeya Room: two lean tools of lean new product development Target costing and lean new product development The tools of lean production Management Information Systems and Lean Culture and lean implementation Conclusions Bibliography The author Marketing and Innovation Management Introduction Marketing evolution: widening scope and customer focus Understanding market dynamics Market dynamics in action: New products, new services, changes in customers' perceptions (supply-chain contribution) The two major dimensions of marketing: industrial products and consumer goods System selling Conclusion: new frontiers in marketing References The author Financial Accounting Introduction The balance sheet: current assets The Balance Sheet: Liabilities and shareholder's equity The Income Statement The Statement of Cash Flows Working Capital Financial Ratios Analyzing the Income-Statement ratios Balance sheet standards by Industry Additional Disclosures and Audit Reports Conclusion Glossary Bibliography The authors Processing & Controlling Logistics business processes Business Process Management Controlling Activity Based Costing The author Financial elements Introduction Principles in corporate finance The value of money Project appraisal Financial choice Project consequences in accountability Securitization and structured financing Conclusion References ",
    "keywords": [
      "Purchasing",
      "Supply chain",
      "Supply chain management",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Service (business)",
      "Demand forecasting",
      "Business",
      "Process management",
      "Marketing",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 18,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/b16379"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2761878470",
    "doi": "10.1002/9781119425519.ch20",
    "title": "Can Routing Systems Surpass the Routing Knowledge of an Experienced Driver in Urban Deliveries?",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-05-30",
    "type": "other",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jacques Léonardi",
      "Tadashi Yamada"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jacques Léonardi",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Tests were conducted to determine solutions for future efficiency improvements in routing software, when used in the context of multi-carrier urban delivery rounds with clean vehicles. The findings tend to show that current problems are hindering IT systems to produce optimized routes that would be better than an experienced driver in terms of distance, time and costs. The key ambition of studies partly or fully centered around vehicle routing problems (VRP) and routing systems in urban logistics is similar: objectives are to increase the routing efficiency, reduce congestion, time and CO2 emissions and improve the business models with strategies such as reducing operation costs, total time or total distance driven. Recent developments have shown that it might be possible to improve the overall efficiency of urban deliveries by reducing the distance driven and the time spent per parcel on a given business day.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer science",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network",
      "Computer security",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/9781119425519.ch20"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2801215766",
    "doi": "10.3390/su10072365",
    "title": "Application of AHP and DEMATEL Methods in Choosing and Analysing the Measures for the Distribution of Goods in Szczecin Region",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-07-07",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Kinga Kijewska",
      "Witold Torbacki",
      "Stanisław Iwan"
    ],
    "first_author": "Kinga Kijewska",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Urban areas are centres of business and innovation. Freight transport is indispensable for the proper functioning of any modern urban society. Urban areas cannot function without an appropriate freight transport system, due to the need to replenish stocks of food and other goods in retail shops. The complexity of the decisions concerning implementation of measures to improve the movement of goods in the city requires tools designed to support this process. In this context, a research gap and a research problem occur—how to obtain a reliable set of factors for development of sustainable urban freight transport (UFT). The purpose of this article is to introduce the possibility of applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as well as the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Method (DEMATEL) in choosing a set of measures and in analysing the field of distribution logistics, which will help to solve delivery problems and streamline cargo flow in Szczecin, in the context of sustainable development. This paper presents the findings of a survey in which experts evaluate the main coefficients for sustainable freight transport in the city area. Using both AHP and DEMATEL methods, we have concluded that: (i) all coefficients from administrative, financial, technical and promotional measures are highly interconnected; (ii) strategy of freight transport development should take into consideration how these coefficients influence each other; (iii) P2—eco-driving trainings, T4—alternative delivery systems and P1—promotional campaigns for sustainable transport are the most important criteria and should be priorities for investments; (iv) A1—implementation of loading/unloading and transit restrictions—highly influences other coefficients; (v) T2—intelligent route guidance in freight transport is greatly influenced by them.",
    "keywords": [
      "Analytic hierarchy process",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 55,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072365"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2328275498",
    "doi": "10.1061/40996(330)421",
    "title": "Optimization of City Logistics' Distribution Route Based on Ant Colony System",
    "year": 2009,
    "publication_date": "2009-01-05",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jinli Gong",
      "Quan Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jinli Gong",
    "venue": "Logistics",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "In this paper, the City Logistics' distribution route optimization problem is ascribed as Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) and its mathematical model has been established. Ant Colony System algorithm (ACS) that is capable of searching multiple search areas simultaneously in the solution space is good in diversification. It has been successfully applied to many NP-hard problems. An improved Ant Colony System algorithm (IACS) is proposed in this paper. The initial solution was produced by the nearest neighbor heuristic, then algorithm's efficiency was improved by 2-opt and insertion move. At last, it is realized in Matlab, and its validity has been proved by C101 problem of Solomon benchmark problems. The results also indicate that such an algorithm outperforms the original heuristic.",
    "keywords": [
      "Ant colony optimization algorithms",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "Computer science",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Heuristic",
      "Ant colony",
      "MATLAB",
      "Diversification (marketing strategy)",
      "Metaheuristic",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Algorithm"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/40996(330)421"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7153063665",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45424-1",
    "title": "Optimization of urban freight intelligent route based on reinforcement learning",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-04-10",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Guizhe Xin",
      "Yuqing Tang",
      "Hongzhen Gao",
      "Na Li"
    ],
    "first_author": "Guizhe Xin",
    "venue": "Scientific Reports",
    "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
    "abstract": "Increased traffic congestion, limited delivery windows, vehicles' diverse fleets, and dynamic environments are all contributing factors to the inefficiency of urban freight systems. Due to the inability of traditional routing techniques to adjust in real-time to partially visible multi-constrained conditions, delivery delays, fuel consumption, and operating costs all increased. This research proposes a constraint-aware projected policy learning-reinforcement learning (CAPPL-RL) framework to optimize urban freight delivery routes while enforcing real-world constraints, including traffic congestion, delivery time windows, and vehicle capacity. The routing problem is formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process, with autonomous vehicles as agents navigating stochastic urban traffic networks. Using the UFVOD dataset, CAPPL-RL integrates Q-learning with ε-greedy exploration and projection-based constrained policy optimization (PCPO) to enable adaptive, constraint-aware routing. Simulation results demonstrate that CAPPL-RL outperforms PCPO-RL, reducing average delivery time from 65.3 to 52.1 min (20.2%), fuel consumption from 0.12 to 0.093 L/km (22.5%), and constraint violations in time windows from 12 to 3 (75%) while achieving 100% compliance with vehicle capacity limits. These results validate CAPPL-RL as a robust, scalable, and adaptive framework for dynamic urban freight logistics.",
    "keywords": [
      "Reinforcement learning",
      "Intelligent transportation system",
      "Reinforcement",
      "Learning effect"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-45424-1_reference.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134815526",
    "doi": "10.3390/su18062679",
    "title": "Optimization of Last-Mile Logistics Delivery Routes for Ground-Vehicle and Drone Parallel Distribution from Pre-Warehouses Considering Customer Priorities",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-03-10",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Hui Wang",
      "Zuning Zhang",
      "Manzhi Liu",
      "Lingxuan Liu",
      "Zhongjin Wang",
      "Shuyu Long",
      "Li Huang",
      "Xiaohan Liu",
      "Jie Tian",
      "Sen Yan"
    ],
    "first_author": "Hui Wang",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Pre-warehouse last-mile delivery is currently constrained by service radiuses and intense delivery pressures. Meanwhile, national policies are increasingly promoting a transition toward green logistics. By undertaking deliveries to remote or dispersed locations, UAVs can streamline truck routes and minimize the fuel consumption and emissions typically exacerbated by urban traffic congestion. Accordingly, this paper establishes a Ground-Vehicle and Drone Parallel Distribution Model with Priorities (PW-PDSVRP-P), quantifying customer priorities via delivery delay functions to align efficiency with social service requirements. A master–slave hybrid Large Neighborhood Search algorithm is developed and validated through a Hema Fresh case study in Xuzhou. Results define a clear “economic advantage zone” for drone adoption and reveal an adaptive assignment strategy: drones serve as mass-delivery tools in low-cost scenarios but act as “surgical tools” to prune inefficient truck segments in high-cost environments. These findings confirm that air–ground collaboration fosters a more resilient urban distribution system by balancing operational costs with environmental and social sustainability goals.",
    "keywords": [
      "Drone",
      "Truck",
      "Sustainability",
      "Service (business)",
      "Fuel efficiency",
      "Operational efficiency",
      "Distribution (mathematics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/6/2679/pdf?version=1773130843"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4286603700",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-10525-8_33",
    "title": "Machine Learning for Capacity Utilization Along the Routes of an Urban Freight Service",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mandar Tabib",
      "Jon Kåre Stene",
      "Adil Rasheed",
      "Ove Langeland",
      "Frants Gundersen"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mandar Tabib",
    "venue": "Communications in computer and information science",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Random forest",
      "Traffic management",
      "Support vector machine",
      "Service (business)",
      "Computer science",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Artificial neural network",
      "Operations research",
      "Artificial intelligence",
      "Business",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10525-8_33"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385622207",
    "doi": "10.1201/9781003261513-7",
    "title": "Reliability and resilience",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-08-07",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Eiichi Taniguchi",
      "Russell George Thompson",
      "Ali Gul Qureshi"
    ],
    "first_author": "Eiichi Taniguchi",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Chapter 6 presents reliability and resilience associated with urban freight transport. It highlights travel time reliability in the stochastic vehicle routing and scheduling with time windows model which is often used in describing urban delivery with uncertainty. Incorporating risks of hazardous materials transport in urban areas is addressed using the multi-objective optimisation models. The resilience in disasters is also described in the situation of the reduced capacity of road network and logistics facilities in disasters.",
    "keywords": [
      "Resilience (materials science)",
      "Reliability engineering",
      "Reliability (semiconductor)",
      "Computer science",
      "Psychology",
      "Engineering",
      "Materials science",
      "Physics",
      "Composite material"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 2,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003261513-7"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2394346421",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Dynamic Vehicle Routing and Scheduling with Real-time Traffic Information",
    "year": 2007,
    "publication_date": "2007-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Liao Liang-cai"
    ],
    "first_author": "Liao Liang-cai",
    "venue": "Jisuanji fangzhen",
    "publisher": "China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation",
    "abstract": "With the development of city construction, urban freight transport problems become more and more heavily. In order to solve these problems, a dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling model with real time information was set up and a dynamic traffic simulation model was proposed. Two-phase simulations were used to update the travel time. The models were used to a test road network. Simulation experiments verify the efficiency of the proposed model.",
    "keywords": [
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Computer science",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Adaptive routing",
      "Travel time",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Simulation",
      "Real-time computing",
      "Engineering",
      "Static routing",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-XTFZ200711050.htm"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110581505",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "The Aspects of the Urban Distribution in a Megacity: A Comparison Between São Paulo’s and Boston’s Urban Deliveries",
    "year": null,
    "publication_date": null,
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Nathalia de Castro Zambuzi",
      "Cláudio Barbieri da Cunha",
      "Edgar Blanco",
      "Hugo T.Y. Yoshizaki",
      "Carla D.Rosa Carvalho"
    ],
    "first_author": "Nathalia de Castro Zambuzi",
    "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
    "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis",
    "abstract": "The paper aims to describe some of the aspects that characterize the logistic uniqueness of a megacity located in a developing country, through the comparison between the urban distribution operations that take place in São Paulo, a perfect example of a megacity in an emerging economy like Brazil, and a city like Boston, dense by U.S. standards. More specifically, we detail the results of two research workshops conducted in Boston-Cambridge and in São Paulo in 2012, addressing some of the main observations and reflections related to the \"last mile\" distribution in terms of critical points and operational differences between these two cities. These results are based on an extensive information and data collection process, from the observation of several delivery operations at different areas of the two cities and the shadowing of some delivery routes from companies of different sectors. Some aspects are discussed, like traffic regulations and enforcement, drivers' behavior, loading/unloading zones and relationship practices between companies, drivers and customers.",
    "keywords": [
      "Megacity",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Urban infrastructure",
      "Data collection",
      "Urban area",
      "Urbanization"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://lares.architexturez.net/doc/lares-2013-858-1006-1-sm"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2920588551",
    "doi": "10.1007/s10288-019-00400-6",
    "title": "Consolidation and coordination of routes in urban distribution",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-03-05",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Andrea Mor"
    ],
    "first_author": "Andrea Mor",
    "venue": "4OR",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Consolidation (business)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Probabilistic logic",
      "Heuristic",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Travelling salesman problem",
      "Point (geometry)",
      "Class (philosophy)",
      "Minification"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10288-019-00400-6.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283643224",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2022.102816",
    "title": "The flying sidekick traveling salesman problem with stochastic travel time: A reinforcement learning approach",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-06-28",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Zeyu Liu",
      "Xueping Li",
      "Anahita Khojandi"
    ],
    "first_author": "Zeyu Liu",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Travelling salesman problem",
      "Reinforcement learning",
      "Time travel",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Artificial intelligence",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 85,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102816"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2363290963",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Application of Annealing Algorithm Based on Random Simulated Solution in Distribution VRP for Single Logistics Center",
    "year": 2009,
    "publication_date": "2009-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "HE Guo-xian"
    ],
    "first_author": "HE Guo-xian",
    "venue": "Journal of the China Railway Society",
    "publisher": "Science Press",
    "abstract": "This paper studies the vehicle routing problem(VRP) in distribution operation of a single logistics center in consideration of actual needs of customers.VRP is based on the urban road network.The adjacent list is adopted to describe the data structure of the urban road network.Computer simulation is proposed to obtain the stochastic vehicle routing plan.The fuzzy time window is introduced in to construct the mathematic model of VRP with fuzzy time window(VRPFTW).The simulating annealing algorithm is used to solve VRPFTW.Its key steps are discussed.One example is calculated by the designed computation program.The study reveals the practical significance of the fuzzy time window to the distribution business of an urban distribution center and verifies the practicability and effectiveness of the simulating annealing algorithm.",
    "keywords": [
      "Simulated annealing",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Distribution center",
      "Fuzzy logic",
      "Computation",
      "Computer science",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Algorithm",
      "Logistics center",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 2,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TDXB200904019.htm"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4312408206",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4254668",
    "title": "Opportunities and Challenges in Freight Eco-Routing for Stakeholders Involved in Urban Freight",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Anmol Pahwa",
      "Miguel Jaller"
    ],
    "first_author": "Anmol Pahwa",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Traffic management",
      "Business",
      "Transport engineering",
      "City logistics",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Engineering",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4254668"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W651598208",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "PROBABILISTIC ROUTING AND SCHEDULING OF URBAN PICKUP/DELIVERY TRUCKS FOR CITY LOGISTICS",
    "year": 2001,
    "publication_date": "2001-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "E Taniguchi",
      "T Yamada",
      "Y Kakimotom"
    ],
    "first_author": "E Taniguchi",
    "venue": "Selected Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Transport ResearchWorld Conference on Transport Research Society",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "This paper presents a probabilistic vehicle routing and scheduling model that contains variable travel times. The model incorporates the uncertainty of travel times and soft time windows at customers. The probabilistic model showed the reduction of total costs compared with the forecast model when applying to a test network. The value of stochastic solution increased in more congested conditions. In addition the probabilistic model can contribute to decrease CO2 emissions by trucks as well as cost reduction.",
    "keywords": [
      "Probabilistic logic",
      "Truck",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "City logistics",
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Pickup",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer science",
      "Variable (mathematics)",
      "Operations research",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/698909"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3183913371",
    "doi": "10.3390/en14133982",
    "title": "Energy Efficiency Assessment of Rail Freight Transport: Freight Tram in Berlin",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-07-02",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mohammad Vajihi",
      "Stefano Ricci"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mohammad Vajihi",
    "venue": "Energies",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Freight tram systems can potentially reduce commercial road vehicle use and, consequently, reduce congestion, accidents, air pollution, noise levels, and road maintenance costs. This paper explores the new application for the urban rail system as a sustainable solution for urban freight distribution. A significant problem in using rail for urban freight is determining the most efficient tram route, in terms of related costs and accessibility for the distribution centers and end-users. The study takes a systematic approach, based on identifying scenarios, existing tramlines, traveled distances, and time durations, and appraises the scheme through an energy consumption analysis to assess a hypothetical freight tram scheme. In a German case study in Berlin, a freight tram system delivered the goods of five delivery companies from their logistics hubs in the Pankow district to a micro depot instead of to the trucks. Three different path scenarios from logistics hubs to the micro depot were developed, to make comparisons based on energy consumption. Freight tram implementation in Berlin (compared to the current situation) resulted in a reduction of more than 7 tons of CO2 emissions per year, and 60 road-vehicle-kilometers per day, in exchange for 275 MJ of daily electric consumption.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Truck",
      "Energy consumption",
      "Traffic management",
      "Engineering",
      "Automotive engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 18,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/3982/pdf?version=1625538523"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3088701439",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trb.2020.09.009",
    "title": "Dynamic discretization discovery for the service network design problem with mixed autonomous fleets",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-09-25",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yannick Oskar Scherr",
      "Mike Hewitt",
      "Bruno Albert Neumann-Saavedra",
      "Dirk Christian Mattfeld"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yannick Oskar Scherr",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part B Methodological",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "We consider a service network design problem for the tactical planning of parcel delivery in a city logistics setting. A logistics service provider seeks a repeatable plan to transport commodities from distribution centers on the periphery to inner-city satellites. In a heterogeneous infrastructure, autonomous vehicles in level 4 may only drive in feasible streets but need to be pulled elsewhere by manually operated vehicles in platoons. We formulate an integer program to determine the fleet mix, schedule transportation services, and decide on the routing or outsourcing of commodities. Platooning requires a high level of synchronization between vehicles which demands the time-expanded networks to contain narrow time intervals. Thus, we develop an algorithm based on the dynamic discretization discovery scheme which refines partially time-expanded networks iteratively without having to enumerate the fully time-expanded network a priori. We introduce valid inequalities and provide two enhanced versions of the algorithm that exploit linear relaxations of the problem. Further, we propose heuristic ideas to speed up the search for high-quality solutions. In a computational study, we analyze the efficacy of the algorithm in different versions and observe improvements of computational performance in comparison to a commercial solver. Finally, we solve a case study on a real-world based network to obtain insights into the deployment of a mixed autonomous fleet in an existing heterogeneous infrastructure.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Solver",
      "Schedule",
      "Service (business)",
      "Network planning and design",
      "Heuristic",
      "Scheme (mathematics)",
      "Linear programming",
      "Integer programming",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Operations research",
      "Exploit"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 47,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191261520304021/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2954633348",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.ejor.2019.06.032",
    "title": "A Branch-and-Cut-and-Price algorithm for the Multi-trip Separate Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows at Customers and Facilities",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-06-28",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Andrea Bettinelli",
      "Valentina Cacchiani",
      "Teodor Gabriel Crainic",
      "Daniele Vigo"
    ],
    "first_author": "Andrea Bettinelli",
    "venue": "European Journal of Operational Research",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Pickup",
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Column generation",
      "Branch and cut",
      "Operations research",
      "Service (business)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Algorithm",
      "Integer programming"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 35,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0377221719305259?via%3Dihub"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3042054787",
    "doi": "10.33042/2522-1809-2020-3-156-2-7",
    "title": "EFFECTIVENESS OF DELIVERY TRANSPORTATION PROCESS WHILE USING ELECTRIC FREIGHT VEHICLE",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-07-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mariia Olkhova",
      "Dmytro Roslavtsev",
      "A. Mykhalenko"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mariia Olkhova",
    "venue": "Municipal economy of cities",
    "publisher": "O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv",
    "abstract": "The paper is devoted to determining the efficiency of the transport process for the delivery of confectionery products within the city. Comparing electric and diesel type of freight vehicles it was made conclusions about the advantages of choosing a mode of freight transport in Kharkiv. Keywords: city logistics, electric freight vehicle, route, transportation.",
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Traffic management",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Mode (computer interface)",
      "Diesel fuel",
      "Electric vehicle",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 4,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://khg.kname.edu.ua/index.php/khg/article/download/5590/5509"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2765612629",
    "doi": "10.3926/jiem.2116",
    "title": "Solution approach for a large scale personnel transport system for a large company in Latin America",
    "year": 2017,
    "publication_date": "2017-10-26",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Eduardo-Arturo Garzón-Garnica",
      "Santiago‐Omar Caballero‐Morales",
      "José Luis Martínez Flores"
    ],
    "first_author": "Eduardo-Arturo Garzón-Garnica",
    "venue": "Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management",
    "publisher": "OmniaScience",
    "abstract": "Purpose: The present paper focuses on the modelling and solution of a large-scale personnel transportation system in Mexico where many routes and vehicles are currently used to service 525 points. The routing system proposed can be applied to many cities in the Latin-American region.Design/methodology/approach: This system was modelled as a VRP model considering the use of real-world transit times, and the fact that routes start at the farthest point from the destination center. Experiments were performed on different sized sets of service points. As the size of the instances was increased, the performance of the heuristic method was assessed in comparison with the results of an exact algorithm, the results remaining very close between both. When the size of the instance was full-scale and the exact algorithm took too much time to solve the problem, then the heuristic algorithm provided a feasible solution. Supported by the validation with smaller scale instances, where the difference between both solutions was close to a 6%, the full –scale solution obtained with the heuristic algorithm was considered to be within that same range.Findings: The proposed modelling and solving method provided a solution that would produce significant savings in the daily operation of the routes.Originality/value: The urban distribution of the cities in Latin America is unique to other regions in the world. The general layout of the large cities in this region includes a small town center, usually antique, and a somewhat disordered outer region. The lack of a vehicle-centered urban planning poses distinct challenges for vehicle routing problems in the region. The use of a heuristic VRP combined with the results of an exact VRP, allowed the obtention of an improved routing plan specific to the requirements of the region.",
    "keywords": [
      "Heuristic",
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Point (geometry)",
      "Service (business)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Operations research",
      "Originality",
      "Range (aeronautics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Transport engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 5,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://www.jiem.org/index.php/jiem/article/download/2116/827"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2228550115",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Constrained Vehicle Routing and speed optimization Problem (CVRsoP) for electric vehicles.",
    "year": 2015,
    "publication_date": "2015-07-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Maud Bay",
      "Sabine Limbourg"
    ],
    "first_author": "Maud Bay",
    "venue": "ORBi (University of Liège)",
    "publisher": "University of Liège",
    "abstract": "One of the goals of the EU is to achieve essentially CO2-free city logistics in major urban centers by developing and deploying new and sustainable fuels and propulsion systems. To meet European air quality standards, authorities of some major European cities have already introduced Low Emissions Zones where access to urban areas is limited to freight vehicles that satisfy certain emissions limits. This paper, therefore, copes with zero-emission last mile delivery.",
    "keywords": [
      "Propulsion",
      "Zero emission",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Air quality index",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Business",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Engineering",
      "Meteorology",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/182055"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2161743231",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Impact of generalized travel costs on satellite location in two-echelon VRP",
    "year": 2011,
    "publication_date": "2011-01-01",
    "type": "other",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Teodor Gabriel Crainic",
      "Simona Mancini",
      "Guido Perboli",
      "Roberto Tadei"
    ],
    "first_author": "Teodor Gabriel Crainic",
    "venue": "PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino)",
    "publisher": "Politecnico di Torino",
    "abstract": "In this paper we address the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-VRP), the variant of VRP where freight is delivered from depots to intermediate satellites, and then it is delivered to customers while minimizing the total routing costs of the overall Two-Echelon network.The goal of this work is to address more realistic situations in urban freight delivery where the travel costs are not only given by distances, but also by other components, like fixed costs for using the arcs, operational costs, and environmental costs.In more detail, our scope is twofold.First, we introduce a generalized travel cost able to combine the different issues (operational, environmental, congestion based).Second, we analyze how the different components of the generalized travel cost affect the satellite location in the 2E-VRP and whether the Two-Echelon approach dominates the Single-Echelon one.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Scope (computer science)",
      "Travel time",
      "Computer science",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Total cost",
      "Engineering",
      "Business",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 2,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://porto.polito.it/2464186/"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4286562077",
    "doi": "10.1007/s00500-022-07325-z",
    "title": "VRP in urban areas to optimize costs while mitigating environmental impact",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-07-22",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Carmine Cerrone",
      "Anna Franca Sciomachen"
    ],
    "first_author": "Carmine Cerrone",
    "venue": "Soft Computing",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": "Nowadays, the need to think about sustainable mobility, both goods and people, is widely recognized. For this reason, many recent papers have moved in this direction. In this context, particular attention is now devoted to urban mobility, mainly from a smart city perspective. The present work focuses on sustainable urban freight distribution and proposes a variant of the VRP, which presents some innovative aspects. The goal is to minimize the routes' cost components, including traveling and external costs due to environmental issues, depending on the chosen vehicles and the different urban streets to cross. In addition, restrictions on the maximum duration of each route to ensure frequent sanitation of vehicles used for deliveries, as required from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, are imposed. The distribution network is modeled by a weighted digraph for which some properties are proved. To face the problem, we present a mixed-integer linear programming model, a math-heuristic associated with it, and a memetic algorithm approach. The results of the reported computational experimentation with random instances specifically tailored for the problem show the efficiency of the proposed methods. Further, test cases based on data of the distribution network of two B2C companies operating in the city of Genoa, Italy, proved the effective application of the proposed methods in the direction of sustainable urban distribution plans.",
    "keywords": [
      "Environmental impact assessment",
      "Computer science",
      "Environmental science",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Ecology",
      "Biology"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 11,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00500-022-07325-z.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4296834250",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4226819",
    "title": "E-Cargo Bikes as a Route to Decarbonise Urban Deliveries",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Faheem Ahmed Malik",
      "Robert Egan",
      "Conor Dowling",
      "Brian Michael Caulfield"
    ],
    "first_author": "Faheem Ahmed Malik",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Air cargo",
      "Business",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Operations management",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4226819"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4242688467",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-07124-4_55",
    "title": "City Logistics",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-01-01",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jaume Barceló",
      "Hanna Grzybowska",
      "Jesús Arturo Orozco"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jaume Barceló",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Business"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07124-4_55"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2973097832",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.wombi.2019.07.177",
    "title": "Female pelvic shape: time to dispel the myth of Caldwell and Moloy classification",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-09-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Lesley J. Kuliukas",
      "Algis Kuliukas",
      "Daniel Franklin",
      "Ambika Flavell"
    ],
    "first_author": "Lesley J. Kuliukas",
    "venue": "Women and Birth",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Reliability (semiconductor)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Interval (graph theory)",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "A priori and a posteriori",
      "Reliability engineering",
      "Simulation",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.07.177"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3197398929",
    "doi": "10.1109/mt-its49943.2021.9529313",
    "title": "An innovative approach to connect parcel delivery operations with urban congestion",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-06-16",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Allister Loder",
      "Thomas G. Otte"
    ],
    "first_author": "Allister Loder",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Journey speeds, which include driving and stopping, are important parameters for the vehicle routing calculations of any pick-up and delivery service. So far, journey speeds have predominantly been considered as exogenous and invariant to the interaction effects with multi-modal traffic. With growing fleet sizes, the resulting journey speeds can become endogenous in the vehicle routing as they result from the decisions of various multi-modal actors. Thus, proper speed predictions are essential for the delivery service quality and related business decisions. This paper proposes an innovative approach based on the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) to describe multi-modal interactions in the endogenous and dynamic evolution of congestion for bi-modal traffic of cars and urban freight vehicles (UFV) for parcel delivery. The approach is abstract and can be applied to any pick-up and delivery service. It helps cities to derive urban freight transport strategies and businesses to make better decisions. March 15, 2021",
    "keywords": [
      "Modal",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Service (business)",
      "City logistics",
      "Modal shift",
      "Quality of service",
      "Operations research",
      "Service quality"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 3,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/mt-its49943.2021.9529313"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125802898",
    "doi": "10.62051/ijgem.v10n1.07",
    "title": "Electric Vehicle Routing Optimization Oriented to Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Review and Future Trends",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-27",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Shiqi Zhang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Shiqi Zhang",
    "venue": "International Journal of Global Economics and Management",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "With increasingly stringent environmental constraints and the rapid growth of urban logistics demand, electric vehicles (EVs) have become an important component of urban delivery systems due to their low-carbon, energy-efficient, and low-noise characteristics. However, limited driving range, charging requirements, and the uneven spatial distribution of charging infrastructure make the electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) significantly more complex than conventional vehicle routing problems, posing new challenges to logistics operations and traffic management. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on EV routing optimization, covering route planning, charging strategy coordination, mixed fleet operations, and charging infrastructure deployment. Meanwhile, the rapid development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has provided new technical support for EV routing optimization. By leveraging real-time traffic information, data sharing, and intelligent dispatching, ITS enhances the adaptability and responsiveness of routing decisions, thereby improving delivery efficiency and reducing energy consumption and emissions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV routing optimization oriented to ITS, systematically summarizing key research issues and application scenarios. Future development trends related to technological integration, infrastructure planning, and system-level coordination are also discussed, providing insights for the development of efficient, low-carbon, and sustainable urban logistics and transportation systems.",
    "keywords": [
      "Adaptability",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Intelligent transportation system",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Energy consumption",
      "Electric vehicle",
      "Component (thermodynamics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://ijgem.org/index.php/ojs/article/download/277/275"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7130260014",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Last Mile Delivery in City Logistics Under Route Duration Penalties",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-09-08",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Burak Koksal",
      "Ayse Akbalik",
      "Simon Belieres",
      "Nicolas Jozefowiez",
      "Anass Nagih"
    ],
    "first_author": "Burak Koksal",
    "venue": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)",
    "publisher": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique",
    "abstract": "International audience",
    "keywords": [
      "Duration (music)",
      "Mile",
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "Work (physics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05512524"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4282833220",
    "doi": "10.1177/03611981221093620",
    "title": "Using Large-Scale Drone Data to Monitor and Assess the Behavior of Freight Vehicles on Urban Level",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-06-14",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Allister Loder",
      "Thomas G. Otte",
      "Klaus Bogenberger"
    ],
    "first_author": "Allister Loder",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board",
    "publisher": "SAGE Publishing",
    "abstract": "Compared with public transport operations, urban freight traffic and its associated delivery operations seem to be frequently overlooked in urban traffic management and traffic flow theory. One explanation for this is certainly the lack of available data, as the competitive freight transport market is fragmented and several actors are unwilling to collect or share tactical and operational data. In this study, we use the unique pNEUMA drone data set from Athens, Greece, to shed light on urban freight operations. We discuss macroscopic traffic indicators in a multimodal context. As the vehicle stopping behavior can adversely influence traffic flow, we reveal the stopping behavior of the different modes represented in the data set using clustering techniques. We find that urban freight vehicles’ stopping frequency lies between the stopping frequencies of cars and buses. We reveal the distribution of stopping times for loading and unloading stops in Athens to have a mean of around 380 seconds. Clustering all loading and unloading stops further reveals three groups of loading and unloading stops that could be labeled by incorporating knowledge and expertise about local particularities. The limited flight time of drones, owing to their battery capacities, did not allow reconstruction of longer vehicle routes, such as an entire vehicle tour within the network. However, this could be addressed in future research by realizing continuous large-scale monitoring routines. The revealed vehicle behavior parameters can be used in traffic models to generate further insights into the impacts of urban freight transport to inform public sector decision makers.",
    "keywords": [
      "Drone",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Cluster analysis",
      "Traffic flow (computer networking)",
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Public transport",
      "Set (abstract data type)",
      "Computer science",
      "Traffic management",
      "Flow network",
      "Operations research"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 5,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221093620"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3046177484",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2020.102040",
    "title": "Efficient loading and unloading operations via a booking system",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-07-29",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Andrea Mor",
      "Maria Grazia Speranza",
      "José Manuel Viegas"
    ],
    "first_author": "Andrea Mor",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Management system",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Operations research",
      "Business",
      "Operations management",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 30,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1191139"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391258698",
    "doi": "10.3390/su16031060",
    "title": "Integrating Cargo Bikes and Drones into Last-Mile Deliveries: Insights from Pilot Deliveries in Five Greek Cities",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-01-26",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Κωνσταντίνος Αθανασόπουλος",
      "Ioannis Chatziioannou",
      "A.-M. Boutsi",
      "Georgios Tsingenopoulos",
      "Sofia Soile",
      "Regina Chliverou",
      "Zoe Petrakou",
      "Efstathios Papanikolaou",
      "Christos Karolemeas",
      "Efthymia Kourmpa",
      "Kalliοpi Papadaki",
      "Eleftheria Tzika",
      "Charalabos Ioannidis",
      "Chryssy Potsiou",
      "Thanos Vlastos"
    ],
    "first_author": "Κωνσταντίνος Αθανασόπουλος",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Currently, there is a growing consensus that the use of more sustainable urban freight transportation has the potential to offer major energy and efficiency benefits which can be achieved through the appropriate combination of cargo bikes and the integration of drones into the urban logistics system. This study presents the results of a stepwise regression analysis that examines the role, benefits, and impact of electric vehicles such as e-bikes, cargo bikes, and drones for intermodal freight transportation in five Greek cities to support the green logistics paradigm. The results show that between routes of almost equal length, the most bicycle-friendly routes, such as routes along pedestrian areas or residential streets, should be avoided, as they reduce delivery speed and increase delivery costs in terms of energy and time expenditure. In addition, priority roads, which usually have higher traffic speeds and more trucks, are preferred by cyclists due to the quality of the road surface, even though the feeling of safety is lower on such roads. Finally, regarding drones, energy consumption is relatively low in the 0–5 mph and 6–10 mph wind speed ranges, indicating efficient energy use. In the 11–15 mph and 16–20 mph wind speed ranges, energy efficiency is significantly lower than the battery capacity, indicating that the cargo drone exhibits excessive energy consumption under these conditions.",
    "keywords": [
      "Mile",
      "Drone",
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "Aeronautics",
      "Business",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Geography",
      "Engineering",
      "Operations management",
      "Agricultural economics",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 21,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/3/1060/pdf?version=1706241861"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3177976413",
    "doi": "10.1142/s0217595921500342",
    "title": "Two-Stage Heuristic Algorithm Proposal for Urban E-Commerce Deliveries",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-07-06",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mehmet Karaoğlu",
      "Gökhan Kara"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mehmet Karaoğlu",
    "venue": "Asia Pacific Journal of Operational Research",
    "publisher": "World Scientific",
    "abstract": "In today’s intensive competition conditions, it is an inevitable necessity for the companies operating in the e-commerce sector to manage their physical distribution processes efficiently and effectively. The most important step in e-commerce logistics processes is the last step delivery operations in the city. In order for these operations to be carried out quickly and efficiently, delivery vehicles and personnel must be optimally led. These problems, referred to as vehicle routing problem (VRP) in the literature, include determining the least cost routes that vehicles will cover to meet customer needs. In this study, the urban delivery problems of the enterprises operating in the online retail sector are examined. In line with these problems, VRP for urban e-commerce deliveries has been modified; open, multi-depot, distribution aggregation, time-window VRP is discussed. A mathematical model for the modified VRP has been developed and a new heuristic algorithm consisting of two stages has been developed for large-scale problems. The developed algorithm was tested on three different cases. The results are compared with the solution of the nearest neighbor method and the performance of the proposed algorithm is presented.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Heuristic",
      "E-commerce",
      "Operations research",
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Algorithm",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Engineering",
      "Artificial intelligence",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 3,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217595921500342"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410599982",
    "doi": "10.3390/math13111698",
    "title": "Advanced Vehicle Routing for Electric Fleets Using DPCGA: Addressing Charging and Traffic Constraints",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-05-22",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yuehan Zheng",
      "Hao Chang",
      "Peng Yu",
      "Taofeng Ye",
      "Ying Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yuehan Zheng",
    "venue": "Mathematics",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), urban logistics faces increasing challenges in optimizing vehicle routing. This paper presents a new modeling framework for the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP), where multiple electric trucks serve a set of customers within their capacity limits. The model incorporates critical EV-specific constraints, including limited battery range, charging demand, and dynamic urban traffic conditions, with the objective of minimizing total delivery cost. To efficiently solve this problem, a Dual Population Cooperative Genetic Algorithm (DPCGA) is proposed. The algorithm employs a dual-population mechanism for global exploration, effectively expanding the search space and accelerating convergence. It then introduces local refinement operators to improve solution quality and enhance population diversity. A large number of experimental results demonstrate that DPCGA significantly outperforms traditional algorithms in terms of performance, achieving an average 3% improvement in customer satisfaction and a 15% reduction in computation time. Furthermore, this algorithm shows superior solution quality and robustness compared to the AVNS and ESA-VRPO algorithms, particularly in complex scenarios such as adjustments in charging station layouts and fluctuations in vehicle range. Sensitivity analysis further verifies the stability and practicality of DPCGA in real-world urban delivery environments.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/11/1698/pdf?version=1747905782"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2784121679",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-73758-4_3",
    "title": "A Decision Support System for Optimizing the Last-Mile by Mixing Traditional and Green Logistics",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Guido Perboli",
      "Mariangela Rosano"
    ],
    "first_author": "Guido Perboli",
    "venue": "Lecture notes in business information processing",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Decision support system",
      "City logistics",
      "Pooling",
      "Sustainable development",
      "Identification (biology)",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Last mile (transportation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 23,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73758-4_3"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2620909835",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Behavioural urban freight modelling: exploring effects of policies on an urban freight distribution system",
    "year": 2016,
    "publication_date": "2016-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Elnaz Irannezhad",
      "Mark D. Hickman"
    ],
    "first_author": "Elnaz Irannezhad",
    "venue": "Transport Research Forum",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The importance of freight systems to the economy, environment, and modern life necessitates study and research in this field. This paper presents a framework to gain insight into the behavioural underpinnings that affect decision making in the freight sector. The objective of this research is to investigate the interaction of key actors in the inland import/export container market in Brisbane. This study addresses several decisions made in the freight distribution system including optimising the shipment size, using distribution/consolidation centre, mode/vehicle and route choices. In this framework, the supply chain is modelled using an agent-based approach, in which the decisions of the key actors are captured in an integrated, disaggregate, and distributed system. The agents include shippers, distribution/consolidation agents, rail carriers, road carriers, and customers. The proposed framework incorporates five major decisions in the supply chain. In the first model, shippers and customers negotiate on the size and frequency of shipments based on minimizing total logistics cost. In the second model, shippers’ decisions on bundling several shipments are captured, in light of carriers’ prices and services as well as shippers’ storage costs if a shipment is not sent immediately. In the third model, a shipper’s choice to use a distribution or consolidation centre can be modelled, in light of shipment bundling, handling costs, and economies that may be realised from carriers, for given commodities and within given time slots. This interacts with the fourth model, capturing the competition between road and rail carriers in the shipper’s choice of transport mode. Finally, road carriers then face the decision of the routes for commercial vehicles that meet these time slots (“time-windows”) for each commodity.",
    "keywords": [
      "Consolidation (business)",
      "Supply chain",
      "Traffic management",
      "Negotiation",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Industrial organization",
      "Competition (biology)",
      "Business",
      "Mode choice",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Operations research",
      "Marketing"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:685069/ATRF2016.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4376456745",
    "doi": "10.1109/tits.2023.3271430",
    "title": "Logistics in the Sky: A Two-Phase Optimization Approach for the Drone Package Pickup and Delivery System",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-05-11",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Fangyu Hong",
      "Guohua Wu",
      "Qizhang Luo",
      "Huan Liu",
      "Xiaoping Fang",
      "Witold Pedrycz"
    ],
    "first_author": "Fangyu Hong",
    "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems",
    "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",
    "abstract": "The application of drones in last-mile distribution has been a contentious research topic in recent years. Existing urban distribution modes mostly depend on trucks. This paper proposes a novel package pickup and delivery mode and system wherein multiple drones collaborate with automatic devices. The proposed mode uses free areas on top of residential buildings to set automatic devices as delivery and pickup points of packages, and employs drones to transport packages between buildings and depots. The integrated scheduling problem of package drop-pickup considering${m}$-drones,${m}$-depots, and${m}$-customers is crucial for the system. Therefore, we propose a simulated-annealing-based two-phase optimization (SATO) approach to solve this problem. In the first phase, tasks are allocated to depots for serving, such that the initial problem is decomposed into multiple single-depot scheduling problems with${m}$-drone. In the second phase, considering the drone capability and task demand constraints, we generated a route-planning scheme for drones in each depot. Concurrently, an improved variable neighborhood descent (IVND) algorithm was designed in the first phase to reallocate tasks, and a local search (LS) algorithm was proposed to search for high-quality solutions in the second phase. Finally, extensive experiments and comparative studies were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",
    "keywords": [
      "Drone",
      "Notation",
      "Pickup",
      "Simulated annealing",
      "Computer science",
      "Mathematics",
      "Algorithm",
      "Artificial intelligence",
      "Arithmetic"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 63,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3271430"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2119334962",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "TOUR-BASED ENTROPY MAXIMIZATION FORMULATIONS OF URBAN COMMERCIAL VEHICLE MOVEMENTS",
    "year": 2008,
    "publication_date": "2008-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Qian Wang",
      "José Holguín‐Veras"
    ],
    "first_author": "Qian Wang",
    "venue": "EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CONFERENCE 2008; PROCEEDINGS",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "In recent years, one of the unique features of urban commercial vehicle movements, i.e., trip chaining behavior, has been receiving more attention. As has been found by some researchers, commercial vehicles tend to make long tours composed of multiple trips, and these trips made on a tour are interrelated according to the underlying logistic decisions. This attribute breaks down the typical assumption of the traditional four-step approach that postulates that trips are made independently and trips between an origin-destination (OD) pair are only related to the zonal attributes and the travel cost of the corresponding OD pair. Therefore, new paradigms of freight transportation models considering tours are needed for freight demand forecasting. In order to address this feature, a handful of tour-based models have been formulated for urban freight movements. Most of these formulations modeled commercial vehicle tours in the disaggregate level: tours are simulated either by solving a vehicle routing problem or by using the probabilities generated by a set of discrete choice models. These disaggregate models, on one hand, are capable of capturing the underlying decision making processes behind vehicle operations. On the other hand, they have some limitations that hurdle their applications, particularly in large cities. These include the expensive procedures required for collecting tour diary data, the enormous time consumed for computation, and the strong committal to the specific assumptions made for logistic operations. In contrast to the disaggregate approach, the aggregate tour-based approach can be used as an alternative way to forecast urban freight movements, considering its less consumption of input data, less requirement of computational time, and less committal to behavioral assumptions. However, little contribution has been made in this direction. This research is based on the use of entropy maximization. The approach assumes that when no enough information is available about the behaviour of individual commercial vehicle tours, the individual tours are equally probable unless information is available to the contrary; and of all the feasible ways to distribute tours to the road network, the most probable ones would be those that can be generated in the greatest number of ways under the constraints of the known aggregate information. Based on this assumption, the resulting entropy formulations are aimed to find the most likely set of tours that meet the systems constraints such as the trip production of each node, the trip attraction of each node and the total costs of the entire network. For a tour made in a network, its cost is composed of the travel cost in each trip and the handling cost in each stop. The two types of cost components may have the same or different effects on tours generated. Considering this, two entropy maximization formulations are introduced. The first formulation includes only one cost constraint, the total cost which is the summation of the total travel cost and the total handling cost, while the second one uses the total travel cost and the total handling cost separately as the cost constraints. Two types of conditions, the first and second order conditions, are derived to gain insight from the entropy maximization formulations. The first-order conditions (Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions) show that the number of tours in each node sequence is a linear combination of the Lagrange multipliers associated with the trip productions and attractions along that node sequence, and the tour cost factors. The second-order conditions indicate that the formulation is a convex program with a convex objective function and a set of linear constraints. Given the convexity, this paper chooses the primal-dual interior method for optimization programs with convex objectives (PDCO) as the solution algorithm, considering its efficiency in solving large-scale entropy problems. The proposed formulation is applied to the Denver region. The estimation results indicate that the entropy maximization formulation is a feasible and efficient way to accommodate the commercial vehicle tours into the aggregate freight demand modeling. The estimated tours closely match the observed ones with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) as 6.71% for the first formulation and 6.61% for the second formulation. As the consequence of the good match obtained, the estimated tour length distribution resembles the observed one as well. For the covering abstract see ITRD E145999",
    "keywords": [
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "Entropy maximization",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Trip distribution",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Set (abstract data type)",
      "Principle of maximum entropy",
      "Engineering",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 13,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/924162"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413152319",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jpubtr.2025.100133",
    "title": "A framework to organize public transport-based crowdshipping",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Meijing Zhang",
      "Lynette W. Cheah"
    ],
    "first_author": "Meijing Zhang",
    "venue": "Journal of Public Transportation",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Crowdshipping is an urban freight solution that involves members of the public to fulfill parcel deliveries, ideally along their precommitted journeys. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework to organize public transport-based crowdshipping by integrating the use of parcel lockers. This approach allows transit passengers to serve as crowdshippers, ensuring that parcel delivery demand aligns with crowdshipper availability, while considering locker capacity constraints. The framework involves formulating and solving parcel assignment and vehicle routing problems, incorporating matching for parcels and lockers, and using an iterative heuristic algorithm for optimal locker selection. The feasibility of the framework is demonstrated using real-world data, revealing significant benefits. With crowdshipping, a carrier can reduce delivery vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) and associated air emissions by up to 30%. This reduction only requires redirecting less than 9% of parcels to crowdshippers. Crowdshipping utilizing public transport has good potential to fulfill urban deliveries in a sustainable manner.",
    "keywords": [
      "Public transport",
      "Computer science",
      "Process management",
      "Business",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubtr.2025.100133"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4313129872",
    "doi": "10.52202/065147-0152",
    "title": "Fleet Management and Routing Problem of An Urban Freight With A Mixed Fleet of Electric and Fuel Vehicles",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jinyi Zhang",
      "Wen Yang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jinyi Zhang",
    "venue": "10th International Symposium on Project Management (ISPM2022)",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Fleet management",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic management",
      "Computer science",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.52202/065147-0152"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124156971",
    "doi": "10.4324/9781003658856-4",
    "title": "Urban Freight Management with ITS",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-14",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ish Kumar",
      "Vinay Maitri"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ish Kumar",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban freight activity is growing in scale and complexity, which places new demands on planning, operations, and policy. This chapter examines how Intelligent Transport Systems can support more efficient, reliable, and sustainable freight logistics in cities. It presents a layered architecture that links sensing, communications, data processing, and decision support so that operational data can be turned into timely actions. Data flow and interoperability requirements are outlined with attention to standards, middleware, and security that enable trusted information exchange among diverse actors. The chapter then describes the role of multi-criteria decision-making for balancing cost, service, environmental, and regulatory goals, and shows how these evaluations can be coupled with predictive and prescriptive analytics. Geographic Information Systems and digital twins are introduced as tools for spatial insight and safe testing of strategies before deployment. Two cases illustrate practice: dynamic routing at parcel scale and city-level digital twin applications. The chapter closes with barriers to integration and adoption, and proposes directions for policy and implementation.",
    "keywords": [
      "Interoperability",
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Decision support system",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Information flow",
      "Information exchange",
      "Geographic information system",
      "Data exchange",
      "Information system"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003658856-4"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124160195",
    "doi": "10.4324/9781003658856-11",
    "title": "Digital Transformation in Sustainable Urban Freight",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-14",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ish Kumar",
      "Vinay Maitri"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ish Kumar",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "This chapter explains how digital transformation can support sustainable urban freight. It reviews practical tools that give continuous visibility and control across the last mile, including Internet of Things (IoT) sensing, real-time platforms, predictive analytics, digital twins, and Urban Freight Control Centres (UFCC). It then examines spatial strategies such as urban consolidation centres (UCCs) and micro-hubs, and regulatory instruments like low emission and zero emission zones. The discussion shows how these elements work best as integrated packages that couple physical reconfiguration with data-informed decision-making and clear governance. Evidence from Europe and India illustrates measurable gains in reliability, emissions, and curbside performance, while also revealing limits created by fragmented responsibilities, financing gaps, and data rights concerns. Case studies from London, Paris, New York, Tokyo, and Delhi highlight different sequencing pathways and the enabling role of incentives, charging infrastructure, and public–private partnerships. The chapter concludes with practical guidance for policy and implementation, stressing institutional capacity, performance tracking, and inclusive transition support for smaller operators. Overall, digitalization, consolidation, and targeted regulation together offer a realistic route to cleaner and more efficient city logistics.",
    "keywords": [
      "Digital transformation",
      "Sustainability",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Urban planning",
      "Sustainable development"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003658856-11"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3217475559",
    "doi": "10.1287/opre.2021.2145",
    "title": "Data-Driven Robust Resource Allocation with Monotonic Cost Functions",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-12-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ye Chen",
      "Nikola Marković",
      "Ilya O. Ryzhov",
      "Paul  M. Schonfeld"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ye Chen",
    "venue": "Operations Research",
    "publisher": "Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences",
    "abstract": "Using Data to Allocate Resources Efficiently In city logistics systems, a fleet of vehicles is divided between service regions that function autonomously. Each region finds optimal routes for its own fleet and incurs costs accordingly. More vehicles lead to lower costs, but the trade-off is that fewer vehicles are left for other regions. Costs are difficult to quantify precisely because of demand uncertainty but can be estimated using data. The paper “Data-driven robust resource allocation with monotonic cost functions” by Chen, Marković, Ryzhov, and Schonfeld develops a principled risk-averse approach for two-stage resource allocation. The authors propose a new uncertainty model for decreasing cost functions and show how it can be leveraged to efficiently find resource allocations that demonstrably reduce the frequency of high-cost scenarios. This framework combines statistics and optimization in a novel way and is applicable to a general class of resource allocation problems, encompassing facility location, vehicle routing, and discrete-event simulation.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Resource allocation",
      "Operations research",
      "Resource (disambiguation)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Monotonic function",
      "Function (biology)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Robust optimization",
      "Service (business)",
      "Cost allocation",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 7,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2021.2145"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204308255",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "An Optimization Model for Efficient Urban Distribution Route Planning",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-05-22",
    "type": "dissertation",
    "language": "es",
    "authors": [
      "Sofia Henao Escruceria",
      "Sebastian Jaimes Crawford",
      "David Aguirre Polanco",
      "Maria Rojas Chacon"
    ],
    "first_author": "Sofia Henao Escruceria",
    "venue": "Repositorio Institucional (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana)",
    "publisher": "Pontificia Universidad Javeriana",
    "abstract": "La distribución urbana minorista en Bogotá requiere una planeación diaria de rutas bajo condiciones de demanda dinámica, alta congestión vehicular, ventanas de tiempo estrictas para los clientes, limitaciones en los muelles de carga, flotas heterogéneas, operaciones de recolección y entrega, y restricciones en las jornadas laborales de los conductores. Este proyecto propone el diseño de una herramienta computacional de apoyo a la toma de decisiones para mejorar la eficiencia del enrutamiento urbano de distribución bajo estas condiciones operativas. Se desarrolló un modelo de programación lineal entera mixta con el objetivo de minimizar los costos totales de operación, incluyendo utilización de vehículos, tiempos de espera, penalizaciones por llegadas tempranas o tardías, violaciones de capacidad, conflictos en muelles de carga y excedentes en el tiempo de retorno al depósito. El modelo matemático fue formulado y validado en AMPL, empleando Gurobi para la resolución exacta del problema de optimización. Posteriormente, se desarrolló en Python un enfoque híbrido basado en Algoritmo Genético y Recocido Simulado, para generar soluciones de alta calidad en instancias de gran tamaño, donde los métodos exactos presentan limitaciones computacionales. La herramienta fue integrada en una interfaz desarrollada en Streamlit y conectada con OSRM para la estimación de distancias sobre la red vial y la visualización geográfica de las rutas. El enfoque propuesto obtuvo soluciones factibles en menos de una hora y alcanzó resultados competitivos frente a soluciones óptimas en instancias de referencia, manteniendo además escalabilidad para escenarios operativos reales. Asimismo, la herramienta desarrollada brinda soporte operativo mediante la visualización y análisis de rutas, horarios, utilización de recursos y costos de distribución, facilitando la toma de decisiones tácticas y operativas.",
    "keywords": [
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Urban policy"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10554/74426"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407570431",
    "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2502.08403",
    "title": "Solving Large-Scale Two-Echelon Location Routing Problems in City Logistics",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-02-12",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Banu Ulusoy Dereli",
      "Gerhard Hiermann",
      "Maximilian Schiffer"
    ],
    "first_author": "Banu Ulusoy Dereli",
    "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)",
    "publisher": "Cornell University",
    "abstract": "Logistic service providers increasingly focus on two-echelon distribution systems to efficiently manage thousands of deliveries in urban environments. Effectively operating such systems requires designing cost-efficient delivery networks while addressing the challenges of increasing e-commerce demands. In this context, we focus on a two-echelon location routing problem with mobile depots and direct shipment, where decisions involve locating micro-depots, and designing first and second-level routes. Our model also incorporates the flexibility of direct shipments from the main depot to customers. To solve such large-scale problems efficiently, we propose a metaheuristic approach that integrates a set cover problem with an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS). Our ALNS approach generates a set of promising routes and micro-depot locations using destroy and repair operators while using a local search for intensification. We then utilize the set cover problem to find better network configurations. Additionally, we present a decomposition-based cluster-first, route-second approach to solve large-scale instances efficiently. We show the efficacy of our algorithm on well-known benchmark datasets and provide managerial insights based on a case study for the city of Munich. Our decomposition approach provides comparable results while reducing computational times by a factor of 15. Our case study results show that allowing direct shipment can reduce total costs by 4.7% and emissions by 11%, while increasing truck utilizations by 42%. We find that integrating both stationary and mobile micro-depots, along with allowing direct shipments, can reduce total costs by 5.9% compared to traditional two-echelon delivery structures.",
    "keywords": [
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer science",
      "Facility location problem",
      "Business",
      "Operations research",
      "Operations management",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.08403"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2017414425",
    "doi": "10.1145/2628194.2628198",
    "title": "Poster city logistics",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Norberto Bessa",
      "Dalila B.M.M. Fontes"
    ],
    "first_author": "Norberto Bessa",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "This research aims to help in establishing new legislative directives by testing their impact both on the company profits and on the life of city residents. A case study is developed and conducted in collaboration with the city hall and with eight companies (four freight transport companies and four retailer companies). The impacts are computed by simulating the companies operation under the new legislation and the new routes are used to analyze the impacts on the city traffic, noise, and congestion.",
    "keywords": [
      "Legislation",
      "Legislature",
      "Business",
      "City logistics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Engineering",
      "Geography",
      "Political science"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://repositorio.inesctec.pt/handle/123456789/3694"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W1580071625",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Global Logistics And Distribution Planning: Strategies for Management",
    "year": 1999,
    "publication_date": "1999-04-27",
    "type": "book",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Donald J. Waters"
    ],
    "first_author": "Donald J. Waters",
    "venue": "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    "publisher": "Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    "abstract": "Contents Notes on contributors List of figures List of tables Introduction 1. Development and trends in supply chain management Donald Waters Introduction Changing views of logistics Integration of the supply chain Logistics strategy Trends in logistics Global logistics Measuring performance Improving performance Conclusions 2. New directions in logistics Martin Christopher The emergence of the value-conscious customer Logistics and supply chain management The new competitive framework: the three Rs The organizational challenge Summary 3. Future trends in supply chain management Peter Hines Abstract Introduction Key area 1: more than just lorries and buyers Key area 2: more than just orders and information Key area 3: more than just fast and efficient Key area 4: more than just textbooks and totebins Summary and conclusion 4. Agile supply chain operating environments Remko van Hoek Summary Introduction Agile supply chain principles Operating circumstances requiring agility The categorization for operating environments Conclusion and reflections 5. Time compression in the supply chain Adrian Beesley Time compression and competition What time compression is The time compression approach: competitive advantage The time compression approach: cost advantage 6. Formulating a logistics strategy Nathalie Fabbes-Costes and Jacques Colin Why formulate logistics strategies A conceptual approach to formulating logistics strategy Illustrated typology of possible logistics strategies Strategic action itineraries in logistics Conclusions 7. Thinking strategically about supply chain relationships management: the issue of incentives Glyn Watson, Andrew Cox, Chris Lonsdale and Joe Sanderson Incentivization and the process of exchange Incentivization and the outsourcing dilemma Incentivization and supplier management Conclusion 8. Supply/demand chain management: the next frontier for competitiveness Dag Ericsson The starting point Perceived customer value The evolution of the logistics concept A new perspective E-logistics Process management Supply chain management Demand chain management Demand/supply chain linkages E-nets Conclusions 9. Internet traders can increase profitability by reshaping their supply chains Robert Duncan How Internet traders can take advantage of the opportunities available from streamlined supply chains and distribution networks The establishment of a vision of the future Reviewing business processes and electronic systems The opportunity is waiting to be exploited 10. Organization, the supply chain and IT Philip Schary and Ashok Chandrashekar The path to the Internet The Internet implications Networks and the new players The new organization Concluding remarks 11. Performance measurement and management in the supply chain Alan Braithwaite Introduction Keeping score - a basic management principle The balanced scorecard: the standard for goal setting and measurement The fundamental concepts of supply chain management and measurement 12. Benchmarking in logistics and supply chain management Tim Randall Introduction What benchmarking is A brief history of benchmarking What it can do for you Scoping benchmarking studies Quantitative versus qualitative benchmarking 13. Outsourcing the logistics function Alan McKinnon Introduction Growth of outsourcing Factors promoting outsourcing The process of externalisation Recent trends in the purchase of logistical services Evolving relationship between providers and users of logistical services Conclusion 14. Delivering sustainability through supply chain management Kirstie McKintyre Background Purchasing or procurement Production or manufacturing Use and maintenance Dispose or reuse and recycle Managerial and financial sustainability Conclusion 15. Retail logistics John Fernie Introduction, The evolution of the logistics concept Logistics and competitive strategy in retailing Efficient consumer response (ECR) Differences in logistics 'culture' in international markets Consumer choice and retail formats Manufacturer-retailer relationships Logistics cost structures Role of the third-party contractor The internationalization of logistics practice The future 16. Managing the financial supply chain: scope, services and problems Lars Stemmler 17. Training in logistics David Granville About learning Business trends Development trends Responding to a changing environment The logistics environment Performance development model Learning foundations If you think training is expensive, try ignorance Conclusion 18. City logistics: the continuing search for sustainable solutions Tony Whiteing, Michael Browne and Julian Allen Introduction: the urban logistics dilemma The EC and UK contexts A range of potential urban freight solutions 19. Global enterprise logistics: one tradition ends and another begins Derek Gittoes and Larry Simcox Introduction Global enterprise logistics Global logistics: current issues Case studies Uncovering value within your logistics organization Conclusion 20. The changing supply of logistics services in the UK Colin G Bamford Introduction UK market trends Market structure: a recent oligopoly 'Europe sans frontiers': new market opportunities and threats UK logistics companies in the rest of Europe Other European logistics operators in the United Kingdom Conclusions 21. Global strategy David Hatherall Introduction Requirements for integration Preparing to integrate the supply chain International partnerships Continuous improvement Cultural differences Balancing price, quality and service Conclusions 22. Developments in Western European logistics strategies Michael Browne and Julian Allen Introduction Changes in the demand for logistics services Market structure of logistics service providers Logistics strategies in the European grocery industry Transportation In Europe Opportunities and pressures for logistics providers in a new Europe Concluding remarks 23. Logistics strategies for central and eastern Europe Grzegorz Augustiniak Introd",
    "keywords": [
      "Supply chain",
      "Supply chain management",
      "Process management",
      "Competitive advantage",
      "Agile software development",
      "Service management",
      "Operations management",
      "Outsourcing",
      "Business",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 69,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA61998568"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4315705358",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-20102-8_28",
    "title": "Brainstorming-Based Large Scale Neighborhood Search for Vehicle Routing with Real Travel Time",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jia Liu",
      "Nanqing Guo",
      "Bowen Xue"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jia Liu",
    "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Brainstorming",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Competitor analysis",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Simulation",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20102-8_28"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7214275950",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7525516",
    "title": "Stochastic recharging-access delays in time-dependent electric vehicle routing with connector capacity: Evidence",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Yuting Zhang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yuting Zhang",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Interval (graph theory)",
      "USable",
      "Duration (music)",
      "Constraint (computer-aided design)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Cable gland",
      "Electric vehicle"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7525516"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394620986",
    "doi": "10.1007/s10288-024-00567-7",
    "title": "Optimizing city logistics: analyzing the benefits of a city hub and integrated inventory routing decisions",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-04-09",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Titi Iswari"
    ],
    "first_author": "Titi Iswari",
    "venue": "4OR",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Business",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Economics",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10288-024-00567-7"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2530724946",
    "doi": "10.1287/inte.2016.0854",
    "title": "Strategic Redesign of Urban Mail and Parcel Networks at La Poste",
    "year": 2016,
    "publication_date": "2016-10-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Matthias Winkenbach",
      "Alain Roset",
      "Stefan Spinler"
    ],
    "first_author": "Matthias Winkenbach",
    "venue": "INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics",
    "publisher": "Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences",
    "abstract": "We discuss our development of a decision model that allows La Poste, the French national postal operator, to assess the cost benefits of merging the urban mail and parcel delivery networks, which were run previously as separate entities. Our model, based on a mixed-integer linear program, derives the optimal network structure, including direct delivery, indirect delivery, or a hybrid structure, and provides an approximation of its routing cost. This approach allows us to model realistic large-scale problems. Based on data from the French city of Nantes, we find that merging the mail and parcel delivery networks yields cost benefits of approximately three percent, an amount that proves to be robust under various scenarios we tested. These findings corroborated La Poste management’s expectations of potential cost savings and led to management’s decision to create a new organizational structure in which local managers are responsible for the urban delivery of domestic mail and parcel.",
    "keywords": [
      "Operator (biology)",
      "Economies of scale",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Business",
      "Geography",
      "Marketing",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 33,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.2016.0854"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7115797014",
    "doi": "10.3390/su172411308",
    "title": "Urban Pickup-and-Delivery VRP with Soft Time Windows Under Travel-Time Uncertainty: An Empirical Comparison of Robust and Deterministic Approaches",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-12-17",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Daniel Kubek"
    ],
    "first_author": "Daniel Kubek",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Urban freight pickup-and-delivery services operate in road networks where travel times are highly variable due to congestion, incidents, and operational restrictions. Such variability threatens the punctuality of deliveries and complicates the design of reliable service schedules. This paper examines an urban pickup-and-delivery vehicle routing problem with soft time windows under travel-time uncertainty and provides an empirical comparison of robust and deterministic planning approaches on a real road network. The problem is formulated as a time-dependent pickup-and-delivery VRP with soft time windows, where link travel times are represented by a finite set of scenarios calibrated from observed network conditions. The objective function combines four components that are central to urban freight operations: total travel time, total distance, and penalties for earliness and lateness relative to customer time windows. This structure captures the trade-off between routing efficiency and service quality. On this basis, a robust model is constructed that optimises tour plans with respect to scenario-based worst-case or risk-aggregated costs, while a standard deterministic model minimises the same objective using nominal (average) travel times only. An empirical study on a real urban network compares the deterministic and robust solutions with respect to delivery punctuality, tour length, and time-window violations across a range of demand and variability settings. The results show that robust routing systematically reduces the frequency and magnitude of late deliveries at the expense of only moderate increases in planned distance and travel time. Although energy use and emissions are not modelled explicitly, the improved reliability and reduced need for reactive re-routing indicate a potential to support more reliable and resource-efficient urban freight operations in the context of sustainable city logistics.",
    "keywords": [
      "Punctuality",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Reliability (semiconductor)",
      "Range (aeronautics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Variable (mathematics)",
      "Set (abstract data type)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 1,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/24/11308/pdf?version=1765967760"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3137184349",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100010",
    "title": "An algorithmic approach for sustainable and collaborative logistics: A case study in Greece",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-03-24",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos",
      "Sotiris P. Gayialis",
      "Evripidis P. Kechagias",
      "Georgios Α. Papadopoulos",
      "Ilías P. Tatsiópoulos"
    ],
    "first_author": "Grigorios D. Konstantakopoulos",
    "venue": "International Journal of Information Management Data Insights",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "City logistics have always been significant for companies, since they constitute the last-mile distribution of goods to consumers and retailers. Since the needs of consumers have increased in recent years, the exacerbation of traffic congestion, noise, and pollution in city centers has emerged. Therefore, logistics companies need to implement strategies to maintain their efficiency and accuracy, while simultaneously supporting green logistics. This paper describes a sustainable approach where logistics companies collaborate, by sharing fleet and resources, in the routing and scheduling operations. To estimate the improvements, in terms of pollution and cost reduction, the case where companies operate independently, is compared to the collaborative case. The data exploited in the research, originated from the daily distribution cases, faced by Third-Party Logistics companies in Greece. These daily cases are addressed by a heuristic algorithm, either individually, for studying the way they operate today, or jointly, for determining the collaborative case's advantages.",
    "keywords": [
      "Business",
      "City logistics",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Process management",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Economics",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 23,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667096821000033/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2996863898",
    "doi": "10.23977/jvits.2019.11001",
    "title": "Research on Vehicle Routing Optimization Problem of Urban Real-time Traffic Road Network",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-12-05",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Peng Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Peng Wang",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "In view of the increasingly prominent urban traffic congestion problem, on the basis of comprehensive consideration of distance, load weight, time and fuel-to-cost impact, the problem of time-varying vehicle path optimization is studied, and the method of calculating distribution cost across time domain is proposed to establish cost-oriented Urban distribution optimization model. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of the algorithm, an improved genetic algorithm is adopted, and two sides of the operator are designed successively. Finally, combined with Jingdong's distribution example in Chongqing, the impact of vehicle departure time on cost is analyzed, and the flexibility of path selection is considered and the route is adjusted in time. The example verifies the applicability of the model in urban distribution.",
    "keywords": [
      "Flexibility (engineering)",
      "Computer science",
      "Path (computing)",
      "Genetic algorithm",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.clausiuspress.com/assets/default/article/2019/12/04/article_1575507733.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2027489870",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.030",
    "title": "Implementing High Productivity Freight Vehicles in Urban Areas",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-10-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Russell George Thompson",
      "Kim Peter Hassall"
    ],
    "first_author": "Russell George Thompson",
    "venue": "Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "Many urban areas are experiencing growing levels of traffic congestion and increased freight demand due to population growth, globalization and contemporary logistics systems. High Productivity Freight Vehicles (HPFVs) are large combination vehicles that offer significant benefits for lowering costs, improving safety and protecting the environment by reducing the number of truck movements in cities that would otherwise be needed. This paper describes how HPFV are being implemented in Australian urban areas within the Performance Based Standards (PBS) framework to allow better use of existing urban freight networks. PBS is a flexible non-prescription framework for regulating the weight and dimensions as well as network access of road freight vehicles. This paper presents details of case studies used to estimate the productivity gains from operating PBS vehicles in urban areas. A range of PBS vehicles have been identified as being suitable for urban freight operations including Super B-doubles and rigid trucks. This paper demonstrates how the productivity gains from PBS vehicles operating in urban areas can be estimated. The results of simulations of a number of freight networks for specific commodities are presented. The analysis presented shows that substantial benefits can be achieved by the take-up of PBS vehicles in urban freight networks. Case studies show a lowering of several key freight exposure metrics, which involve kilometres, trips, task travel times and vehicle numbers. A description of the HPFV route assessment process as well as the Intelligent Access Program (IAP) is also presented. The route assessment process is used to examine the road geometry and pavement conditions for the first and last mile access. The IAP uses the Global Position System (i.e. GPS) to monitor heavy vehicles’ compliance with access conditions.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Truck",
      "Productivity",
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 11,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281405472X/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7108998700",
    "doi": "10.1504/ijor.2025.10075016",
    "title": "Heuristic for Multi-Workday Urban Delivery Routing with Post-Routing Ergonomic Workforce Scheduling Problem",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Tarit Rattanamanee",
      "Suebsak Nanthavanij",
      "Aussadavut Dumrongsiri"
    ],
    "first_author": "Tarit Rattanamanee",
    "venue": "International Journal of Operational Research",
    "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers",
    "abstract": "Inderscience is a global company, a dynamic leading independent journal publisher disseminates the latest research across the broad fields of science, engineering and technology; management, public and business administration; environment, ecological economics and sustainable development; computing, ICT and internet/web services, and related areas.",
    "keywords": [
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Workforce",
      "Heuristic",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Job shop scheduling",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Workforce planning"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijor.2025.10075016"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379619095",
    "doi": "10.4337/9781800370258.00030",
    "title": "New urban freight developments and land use",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-06-06",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "André Romano Alho",
      "Takanori Sakai",
      "Giacomo Dalla Chiara"
    ],
    "first_author": "André Romano Alho",
    "venue": "Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks",
    "publisher": "Edward Elgar Publishing",
    "abstract": "Urban freight denotes vehicle and commodity flows in an urban environment. These flows depend on a complex set of relationships among various stakeholders. In the last decades, urban freight has experienced an incredible pace of evolution, which has occurred due to various technological factors. One example is the ubiquity of internet access and the advance in information technology, leading to e-commerce adoption. Another is the development of algorithms to forecast demand, design and maintain supply chains and plan vehicle routes. In this chapter, we summarize critical changes in urban freight developments and land use. We highlight the interactions between passenger and freight travel, the recent shifts in freight flows and associated planning needs.",
    "keywords": [
      "Pace",
      "Commodity",
      "Plan (archaeology)",
      "Traffic management",
      "Transport engineering",
      "The Internet",
      "Business",
      "Supply chain",
      "Land use",
      "Urban planning",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800370258.00030"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406752813",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2025.104610",
    "title": "Optimizing drone logistics in complex urban industrial infrastructure",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-23",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Tomasz Dudek",
      "Karolina Kaśkosz"
    ],
    "first_author": "Tomasz Dudek",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Drone",
      "Business",
      "City logistics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Critical infrastructure",
      "Engineering",
      "Aeronautics",
      "Computer science",
      "Computer security"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 26,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104610"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W19884720",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Model of urban freight transportation in agglomerations",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-01-01",
    "type": "dissertation",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Radim Vecera"
    ],
    "first_author": "Radim Vecera",
    "venue": "scholarworks - UTEP (The University of Texas at El Paso)",
    "publisher": "The University of Texas at El Paso",
    "abstract": "This thesis introduces the role of urban freight transportation in global economies and its negative environmental impacts. Because the volume of urban freight is continually increasing sustainable measurements have to be implemented during all phases of transportation planning and operation processes. The thesis is mainly focused on waste collection, as it is an often neglected part of urban freight transportation. Since urban areas are growing the waste collection is starting to be complex problem which is difficult to manage. Therefore different types of optimization software are used to improve the whole process. In this thesis TransCAD software is used to perform an arc routing optimization in the north part of El Paso, Texas, U.S. The results are compared with current waste collection route used by the City of El Paso to see if TransCAD is a suitable software for routing optimization.",
    "keywords": [
      "Urban agglomeration",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Business",
      "Economic geography",
      "Geography",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/dissertations/AAI1557800"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7120683737",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "A location-routing model for urban distribution centers based on the cluster -first route- second method.",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-11-17",
    "type": "dissertation",
    "language": "pt",
    "authors": [
      "Fabiana Takebayashi"
    ],
    "first_author": "Fabiana Takebayashi",
    "venue": "LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)",
    "publisher": "LA Referencia",
    "abstract": "O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um modelo de localização de centros intermediários de consolidação e redistribuição de cargas em um ambiente urbano brasileiro. O método integra o TransCAD e o OpenSolver e é aplicado à cidade de Curitiba, uma das dez mais populosas do Brasil. O método proposto é caracterizado como um modelo de localização-roteirização baseado em agrupamento e subsequente roteirização, identificado na literatura por cluster-first routesecond; a adoção deste ordenamento permite tratar o problema para o atendimento de muitos estabelecimentos, como os até 65 mil em alguns dos cenários no estudo de caso de Curitiba. Cada agrupamento representa os pontos a serem visitados em uma única viagem e o processo inicial tenta minimizar as distâncias entre os estabelecimentos de cada grupo; na fase seguinte o melhor roteiro é computado para cada grupo; a terceira etapa consiste em calcular, para cada grupo e candidato, a distância total percorrida na viagem; por fim, a implantação ou não dos candidatos a centros de distribuição é obtida com a minimização em um modelo de programação linear inteira dos custos de aquisição e de operação dos centros de distribuição e dos custos de transportes. A dissertação também aborda a crescente percepção da importância da logística urbana à qualidade de vida nas cidades onde o adensamento populacional acirra a disputa pelo espaço viário e o conceito de City Logistics, que delineia entre outras medidas o ambiente cooperativo no qual implantação de centros de distribuição urbanos deve ocorrer.",
    "keywords": [
      "Cluster (spacecraft)",
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Population",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Field (mathematics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.11606/D.3.2014.tde-16112015-113249"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2903752135",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-02305-8_73",
    "title": "Environmental Aspects of Urban Freight Movement in Private Sector",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-12-11",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou",
      "Maria Boilé"
    ],
    "first_author": "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou",
    "venue": "Advances in intelligent systems and computing",
    "publisher": "Springer Nature",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Green logistics",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Profit (economics)",
      "Traffic management",
      "Computer science",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Service (business)",
      "Operations research",
      "Business",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02305-8_73"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W638104591",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Urban freight modelling - a literature review",
    "year": 1991,
    "publication_date": "1991-12-01",
    "type": "review",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Luís Miguel D. F. Ferreira",
      "D Bitzios"
    ],
    "first_author": "Luís Miguel D. F. Ferreira",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The total road freight task in Australia has increased by 77 percent over the last decade, and is forecast to continue to increase significantly in the future. Urban freight movements by road play a major impact on the economic wellbeing of urban and regional centres in Australia. At the same time, there are growing community concerns about the adverse environmental impacts of commercial vehicle traffic in terms of air pollution, noise and visual intrusion, as well as the road accident incidence of such vehicles. Freight movements on urban road networks account for some 50 to 60 percent of total road transportation tasks in urban areas. Some 40 percent of road freight movements, in terms of tonne-kilometres, takes place in urban areas. In a recent survey of 49 major users of road related research results in Australia, the Australian Road Research Board found that the three major issues identified in relation to heavy vehicle research were safety, cost recovery and freight movements on urban networks. Within the urban networks topic, respondents identified the following areas as benefiting most from research effort: effects on and of congestion, logistics of urban freight operations, environmental impacts and route choice. This report reviews some of the past efforts at modelling the movement of freight in urban areas. Whilst the four areas of modelling are reviewed (namely trip generation, trip distribution, modal-split and trip assignment) the report focuses on the modelling of route choice.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Urban area",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Geography",
      "Business",
      "Engineering",
      "Economy"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1200825"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2794954543",
    "doi": "10.1109/jproc.2018.2800001",
    "title": "Information Patterns in the Modeling and Design of Mobility Management Services",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-03-27",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Alexander Keimer",
      "Nicolas Laurent-Brouty",
      "Farhad Farokhi",
      "Hippolyte Signargout",
      "Vladimir D. Cvetkovic",
      "Alexandre M. Bayen",
      "Karl Henrik Johansson"
    ],
    "first_author": "Alexander Keimer",
    "venue": "Proceedings of the IEEE",
    "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",
    "abstract": "The development of sustainable transportation infrastructure for people and goods, using new technology and business models, can prove beneficial or detrimental for mobility, depending on its design and use. The focus of this paper is on the increasing impact new mobility services have on traffic patterns and transportation efficiency in general. Over the last decade, the rise of the mobile internet and the usage of mobile devices have enabled ubiquitous traffic information. With the increased adoption of specific smartphone applications, the number of users of routing applications has become large enough to disrupt traffic flow patterns in a significant manner. Similarly, but at a slightly slower pace, novel services for freight transportation and city logistics improve the efficiency of goods transportation and change the use of road infrastructure. This paper provides a general four-layer framework for modeling these new trends. The main motivation behind the development is to provide a unifying formal system description that can at the same time encompass system physics (flow and motion of vehicles) as well as coordination strategies under various information and cooperation structures. To showcase the framework, we apply it to the specific challenge of modeling and analyzing the integration of routing applications in today's transportation systems. In this framework, at the lowest layer (flow dynamics), we distinguish routed users from nonrouted users. A distributed parameter model based on a nonlocal partial differential equation is introduced and analyzed. The second layer incorporates connected services (e.g., routing) and other applications used to optimize the local performance of the system. As inputs to those applications, we propose a third layer introducing the incentive design and global objectives, which are typically varying over the day depending on road and weather conditions, external events, etc. The high-level planning is handled on the fourth layer taking social longterm objectives into account. We illustrate the framework by considering its ability to model at two different levels. Specific to vehicular traffic, numerical examples enable us to demonstrate the links between the traffic network layer and the routing decision layer. With a second example on optimized freight transport, we then discuss the links between the cooperative control layer and the lower layers. The congestion pricing in Stockholm is used to illustrate how also the social planning layer can be incorporated in future mobility services.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Pace",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "The Internet",
      "Incentive",
      "Layer (electronics)",
      "Traffic flow (computer networking)",
      "Distributed computing",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer network",
      "World Wide Web",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 30,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.07371"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416399138",
    "doi": "10.25236/ajcis.2025.080914",
    "title": "Real-Time Adaptive Dispatch Algorithm for Dynamic Vehicle Routing with Time-Varying Demand",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "<p>Sichong Huang<br/></p>"
    ],
    "first_author": "<p>Sichong Huang<br/></p>",
    "venue": "Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban logistics struggles with fluctuating e-commerce delivery demands. This research introduces an adaptive dispatch algorithm combining computational intelligence with operational flexibility to tackle dynamic routing challenges. three-layer structure guides operations: strategic planning, tactical adjustment, and operational execution. Adaptive tabu search switches between incremental updates for normal operations and major reconfigurations during disruptions. Parallel computing threads maintain speed while aspiration criteria and network evaluation preserve solution quality. Results outperform static optimization significantly. Costs dropped 14.2%; high-variability scenarios improved 21.8%. Processing stayed efficient—86.2% of requests completed within one second, with 88.7% on-time delivery. The system scaled near-linearly to 500 customers, quality declining just 9.7% at maximum capacity. This demand-adaptive method surpasses conventional traffic-based routing for last-mile delivery, offering practical solutions for modern logistics networks. These findings offer valuable insights for enhancing urban delivery systems facing increasingly dynamic demand patterns and operational constraints in modern logistics networks.",
    "keywords": [
      "Flexibility (engineering)",
      "Tabu search",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Adaptive routing",
      "Economic dispatch"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://francis-press.com/uploads/papers/QdrRIvWMMGNYEND2EVHTXjsqB3sVMsJLOljUBzl0.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2075070913",
    "doi": "10.15439/2014f75",
    "title": "Sustainable Supply Chain - Supporting Tools",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-09-29",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Katarzyna Grzybowska",
      "Gábor Kovács"
    ],
    "first_author": "Katarzyna Grzybowska",
    "venue": "Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems",
    "publisher": "Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne",
    "abstract": "The most important topic for researchers is supply chain, that takes into account environmental factors and social aspects.That is why top managers prefer taking into account key performance indicators currently.Harmonization of social, environmental and economic components makes development of supply chains sustainable.This document is based on environmental protection; it details the main features of sustainable supply chain.It presents supporting tools of collaboration in sustainable supply chains.The main examined areas: system identification, order picking, inventory control systems, city logistics, intermodal logistics processes, routing, and logistics processes of earthwork.The tools: neural network, simulation, genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm.The paper is structured as follows: First chapter defines sustainability and Sustainable Supply Chain (SSC).The second chapter presents supporting tools of collaboration in sustainable supply chains.",
    "keywords": [
      "Supply chain",
      "Computer science",
      "Supply chain management",
      "Business"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 22,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://annals-csis.org/proceedings/2014/pliks/75.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4226156323",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2022.02.012",
    "title": "Comparing home and parcel lockers’ delivery systems: a math-heuristic approach",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Pasquale Carotenuto",
      "Riccardo Ceccato",
      "Massimiliano Gastaldi",
      "Stefano Giordani",
      "Riccardo Rossi",
      "Alessio Salvatore"
    ],
    "first_author": "Pasquale Carotenuto",
    "venue": "Transportation research procedia",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "E-commerce is a continuously growing sector worldwide, with important repercussions on the delivery system in urban areas and especially in the Business to Consumer (B2C) sector. The delivery of a package to a consumer’s address involves not only high costs for couriers (greater number of kilometres travelled), but also increased congestion and greater environmental pollution (greater volume of pollutants released into the air). To rationalize deliveries in urban areas the use of collection points, equipped with lockers, to store the goods that users have ordered has been considered in literature. This work compares two alternative delivery options: deliveries to the consumer’s home versus to Lockers. To make this comparison we used a cluster first route second math-heuristic approach. In the clustering phase, we experimented a new clustering function, while the routing phase consists in solving an instance of the Traveling Salesman Problem for each generated cluster. Finally, we applied the math-heuristic to a real case (the Italian municipality of Dolo near Venice) and compared the two delivery alternatives. We evaluate the performance considering two different fleets of vehicles, with small and medium capacity. In addition, since additional trips might be performed by consumers to pick up parcels at Lockers, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to analyse the sustainability of the proposed city logistics scheme.",
    "keywords": [
      "Cluster analysis",
      "Heuristic",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Sustainability",
      "City logistics",
      "Subsidy",
      "Cluster (spacecraft)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Travelling salesman problem",
      "Operations research",
      "Business"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 24,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146522001399/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7166702712",
    "doi": "10.22306/al.v13i2.769",
    "title": "Simplex linear programming for route optimization model in urban distribution",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-06-30",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Raudel Flores-Moreno",
      "Pablo Iván Flores González",
      "María Jesica Zavala-Pineda",
      "Ernest Yasser Núñez Betancourt"
    ],
    "first_author": "Raudel Flores-Moreno",
    "venue": "Acta Logistica",
    "publisher": "4S go, s.r.o.",
    "abstract": "This study proposes a mathematical model for optimizing delivery routes in the urban distribution of Coca-Cola FEMSA to OXXO stores in Texcoco municipality, State of Mexico. Based on a theoretical framework grounded in linear programming using the Simplex method and graph theory, an algorithm was developed and implemented in LINDO software to minimize logistics costs, distance traveled, and fuel consumption. This approach, in turn, ensures a more sustainable route by achieving a reduction in polluting gas emissions. The results show a 12.3% reduction in distance, decreasing from 66.25 km to 58.1 km, and a 12.4% saving in fuel costs, from 686.28 to 600.96 Mexican pesos, for the route. The results demonstrated a significant contribution to the reduction of the carbon footprint, with a decrease of approximately 2.04 kg of CO₂, achieving a more sustainable urban distribution and greater operational efficiency.",
    "keywords": [
      "Simplex algorithm",
      "Linear programming",
      "Reduction (mathematics)",
      "Graph",
      "State (computer science)",
      "Simplex",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Software"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.22306/al.v13i2.769"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2912553624",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.01.011",
    "title": "Land use and public health impact assessment in a supply chain network design problem: A case study",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-01-30",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Sun Olapiriyakul",
      "Thi Truong Nguyen"
    ],
    "first_author": "Sun Olapiriyakul",
    "venue": "Journal of Transport Geography",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Land use",
      "Supply chain",
      "Public transport",
      "Business",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Network planning and design",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Transport network",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Population",
      "Product (mathematics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 14,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.01.011"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3112751128",
    "doi": "10.1201/b17033-6",
    "title": "HITS: Advanced City Logistics Systems",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-06-02",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Tadeusz Marek",
      "Waldemar Karwowski",
      "Marek Frankowicz",
      "Jussi Kantola",
      "Pavel Zgaga"
    ],
    "first_author": "Tadeusz Marek",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The solution of integrated vehicle routing problems (VRPs) in intelligent logistics system (ILS)– integrated transportation system (ITS) multilayer intelligent, integrated systems is a challenging research area (Adamski 2002a,b, 2003, 2006a,b, 2007a,b,c,d, 2011). The main challenges concentrate on application-oriented practical use of existing functionalities of hierarchical ITS-ILS systems in which context-oriented intelligent exploration of available system resources is of paramount importance. This system-wide approach guarantees many practically important advantages: several solution options for a wide range of network logistics problems (exible logistics, reverse logistics, stochastic problems, and different customers level of service [LoS] specications) with adequate vehicle routing options, dynamic and multicriteria solutions, cooperative solutions in terms of SupNet system operational environment (Adamski 2003), and capabilities of generation of dedicated ILS system options for individual problems. Most VRPs, such as capacitated (CVRP)/ noncapacitated (NCVRP), arc common address redundancy protocol (CARP)/node, common name resolution protocol (CNRP) based with location clustered-loss retransmission protocol (CLRP), virtual router redundancy protocol (VRPP), and several others, concentrate mainly on solution methods and metaheuristics. In this context, we observe the growing importance of evolutionary/ population-based methods with the use of local search procedures and development of matheuristics with strictly optimal solutions of subproblems. The transportation and logistics systems belong to the family of articial systems developed by humans in order to satisfy their demands. These systems are in a natural way embedded in an interconnected complex of physical or virtual networks called SupNet (Adamski 2003). The SupNet, through a wide spectrum of complex interactions, creates the key operational dynamic and behavioral environment for transportation and logistics processes (Adamski 1998, 1999, 2002a, 2003). The real-time identication, estimation, and prediction of these interactions for ITS-ILS management, surveillance, and control purposes are crucial problems conditioning the efciency and productivity of these systems. In this context, the necessary condition for management and control of such systems requires both deep understanding of the features and behavior of these systems as well as the general understanding of operational Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 17 HITS: Hierarchical Integrated Intelligent Transportation System Platform ............................... 19 Analyzed Options of VRPs .............................................................................................................. 21 VRP, VRP-SPDTW ..................................................................................................................... 21 VRP with Time Windows (VRP-TW) .........................................................................................23 ACLS Logistics System Control Layer .......................................................................................27 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................29 References ........................................................................................................................................30 environment (SupNet) that essentially inuences the operation of these systems. Fulllment of these conditions is necessary to rationally inuence the operation of these systems both in terms of system primary goals (e.g., minimization of negative primary goal impacts) and secondary goals of system operational general inuences (e.g., minimization of environmental impacts). The new approaches for professional ITS and ILS system development were presented in Adamski (1999, 2002a,b, 2003, 2006b, 2007c,d). These approaches are unied and expanded by methodology (Adamski 2007a). In this modern ITS and ILS system development approach, the following general principles formulated in Adamski (2003) are obligatory as well as very well motivated:",
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering",
      "Transport engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/b17033-6"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124299951",
    "doi": "10.65109/mtzi4161",
    "title": "The Competition and Inefficiency in Urban Road Last-Mile Delivery",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-05-09",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Keyang Zhang",
      "Jose Javier Escribano Macias",
      "Dario Paccagnan",
      "Panagiotis Angeloudis"
    ],
    "first_author": "Keyang Zhang",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The last-mile delivery market is highly competitive and is saturated with numerous small operators. In this context, the fierce competition between operators, joint with the rapid increase in the demand for home-delivery, resulted in a significant increase in urban freight traffic further worsening congestion and pollution. To tackle these issues, previous research has studied the implementation of collaborative last-mile operations, with organisations sharing resources in the form of inventory space or transportation capacity. However, a common limitation of the proposed models is ignoring time windows and the effects of externalities such as network congestion. In this work, we propose a framework to quantify the efficiency loss in urban last-mile delivery system by comparing the solutions of a fully-decentralised and fully-centralised last-mile delivery problem. In doing so, we develop a Multi-depot Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Congestible Network that is solved using a bespoke Parallel Hybrid Genetic Algorithm that accounts for the non-linearities arising from modelling endogenous network congestion. The model is evaluated on a case study based on central London to assess the efficiency gaps of realistic last-mile delivery operations. When time window constraints are not included, our results show that the efficiency loss fluctuates the most with a small number of customers, while it stabilises to less than 15% for instances with over 100 customers. However, time windows could significantly exacerbate this issue, resulting in an additional 25% of efficiency loss.",
    "keywords": [
      "Inefficiency",
      "Competition (biology)",
      "Bespoke",
      "Network effect",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Externality",
      "Multihoming",
      "Competitive equilibrium",
      "Economic efficiency"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 3,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.65109/mtzi4161"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386597357",
    "doi": "10.1109/mt-its56129.2023.10241531",
    "title": "Investigation of Accessibility Formulations for Urban Freight Distribution using E-VRP",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-06-14",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Filippo Carrese",
      "Chiara Colombaroni",
      "Gaetano Fusco"
    ],
    "first_author": "Filippo Carrese",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The objective of the paper is to gain insight onto which territorial characteristics of an urban area contribute in the determination of accessibility for freight distribution. This issue becomes relevant today because of the increasing use of electric vehicles with a limited driving range, the wide diffusion of realtime freight distribution in urban areas, which requires ITS applications to city logistics. Specifically, an Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (E-VRP) solving procedure is used to extend the traditional accessibility modelling to include the trip-chaining effects of distribution tours in the accessibility formulation. This work generalizes the impedance function based on direct trips, as it is typical in passenger mobility or long-haul freight distribution, to derive an impedance function that considers the complexity of the interactions between the transportation network and the activity system. To this goal, this paper introduces a new formulation of the incremental cost for legs of distribution tours, that better defines the impedance or cost of travel. A case study is presented and different formulations are proposed and applied, while the costs computed with the E-VRP algorithm are used to validate accessibility results.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Chaining",
      "Range (aeronautics)",
      "Computer science",
      "Transport engineering",
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "City logistics",
      "Function (biology)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mt-its56129.2023.10241531"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3007874496",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "City logistics στο Θριάσιο πεδίο",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-10-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "el",
    "authors": [
      "Σωτηρία Μιχαήλ"
    ],
    "first_author": "Σωτηρία Μιχαήλ",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban freight transport is a very important part of the logistics chain. Creating the right conditions for the economic and commercial development of urban transport is extremely important. However, the problems that carriers face in large cities are many, such as increased traffic, lack of loading and unloading space, etc., and cities also face many problems with the constant transit of trucks in urban areas. To solve these problems, therefore, the solutions are: (a) to formulate effective strategies to reduce the cost of transport and the problems mentioned above and / or (b) to develop urban freight centers. With this in mind, the aim of this paper is to explore the concept of city logistics and how it is applied in European countries. Also presented is the situation in Greece, a country lagging behind in the implementation of good practices, and some suggestions are made to improve the existing reality of urban transport, as well as in urban freight centers, with the Thriasian field being studied extensively.\r\nIn order to achieve the objectives of this paper, a review of the relevant literature, and primary research, was conducted through personal interviews for the implementation of urban freight transport. In particular, data from the primary survey were collected through eight interviews conducted with employees of companies operating in the Thriassian field, who have several years of service in the field of Logistics. The interviews included questions about the contribution of businesses to the local community, the changes that companies have undergone since their activation in the Thriassian area, and the enhancement of entrepreneurship following the establishment and activation of the companies in the Thriassian. The survey lasted approximately four months, starting with the collection of the questions and the creation of the questionnaire and then with the interviews taking place between 1 August and 30 September 2019. The interviews lasted on average 15 minutes. The questionnaire developed was based on the findings of the previous literature review and the study of similar studies. Interviews were analyzed using thematic axes, which were determined based on the research questions of the present work and the relevant literature. Thus, the results, according to the literature, have shown that designing the right way and organizing an appropriate route for the product increases the quantities produced that are shipped for sale, either directly from producers or through supplier-suppliers, or through logistics companies that simply ship products. Wrong design, on the other hand, leads to a complex system with significant losses, both in cost and quality. Urban freight centers can bring the whole supply chain services together in one place. This creates the right conditions for cooperation between the companies involved in the logistics industry. One such center is the Triassic Field, whose main purpose is to gather all the scattered activities that exist today in the area of the capital (sorting station, container station, customs, commercial station, warehouses, etc.). In addition, according to primary research, businesses now active in the Thriassian area report the importance and positive impact they have had on the wider local community, as well as that urban shopping centers play a very important role, organizing and coordinating freight transport in the city centers. Moreover, the establishment of businesses in the center of Thriassios gives a positive impact to their establishment, as their business activity has evolved and increased.",
    "keywords": [
      "Lagging",
      "Business",
      "Truck",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Service (business)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic management",
      "Marketing",
      "Engineering",
      "Finance"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://okeanis.lib2.uniwa.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/5101"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2743447354",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "ROUTE AND TRANSPORTATION COSTS ANALYSIS CONSIDERING THE CITY LOGISTICS SYSTEM FOR SINGLE DEPOT PROBLEM (CASE STUDY:JABABEKA INDUSTRIAL AREA COMPANIES)",
    "year": 2015,
    "publication_date": "2015-03-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "DS Yogi Yogaswara"
    ],
    "first_author": "DS Yogi Yogaswara",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban freight transport recently faces many challenging problems, including high levels of\r\ntraffic congestion, negative environmental impacts,and high energy consumption.\r\nEvaluation measures that can be done is by determining the routing and scheduling. PT.\r\nTMU was that produces various types of paints which are marketed to companies located\r\nin the industrial area of Kabupaten Bekasi and Jakarta. Determination of route by the\r\ncompany on the basis of the views and considerations vehicle payload capacity and\r\nusability of the vehicle. This study was conducted to develop the determination that can be\r\ndone by considering the carrying capacity and time windows, as well as considering\r\nenvironmental aspects, reducing the impact of congestion, social aspects, and energy\r\nconsumption. The model used in the form of concept Capacity Vehicle Routing Problem\r\nwith Time Windows (CVRPTW) approach Savings on application Logware 5.0. This method\r\nare used in the case of the VRP by considering the capacity, and the minimum cost. The\r\nresult of the calculation affects some aspects include savings generated mileage of\r\n32.48%, efficiency payload capacity ratio of 84.8%, saving transportation costs 27.10,\r\nsaving tol revenue 54,24%, emission reduction 3.85%, and then decrease in the number of\r\ncitizen complaints as much as 5,22%.\r\nKeywords: CVRPTW, Savings Heuristics Algorhitm, City Logistics, Single Depot",
    "keywords": [
      "Heuristics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Revenue",
      "Energy consumption",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Payload (computing)",
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Operations research",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Consumption (sociology)",
      "Operations management"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://repository.unpas.ac.id/3755/"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2529645554",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Decision support system for collaborative freight transportation management: a tool for mixing traditional and green logistics.",
    "year": 2016,
    "publication_date": "2016-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Guido Perboli",
      "Mariangela Rosano",
      "Luca Gobbato"
    ],
    "first_author": "Guido Perboli",
    "venue": "PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino)",
    "publisher": "Politecnico di Torino",
    "abstract": "In recent years, freight transportation emerged as a key factor in the development and dynamicity of countries, although it has a considerably impact on urban areas, due to the environmental issues. In this context, several stakeholders have implemented City Logistics solutions in order to make transportation more sustainable and efficient. This paper proposes a case study concerning the collaborative transportation system involving traditional and green couriers, in the city of Turin. This freight pooling is supported by a decision support system that combines the ERP \"Odoo\" with an algorithm for the optimization planning of routes. This decision support system is described in the second section and finally, some results obtained from its application are discussed",
    "keywords": [
      "Decision support system",
      "Traffic management",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Pooling",
      "City logistics",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Sustainable development",
      "Computer science",
      "Business"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 16,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://porto.polito.it/2650922/1/ILS2016_SB03_4.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285203817",
    "doi": "10.1109/tase.2022.3184324",
    "title": "Urban On-Demand Delivery via Autonomous Aerial Mobility: Formulation and Exact Algorithm",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-06-23",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Zhi Pei",
      "Tao Fang",
      "Kebiao Weng",
      "Wenchao Yi"
    ],
    "first_author": "Zhi Pei",
    "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering",
    "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",
    "abstract": "The implementation of the autonomous unmanned aerial mobility is a game changer for the on-demand delivery service in the crowded urban setting. In this study, the first of its kind commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) urban delivery program in China is targeted. Different from the traditional ground pickup and delivery services, the aerial mode considers not only the time window constraints, but also the spatial conflicts incurred during the take-off and landing operations of UAVs. To obtain the optimal flying routes of the focused problem, a mixed integer programming model is formulated. Due to its inherent complexity, the optimal schedule cannot be attained within acceptable time via the off-the-shelf solvers. To help speed up the solving process, a branch-and-cut based exact algorithm is proposed, together with a series of customized valid inequalities. To further accelerate, a greedy insertion heuristic is designed to secure high-quality initial solutions. In the numerical section, it is observed that the algorithm proposed in this paper can help solve the real-life on-demand UAV delivery problem to near optimum (within 5% optimality gap) within reasonable computation time (in 5 minutes).Note to Practitioners—With the increase of labor cost, the distribution cost increases very rapidly. In the meantime, the employment of automated vehicles for logistics reshapes the landscape of the urban last-mile delivery. As an efficient courier carrier, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is trending the autonomous delivery endeavour. When integrating UAVs into the urban delivery program, practitioners need to pay special attention to the scheduling of UAVs at the operational level in addition to the hardware of the UAVs. To help solve the UAV dispatch problem, we propose an online scheduling scheme, considering the spatial conflict constraints in the actual UAV operations. And an exact algorithm is designed to accelerate the solving process. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve near optimal dispatch plan with 5% optimality gap in 5 minutes. Furthermore, it is discovered that the demand pooling is an essential decision to make for UAV-based delivery. Longer pooling time can increase the UAV efficiency with more realized demand information, but too much pooling could lead to prolonged customer waiting and a low service level.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Schedule",
      "Drone",
      "Heuristic",
      "Integer programming",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Greedy algorithm",
      "Real-time computing",
      "Algorithm",
      "Operations research",
      "Simulation",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 40,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3184324"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4224112175",
    "doi": "10.3390/designs6020039",
    "title": "Design of Cyber-Physical Waste Management Systems Focusing on Energy Efficiency and Sustainability",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-04-13",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mohammad Zaher Akkad",
      "Sameh Haidar",
      "Tamás Bányai"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mohammad Zaher Akkad",
    "venue": "Designs",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Industry 4.0 tools, such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, digital twinning, and cloud computing, create a technological revolution that accelerates efforts to optimize the efficiency of cyber-physical operations and services. The waste management system requires a critical share of city logistics optimization, especially when using cyber-physical systems. Modern tools reduce the required municipal waste handling, such as loading and unloading, transportation, and warehousing, which leads to an increase in efficiency and flexibility, saving energy and time, and protecting the environment. In this paper, we present a cyber-physical waste management system solution by providing a cyber-physical model design and description, mathematical modeling, and two cases to investigate the impact on energy consumption and emissions. After an introduction and literature review, we describe the design of the cyber-physical model and tackle the first echelon. The designed system incorporates the IoT, smart bins with multi-percentage sensors, data and information analysis, vehicles’ actual routes, energy and emissions optimization, multi-echelon systems, time windows, and flexibility. Mathematical modeling equations for the optimized total energy consumption are presented. Thirty and twenty smart bins located in VIII District in Budapest are detailed as two case studies, where solutions for the optimized real routes and energy consumption are found using three metaheuristic algorithms: genetic, particle swarm, and simulated annealing optimization algorithms. The accrued emissions of CO, NMHC, CH4, NOx, and PM for the optimized solutions are calculated. Finally, the results are compared with a random traditional solution to measure the effectiveness.",
    "keywords": [
      "Cyber-physical system",
      "Energy consumption",
      "Flexibility (engineering)",
      "Computer science",
      "Simulated annealing",
      "Efficient energy use",
      "Particle swarm optimization",
      "Metaheuristic",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 27,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2411-9660/6/2/39/pdf?version=1650352397"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161163894",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115439",
    "title": "Sustainable profit-maximized vehicle routing under capacity and time constraints: A multi-objective metaheuristic framework",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-05-14",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Harinandan Tunga",
      "Samarjit Kar",
      "Monika Singh"
    ],
    "first_author": "Harinandan Tunga",
    "venue": "Applied Soft Computing",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Metaheuristic",
      "Particle swarm optimization",
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "Tabu search",
      "Profit (economics)",
      "Sorting",
      "Genetic algorithm",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115439"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167053066",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.knosys.2026.116546",
    "title": "Uncertainty-aware deep reinforcement learning for sustainable electric vehicle routing: A hybrid optimization framework",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-07-02",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Aymen Jalil Abdulelah",
      "Emrullah Sonuç",
      "Esam Taha Yassen",
      "Mohammed Nasser Al-Andoli"
    ],
    "first_author": "Aymen Jalil Abdulelah",
    "venue": "Knowledge-Based Systems",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Electric vehicle",
      "Reinforcement learning",
      "Control (management)",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Minification",
      "Key (lock)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2026.116546"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163459089",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Data-Driven Optimization for City Logistics",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-05-27",
    "type": "other",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Abdelrahman Gehad Mamdouh Abouelrous"
    ],
    "first_author": "Abdelrahman Gehad Mamdouh Abouelrous",
    "venue": "TU/e Research Portal",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The objective of this thesis is to explore the benefits of using data-driven optimization methods to improve decision-making in the planning of city logistics. We consider common city logistics problem in industry and the literature like omnichannel order-fulfilment and vehicle routing for customer pick-up and delivery. Such problems are characterized by factors like large numbers of customers, uncertainty and multiple (conflicting) objectives which invoke serious computational challenges that complicate efficient decision-making. To overcome these challenges, we devise data-driven optimization methods that are primarily based on machine-learning innovations. These methods are intended to aid us in making decisions efficiently in order to ensure that the overall urban supply chain costs are minimized to sustainable levels. Additionally, the expertise acquired from the data can be leveraged in the future to replicate successful decision policies. The data-driven techniques we devise are primarily based on Stochastic Programming and Reinforcement Learning. For omnichannel order-fulfilment, we approximate a stochastic program through scenario clusters identified from the data which allows for a more accurate model in estimating the costs associated with inventory levels and uncertain consumer demand. For vehicle routing, we make use of state-of-the-art machine learning architectures that are capable of planning routes using customer data alongside operational data. These models are adjusted to incorporate multiple objectives and uncertain travel times. For the problems we considered, we observed significant improvements in performance indicators due to our methods with increased computational ease. We also provide a deployment methodology for these data-driven solutions using the Digital Twin technology framework for urban logistics. The framework provides a virtual model of urban logistics networks by accounting for the main network components. The framework also describes how data-driven methods may be integrated to solve the planning problems through real-time data linkage with the operational environment. We verify the practical relevance of our proposed methods through an industrial test case where we were able to cut delivery costs and improve capacity utilization by margins up to around 50%. We also provide guidelines on the requirements for successful implementation of our methods. Finally, we present an overview of the most important results that jointly assert key conclusions and highlight associated limitations of our data-driven methods. This defines more focused implications for future research in city logistics.",
    "keywords": [
      "Supply chain",
      "Stochastic programming",
      "Software deployment",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Omnichannel",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Reliability (semiconductor)",
      "Order fulfillment",
      "Stochastic optimization",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/386630678/20260527_Abouelrous_hf.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2954160457",
    "doi": "10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch008",
    "title": "Costs and Benefits of Logistics Pooling for Urban Freight Distribution",
    "year": 2019,
    "publication_date": "2019-01-01",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Gonzalez-Feliu, Jesus"
    ],
    "first_author": "Gonzalez-Feliu, Jesus",
    "venue": "Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series",
    "publisher": "Routledge",
    "abstract": "Collaborative transportation and logistics pooling are relatively new concepts in research, but are very popular in practice. In the last years, collaborative transportation seems a good city logistics alternative to classical urban consolidation centers, but it is still in a development stage. This chapter proposes a framework for urban logistics pooling ex-ante evaluation. This framework is developed with two purposes. The first is to generate comparable contrasted or progressive scenarios representing realistic situations; the second to simulate and assess them to make a “before-after” comparative analysis. In this framework, a demand generation model is combined with a route optimization algorithm to simulate the resulting routes of the proposed individual or collaborative distribution schemes assumed by each scenario. Then, several indicators are obtained. To illustrate that framework, several scenarios for the urban area of Lyon (France) are simulated and discussed to illustrate the proposed framework possible applications.",
    "keywords": [
      "Pooling",
      "City logistics",
      "Consolidation (business)",
      "Operations research",
      "Computer science",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Engineering",
      "Business",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch008"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3096813809",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_82",
    "title": "Planning the Future: Innovative Technology for City Logistics",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-11-03",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou",
      "Evangelos D. Spyrou",
      "Aggelos Aggelakakis",
      "Maria Boilé"
    ],
    "first_author": "Afroditi Anagnostopoulou",
    "venue": "Advances in intelligent systems and computing",
    "publisher": "Springer Nature",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Urbanization",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Computer science",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Business",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer network",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_82"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7165572133",
    "doi": "10.3934/jimo.2026119",
    "title": "A hybrid framework for multi-depot vehicle routing under stochastic demand: integrating adaptive redispatching with joint distribution",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Jingshuai Yang",
      "Zhengyu Liu",
      "Zixin Zhou",
      "Huan Pang",
      "Minghui Xie",
      "Deyin Jiang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jingshuai Yang",
    "venue": "Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization",
    "publisher": "American Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
    "abstract": "E-commerce and last-mile growth intensify routing demands, while deterministic demand, independent distribution, and single-mode rescheduling hinder efficiency and realism. To address these issues, we proposed a multi-depot capacity-constrained vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands and joint distribution (MCVRPSD-JD), embedding adaptive skip, reassigning, and redistributing redispatching strategies for failed delivery points. The model integrates chance-constrained programming with cooperative scheduling mechanisms to enhance vehicle utilization and mitigate capacity imbalance under stochastic demand. A hybrid variable neighborhood descent scatter search (HVNDSS) algorithm is developed to balance global search and local refinement across optimization stages. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed baseline algorithms, reducing solution error to 0.17% while achieving notable distribution cost savings. Compared with independent distribution, the joint distribution model lowered costs by an average of 15.91% and reduced failure points. This study contributes a scalable framework for stochastic logistics, offering practical insights for cost-efficient urban distribution systems.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Joint (building)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Joint probability distribution",
      "Probability distribution",
      "Vehicle dynamics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://www.aimspress.com/aimspress-data/jimo/2026/7/PDF/jimo-22-07-119.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4236955075",
    "doi": "10.1002/9781119421948.ch5",
    "title": "The Estimation of Other Urban Freight Transport Flows",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-02-12",
    "type": "other",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "This chapter considers two main sub-categories of flows, the purchasing movements of households and the flow of deliveries to the end consumer or in the vicinity near the place of consumption (B2C flows). It first presents the main methods of estimating and modeling the two categories of the least studied flows in urban logistics. It then presents methods for estimating purchasing activities. A point of purchase is associated with three types of movement: upstream trips; downstream trips; and purchase-purchase trips. The chapter shows that these trips are linked, and it is therefore important to take into account this link when modeling. Next, it describes methods for constructing delivery routes to the end consumer or in the vicinity of the end consumer. Finally, the chapter proposes an introduction to the estimation of urban management flows.",
    "keywords": [
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "Purchasing",
      "Upstream (networking)",
      "Estimation",
      "Consumption (sociology)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Business",
      "Point (geometry)",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Marketing",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119421948.ch5"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160120890",
    "doi": "10.54097/a3keyk96",
    "title": "Research on Urban Distribution Route Optimization Based on Time-Sliced OD Travel Time Matrices",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-04-30",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Zhiwei Tuo",
      "Chengming Zhu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Zhiwei Tuo",
    "venue": "Mathematical Modeling and Algorithm Application",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban distribution operations are significantly affected by time-varying traffic conditions. If Euclidean distance or static shortest paths are still used as the travel cost between nodes, the actual distribution process under real road network conditions cannot be accurately represented. To address this issue, this study investigates a vehicle routing problem with soft time windows based on time-sliced travel times derived from a real road network. Travel time data between nodes in the core urban area of Zhengzhou are collected through an open map platform, and the service period is divided into multiple consecutive time intervals to construct time-sliced OD travel time matrices with directional and temporal heterogeneity. On this basis, a time-dependent vehicle routing optimization model is established with the objective of minimizing total distribution cost, in which time window deviations are incorporated into the objective function as penalty costs. Considering that local route adjustments may lead to subsequent changes in time states, an improved adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm is designed, together with a local time update mechanism to reduce repeated computations. A distribution network with 69 nodes in an urban area of Zhengzhou is used as the test instance, and the proposed method is compared with a genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization, simulated annealing, tabu search, and adaptive large neighborhood search. The results show that the proposed method can effectively reflect travel cost differences across time periods and achieves a relatively balanced performance in both total distribution cost control and computational efficiency.",
    "keywords": [
      "Tabu search",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Travel time",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Trip distribution",
      "Genetic algorithm",
      "Ant colony optimization algorithms",
      "Euclidean distance",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Path (computing)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54097/a3keyk96"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161740972",
    "doi": "10.1109/iccsic69301.2026.11521288",
    "title": "A Bi-Objective Optimization Model for Vehicle Routing with Service Options, Customer Preferences, and Multi-Tour Heterogeneous Fleets",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-03-26",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Asma Benlounes",
      "Imen Khettabi",
      "Lyès Benyoucef",
      "Mohamed Amine Boutiche"
    ],
    "first_author": "Asma Benlounes",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The increasing complexity of last-mile logistics calls for routing models that jointly account for customer flexibility, operational heterogeneity, and environmental sustainability. This paper investigates an advanced variant of the vehicle routing problem with service options and time windows (VRPSO-TW), in which customers may request parcel delivery or pickup and can be served at multiple admissible locations characterized by individual preference rankings and specific time-window constraints. The problem considers a heterogeneous fleet whose vehicles are allowed to perform multiple tours within a single operating horizon, enabling a realistic representation of urban distribution operations. A bi-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed, integrating an economic objective that balances revenue maximization from home delivery and pickup-location services with transportation cost minimization, and an environmental objective that minimizes total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by the fleet. To solve the problem, two approaches are adapted namely the ε-constraint and the weighted sum (WS). Moreover, to illustrate the applicability of the mathematical model, some experimental results and analyses are presented. By simultaneously modeling multi-tour heterogeneous fleet operations, preference-based service-location assignment, and environmental objectives, this study provides a comprehensive and analytically rigorous framework for evaluating flexible and sustainable last-mile distribution strategies.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Service (business)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle tracking system",
      "Customer service",
      "Process (computing)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsic69301.2026.11521288"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2725461886",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "An integrated logistics decision support model for city logistics",
    "year": 2017,
    "publication_date": "2017-06-28",
    "type": "other",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Sabine Limbourg"
    ],
    "first_author": "Sabine Limbourg",
    "venue": "ORBi (University of Liège)",
    "publisher": "University of Liège",
    "abstract": "Today, more than 50% of the world's population lives in cities; the urban population is projected to reach 85% by 2100. Mainly due to urbanization and e-commerce, the demand for urban freight transport (both forward flows and reverse flows) is clearly growing. But, transport is also responsible for a large share of urban air pollution as well as noise nuisance. Thus, an integrated logistics system to optimize transport network and service design, as well as vehicles routing of a variety of modes has to be developed. The objective is to determine how to efficiently move freight by means of these services and vehicles, while reducing negative environmental impacts. The topic includes research questions related to the demand to be serviced, the type and number of facilities needed to store and consolidate freight, the better utilization of vehicle capacity (fill rate and fewer empty trips: on average, 25% of goods vehicles in Europe run empty) and the reduction of energy consumption.",
    "keywords": [
      "Decision support system",
      "Integrated logistics support",
      "Decision model",
      "Humanitarian Logistics",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Process management",
      "Engineering",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/212345"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172444042",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7170378",
    "title": "Dynamic Re-routing under Stochastic Disruptions: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Framework for Urban Freight Delivery",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Magnus Briggt",
      "Elijah White"
    ],
    "first_author": "Magnus Briggt",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Reinforcement learning",
      "Markov decision process",
      "Reliability (semiconductor)",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Software deployment",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Event (particle physics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7170378"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413216409",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-92575-7_46",
    "title": "Integrating Driver Preferences in Urban Delivery",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Caroline Ihloff"
    ],
    "first_author": "Caroline Ihloff",
    "venue": "Lecture notes in operations research",
    "publisher": "Springer International Publishing",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Business"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92575-7_46"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2278800968",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Decision Support Platform for Urban Freight Transport",
    "year": 2015,
    "publication_date": "2015-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Quijano, Pedro David Guti"
    ],
    "first_author": "Quijano, Pedro David Guti",
    "venue": "Econstor (Econstor)",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban transport in cities is composed of many micro-transport systems. Each one of these has negative effect on the urban mobility. The study and analysis of one of these micro-transport systems is an effective way to understand the problem and consequently to propose new solutions, as well as a source of information to improve the urban transport system. In this paper we focus on the urban goods transport system that emerges from a particular supply chain, we support on a GIS (Geographic information system) computer simulation model to understand and analyze a case study. The simulation model developed is an example on how the abstraction approach of agent-based modeling (ABM) integrated with GIS can be used to represent the complexity inherent in the urban transport system. The novelty of our approach lies mainly in the fact of being able to analyze the combined effect between supply chain management and transportation system. The use of ABM allow us to model behaviors, negotiations and other social properties of the system's entities represented as agents, it can also help with understanding the emerging system's behaviors from an independent level. As a result of our study, the conceptual multi-agent model is presented and implemented in JAVA programing language, which is used for simulation experiments on the analysis of routing and departure time choice, with the goal to propose a plan to improve the micro-transport system under study.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Decision support system",
      "Traffic management",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10419/209294"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7211917401",
    "doi": "10.3390/su18179178",
    "title": "Sustainability-Oriented Policy–Terrain-Coupled Mixed-Fleet Routing for Scenario-Based Green Urban Freight Logistics",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-09-07",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yansen Gao",
      "Shifen Huang",
      "Yuhang Zheng",
      "Xiaomin Dai",
      "Qiang Lin"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yansen Gao",
    "venue": "Sustainability",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Sustainable urban freight logistics requires routing decisions that jointly account for operating cost, vehicle technology, low-emission-zone (LEZ) access, terrain-sensitive energy use, and battery feasibility. This study develops a policy–terrain-coupled mixed-fleet routing framework integrating LEZ exposure, system-level carbon settlement, terrain-sensitive energy consumption, electric-vehicle (EV) battery feasibility, and route-level EV/internal-combustion-engine vehicle reassignment within a unified daily total operational cost (DTOC) evaluator. An adaptive large-neighborhood search (ALNS) procedure reconstructs feasible routes, while vehicle type is re-evaluated through counterfactual comparison of the complete system objective. The main experiments use 60 enhanced Gehring–Homberger benchmark-derived scenarios and 20 independent seeds, supplemented by ablation, carbon-price, EV-fixed-cost, heuristic-weight, convergence, and customer-scale scalability analyses. The ALNS-based framework achieves the lowest mean DTOC among the tested procedures, albeit with higher runtime. Policy and terrain information alter modeled fleet composition, with topology-dependent cost effects. Lower EV fixed costs consistently increase EV share, whereas carbon-price effects vary across network structures. All runs in the additional 200–1000-customer tests were feasible, although runtime increased with problem size. London- and Madrid-informed cases are treated as archetypes rather than as real-world validation cases. These results provide a basis for scenario screening and comparative planning of policy–terrain interactions before city-specific calibration and deployment.",
    "keywords": [
      "Counterfactual thinking",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Scalability",
      "Calibration",
      "Terrain",
      "Battery (electricity)",
      "Energy (signal processing)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su18179178"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W32337788",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "URBAN FREIGHT MOVEMENT MODELING. IN: HANDBOOK OF TRANSPORT MODELLING",
    "year": 2000,
    "publication_date": "2000-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Glen M. D'Este"
    ],
    "first_author": "Glen M. D'Este",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The pattern of urban transport activity has two major components: the movement of people and the movement of freight (or goods). Roads in urban areas carry large numbers of trucks laden with food, consumer goods, building materials, industrial inputs, and all the other goods that support the urban economy and lifestyle. Therefore urban freight transport plays a vital role, but at the same time, urban freight movement are an important source of congestion, and a major contributor to the adverse environmental and social impacts of urban transport. In addition, the demand for freight transport is growing at a faster rate than personal travel in many cities, due to changes in industry logistics and consumer purchasing patterns. As a result, the significance of urban freight activity is increasing in terms of both its role in urban economy and its adverse impacts on urban amenity. Modeling of urban freight movement can make an important contribution to understanding the pattern of urban freight activity and to the evaluation of policy, planning and operational initiatives aimed at increasing its efficiency and reducing its negative impacts. In particular, urban freight modeling can shed light on issues such as: (1) the contribution of urban freight vehicles to traffic and congestion; (2) environmental and social impacts of urban freight transport activity, such as noise and air pollution; (3) optimal vehicle routing, freight-distribution patterns, and optimal location of facilities, such as freight distribution centers; (4) the role of urban freight operations in the overall supply chain; (5) urban freight markets and the efficient operation of the urban freight-distribution system; (6) the role of urban freight in the vitality of the urban economy and functioning of the urban system; and (7) the impacts of pricing, and of regulatory and other administrative policies affecting the urban freight system. These issues cover a broad scope from the macroscopic working of the spatial freight market through to tactical aspects of optimizing freight operations at the level of the individual firm or individual consignment.",
    "keywords": [
      "Traffic management",
      "Business",
      "Truck",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Amenity",
      "Urban planning",
      "Supply chain",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Geography",
      "Civil engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/677919"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118041148",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-08147-6_12",
    "title": "Digital Twins for Hyperconnected City Logistics",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Russell George Thompson",
      "Masoud Kahalimoghadam",
      "Lele Zhang",
      "Sabri Soheil"
    ],
    "first_author": "Russell George Thompson",
    "venue": "International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Transshipment (information security)",
      "City logistics",
      "The Internet",
      "Consolidation (business)",
      "Supply chain",
      "Harmonization"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08147-6_12"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3169559112",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100680",
    "title": "Freight delivery services in urban areas: Monitoring accessibility from vehicle traces and road network modelling",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-06-11",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Miriam Pirra",
      "Angela Carboni",
      "Francesco Paolo Deflorio"
    ],
    "first_author": "Miriam Pirra",
    "venue": "Research in Transportation Business & Management",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Environmental science",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 10,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100680"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W61616464",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4419-6070-2_9",
    "title": "Floating Car Data Based Analysis of Urban Travel Times for the Provision of Traffic Quality",
    "year": 2010,
    "publication_date": "2010-01-01",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jan Fabian Ehmke",
      "Stephan Meisel",
      "Dirk Christian Mattfeld"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jan Fabian Ehmke",
    "venue": "International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science",
    "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Telematics",
      "Traffic flow (computer networking)",
      "Floating car data",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Advanced Traffic Management System",
      "Computer science",
      "Control (management)",
      "Traffic management",
      "Information system",
      "Operations research",
      "Traffic congestion"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 21,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6070-2_9"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118125354",
    "doi": "10.1002/net.70027",
    "title": "Extending the Inventory Routing Problem to Support Integrated Decision‐Making in an Urban Distribution Network",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-04",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Titi Iswari",
      "An Caris",
      "Kris Braekers"
    ],
    "first_author": "Titi Iswari",
    "venue": "Networks",
    "publisher": "Wiley",
    "abstract": "ABSTRACT Two‐echelon distribution systems with an intermediate urban consolidation centre are one of the key innovations proposed in city logistics. We focus on a business‐to‐business context in which urban retailers are delivered by suppliers via such a city hub. Specifically, we investigate the benefits of simultaneously optimising routing decisions from the Urban Consolidation Center and inventory decisions at the retailers. For this, we extend the classical Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) to an urban setting, considering complexities like time windows, heterogeneous vehicles, and multiple trips per vehicle per day. We propose a two‐phase matheuristic solution algorithm, and compare its results to a baseline approach in which inventory and routing decisions are made sequentially. Computational results demonstrate that the integrated approach consistently outperforms the traditional sequential approach. A detailed analysis of instance characteristics influencing the outcome of these scenarios highlights the impact of variables such as the number of retailers and suppliers, and holding costs. A sensitivity analysis identifies critical factors affecting the implementation of the integrated scenario, emphasising the importance of retailer storage capacity, order costs, and retailer participation. The findings highlight the overall potential benefits of integration, including cost savings, improved resource utilisation, and positive impacts on all stakeholders involved.",
    "keywords": [
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Baseline (sea)",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Consolidation (business)",
      "City logistics",
      "Supply chain",
      "Order (exchange)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/net.70027"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2139670804",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "MODELLING FRAMEWORK AND SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR CITY LOGISTICS PLANNING AND OPERATIONS",
    "year": 2006,
    "publication_date": "2006-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Gaetano Fusco",
      "Maria Pia Valentini"
    ],
    "first_author": "Gaetano Fusco",
    "venue": "IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The paper introduces two software tools for planning and operating an urban logistic center. The former software, called DiLog, is devised to determine the optimal assignment of delivery points to several possible terminals. It allows so the planner locating and sizing the terminals of the urban logistic system. Dylog is a dynamic software tool that allows the manager of an urban logistic base defining in real-time the best solution of the delivering program. The paper discusses also the related modeling framework and provides a concise description of the solution procedures, which are both based on a two-string genetic algorithm that solves the capacitated vehicle routing problem with multiple time windows. Finally, it describes the results obtained by simulating the operations at a logistic center located in the Italian town of Cosenza.",
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Software",
      "Planner",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Operations research",
      "Operating system",
      "Engineering",
      "Artificial intelligence",
      "Embedded system"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/11573/201917"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2392060273",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Routing-planning of city logistics distribution based on higher-lower level ant colony optimization algorithm",
    "year": 2007,
    "publication_date": "2007-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Zhi‐Hua Hu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Zhi‐Hua Hu",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Routing-planning of city logistics distribution is one of the most important problems for logistics distribution.In order to overcome the current difficulty of routing-planning algorithms of city logistics distribution,a novel optimization algorithm based on double ant colony optimization is presented to solve the distribution-network model containing constraint conditions.The correctness of the proposed algorithm is embodied with numerical computations.",
    "keywords": [
      "Ant colony optimization algorithms",
      "Correctness",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Computer science",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Estimation of distribution algorithm",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Constraint (computer-aided design)",
      "Computation",
      "Algorithm",
      "Operations research"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SQSZ200703024.htm"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125609576",
    "doi": "10.1109/icsai68704.2025.11345871",
    "title": "Exploring the Regularity of Urban Delivery Routes: An Analysis Based on High-Frequency Trajectories and Route Similarity of Electric Logistics Vehicles",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-12-13",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Quan Yuan",
      "Yeke Zou",
      "Quan Yuan",
      "Jihao Deng"
    ],
    "first_author": "Quan Yuan",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Similarity (geometry)",
      "Trajectory",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Identification (biology)",
      "Measure (data warehouse)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icsai68704.2025.11345871"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2976676550",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Model of Urban Freight Transportation: The Case of Waste Collection",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Radim Vecera"
    ],
    "first_author": "Radim Vecera",
    "venue": "scholarworks - UTEP (The University of Texas at El Paso)",
    "publisher": "The University of Texas at El Paso",
    "abstract": "This thesis introduces the role of urban freight transportation in global economies and its negative environmental impacts. Because the volume of urban freight is continually increasing sustainable measurements have to be implemented during all phases of transportation planning and operation processes.\\nThe thesis is mainly focused on waste collection, as it is an often neglected part of urban freight transportation. Since urban areas are growing the waste collection is starting to be complex problem which is difficult to manage. Therefore different types of optimization software are used to improve the whole process. In this thesis TransCAD software is used to perform an arc routing optimization in the north part of El Paso, Texas, U.S. The results are compared with current waste collection route used by the City of El Paso to see if TransCAD is a suitable software for routing optimization.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Business",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Environmental science",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/1755"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392017513",
    "doi": "10.1080/00207543.2024.2318017",
    "title": "A branch-and-price-and-cut algorithm for the unmanned aerial vehicle delivery with battery swapping",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-02-21",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Zhi Pei",
      "Wuhao Pan",
      "Kebiao Weng",
      "Tao Fang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Zhi Pei",
    "venue": "International Journal of Production Research",
    "publisher": "Taylor & Francis",
    "abstract": "In the UAV-based urban delivery setting, the battery capacity serves as one of the key factors affecting the delivery range of drones. For a typical multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the maximum effective working range of a lithium battery for a single flight leg is approximately 20 km. In practice, the lithium battery is replaced each time the UAV completes a delivery, even though the remaining power of the replaced lithium battery is still capable of supporting the following flight legs. Therefore, the one-order-one-swapping strategy significantly brings down the battery utilisation as well as the efficiency of the delivery system. In the present paper, the UAV-based delivery problem with battery swapping decision is considered, where multiple en route pickup and deliveries are allowed. To obtain optimal decisions in terms of flight route, time and location of each battery swapping, a branch-and-price-and-cut algorithm is introduced. First we formulate this problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model, and then decompose it into a master problem and a pricing sub-problem, where the master problem is considered as a set covering model, and the sub-problem as an elementary shortest path problem with resource constraints (ESPPRC). To speed up the process of column generation, efficient heuristics are also integrated to provide basic feasible solutions. In the pricing sub-problem, a combination of heuristic algorithm and dynamic programming is implemented to improve the computational efficiency. In the numerical experiments, the proposed algorithm is tested on various scales of UAV-based urban delivery instances, the performance of which is analysed and compared with the off-the-shelf commercial solver.",
    "keywords": [
      "Heuristics",
      "Battery (electricity)",
      "Column generation",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Computer science",
      "Heuristic",
      "Knapsack problem",
      "Power (physics)",
      "Integer programming",
      "Range (aeronautics)",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Key (lock)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 17,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2024.2318017"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410770730",
    "doi": "10.1109/comconf63340.2024.00020",
    "title": "Modelling and Evaluating Sustainability and General Costs in Urban Freight Distribution",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-08-09",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ludovica Adacher",
      "Marta Flamini"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ludovica Adacher",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Urban freight distribution implies several negative externalities that can be mitigated by routing optimization. Nowadays, optimizing delivery operations does not involve only the minimization of the living costs but also costs that deal with environment and society. To this aim we provide a detailed formulation model of an objective function able to quantify, not only the operational costs, but also the atmospheric and noise pollution costs and the social costs concerning the customer satisfaction. By considering a real urban distribution problem of fresh products, we measure the performance of two algorithms to analyse the effectiveness of their solutions form the economic and the sustainable point of views.",
    "keywords": [
      "Sustainability",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Computer science",
      "Urban sustainability",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/comconf63340.2024.00020"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412561575",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101610",
    "title": "Goal programming vehicle routing for heterogeneous beverage distribution in a megacity: a case study from Lima and its implications",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-07-22",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Juan Manuel Machuca De Pina",
      "Jesús González-Feliu",
      "Mario Chong"
    ],
    "first_author": "Juan Manuel Machuca De Pina",
    "venue": "Research in Transportation Economics",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Megacity",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Mega-",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering",
      "Economics",
      "Computer network",
      "Economy"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101610"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399268510",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124254",
    "title": "Integrated truck drone delivery services with an optimal charging stations",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-06-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Dev Mishra",
      "Manoj Kumar Tiwari"
    ],
    "first_author": "Dev Mishra",
    "venue": "Expert Systems with Applications",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Drone",
      "Truck",
      "Computer science",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 37,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124254"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400655272",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2024.03.022",
    "title": "Transforming distribution networks in metropolitan Sydney in response to COVID-19",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Russell George Thompson",
      "Michael Stokoe",
      "Masoud Kahalimoghadam",
      "Sina Mohri",
      "Anshul Vijay",
      "Neema Nassir"
    ],
    "first_author": "Russell George Thompson",
    "venue": "Transportation research procedia",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "The increasing trend of working from home, as well as growth in shopping and entertainment in local areas resulting from COVID-19, has changed goods distribution patterns in Sydney's metropolitan area. A substantial increase in parcel deliveries was experienced in the metropolitan area in 2020 as well as a decline in deliveries to the central business district (CBD). This is in line with the global trends and literature from other major metropolitan cities in the developed world. To address efficiency and sustainability challenges confronted by carriers a network planning tool, Last Mile Urban Freight Networks (LMUFN) has been developed that enables carriers and government planners to evaluate alternative delivery networks for increasing the efficiency and improving sustainability for home deliveries throughout the metropolitan area. LMUFN estimates the impacts (financial and environmental) of transforming existing urban distribution networks for carriers to more distributed networks with an increased number of consolidation facilities as well as increased use of low and zero emission vehicles for local distribution routes.",
    "keywords": [
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Sustainability",
      "Business",
      "Local government",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Geography",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 6,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2024.03.022"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131136411",
    "doi": "10.3390/en19041113",
    "title": "An Integrated Assessment of Battery and Hydrogen Electric Vehicles for Urban and Interurban Service Operations",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-02-23",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Giuseppe Napoli",
      "Salvatore Micari",
      "Antonio Comi",
      "Ippolita Idone",
      "Antonio Polimeni",
      "Valerio Gatta",
      "Edoardo Marcucci"
    ],
    "first_author": "Giuseppe Napoli",
    "venue": "Energies",
    "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
    "abstract": "Urban freight and service operations represent a critical challenge for cities, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, congestion, and competition for curb space. In addition to parcel deliveries, many service trips combine transport with installation, maintenance, or packaging recovery, generating long vehicle dwell times and inefficient use of public space. This paper investigates alternative operational scenarios for such activities, evaluating technological and organizational options that can reduce their environmental and spatial impacts. The study compares a diesel LCV baseline with four zero-emission configurations: battery electric LCVs; battery electric LCVs integrated with micro-hubs and cargo e-bikes; hydrogen fuel cell LCVs for long-range operations, and hydrogen fuel cell LCVs combined with cargo e-bikes via micro-hubs. The methodological framework is based on a vehicle routing problem (VRP) formulation supported by empirical data from Rome. It integrates indicators of energy use, carbon emissions, and curb-side occupation, and it includes the spatial representation of routes on urban and inter-urban maps to highlight operational differences across the five scenarios. Results indicate that zero-emission vehicles can eliminate tailpipe emissions, while logistics reorganization through decoupling improves the use of public space and enables the recovery of packaging materials. Battery solutions appear best suited to short and medium distances, whereas hydrogen is advantageous for longer routes. Overall, the study shows that combining technological and organizational measures provides a robust pathway toward sustainable logistics and more efficient service operations in metropolitan contexts.",
    "keywords": [
      "Battery (electricity)",
      "Service (business)",
      "Electric vehicle",
      "Software deployment",
      "Public transport",
      "Electricity",
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Greenhouse gas",
      "Carbon footprint"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 2,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/19/4/1113/pdf?version=1772070291"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394062285",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cor.2024.106650",
    "title": "Integrating parcel delivery schedules with public transport networks in urban co-modality systems",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-04-07",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Xuan Yang",
      "Xinyao Nie",
      "Hao Luo",
      "George Q. Huang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Xuan Yang",
    "venue": "Computers & Operations Research",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Computer science",
      "Public transport",
      "Modality (human–computer interaction)",
      "Heuristic",
      "Schedule",
      "Modal",
      "Multimodal transport",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Flow network",
      "Operations research",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 13,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2024.106650"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W1598136610",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "A dynamic model of integrated production-transportation operations",
    "year": 2009,
    "publication_date": "2009-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ning Xu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ning Xu",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Board 88th Annual MeetingTransportation Research Board",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The paper develops an analytical formulation to estimate urban freight-related flows for the case of integrated shipper-carrier operations. This paper presents methodology and the mathematical formulation to solve the problem, followed by numerical results. The solution methodology used heuristics to iteratively solve the problem to ensure equilibrium. At each time period, the problem consisted of three stages. The first stage, termed “target”, considered the sequence of decisions by which the suppliers decide how much to provide and deliver at what price based on their expectations of how much to sell in the market. The second stage was the market competition, which determines the amount that each consumer will purchase from the suppliers. This was formulated by a logit function of price to determine the market share. The third stage was termed “observed”, during which the suppliers route the vehicles, make the deliveries, and estimate the performance metrics. The results from the numerical experiments indicated that, for small problems, the suppliers tended to find their optimal routing and profit margins relatively quickly, thus the solutions generally converged to equilibrium relatively fast. For larger problems, the suppliers generally kept changing routing pattern and profit margin, and then it was more difficult to converge to equilibrium, in fact equilibrium may not exist. The analysis of market entry and exit indicates that, market proximity is important if there is significant locational difference. If locational difference is only marginal, then routing plays a significant role.",
    "keywords": [
      "Profit (economics)",
      "Heuristics",
      "Operations research",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Computer science",
      "Market share",
      "Production (economics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Dynamic pricing",
      "Profit margin",
      "Microeconomics",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 13,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/881091"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3194970780",
    "doi": "10.24355/dbbs.084-202103171157-0",
    "title": "Mixed Autonomous Fleets in City Logistics",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-03-17",
    "type": "dissertation",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yannick Oskar Scherr"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yannick Oskar Scherr",
    "venue": "Digitale Bibliothek Braunschweig (Verbundzentrale Göttingen (VZG))",
    "publisher": "Verbundzentrale des GBV",
    "abstract": "We consider a city logistics application in which a service provider seeks a repeatable plan to transport commodities from distribution centers to satellites. The service provider uses a mixed autonomous fleet that is composed of autonomous vehicles and manually operated vehicles. The autonomous vehicles are only able to travel independently on feasible streets of the heterogeneous infrastructure but elsewhere need to be pulled by manually operated vehicles in platoons. We introduce the service network design problem with mixed autonomous fleets to determine a tactical plan that minimizes the total costs over a medium-term time horizon. The tactical plan determines the size and mix of the fleet, schedules transportation services, and decides on the routing or outsourcing of commodities. We model this problem as an integer program on a time-expanded network and study the impact of different problem characteristics on the solutions. To precisely depict the synchronization requirements of the problem, the time-expanded networks need to consider narrow time intervals. Thus, we develop an exact solution approach based on the dynamic discretization discovery scheme that refines partially time-expanded networks containing only a fraction of the nodes and arcs of the fully time-expanded network. Further methodological contributions of this work include the introduction of valid inequalities, two enhancements that exploit linear relaxations, and a heuristic search space restriction. Computational experiments show that all evaluated variants of the solution approach outperform a commercial solver. For transferring a tactical plan to an operational solution that minimizes the transshipment effort on a given day, we present a post-processing technique that specifically assigns commodities to vehicles and vehicles to platoons. Finally, we solve a case study on a real-world based network resembling the city of Braunschweig, Germany. Analyzing the tactical and operational solutions, we assess the value of using a mixed autonomous fleet and derive practical implications.",
    "keywords": [
      "Solver",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Service (business)",
      "Heuristic",
      "Integer programming",
      "Plan (archaeology)",
      "Linear programming",
      "Fleet management",
      "Time horizon",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-202103171157-0"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413242150",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5384903",
    "title": "Towards Sustainable City Logistics: A Zoning-Routing Decision-Support Model for E-Commerce Delivery-Pickup Operations",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Doğukan Toktaş",
      "M. Ali Ülkü",
      "Muhammad Ahsanul Habib",
      "Armağan Özbilge",
      "Derya Parmaksız"
    ],
    "first_author": "Doğukan Toktaş",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Zoning",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Pickup",
      "Business",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "E-commerce",
      "Humanitarian Logistics",
      "Decision support system",
      "City logistics",
      "Operations research",
      "Computer science",
      "Transport engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5384903"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2889322026",
    "doi": "10.1109/jsyst.2018.2864693",
    "title": "An Urban Charging Infrastructure for Electric Road Freight Operations: A Case Study for Cambridge UK",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-08-28",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Doros Nicolaides",
      "David Cebon",
      "John Miles"
    ],
    "first_author": "Doros Nicolaides",
    "venue": "IEEE Systems Journal",
    "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",
    "abstract": "An urban charging infrastructure for electric road freight operations is explored in this paper. The city of Cambridge, U.K. was chosen for demonstration but the same methodology could be used for other cities. The five Park and Ride bus routes, the refuse collection operations, and two home delivery operations are investigated. Data about existing operations were collected to define accurate drive cycles. Different vehicles are modeled for each operation and their performance is evaluated over the defined drive cycles. Different charging infrastructures are proposed for each operation to ensure that electric freight vehicles can be used for similar duty cycles as conventional vehicles. The additional power demand, additional load, capital cost needed, and the CO2 emissions savings for each case are calculated. The results are scaled up for the entire city and combined with estimated performance requirements for electrified urban deliveries. A complete urban charging network for road freight transportation at Cambridge would increase the power demand of the city by 21.6 MW (20.4% of the current peak) and the energy consumption by 50.6 GWh per year (6.3% of current consumption). The total capital cost is calculated at £149 million which is similar to the cost of other city's projects.",
    "keywords": [
      "Transport engineering",
      "Capital cost",
      "Park and ride",
      "Energy consumption",
      "Electricity",
      "Consumption (sociology)",
      "Engineering",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Public transport",
      "Electrical engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 30,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/40a0bce1-35d4-4853-beb9-f19bf2864346/download"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7121210602",
    "doi": "10.25103/jestr.186.17",
    "title": "Improved Hybrid Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm and its Application in the Optimization of B2B City Distribution Vehicle Routing",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Yong Yang",
      "Ziqiang Qin",
      "Haoyu Zhao",
      "Rui Zhang",
      "Xinjing Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yong Yang",
    "venue": "Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review",
    "publisher": "Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology",
    "abstract": "Given the urgent need for efficient distribution schemes in transportation engineering practice of urban logistics distribution enterprises and taking Tianhe Beverage Distribution Logistics Center in Wuhan, China, as an example, a vehicle routing optimization model with the shortest total driving distance as the goal was constructed.An improved hybrid variable neighborhood tabu search (HVNS-TS) algorithm was proposed under the constraints of a single distribution center, a unified vehicle type, simultaneous goods collection and delivery, and the absence of strict time windows.First, an improved savings method was adopted in the construction of a high-quality initial solution.Then, the diversity of the solution space was enhanced through multi-type deletion and operator insertion, and global optimization was realized by integrating tabu search with a multi-neighborhood structure.A case example involving 20 business-to-business (B2B) customer points at the Tianhe Beverage Distribution Logistics Center(Wuhan, China) shows that, the proposed HVNS-TS algorithm can complete distribution using only four vehicles, revealing a total driving distance of 594.66 km and a total cost of RMB 4613.98.Compared with the traditional tabu search algorithm, the number of vehicles is reduced by one, the driving distance decreases by 9.90%, the total cost declines by 23.31%, and the convergence stability is markedly improved.The obtained results verify that the HVNS-TS algorithm performs effectively in optimizing B2B urban distribution vehicle routing and renders an effective method and decision-making basis for logistics scheduling optimization in transportation engineering.",
    "keywords": [
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Variable neighborhood search",
      "Variable (mathematics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Local search (optimization)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Estimation of distribution algorithm"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.186.17"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4205656525",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.079",
    "title": "Fuzzy operational decision-making process in urban freight transport",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Cristian Giovanny Gómez-Marín",
      "Juan Miguel Cogollo Flórez",
      "Conrado Augusto Serna-Urán"
    ],
    "first_author": "Cristian Giovanny Gómez-Marín",
    "venue": "Transportation research procedia",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "This article presents a fuzzy process for operational decision-making on the freight pick-up and delivery. It allows assessing the impact of uncertainty conditions presented in urban context variables such as time windows, service time, reacting available time, on the distribution routes. We use the fuzzy decision process to assess customers’ requirements on a daily urban freight. The process supports the decision-making for accepting or rejecting the requests. It considers a notable key index, the impact level on the route. This index assesses the current values of the input variables. The changes are accepted when the impact level on the route is lower than 0.25.",
    "keywords": [
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "Fuzzy logic",
      "Index (typography)",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Operations research",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Decision-making",
      "Level of service",
      "Traffic management",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146521008383/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2184550666",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "THE AUTOMATIC ROUTING OF 10KV SWITCHING STATION IN URBAN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BASED ON SPATIAL GIS",
    "year": 2007,
    "publication_date": "2007-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Saiyi Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Saiyi Wang",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "There is a special connection mode of higher reliability named switching station network in urban MV distribution network except for substation directly supplying connection modes. The paper firstly introduced and analyzed some connection modes of switching stations in urban distribution network of Shanghai. Then, the best numbers and locations of switching stations based on spatial GIS of distribution network and the method of substation locating and capacity calculating are gained. After doing this, the paper develops automatic routing of incoming lines. From analyzing the actual example, the method introduced in this paper is proved to be feasible.",
    "keywords": [
      "Reliability (semiconductor)",
      "Connection (principal bundle)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Mode (computer interface)",
      "Computer science",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering",
      "Power (physics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://www.cired.net/publications/cired2007/pdfs/CIRED2007_0113_paper.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3096100048",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_77",
    "title": "Validating Urban Freight Deliveries Through Traffic Microsimulation: An Experimental Study",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-11-03",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ioannis D. Karakikes",
      "Eftihia Nathanail",
      "Maria Karatsoli"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ioannis D. Karakikes",
    "venue": "Advances in intelligent systems and computing",
    "publisher": "Springer Nature",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Microsimulation",
      "Transport engineering",
      "City logistics",
      "Computer science",
      "Business",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_77"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2892260757",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "A multi-scale agent-based modelling framework for urban freight distribution",
    "year": 2018,
    "publication_date": "2018-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "André Romano Alho",
      "B. K. Bhavathrathan",
      "Monique A. Stinson",
      "Raja Gopalakrishnan",
      "Diem-Trinh Le",
      "Moshe E Ben-Akiva"
    ],
    "first_author": "André Romano Alho",
    "venue": "DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)",
    "publisher": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Supply chain",
      "Operations research",
      "Scale (ratio)",
      "Computer science",
      "Plan (archaeology)",
      "Commodity",
      "Set (abstract data type)",
      "Flow network",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Business",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-1903"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2387966435",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Analyze the Foundation of City Logistics Centers with GIS",
    "year": 2006,
    "publication_date": "2006-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Wen Wang"
    ],
    "first_author": "Wen Wang",
    "venue": "Logistics Sci-tech",
    "publisher": "China Warehousing Association",
    "abstract": "As the national economy and productivity's growth,the demand of moving and exchanging materials sharply increases,and the logistics technology continuously makes progress,so does the logistics network.In addition,the city logistics system gradually changes from scattered routes to the form of logistics centers——centralizing/dispersing,in order to realize the high efficiency and intensivism of city logistics system and alleviate the traffic tension,we should use proper planning methods,sources and tools to establish logistics centers and corresponding network according to special cases of each city.This article proposes to use one of the basic functions of GIS,combining the graphs and data,to assist to analyze the factors of founding a city logistics center,and gives some advice on the model of positioning logistics centers.",
    "keywords": [
      "City logistics",
      "Logistics center",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Foundation (evidence)",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Integrated logistics support",
      "Productivity",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering management",
      "Operations management"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-LTKJ200608004.htm"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388776369",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101119",
    "title": "Seattle microhub delivery pilot: Evaluating emission impacts and stakeholder engagement",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-11-17",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Şeyma Güneş",
      "Travis Fried",
      "Anne Goodchild"
    ],
    "first_author": "Şeyma Güneş",
    "venue": "Case Studies on Transport Policy",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "Urban freight deliveries using microhubs and e-cargo cycles have been gaining attention in cities suffering from congestion and emissions. E-cargo cycle deliveries and microhubs used as transshipment points in urban cores can replace trucks to make cities more livable. This study describes and empirically evaluates an e-cargo tricycle pilot conducted with multi-sector stakeholders in Seattle to report the potential benefits and pitfalls of such practices. The pilot held stakeholder workshop sessions to collect inputs of interest and expectations from the project. Mobile devices used by drivers on e-cargo tricycle and cargo van routes collected delivery data to use for empirical assessment. Total vehicle miles traveled and tailpipe carbon emissions served as performance metrics when comparing e-cargo tricycle and cargo van deliveries. The results showed the net-benefit of the microhub and e-cargo tricycle routes depend on the upstream operations when replenishing packages. The participatory approach to pilot design also provided insights into the factors of a successful pilot, with implications for scaling future e-cargo cycle delivery systems in North American cities. Namely, microhubs’ ability to host alternative revenue sources and value-added services is a boon for long-term financial competitiveness. However, lack of digital/physical infrastructure and work training/regulations specific to e-cargo cycle delivery operations present a barrier.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Transshipment (information security)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Revenue",
      "Work (physics)",
      "Upstream (networking)",
      "Stakeholder engagement",
      "Stakeholder",
      "Business",
      "Air cargo",
      "Operations management",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 15,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101119"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385210433",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2023.109458",
    "title": "Integrated strategic and tactical design of multi-echelon city distribution systems with vehicles synchronization: A case of the Greater Montréal area",
    "year": 2023,
    "publication_date": "2023-07-24",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Viviane Agnimo",
      "Mustapha Ouhimmou",
      "Marc Paquet",
      "Julio Montecinos"
    ],
    "first_author": "Viviane Agnimo",
    "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Synchronizing",
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Computer science",
      "Robustness (evolution)",
      "Synchronization (alternating current)",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Operations research",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Real-time computing",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering",
      "Telecommunications"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 9,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109458"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3185926977",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Markov based mesoscopic simulation tool for urban freight: SIMTURB",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-06-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Mathieu Gardrat",
      "Pascal Pluvinet"
    ],
    "first_author": "Mathieu Gardrat",
    "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
    "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis",
    "abstract": "The objective of this paper is to present a mesoscopic simulation model of urban freight transport called SIMTURB. This model is based on the results and is an extension of the FRETURB urban freight model [1]. With an architecture based on a Markov process, this model offers a complement and to some extent an alternative to multi-agent simulation models, since it makes possible to characterise precisely the routes of freight transport vehicles in a conurbation and characterise the movements of each agent (e.g. vehicle).",
    "keywords": [
      "Conurbation",
      "Mesoscopic physics",
      "Computer science",
      "Markov chain",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Process (computing)",
      "Complement (music)",
      "Simulation modeling",
      "Agent-based model",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://hal.laas.fr/ENTPE/halshs-03284321v1"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2008526168",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1471",
    "title": "Trucks and Bikes: Sharing the Roads",
    "year": 2014,
    "publication_date": "2014-03-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "W H Pattinson",
      "Russell George Thompson"
    ],
    "first_author": "W H Pattinson",
    "venue": "Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "More cycling in urban areas could alleviate congestion that would benefit logistics operations as well as provide health and environmental benefits to the community at large. However, cycling within many Australian cities is currently being impeded due to poor road design and the absence of best practice freight vehicle standards (amongst other deterrents). Rising levels of fear and road trauma are creating the opportunity to address safety issues associated with the interaction between trucks and bicycles in urban areas. Those involved in city logistics can help to promote cycling and other forms of active transport by participating in the development and implementation of measures that increase the level of safety for cyclists. Measures that could be supported include: intersection design, design modifications for trucks, education of drivers, cyclists and road managers, enforcement aimed at behavioural change, as well as logistics customers requiring the use of safer trucks. Road management approaches with integrated safety benefits include designating routes and times for the movement of freight vehicles to avoid cyclists and requiring the trucks used in urban areas to have better visibility (e.g. lower driver position). This paper discusses several measures for improving the safety of cyclists including freight vehicle engineering and truck driver training programs as well as environmental management and land use changes.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Transport engineering",
      "SAFER",
      "Enforcement",
      "Cycling",
      "Business",
      "Visibility",
      "Best practice",
      "Engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Computer security",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 23,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814015092/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7207325228",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "On Decarbonizing City Logistics: Analytical Models for Sustainable Package Delivery and Pickup",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-11-29",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Doğukan Toktaş"
    ],
    "first_author": "Doğukan Toktaş",
    "venue": "DalSpace (Dalhousie University)",
    "publisher": "Dalhousie University",
    "abstract": "City logistics significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) due to the extensive use of conventional vehicles. GHGs are the main driver of climate change (CC) and reducing them is essential to achieving greener cities. Following a comprehensive literature review on decarbonizing city logistics (DCL), this study proposes a two-stage mathematical model for last-mile business-to-customer (B2C) e-commerce operations. The first stage of the model assigns customers to the nearest parcel locker (PL) to optimize zoning. The second stage is formulated as a variant of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that addresses a critical gap in the DCL literature by considering home deliveries, package returns, and missed deliveries simultaneously while utilizing PLs. We evaluated the proposed model regarding quadruple bottom line pillars (QBL) of sustainability—environment, economy, society, and culture. A benchmark model is also developed to evaluate the proposed model’s results. Our findings indicate that implementing the proposed model could reduce CO2 emissions by 17% and operational costs by 9%. Furthermore, our model offers several social and cultural benefits. We conclude the study by discussing future research directions.",
    "keywords": [
      "Greenhouse gas",
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "Pickup",
      "Supply chain",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Green logistics",
      "Line (geometry)",
      "Sustainability",
      "Vehicle routing problem"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10222/84737"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400621525",
    "doi": "10.5220/0012797800003758",
    "title": "Adapting Retail Supply Chains for the Race to Sustainable Urban Delivery",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Angie Ramírez-Villamil",
      "Anicia Jaegler",
      "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres"
    ],
    "first_author": "Angie Ramírez-Villamil",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "To deal with urban distribution challenges, companies are redesigning their distribution networks. This paper studies a two-echelon vehicle routing problem, one of the most employed models, with a heterogeneous fleet between echelons. Vehicles in the first echelon are mobile satellites that supply the vehicles in the second echelon. Our study aims to minimize the travel time. To solve this complex problem when facing real-life distribution, a heuristic solution approach is followed by decomposing the components of the problem and applying the well-known nearest neighbor procedure. This approach is also justified by the very large amount of delivery points, so the problem dataset can be computationally tractable. Experiments are run using real data from a delivery company in Paris, France. Different scenarios are evaluated, and results show that the consideration of cargo bikes has big potential to reduce some of the externalities caused by conventional delivery systems, while some non-intuitive impacts are also found, such as the increase in land use. © 2024 by SCITEPRESS ¿ Science and Technology Publications, Lda.",
    "keywords": [
      "Supply chain",
      "Race (biology)",
      "Business",
      "Marketing",
      "Geology"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0012797800003758"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160447067",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6701578",
    "title": "Scaling Last Mile Logistics: Real-Time Route Optimization and Event Forecasting for High-Density Urban Deliveries",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Ravi Teja Thutari"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ravi Teja Thutari",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Event (particle physics)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Delivery Performance",
      "Artificial neural network",
      "Reinforcement learning",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Quality (philosophy)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6701578"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3170970353",
    "doi": "10.1109/dese51703.2020.9450244",
    "title": "Vehicle capacity selection for urban freight collecting and distribution operating",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-12-14",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Evgen Kush",
      "Andrii Galkin",
      "Vitalii Voronko",
      "Д. П. Понкратов",
      "Serhii Ostashevskyi",
      "Oleksii Lobashov"
    ],
    "first_author": "Evgen Kush",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The paper is devoted to the research of selection vehicles method for servicing urban collecting and distribution routes. The trips simulation of conveying unitized cargo to the distribution bays has been conducted based on the origin data and limitations. After that, the dependences of changes in transportation costs depending on the transportation process parameters of unitized cargo in a simulated network have been identified. The next step was to identify patterns of change in the total transportation expenses due to vehicle capacity and collecting and delivery demand. Basis obtained results, the dependence of the optimum vehicle capacity on the scope of delivery at the distribution bays was determined. A statistical model of dependence of optimum vehicle capacity on the scope of collecting and delivery amount in the distribution point has been obtained. Results assessment indicates about sufficiently high information capacity of obtained model in the urban sphere and ability to use in applied calculations. The online schedules and motor park optimization can be a result.",
    "keywords": [
      "Scope (computer science)",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Process (computing)",
      "TRIPS architecture",
      "Computer science",
      "Point (geometry)",
      "Operations research",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dese51703.2020.9450244"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2943131365",
    "doi": "10.1201/9781315370460-19",
    "title": "Telematics, Urban Freight Logistics, and Low Carbon Road Networks",
    "year": 2016,
    "publication_date": "2016-09-23",
    "type": "book-chapter",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Guy Walker",
      "Ailsa Strathie"
    ],
    "first_author": "Guy Walker",
    "venue": "Industrial and systems engineering",
    "publisher": "CRC Press",
    "abstract": "Data recording is the act of automatically logging information on system parameters over time. Data recording has become increasingly ubiquitous in rail transport operations. Entire national train fleets are now required to carry recorders which continuously extract data on how individual trains are being driven, at increasing rates, and across an increasing range of parameters. The outflow of data is extensive and growing, yet comparatively neglected. What could it be used for? In this study we argue it could be used CONTENTS 10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 103 10.1.1 Data Recording ....................................................................................................... 103 10.1.2 Brief History ........................................................................................................... 104 10.1.3 Pushing the Envelope ............................................................................................ 106 10.1.4 The Black Box Paradox .......................................................................................... 107 10.1.5 Flight (Rail) Data Monitoring ............................................................................... 107 10.1.6 Human Factors Leading Indicators ..................................................................... 108 10.2 Method ................................................................................................................................ 109 10.2.1 Data File and Parameters ...................................................................................... 109 10.2.2 Rolling Stock ........................................................................................................... 109 10.2.3 Journeys and Routes .............................................................................................. 109 10.2.4 Automatic Warning System.................................................................................. 110 10.3 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 112 10.3.1 Behavioral Clusters ................................................................................................ 112 10.3.2 Response Bias ......................................................................................................... 114 10.3.2.1 Sensitivity ................................................................................................. 115 10.3.2.2 Decision Criterion ................................................................................... 116 10.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 117 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 118 References ..................................................................................................................................... 118 to tackle the most important strategic risk issues currently faced by rail operators and authorities worldwide.",
    "keywords": [
      "Telematics",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Business",
      "Traffic management",
      "Telecommunications",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370460-19"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W3152264512",
    "doi": "10.2436/20.8080.02.103",
    "title": "A simheuristic algorithm for time-dependent waste collection management with stochastic travel times",
    "year": 2020,
    "publication_date": "2020-07-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Aljoscha Gruler",
      "Antoni Pérez-Navarro",
      "Laura Calvet",
      "Angel Alejandro Juan"
    ],
    "first_author": "Aljoscha Gruler",
    "venue": "LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)",
    "publisher": "LA Referencia",
    "abstract": "A major operational task in city logistics is related to waste collection. Due to large problem sizes and numerous constraints, the optimization of real-life waste collection problems on a daily basis requires the use of metaheuristic solving frameworks to generate near-optimal collection routes in low computation times. This paper presents a simheuristic algorithm for the time-dependent waste collection problem with stochastic travel times. By combining Monte Carlo simulation with a biased randomized iterated local search metaheuristic, time-varying and stochastic travel speeds between different network nodes are accounted for. The algorithm is tested using real instances in a medium-sized city in Spain.",
    "keywords": [
      "Metaheuristic",
      "Iterated local search",
      "Iterated function",
      "Computer science",
      "Computation",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Waste collection",
      "Task (project management)",
      "Data collection",
      "Monte Carlo method",
      "Randomized algorithm",
      "Travel time"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 12,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://ddd.uab.cat/record/235235"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W612991594",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "AN APPROACH TO ANALYZING A LARGE URBAN FREIGHT MARKET FOR TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES",
    "year": 1972,
    "publication_date": "1972-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Stanley J. Hille"
    ],
    "first_author": "Stanley J. Hille",
    "venue": "Transportation Journal",
    "publisher": "Penn State University Press",
    "abstract": "THE FAILURE OF THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY TO UTILIZE MARKET RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IS NOTED AND AN EXPLANATION IS OFFERED. SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ARE (1) TRANSPORTATION MODES ARE SERVICE COMPETITIVE-BASED ON TONNAGE; (2) TRANSPORTATION IS DEMAND ORIENTED; (3) THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY IS MORE LIKELY TO REDUCE COSTS IN THE AREA OF OPERATIONS; AND (4) FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES HAVE IN THE PAST MEANT THAT MARKETING RESEARCH IS THE FIRST AREA TO BE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED ENTIRELY. ALSO PROBLEMS INHERENT TO EACH MODE - RAILROADS, MOTOR CARRIERS, WATER CARRIERS, AND AIRLINES-ARE DISCUSSED. THE MARKET ANALYSIS APPROACH IS BEST DESIGNED FOR FIRMS THAT ARE DIFFUSED THROUGHOUT A METROPOLITAN AREA: IT IS PARTICULARLY ADAPTABLE TO EXAMINING MARKETS FOR PIGGYBACK, CONTAINER LOAD, TRUCKLOAD, AND LESS THAN TRUCKLOAD TRAFFIC. THE FIRST STEP IN ANY MARKET ANALYSIS MUST BE A DEFINITION OF THE COMPANY'S CURRENT MARKET POSITION. THE NEXT STEP IS TO ANALYZE THE METROPOLITAN AREA, SPECIFICALLY BY NOTING THE VARIOUS COMMODITIES FOR ORIGIN AND DESTINATION PURPOSES. A NET REVENUE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT MARKET WILL REVEAL THE COSTS FOR HANDLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF COMMODITIES, BASED ON DISTANCE. FINALLY POTENTIAL MARKETS SHOULD BE ESTIMATED EITHER BY (1) STUDYING THE CARRIER'S CURRENT ROUTE STRUCTURE AND OFF-LINE SALES AND/OR (2) USING THE 1967 CENSUS OF TRANSPORTATION PRODUCTTION AREA SERIES TO DETERMINE WHETHER COMMODITIES ARE PROFITABLY FLOWING BETWEEN THE PREVIOUSLY DEFINED MARKET AREAS. A HYPOTHETICAL CASE STUDY IS PRESENTED TO ILLUSTRATE A MARKET RESEARCH ANALYSIS.",
    "keywords": [
      "Metropolitan area",
      "Revenue",
      "Tonnage",
      "Market analysis",
      "Industrial organization",
      "Position (finance)",
      "Market research",
      "Business",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Truck",
      "Economics",
      "Marketing"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/92436"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2020118768",
    "doi": "10.2208/jscejd.63.579",
    "title": "ELEMENTARY SHORTEST PATH PROBLEM WITH RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS AND TIME DEPENDENT LATE ARRIVAL PENALTIES",
    "year": 2007,
    "publication_date": "2007-01-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ali Gul Qureshi",
      "Eiichi Taniguchi",
      "Tadashi Yamada"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ali Gul Qureshi",
    "venue": "Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu D",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Shortest Path Problem (SPP) has many Civil Engineering particularly Transportation Engineering applications.This study considers a variant of SPP; the Elementary Shortest Path Problem with Resource Constraints and Late Arrival Penalties (ESPPRCLAP).Time and capacity are considered as the resources and any delay violation of time window causes a late arrival penalty.An application of ESPPRCLAP is given in relation with Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW), which is used as a principal tool to evaluate many city logistics measures such as route optimization, to mitigate typical problems caused by urban goods movement.Finally benefits of incorporating late arrival penalties has been shown by using ESPPRCLAP as subproblem in column generation solution of VRPTW based on data derived from practical road network.",
    "keywords": [
      "Shortest path problem",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Scheduling (production processes)",
      "Computer science",
      "Path (computing)",
      "Mathematical optimization",
      "Constrained Shortest Path First",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Resource (disambiguation)",
      "Arrival time",
      "Column generation",
      "Operations research"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 3,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jscejd/63/4/63_4_579/_pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W2808571382",
    "doi": "10.1016/0191-2607(79)90019-0",
    "title": "The location and sizing of urban freight terminals with multiple planning periods",
    "year": 1979,
    "publication_date": "1979-04-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Ashton, William Bradford"
    ],
    "first_author": "Ashton, William Bradford",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part A General",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Sizing",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Business",
      "Computer science",
      "Engineering",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/send_file/send?accession=osu1487069564241822&disposition=inline"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172572327",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Evaluating urban freight policies through modeling and simulation: A systematic literature review",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-01-01",
    "type": "review",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "SU, Tingting",
      "An Caris",
      "Kris Braekers"
    ],
    "first_author": "SU, Tingting",
    "venue": "Document Server@UHasselt (UHasselt)",
    "publisher": "Hasselt University",
    "abstract": "Urban freight policies are increasingly introduced to regulate freight activities and improve urban sustainability. However, their operational impacts on logistics systems remain difficult to evaluate. This study presents a systematic review of research that assesses urban freight policies using vehicle routing models or simulation methods. The study develops a classification of policy measures, examines how these policies are represented in analytical models, and analyzes their impacts on firm operations and urban sustainability outcomes, while identifying underexplored decision areas.",
    "keywords": [
      "Sustainability",
      "Urban sustainability",
      "Systematic review",
      "City logistics",
      "Traffic management",
      "Urban planning",
      "Decision support system",
      "Urban policy"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/1942/49734"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W576075287",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Framework for managing environmental impacts due to urban freight movement",
    "year": 2006,
    "publication_date": "2006-11-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "J Luk",
      "Mcrobert"
    ],
    "first_author": "J Luk",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "The total freight task in Australia is expected to increase significantly over the next 15 years, in urban areas and inter-urban corroders. This substantial growth in truck traffic, together with increasing congestion in large urban centres, could necessitate more night time and week-end truck operations. Increased night time truck movements invariably increase adverse environmental and amenity impacts including, noise, vibration, dust, air quality as well as potential spillage from dangerous goods. This paper reviews measures that are suitable for managing the access of trucks and their environmental impacts. These measures include: appropriate land use regulation, access management through the implementation of different classes of road or routes for trucks, employment of signal coordination and other intelligent transport systems (ITS), parking and loading control, and truck bans. This paper also proposes an impact management framework to match traffic and access management measures to different road classes and vehicle types, and for different time periods of a day. The benefits of such a framework include the availability of a harmonised and consistent set of guidelines/rules across all roads in a State (national, state and local government roads). (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E214938.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Amenity",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Air quality index",
      "Government (linguistics)",
      "Noise pollution",
      "Business",
      "Environmental planning",
      "Environmental resource management",
      "Engineering",
      "Geography"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/810436"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171313367",
    "doi": "10.6084/m9.figshare.33088136",
    "title": "Research Data for Deep Reinforcement Learning for Noise-Aware Truck-Drone Collaborative Routing in Urban Delivery",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-07-29",
    "type": "dataset",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Tianyi Zheng",
      "Xin Xiong"
    ],
    "first_author": "Tianyi Zheng",
    "venue": "Figshare",
    "publisher": "Figshare (United Kingdom)",
    "abstract": "该数据集提供了支持“城市交付中噪声感知卡车-无人机协作路由深度强化学习”的研究的实验实例、逐种子结果、训练记录、城市形态泛化数据及Python源代码。发布的主要结果涵盖了九种场景，结合了50、55和60分贝的无人机噪声阈值，用户为30、60和80个客户。每个场景包含15个固定测试实例，分别使用提出的双层DQN、带有无人机启发式（GA-H）的遗传算法、带有无人机启发式的蚂蚁群落优化算法（ACO-H）以及针对特定问题的卡车无人机启发式（H-TUAV）进行评估。提供每个种子的汇总表和路由层级决策记录。55 dB场景包含训练历史、配置、收敛图和最佳检查点。在60名客户的条件下，提供了郊区、典型城市和高层城市环境的城市形态推广结果，频率为55分贝。源代码支持所有十二种噪声阈值和客户端规模组合，尽管本版本未包含15个客户端实例和结果。还提供复制说明、数据词典和SHA-256校验和。",
    "keywords": [
      "Process (computing)",
      "Identification (biology)",
      "Product (mathematics)"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33088136"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4233462282",
    "doi": "10.1155/2021/9621343",
    "title": "Corrigendum to “Combining Facility Location and Routing Decisions in Sustainable Urban Freight Distribution under Horizontal Collaboration: How Can Shippers Be Benefited?”",
    "year": 2021,
    "publication_date": "2021-02-13",
    "type": "erratum",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Hanan Ouhader",
      "Malika El Kyal"
    ],
    "first_author": "Hanan Ouhader",
    "venue": "Mathematical Problems in Engineering",
    "publisher": "Hindawi Publishing Corporation",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Business",
      "Operations research",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Computer science",
      "Computer network",
      "Engineering",
      "Mathematics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2021/9621343.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171730885",
    "doi": "10.6084/m9.figshare.33088136.v4",
    "title": "Research Data for Deep Reinforcement Learning for Noise-Aware Truck-Drone Collaborative Routing in Urban Delivery",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-07-29",
    "type": "dataset",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Tianyi Zheng",
      "Xin Xiong"
    ],
    "first_author": "Tianyi Zheng",
    "venue": "Figshare",
    "publisher": "Figshare (United Kingdom)",
    "abstract": "该数据集提供了支持“城市交付中噪声感知卡车-无人机协作路由深度强化学习”的研究的实验实例、逐种子结果、训练记录、城市形态泛化数据及Python源代码。发布的主要结果涵盖了九种场景，结合了50、55和60分贝的无人机噪声阈值，用户为30、60和80个客户。每个场景包含15个固定测试实例，分别使用提出的双层DQN、带有无人机启发式（GA-H）的遗传算法、带有无人机启发式的蚂蚁群落优化算法（ACO-H）以及针对特定问题的卡车无人机启发式（H-TUAV）进行评估。提供每个种子的汇总表和路由层级决策记录。55 dB场景包含训练历史、配置、收敛图和最佳检查点。在60名客户的条件下，提供了郊区、典型城市和高层城市环境的城市形态推广结果，频率为55分贝。源代码支持所有十二种噪声阈值和客户端规模组合，尽管本版本未包含15个客户端实例和结果。还提供复制说明、数据词典和SHA-256校验和。",
    "keywords": [
      "Reinforcement learning",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Research data",
      "Key (lock)",
      "Production (economics)",
      "Data collection"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33088136.v4"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4393205963",
    "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4772867",
    "title": "Urban Distribution Routes Selection Method Considering Congestion Probability Based on System Simulation Model",
    "year": 2024,
    "publication_date": "2024-01-01",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Jing Gu",
      "Kaile Zhao",
      "Xuefei Liu",
      "Chen Ling",
      "Chen Yanchun",
      "Tongyin Han",
      "Mohammad Kamrul Hasan"
    ],
    "first_author": "Jing Gu",
    "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
      "Computer science",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Probability model",
      "Probability distribution",
      "Model selection",
      "Statistics",
      "Mathematics",
      "Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4772867"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7212015297",
    "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.07289",
    "title": "CLInstGen: An Instance Generation Framework for Two-Tier City Logistics",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-09-07",
    "type": "preprint",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Julia Lange",
      "Johannes Gückel",
      "Pirmin Fontaine",
      "Timo Gschwind"
    ],
    "first_author": "Julia Lange",
    "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)",
    "publisher": "Cornell University",
    "abstract": "City logistics addresses the design and management of efficient freight transportation in urban areas. Two-tier networks, where goods are moved by different vehicle fleets from distribution centers to customers using intermediate consolidation facilities, are particularly effective. Although studied from routing, location, and network design perspectives, the research progress is slowed by the lack of standardized, state-of-the-art benchmark data. Many studies rely on outdated and artificial or case-specific instances, limiting reproducibility, comparability, and generality of results. To address this gap, we identify general problem characteristics for two-tier city logistics, provide an instance generation framework CLInstGen that is applicable to a wide range of problem settings, and propose the first benchmark library CLLIB. The library and the CLInstGen code are open-source, allowing researchers to easily use, adapt, and generate instances for their specific applications. CLLIB is based on real-world geographies of urban regions and provides a curated collection of standardized instances for direct benchmarking of models and methods as well as statistical evaluation. A computational study with two different problem settings, namely tactical service network design on two tiers and vehicle routing with simultaneous pickups and deliveries on a single tier, confirms the versatility of both the generator and the library, and provides first numerical and managerial insights on the CLLIB benchmark instances.",
    "keywords": [
      "Benchmarking",
      "Benchmark (surveying)",
      "City logistics",
      "Generality",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Limiting",
      "Service (business)",
      "Network planning and design"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.07289"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4312098357",
    "doi": "10.1117/12.2658663",
    "title": "Research on optimization of urban distribution route of electric logistics vehicles based on quota charge mode",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-12-22",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Cheng Cheng",
      "Xifu Wang",
      "Mengru Shen",
      "Yongshun Yu"
    ],
    "first_author": "Cheng Cheng",
    "venue": "International Conference on Smart Transportation and City Engineering (STCE 2022)",
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the urban logistics distribution business has surged, and in order to approach the energy crisis and environmental pollution and other problems, China vigorously promotes the application of new energy vehicle industry, which makes the pure electric vehicles in the logistics field has been applied on a large scale, for the different distribution paths and different operation modes of electric logistics vehicles with quota charging method, the impact on the logistics distribution cost is different. In this paper, by analyzing the development status of electric logistics vehicles in China, combining the characteristics of electric logistics vehicles, and aiming at cost minimization, we establish an optimization model of urban distribution path of electric logistics vehicles based on quota charging method, and combine the constraints of quantity constraint, power constraint, load constraint, time window constraint, etc., to obtain and analyze the distribution scheme and distribution results of electric logistics vehicles under quota charging method, so as to provide logistics enterprises with the opportunity to It provides suggestions for logistics enterprises to reasonably plan distribution paths for electric logistics vehicles.",
    "keywords": [
      "Constraint (computer-aided design)",
      "Distribution (mathematics)",
      "Mode (computer interface)",
      "Electric vehicle",
      "Computer science",
      "China",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Automotive engineering",
      "Business",
      "Environmental economics",
      "Power (physics)",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2658663"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4308485581",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.10.016",
    "title": "Capacity reduction on urban main roads: How truck drivers adapted, and what effects and consequences they experienced",
    "year": 2022,
    "publication_date": "2022-11-03",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Elise Caspersen",
      "Tale Ørving",
      "Aud Tennøy"
    ],
    "first_author": "Elise Caspersen",
    "venue": "Transport Policy",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": "Urban freight transport is an important issue in sustainable mobility discussions. It constitutes a significant proportion of urban traffic, and expected negative impacts for urban freight transport can be arguments against implementing restrictive measures targeting passenger traffic. The scarcity of empirical studies might lead to over- or underestimation of consequences for urban freight transport. This might slow shifts towards more sustainable mobility or cause unintended negative consequences. A long-planned 14-month capacity reduction in a main road tunnel in Oslo, Norway, causing significantly increased congestion, offered an excellent opportunity to study urban freight transport adaptations, effects and consequences. With truck drivers and logistics professionals as key informants, the study amplifies voices not often heard in research. Truck drivers adapted by avoiding the tunnel during rush hours only to a limited degree, and less than general traffic did. They reported limited flexibility, as routes and trip timing are strongly defined by customer contracts. The wider consequences for drivers were more stress and less predictable workdays. The findings might improve understandings of how truck drivers can and do adapt, and what consequences they experience. This will help authorities and freight companies plan for changes in urban transport systems aimed at sustainable mobility.",
    "keywords": [
      "Truck",
      "Transport engineering",
      "Unintended consequences",
      "Business",
      "Scarcity",
      "Traffic congestion",
      "Flexibility (engineering)",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Vehicle miles of travel",
      "Sustainability",
      "Engineering",
      "Economics"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 5,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X22003018/pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113065829",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Crowdsourcing in city logistics: setting the stage and defining opportunities",
    "year": 2025,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "type": "conference-paper",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Bortolini M.",
      "Galizia F. G.",
      "Guzzini A.",
      "Pellegrini M.",
      "Petroselli G.",
      "Saccani C."
    ],
    "first_author": "Bortolini M.",
    "venue": "Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna)",
    "publisher": "Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna",
    "abstract": "The increasing complexity in city logistics generates traffic, long waiting times, emissions and costs due to the increasing number of home deliveries’ requests coming from e-commerce and digital market. Couriers often get trapped in urban traffic, with a general decrease of service level and higher environmental burden. Last-mile deliveries in urban areas represent a critical stage, due to the need for deliveries to many different destinations, some of them difficult to reach due to limited traffic zones and other restrictions. One of the solutions proposed by the literature is to assign last-mile delivery tasks to occasional couriers, who are willing to perform deliveries in exchange for a small reward as part of an already planned route. This reduces the overall number of trips, as delivery becomes part of an existing route. The recent literature addresses this issue using a variety of topics, e.g., crowdsourcing, crowd logistics, crowdshipping and crowd economy, lacking a comprehensive approach. Through a bibliographic investigation, this paper performs a literature review on the main crowd-based topics applied to city logistics and identifies the corresponding definitions present in academic literature. By means of this review, this paper aims to analyse similarities and differences of these topics, defining acceptable boundaries for each of them. The results show appropriate definitions about considered topics and outline topic boundaries and their hierarchical relations. Starting from this stage setting, the paper further outlines opportunities for researchers.",
    "keywords": [
      "Crowdsourcing",
      "Variety (cybernetics)",
      "Service (business)",
      "Service provider",
      "Order (exchange)",
      "Service delivery framework"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://www.summerschool-aidi-salento.com/"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7198840932",
    "doi": null,
    "title": "Integrated and sustainable urban freight transport system: new technologies and new paradigms",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-03-16",
    "type": "dissertation",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Valentina Rizzello"
    ],
    "first_author": "Valentina Rizzello",
    "venue": "AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna)",
    "publisher": "University of Bologna",
    "abstract": "This PhD research addresses the pressing need for sustainable and efficient urban freight transport systems in the context of rapid e-commerce growth, rising delivery demand, and environmental constraints. Focusing on the last-mile delivery segment, the study explores the integration of innovative low-emission and autonomous delivery modes, specifically cargo bikes (CBs) and autonomous delivery vehicles (ADVs), within urban logistics contexts. The thesis develops and applies two complementary methodological frameworks. The first estimates the share of urban freight demand that can feasibly be served by small electric vehicles, considering spatial, operational, and technological constraints. The second introduces a vehicle routing optimization model that enables the comparative evaluation of CBs and ADVs in terms of operational efficiency, fleet composition, energy use, and environmental performance. Both frameworks are applied to the case study of Ravenna’s historical centre (Italy), using data collected through a detailed establishment survey and validated through computational experiments. A central contribution of the research is the development of an integrated demand-routing iterative model, which dynamically links freight demand estimation with routing optimization. This approach captures the endogeneity between logistics demand and system performance, providing a more realistic representation of how urban freight systems evolve under technological and regulatory changes. The findings demonstrate that cargo bikes and autonomous vehicles can maintain service efficiency while lowering externalities due to their electric propulsion/assistance, avoiding congestion and accessing LTZ freely, when supported by appropriate infrastructure and policy frameworks. The research offers methodological advances in modelling urban freight systems and provides practical insights for policymakers, planners, and logistics operators aiming to design sustainable and resilient last-mile delivery strategies.",
    "keywords": [
      "Traffic management",
      "Context (archaeology)",
      "City logistics",
      "Vehicle routing problem",
      "Sustainable transport",
      "Externality",
      "Service (business)",
      "Routing (electronic design automation)",
      "Efficient energy use"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://amsdottorato.unibo.it/id/eprint/12819/1/rizzello_valentina_tesi.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168940724",
    "doi": "10.35090/gatech/13316",
    "title": "Modularization and Containerized Consolidation for Multimodal Three Tier City Logistics",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-06-01",
    "type": "article",
    "language": null,
    "authors": [
      "Najib Errami",
      "Seyyed-Ehsan Hashemi-Petroodi",
      "Jakob Puchinger",
      "Walid Klibi"
    ],
    "first_author": "Najib Errami",
    "venue": null,
    "publisher": null,
    "abstract": "Within the European MODALSHIFT project on multimodal transport optimization, we propose a hyperconnected solution for three-tier city logistics under the Physical Internet (PI) framework. The goal is to promot a greener, cost-effective, and collaborative last-mile delivery via diverse modes including public transport (trams, trains, metro), bikes, electric vans, etc. Structured around a three-tier hub system (gateway, local, access) with regional demand clustering, it optimizes PI-container consolidations, enabling multiple logistics service providers to share urban journey portions across these modes and leveraging modularization for efficient detection and handling. Methodologically, this yields an original modeling of integrated networks-of-networks involving multiple actors and transport modes, addressed through advanced optimization of service networks and vehicle routing. Integrating these at the tactical-operational level via a model-based orchestrator supports public-private collaboration in a real-world use case. At the conference, we will present numerical results comparing it to classic networks, demonstrating expected ecological (emission reductions), economic (cost savings), and societal (convenience, collaboration) gains.",
    "keywords": [
      "Modular programming",
      "Multimodal transport",
      "Consolidation (business)",
      "Public transport",
      "Suite",
      "Service provider",
      "Service (business)",
      "Supply chain"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/1853/81912"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131097337",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2026.105288",
    "title": "Trajectory data–driven modeling and optimization of urban freight charging networks",
    "year": 2026,
    "publication_date": "2026-02-23",
    "type": "article",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Yanchao Lu",
      "Runsheng Zhang",
      "Ruoxuan Wang",
      "Bochen Fu",
      "Kaiming Lu",
      "Pengfei Fan",
      "Lei Yu",
      "Guohua Song"
    ],
    "first_author": "Yanchao Lu",
    "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment",
    "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
    "abstract": null,
    "keywords": [
      "Depot",
      "Software deployment",
      "Battery (electricity)",
      "Probabilistic logic",
      "State of charge",
      "Battery capacity",
      "Trajectory",
      "Charging station"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2026.105288"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://openalex.org/W4248115274",
    "doi": "10.1088/1757-899x/273/1/012015",
    "title": "Single-tier city logistics model for single product",
    "year": 2017,
    "publication_date": "2017-11-01",
    "type": "conference-abstract",
    "language": "en",
    "authors": [
      "Nova Indah Saragih",
      "Senator Nur Bahagia",
      "Suprayogi Suprayogi",
      "Ibnu Syabri"
    ],
    "first_author": "Nova Indah Saragih",
    "venue": "IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering",
    "publisher": "IOP Publishing",
    "abstract": "This research develops single-tier city logistics model which consists of suppliers, UCCs, and retailers. The problem that will be answered in this research is how to determine the location of UCCs, to allocate retailers to opened UCCs, to assign suppliers to opened UCCs, to control inventory in the three entities involved, and to determine the route of the vehicles from opened UCCs to retailers. This model has never been developed before. All the decisions will be simultaneously optimized. Characteristic of the demand is probabilistic following a normal distribution, and the number of product is single.",
    "keywords": [
      "Product (mathematics)",
      "Business"
    ],
    "cited_by_count": 0,
    "is_retracted": false,
    "is_paratext": false,
    "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/273/1/012015"
  }
]