[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388561577", "doi": "10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311212", "title": "Radar-visual navigation for all-weather approach and landing to vertiports", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paolo Veneruso", "Enrico Miccio", "Flavia Causa", "Roberto Opromolla", "Giancarmine Fasano", "Luca Manica", "Giacomo Gentile", "Carlo Tiana" ], "first_author": "Paolo Veneruso", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents an onboard multi-sensor navigation architecture to support approach and landing of rotorcraft in Urban Air Mobility scenarios. The proposed solution integrates an inertial measurement unit, a GNSS receiver, two cameras and a radar within an Extended Kalman Filter-based fusion framework. The integration of radar within the onboard architecture allows the system to operate in challenging visibility/illumination conditions, while also providing redundancy, and thus enhanced integrity, when the cameras are operating in nominal mode. Minimum requirements of the radar system are defined based on the constraints on the approach trajectory and ground infrastructure recently defined by the regulations. Then, the navigation architecture is detailed and its performance is evaluated through different simulations varying factors such as the cameras operation range and the number of ground scatterers exploited by the radar.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Man-portable radar", "Radar engineering details", "Real-time computing", "Radar", "GNSS applications", "Inertial navigation system", "Radar lock-on", "Redundancy (engineering)", "3D radar", "GNSS augmentation", "Visibility" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311212" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404374722", "doi": "10.1007/s13296-024-00920-w", "title": "Conceptual Design of Floating Vertiport Anchored with Taut Mooring Lines", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeong-Gon Kim", "Soo-Min Kim", "Dohyun Choi", "Joo Hyun Park", "Ho-Kyung Kim" ], "first_author": "Jeong-Gon Kim", "venue": "International Journal of Steel Structures", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Solid mechanics", "Mooring", "Conceptual design", "Engineering", "Marine engineering", "Structural engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Materials science", "Composite material" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-024-00920-w" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4295814327", "doi": "10.17208/jkpa.2022.08.57.4.25", "title": "Factors Influencing the Intention to Use UAM (Urban Air Mobility) and Acceptance of Ground Infrastructure (Vertiport)", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jong-Wook Lee", "Hyunjung Choi", "Sungjo Hong" ], "first_author": "Jong-Wook Lee", "venue": "국토계획", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Business", "Environmental planning", "Transport engineering", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.17208/jkpa.2022.08.57.4.25" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410491673", "doi": "10.1109/access.2025.3571435", "title": "R-YOLO: Enhancing Takeoff/Landing Safety in UAM Vertiports With Deep Learning Model", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nan Lao Ywet", "Aye Aye Maw", "Jae-Woo Lee" ], "first_author": "Nan Lao Ywet", "venue": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "This study introduces the R-YOLO model, an innovative AI-driven safety system that incorporates real-time object detection and trajectory prediction to provide decision support information during the critical takeoff and landing phases of improving urban air mobility (UAM) operations. The proposed unified approach, in contrast with traditional techniques, effectively combines detection and prediction into a single model, allowing effective real-time video processing. Leveraging data from onboard cameras, the model continuously monitors vertiport surroundings, enabling instantaneous situational awareness and predictive risk assessment. This method offers useful information about object positions and movement, which improves situational awareness, reduces operator workload, and facilitates better decision-making. The primary contribution of the research is the unified structure for anticipatory safety mechanisms, a step forward in AI-enabled aviation. By addressing major issues in urban aviation with this innovative artificial intelligence framework, the study provides the possibility of safer and more effective UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Takeoff and landing", "Deep learning", "Aerospace engineering", "Simulation", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571435" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4283577222", "doi": "10.54688/ayd.1105843", "title": "FACTORS AFFECTING POSITIVE WORD-OF-MOUTH COMMUNICATION INTENTION FOR DRONE-BASED DELIVERY SERVICE IN RETAILING", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bulut DÜLEK", "Zübeyir Çelik" ], "first_author": "Bulut DÜLEK", "venue": "Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Drones, which have recently grown in popularity and provide endless potential in a variety of fields, are a useful commercial tool in addition to being a fun hobby. This study aimed to analyze the direct effects of perceived trust, perceived speed, and problem awareness on positive word-of-mouth communication intention for drone-based delivery services. In addition, the effect of drone-based delivery service on positive word-of-mouth communication intention and whether consumers' positive word-of-mouth communication intentions for drone-based delivery service differ significantly by gender and generation were also analyzed. The online survey method was used to reach 433 people for the study. Many different statistical analyzes were used to analyze the obtained data. One-sample t-test, independent-group t-test and ANOVA were used to test the differences in consumers' WOM communication intentions according to control variables. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the positive effect of the drone-based delivery service on positive word-of-mouth communication intention was significant. It has also been concluded that perceived trust, perceived speed, and problem awareness have direct significant and positive effects on positive word of mouth communication intention for drone-based delivery services. However, no significant difference was found in the positive word of mouth communication intentions of consumers according to gender and generations. The results of the study were discussed and recommendations were provided.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Word of mouth", "Popularity", "Psychology", "Hobby", "Service (business)", "Test (biology)", "Social psychology", "Applied psychology", "Advertising", "Business", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2383827" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408190139", "doi": "10.22488/okstate.24.100236", "title": "Analysis of VTOL Downwash and Outwash to Establish Vertiport Safety Standards: A Theoretical Approach", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Ison" ], "first_author": "David Ison", "venue": "Collegiate Aviation Review International", "publisher": null, "abstract": "VTOL aircraft are expected to play a crucial role in the air transportation sector, fulfilling various use cases similar to helicopters. However, they also present a significant safety hazard, downwash, which is the concentrated and powerful airflows generated by the rotors or propellers. To mitigate downwash risks, clear communication, proper training, and the establishment of safe operating zones are essential. The study suggests that existing FAA vertiport design criteria are insufficient as they lack minimum standards for downwash and outwash safety. This study identified the dangers of VTOL downwash and developed potential mitigation strategies and basic safety guidelines. The study used existing VTOL aircraft data to calculate theoretical airflow characteristics and then compared these to wind speed comfort and safety scales. Equations based on design dimension “D” as described in existing vertiport literature were provided. In addition, equations accounting for variations in VTOL design and propulsion configurations were developed. A resultant process for determining safety zones and buffer areas around vertiports is provided. The findings of this study can assist advanced air mobility stakeholders in the development of vertiport safety guidelines and protections.", "keywords": [ "Downwash", "Outwash plain", "Physics", "Mechanics", "Geography", "Physical geography" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/CARI/article/download/9927/8798/21908" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408350791", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202503.0773.v1", "title": "Network Topology-Driven Vertiport Placement Strategy: Integrating Urban Air Mobility with the Seoul Metropolitan railway system", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-11", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ki-Han Song", "HaJeong Lee" ], "first_author": "Ki-Han Song", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "We propose a vertiport location-allocation methodology for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) from the perspective of transportation network topology. The location allocation of vertiports within a transportation network is a crucial factor in determining the unique characteristics of UAM compared to existing transportation modes. However, as UAM is still in the pre-commercialization phase with significant uncertainties, there are limitations in applying location-allocation models that optimize objective functions such as maximizing service coverage or minimizing travel distance. Instead, vertiport location-allocation should be approached from a strategic perspective, taking into account public capital investments aimed at improving the transportation network by leveraging UAM’s distinct characteristics compared to existing urban transportation modes. Therefore, we present a methodology for evaluating the impact of vertiport location-allocation strategies on changes in transportation network topology. To analyze network topology, we use the Seoul Metropolitan railway network as the base network and construct scenarios where vertiports are allocated based on highly connected nodes and those prioritizing structurally vulnerable nodes. We then compare and analyze global network efficiency, algebraic connectivity, average shortest path length, local clustering coefficient, transitivity, degree assortativity and modularity. We confirm that while allocating vertiports based on network centrality improves connectivity compared to vulnerability-based allocation, the latter approach is superior in terms of network efficiency. Additionally, as the proportion of vertiports increases, the small-world property of the network rapidly increases, indicating that the vertiport network can fundamentally alter the structure of multimodal transportation systems. Regardless of whether centrality or vulnerability is prioritized, we observe that connectivity increase exponentially, while network efficiency changes linearly with the increase in vertiport proportion. Our findings highlight the necessity of a network-based approach to vertiport location-allocation in the early stages of UAM commercialization, and we expect our results to inform future research directions on vertiport allocation in multimodal transportation networks.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Topology (electrical circuits)", "Network topology", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Geography", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202503.0773.v1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2800687011", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-017-02411-5", "title": "Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Joshuah K. Stolaroff", "Constantine Samaras", "Emma R. O’Neill", "Alia M. Lubers", "Alexandra S. Mitchell", "Daniel P. Ceperley" ], "first_author": "Joshuah K. Stolaroff", "venue": "Nature Communications", "publisher": "Nature Portfolio", "abstract": "The use of automated, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to deliver commercial packages is poised to become a new industry, significantly shifting energy use in the freight sector. Here we find the current practical range of multi-copters to be about 4 km with current battery technology, requiring a new network of urban warehouses or waystations as support. We show that, although drones consume less energy per package-km than delivery trucks, the additional warehouse energy required and the longer distances traveled by drones per package greatly increase the life-cycle impacts. Still, in most cases examined, the impacts of package delivery by small drone are lower than ground-based delivery. Results suggest that, if carefully deployed, drone-based delivery could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy use in the freight sector. To realize the environmental benefits of drone delivery, regulators and firms should focus on minimizing extra warehousing and limiting the size of drones.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Greenhouse gas", "Truck", "Limiting", "Environmental science", "Efficient energy use", "Business", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 510, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02411-5.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2030205118", "doi": "10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.1498", "title": "Improved GA Based Multi-LAVs’ Aerial Delivery Areas-Choosing Method", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-02-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Da Lin Li", "Jie Li", "Zhen Yu Guan", "Junbo Wang" ], "first_author": "Da Lin Li", "venue": "Applied Mechanics and Materials", "publisher": "Trans Tech Publications", "abstract": "In this paper, a multi-LAVs’ aerial delivery areas-choosing method is brought forward, which aims at known targets which are located in a fixed area. This method takes the performance of LAV, especially minimum turning radius, into consideration, and incorporates AHP and Dubins’ path. Based on the discussion of general GA method, we design the IGA method to increase the convergence rate. By using this method, the LAVs can reach the target located at the longest distance within the minimum time. Simulation results show that the IGA method has a higher convergence rate than the general GA method, while the delivery areas can be chosen in an optimized way. The proposed method can be extended to the problem of multi-Dubins vehicles’ task assignment and path planning.", "keywords": [ "Convergence (economics)", "Mathematical optimization", "Path (computing)", "Motion planning", "Computer science", "Rate of convergence", "Task (project management)", "Simulation", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.1498" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4251515235", "doi": "10.18698/2308-6033-2021-3-2066", "title": "Modern parachute precision aerial delivery systems", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "S.Yu. Ploskov" ], "first_author": "S.Yu. Ploskov", "venue": "Engineering Journal Science and Innovation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The development of parachute precision aerial delivery systems (PADS) has been going on since 1940s. Relying on the analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics of various gliding parachutes, the paper specifies the aerodynamic configuration for modern parachute precision aerial delivery systems, determines the types and considers the possibility of unifying the design of the main parachutes of such systems. The paper describes the history of gliding parachutes, summarizes the experience of developing such parachutes, and considers the evolution of maneuverable and steerable parachutes. In our study, we introduce and substantiate a new for the Russian practice classification of parachutes with aerodynamic quality. First, aerodynamic characteristics of various gliding parachutes were generalized and the main requirements for parachute PADS were indicated. Then, modern combined parachute PADS of Airbone Systems, USA, developed on the basis of double-surface parafoil parachutes were analyzed and classified with the emphasis on the types of modern systems. Since unification is most responsible for reducing the cost of industrial production of any technical systems, we considered the issues of possible unification of parachute PADS. Findings of research show that the unification of modern combined PADS depends on the common elements of control systems. It is worth noting that unification for systems of the ultralight class in terms of main parachutes is possible when using individual parachutes. For parachute systems of the middle and heavy class, intraspecific unification is possible through the use of single parachute modules.", "keywords": [ "Unification", "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Engineering", "Systems engineering", "Class (philosophy)", "Mechanical engineering", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2021-3-2066" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396908835", "doi": "10.1109/cspa60979.2024.10525474", "title": "Infrastructure-Based Communication Protocol Towards Multiple Quadrotor Drones’ Transportation", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Muhammad Aiman Haqiemi Mohd Shaipul", "Kishore Bingi", "Rosdiazli Ibrahim" ], "first_author": "Muhammad Aiman Haqiemi Mohd Shaipul", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A quadrotor drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle used for transportation. Nowadays, drones have become increasingly popular in various fields. However, incorporating them into industrial applications has presented many challenges. One of the major obstacles has been providing communication between multiple drones. Several approaches have been proposed to provide data transmission to multiple drones simultaneously. This research proposes a communication model that simulates the reliability of two Tello EDU drones to react with the central station and each other using an infrastructure-based communication protocol. The results demonstrate how the drones behave under the proposed protocol in two cases of data transmission. This research provides opportunities to improve transmission efficiency by using applicable methods.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Protocol (science)", "Transmission (telecommunications)", "Data transmission", "Communications protocol", "Computer network", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cspa60979.2024.10525474" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2054106777", "doi": "10.2514/3.59156", "title": "Comparative Cost and Capacity Estimates of Vertiports and Airports, 1975-1985", "year": 1971, "publication_date": "1971-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Samuel Ewer Eastman" ], "first_author": "Samuel Ewer Eastman", "venue": "Journal of Aircraft", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "This paper compares the estimated passengers' costs associated with the use of vertiports and new airports, excluding costs associated with the air vehicles themselves. Vertiports near central business districts (CBD's) require less but higher-priced real estate than do new airports in urban fringe areas. The comparisons are based on typical peak-hour handling requirements and on annual costs determined by adding operating costs and reduced capital costs, using a 10% interest rate and an appropriate useful life for each capital cost element. For the cities studied (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Seattle, and Charlotte, N.C.), new vertiports would be cheaper than new airports providing services for equal numbers of passengers. The cost advantage of a vertiport generally increases as city size increases and as the vertiport is moved out one mile or so from the CBD. This advantage varies from $0.5 per passenger per terminal (for Charlotte) to $19 (for New York), at 1 mile from the CBD. Major known omissions from the study are the effects on costs due to air pollution, noise, clear zones, and special low-altitude in-city air traffic procedures that might be required.", "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Mathematics", "Econometrics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/3.59156" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1968209983", "doi": "10.2514/6.2013-801", "title": "Simulated Rotor Wake Interactions Resulting from Civil Tiltrotor Aircraft Operations Near Vertiport Terminals", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Larry A. Young", "Ganesh Rajagopalan" ], "first_author": "Larry A. Young", "venue": "51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition", "publisher": null, "abstract": "A mid-fidelity computational fluid dynamics tool called RotCFD - specifically developed to aid in rotorcraft conceptual design efforts - has been applied to the study of rotor wake interactions of civil tiltrotor aircraft in the immediate vicinity of vertiport/airport ground infrastructure. This issue has grown in importance as previous NASA studies have suggested that civil tiltrotor aircraft can potentially have a significant impact on commercial transport aviation. Current NASA reference designs for such civil tiltrotor aircraft are focused on a size category of 90-120 passengers. Notional concepts of operations include simultaneous non-interfering flight into and out of congested airports having vertiports, that is, prepared VTOL takeoff and landing zones, or underutilized short runways for STOL operation. Such large gross-weight vehicles will be generating very high induced velocities. Inevitably, the interaction of the rotor wake with ground infrastructure such as terminals/jetways must be considered both from an operational as well as design perspective.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Wake", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Civil aviation", "Supercavitation", "Wake turbulence", "Rotor (electric)", "Runway", "Aerospace engineering", "Takeoff and landing", "Marine engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-801" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379877173", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-3402", "title": "Initial Development and Integration of a Vertiport Automation System for Advanced Air Mobility Operations", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jeffrey R. Homola", "Abhinay I. Tiwari" ], "first_author": "Jeffrey R. Homola", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3402.vid The High Density Vertiplex Sub-Project, as part of NASA’s Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Project, has been developing a reference Vertiport Automation System (VAS) to support the management of arrival and departure operations in the terminal area of a vertiport or network of inter-connected vertiports known as a vertiplex. The VAS is potentially a key element of an integrated AAM architecture that will enable greater levels of coordination and predictability for vertiport users through its integration and sharing of information, and greater control of vertiport resources for managing operators. This paper provides an overview of the VAS and a description of an initial implementation that has been integrated into a broader reference architecture as part of ongoing research. Examples from recent simulations are presented with an outline for next steps and considerations.", "keywords": [ "Automation", "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Key (lock)", "Architecture", "System integration", "Predictability", "Systems architecture", "Software engineering", "Engineering", "Database", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3402" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388562246", "doi": "10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311154", "title": "Hierarchical Vertiport Network for an Urban Air Mobility System: Munich Metropolitan Area Case Study", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Magdalena Peksa", "Florian Dandl", "Klaus Bogenberger" ], "first_author": "Magdalena Peksa", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is considered a future alternative for not only inner-city but also regional travel. Because of the high cost of building the UAM infrastructure, UAM take-off and landing spots should be placed strategically, maximising benefits for both passengers and the operator. We referred to the hub location theory when developing possible UAM transportation networks and locating vertiports, considering a hierarchical hub network that distinguishes between two types of hubs (hubs and central hubs). We adjusted the hierarchical model with a single assignment, allowing direct travel between demand nodes assigned to the same hub. We applied the model to a Bavarian transportation network consisting of 5 central hubs (4 cities and Munich Airport) and investigated which way of incorporating the city of Munich into the network would produce the best results in terms of minimising the mean passenger travel time.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Street network", "Computer science", "Travel time", "Air travel", "Operator (biology)", "Operations research", "Telecommunications", "Geography", "Aviation", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311154" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411952181", "doi": "10.4050/f-0081-2025-0052", "title": "A Numerical Study of Synthetic Turbulence Interaction with Unsteady Vertiport Environment", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-05-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alireza Maleki", "Vladimir V. Golubev", "Reda R. Mankbadi" ], "first_author": "Alireza Maleki", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study presents the development and application of a refined momentum source term methodology for synthetic turbulence generation in urban flow simulations. By embedding divergence-free, three-dimensional turbulence fields consistent with the von Kármán energy spectrum directly within the computational domain, the approach enables flexible and efficient turbulence generation with minimal sensitivity to grid stretching. The method is validated through Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of flow around a representative urban vertiport model under varying turbulence intensities (10%, 20%, and 30%). Results demonstrate that the generated synthetic turbulence significantly alters the flow field, reducing recirculation zones, promoting earlier shear-layer reattachment, and stabilizing the flow above the vertiport platform—key factors for safe eVTOL operations. Instantaneous flow analyses reveal that secondary tip vortices (STVs) persist even in the presence of strong inflow turbulence but lose their periodicity, explaining discrepancies with prior spectral analyses. Overall, the momentum source term approach offers a practical and effective tool for modeling atmospheric turbulence and gust conditions in urban air mobility and rotorcraft simulations.", "keywords": [ "Turbulence", "Computer science", "Statistical physics", "Mechanics", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0052" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392694453", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-76534", "title": "Aerodynamic Investigation of Vertiport Design for Air Taxis", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alexandra Bernyk", "Vedant Mantri", "Finn Sutherland" ], "first_author": "Alexandra Bernyk", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is at the forefront of a new era of transportation, with vertiports emerging as integral components in AAM operations. Managing the wind conditions around vertiports is integral to the safety and efficiency of AAM operations at vertiports, as vertiport structures will generate challenging flight conditions for AAM vehicles to navigate. The design of vertiport structures will influence the surrounding flow field, so vertiport design can be used to reduce unfavourable conditions for AAM vehicles. This study looks at how effectively aspects of building design mitigate unfavourable wind conditions for a roof-mounted vertipad, namely modifications to roof edge geometry and vertipad design. Scaled models of a cuboid structure with a roof-top vertipad were tested in a wind tunnel, using Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) to study the surrounding flow field. Results showed that radiused roof edges and the inclusion of slats effectively reduced the size and intensity of the overspeed regions and regions of sheared flow. Vertipad height influenced the wind conditions above the vertipad, with lower vertipads (0.03 of the building height above the roof) having better conditions than high (0.10 of the building’s height above the roof) vertipads. Square vs round vertipads were tested but shape did not substantially affect the measured flow field.", "keywords": [ "Aerodynamics", "Taxis", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2023-76534" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1594072577", "doi": null, "title": "The Emergence of Aerial Delivery as a Routine Method of Resupply (versus Its Traditional Emergency Role)", "year": 1987, "publication_date": "1987-04-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert W. Mortis" ], "first_author": "Robert W. Mortis", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Aerial delivery (airdrop) is a method of resupply. However, there are those who consider it a method of supply delivery, thereby categorizing it as a method of transportation. Doctrinally, airdrop is a quartermaster functional responsibility and is designated as a primary field service, as is laundry and bath, graves registration and bakery services. Airdrop has long been considered as a means of emergency resupply only, and with good reason. Aircraft availability within a theater will be extremely limited; costs in terms of quantities of supplies/equipment that can be effectively delivered; the vulnerability of aircraft in a hostile environment; and the lack of materiel handling equipment to facilitate recovery operations are but a few of the substantial constraints that limit airdrop to an emergency resupply role. However, changes in operational/tactical warfighting and the very nature of the geographics in anticipated theaters of operation have caused tacticians as well as logisticians to relook the most effective means of sustaining the fighting force. The lack of adequate road and rail networks, no inland waterways and shortage of tactical wheel vehicles indicate that aerial delivery may be the only reliable means of logistically sustaining the force. Research and development, force structure, logistical doctrine, personnel requirements and training in the airdrop area are being enhanced to satisfy combat service support requirements in a hostile area of operations.", "keywords": [ "Economic shortage", "Service (business)", "Engineering", "Aeronautics", "Operational effectiveness", "Operations management", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA182859" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400981452", "doi": "10.1057/s41270-024-00323-0", "title": "Vertiport ventures: assessing operational feasibility for eVTOL integration in São Paulo’s helipad and heliport infrastructure", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Peter E. O’Reilly", "Ramy A. Rahimi", "Jorge Luiz Rosa Marques", "Marco Aurélio Feitosa de A. L. Babadopulos" ], "first_author": "Peter E. O’Reilly", "venue": "Journal of Marketing Analytics", "publisher": "Palgrave Macmillan", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://commons.erau.edu/publication/2260" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409935063", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace12050386", "title": "Incremental GA-Based 3D Trajectory Optimization for Powered Parachute Aerial Delivery Systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hanafy Mohammad Omar", "Ayman Hamdy KASSEM" ], "first_author": "Hanafy Mohammad Omar", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This paper presents an offline optimal trajectory planning method for powered parachutes (PPCs) using dynamic model simulations, emphasizing their potential in applications such as remote sensing and aerial delivery systems. A six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) dynamic model of the PPC is developed, complemented by a novel optimization technique called Incremented Genetic Algorithms (IGA). IGA improve the computational efficiency by dynamically increasing the number of variables only when optimization goals are unmet, eliminating the need to predefine input variable counts. This approach significantly reduces the computational time and CPU usage while maintaining cost-effectiveness for 3D trajectory planning. The proposed method was validated on three trajectories under diverse constraints, including the time, position, and predefined obstacles. The results demonstrate that IGA can effectively generate optimal trajectories using a single control parameter (the parachute steering angle) and a minimal number of control points, showcasing its practicality and efficiency.", "keywords": [ "Trajectory", "Trajectory optimization", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/5/386/pdf?version=1745922963" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387371455", "doi": "10.1080/23302674.2023.2252737", "title": "Capacitated vertiport and charging station location-allocation problem for air taxi operations with battery and fleet dispatching considerations: a case study of New York city", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Suchithra Rajendran", "Akhouri Amitanand Sinha", "Sharan Srinivas" ], "first_author": "Suchithra Rajendran", "venue": "International Journal of Systems Science Operations & Logistics", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Set to begin operations in the coming years, air taxi is an emerging ride-sharing aviation service that plans to commute millions of customers in metropolitan cities every day. However, existing literature has not holistically investigated the impact of the various strategic, tactical, and operations decisions pertaining to air taxi services (ATS). This research adopts a simulation-based framework to address the capacitated infrastructure location and demand allocation problems associated with ATS. Specifically, we determine the following decisions: (i) location and size of operating facilities and charging stations (strategic), (ii) air taxi fleet required to serve the expected demand at a specified service level (strategic), (iii) threshold minimum charge required for efficient air taxi operations (tactical), and (iv) real-time allocation of customer demand (operational). The proposed approach identifies the infrastructure locations using a clustering algorithm, and subsequently addresses the capacitated location-allocation problem for ATS by employing a simulation-based model. To test the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we consider a case study of New York City. We leverage the estimated air taxi demand and evaluate the proposed model by considering the weighted sum of fleet utilization and customer waiting time.", "keywords": [ "Operations research", "Metropolitan area", "Service (business)", "Aviation", "Transport engineering", "Leverage (statistics)", "Computer science", "Location-allocation", "Demand forecasting", "Business", "Engineering", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2023.2252737" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4319723467", "doi": "10.12968/s1478-2774(22)50330-0", "title": "New York Test Site to Develop Vertiports", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-09-01", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": "Aerospace Testing International", "publisher": "Mark Allen Group", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Test (biology)", "Test site", "Engineering", "Geology", "Mining engineering", "Paleontology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1478-2774(22)50330-0" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4383860647", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2307.03558", "title": "We, Vertiport 6, are temporarily closed: Interactional Ontological Methods for Changing the Destination", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-07-07", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Seungwan Woo", "Jeongseok Kim", "Kangjin Kim" ], "first_author": "Seungwan Woo", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "This paper presents a continuation of the previous research on the interaction between a human traffic manager and the UATMS. In particular, we focus on the automation of the process of handling a vertiport outage, which was partially covered in the previous work. Once the manager reports that a vertiport is out of service, which means landings for all corresponding agents are prohibited, the air traffic system automates what it has to handle for this event. The entire process is simulated through knowledge representation and reasoning. Moreover, two distinct perspectives are respected for the human supervisor and the management system, and the related ontologies and rules address their interactions. We believe that applying non-monotonic reasoning can verify each step of the process and explain how the system works. After a short introduction with related works, this paper continues with problem formulation, primary solution, discussion, and conclusions.", "keywords": [ "Supervisor", "Focus (optics)", "Computer science", "Process (computing)", "Representation (politics)", "Automation", "Service (business)", "Continuation", "Event (particle physics)", "Air traffic control", "Knowledge management", "Knowledge representation and reasoning" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.03558" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2620559885", "doi": "10.2514/6.2017-3885", "title": "Feasibility of a Flying Wing-based Aerial Delivery Vehicle", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-06-02", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tyler E. Kraft", "Travis D. Fields", "Oleg A. Yakimenko" ], "first_author": "Tyler E. Kraft", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Wing", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Fixed wing", "Aerospace engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-3885" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2323727540", "doi": "10.2514/6.2001-2055", "title": "Personnel guided aerial delivery of all terrain vehicles", "year": 2001, "publication_date": "2001-05-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Edward Strong" ], "first_author": "Edward Strong", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Terrain", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Geography", "Cartography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-2055" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2570426564", "doi": null, "title": "EFFECTS OF VTOL AIRCRAFT NOISE ON VERTIPORT LOCATION", "year": 1968, "publication_date": "1968-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Joanna Lindley" ], "first_author": "Joanna Lindley", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Aircraft noise", "Aeronautics", "Acoustics", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Physics", "Noise reduction", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/24487" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399801247", "doi": "10.1109/icuas60882.2024.10556929", "title": "Vision-Aided Navigation for UAM Approach to Vertiports with Multiple Landing Pads", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Enrico Miccio", "Paolo Veneruso", "Roberto Opromolla", "Giancarmine Fasano", "Giacomo Gentile", "Carlo Tiana" ], "first_author": "Enrico Miccio", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The vertiport concept has spread widely as the future aerodrome that will allow Vertical Take-Off and Landing vehicles to operate in complex and congested scenarios, such as those foreseen within the Urban Air Mobility framework. Possible vertiport configurations have been proposed by many government agencies such as the European Union Aviation Safety Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration providing general design and development guidelines. This paper introduces an autonomous visual-aided navigation architecture able to estimate the aircraft state during approaches to vertiports exploiting visual observables gathered from multiple landing patterns. The implemented architecture exploits a Convolutional Neural Network for landing patterns detection; it then performs their discrimination and, for each of them, keypoints detection and identification to feed a perspective-n-point solver. The resulting pose measurements are input to an Extended Kalman Filter, which also processes data from an Inertial Measurement Unit and a Global Navigation Satellite System receiver. The implemented architecture is tested on synthetic and real data, showing the validity of the pattern discrimination strategies and the performance of the visual-aided filter as a function of the number of detected patterns along different approach trajectories.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Computer vision", "Artificial intelligence", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icuas60882.2024.10556929" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407949957", "doi": "10.1109/cdc56724.2024.10886225", "title": "Incentive-Compatible Vertiport Reservation in Advanced Air Mobility: An Auction-Based Approach", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pan-Yang Su", "Chinmay Maheshwari", "Victoria Marie Tuck", "S. Shankar Sastry" ], "first_author": "Pan-Yang Su", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The rise of advanced air mobility (AAM) is expected to become a multibillion-dollar industry in the near future. Market-based mechanisms are touted to be an integral part of AAM operations, which comprise heterogeneous operators with private valuations. In this work, we study the problem of designing a mechanism to coordinate the movement of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, operated by multiple operators each having heterogeneous valuations associated with their fleet, between vertiports, while enforcing the arrival, departure, and parking constraints at vertiports. Particularly, we propose an incentive-compatible and individually rational vertiport reservation mechanism that maximizes a social welfare metric, which encapsulates the objective of maximizing the overall valuations of all operators while minimizing the congestion at vertiports. Additionally, we improve the computational tractability of designing the reservation mechanism by proposing a mixed binary linear programming approach that leverages the network flow structure.", "keywords": [ "Reservation", "Incentive", "Computer science", "Incentive compatibility", "Computer network", "Microeconomics", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1dr1j927" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415607664", "doi": "10.1016/j.ast.2025.111180", "title": "Vision-aided Sensing Pipeline with AI-based vertiport detection for Precision Navigation in UAM Approach and Landing Scenarios", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Enrico Miccio", "Paolo Veneruso", "Roberto Opromolla", "Giancarmine Fasano", "Carlo Tiana", "Giacomo Gentile" ], "first_author": "Enrico Miccio", "venue": "Aerospace Science and Technology", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This paper presents an original vision-aided, multi-sensor navigation architecture to support approach and landing procedures of Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft to vertiports in Urban Air Mobility scenarios. The architecture relies on an Extended Kalman filter integrating inertial measurements with positioning information provided by GNSS or GNSS/visual processing, depending on the distance from the landing pad. Indeed, visual-based measurements allow improving the accuracy and the integrity of the navigation filter output, especially at close distances from the landing areas. The visual processing pipeline relies on a two-camera configuration designed to ensure continuous coverage of the landing pad along an approach trajectory which is compliant with the existing guidelines. Regarding the landing pad, an original configuration with multi-scale fiducial markers is considered, which is obtained modifying the one proposed by the European Aviation Safety Agency so as to enable both manned and unmanned operations. From the algorithmic perspective, different processing blocks are customized and combined within the sensing pipeline paying particular attention to the timely detection and removal of anomalous measurements as well as to the compliance of the estimated uncertainty with navigation performance requirements during landing operations. Landing area detection is entrusted to an ad hoc Convolutional Neural Network trained on the basis of the operational domain. Then, custom motion-aware image processing methodologies are used to detect, match, and track visual landmarks which are then used to solve a perspective-n-points problem through an iterative non linear least squares strategy. Analysis of residuals, as well as covariance-based checks on the difference between predictions and estimates, are used before feeding the visual solution into the filter, thus providing protection against outliers in the visual-based pose estimation process. Performance assessment is first carried out by means of numerical simulations within a high-fidelity virtual environment able to realistically reproduce aircraft dynamics, sensors’ operation, illumination and weather conditions. Such analysis is then complemented by tests conducted on real images taken during an experimental flight test campaign with a small unmanned aerial vehicle.", "keywords": [ "Pipeline (software)", "Pipeline transport", "Noise (video)" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.111180" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1486856361", "doi": null, "title": "Planning and design of airports", "year": 1950, "publication_date": "1950-01-01", "type": "book", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert Horonjeff" ], "first_author": "Robert Horonjeff", "venue": "Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa)", "publisher": "Ministerio de Defensa", "abstract": "Chapter 1: The Nature of Civil AviationChapter 2: Airport Characteristics Related to Aircraft DesignChapter 3: Air Traffic ControlChapter 4: Airport PlanningChapter 5: Forecasting in Aviation and Airport PlanningChapter 6: Airport ConfigurationChapter 7: Airport Capacity and DelayChapter 8: Geometric Design of the AirfieldChapter 9: Planning and Design of the Terminal AreaChapter 10: The Design of Heliport, Vertiports, and STOL PortsChapter 11: Structural Design of PavementsChapter 12: Lighting, Signing, and MarkingChapter 13: Airport DrainageChapter 14: Environmental and Economic Assessment of Projects", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Aviation", "Civil aviation", "Engineering", "Air traffic control", "Aeronautics", "Civil engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 361, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=651066" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3137084733", "doi": "10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.007", "title": "Integrated Network Design and Demand Forecast for On-Demand Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhiqiang Wu", "Yu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Zhiqiang Wu", "venue": "Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is an emerging concept proposed in recent years that uses electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOLs). UAM is expected to offer an alternative way of transporting passengers and goods in urban areas with significantly improved mobility by making use of low-altitude airspace. In addition to other essential elements, ground infrastructure of vertiports is needed to transition UAM from concept to operation. This study examines the network design of UAM on-demand service, with a particular focus on the use of integer programming and a solution algorithm to determine the optimal locations of vertiports, user allocation to vertiports, and vertiport access- and egress-mode choices while considering the interactions between vertiport locations and potential UAM travel demand. A case study based on simulated disaggregate travel demand data of the Tampa Bay area in Florida, USA was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Candidate vertiport locations were obtained by analyzing a three-dimensional (3D) geographic information system (GIS) map developed from lidar data of Florida and physical and regulation constraints of eVTOL operations at vertiports. Optimal locations of vertiports were determined to achieve the minimal total generalized cost; however, the modeling structure allows each user to select a better mode between ground transportation and UAM in terms of generalized cost. The outcomes of the case study reveal that although the percentage of trips that switched from ground mode to multimodal UAM was small, users choosing the UAM service benefited from significant time saving. In addition, the impact of different parameter settings on the demand for UAM service was explored from the supply side, and different pricing strategies were tested that might influence potential demand and revenue generation for UAM operators. The combined effects of the number of vertiports and pricing strategies were also analyzed. The findings from this study offer in-depth planning and managerial insights for municipal decision-makers and UAM operators. The conclusion of this paper discusses caveats to the study, ongoing efforts by the authors, and future directions in UAM research.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Service (business)", "Mode (computer interface)", "Transport engineering", "Network planning and design", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Telecommunications", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 164, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809921000837/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379115542", "doi": "10.31979/mti.2023.2122", "title": "Land Use Analysis on Vertiports Based on a Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Wenbin Wei", "Kerry Rohrmeier", "Tiffany Martinez", "Michael Winans", "Heungseok Park" ], "first_author": "Wenbin Wei", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Vertiport research and development trails in the emerging commercial air taxi sector known as Advanced Air Mobility (AAM). Published scholarship remains limited as federal, state, and local governments have yet to create or implement policies for the rapidly progressing larger AAM ecosystem, which is designed around autonomous electric vehicle takeoff and landing aircraft. With the potential for frequent low altitude flights, long-range planning must demonstrate awareness, knowledge, and utilization of geographic information science to select safe and just vertiport locations. This study summarizes the AAM literature and offers planners a set of stakeholder-informed parameters to use in a no-cost preliminary GIS analysis when applied to urban, suburban, and exurban site suitability models. Parameters for this case study were identified under the considerations of safety, access, and equity for vertiport placement and given a high, medium, or low priority level to determine site suitability. The goals of this study are to establish a framework for the systematic approach to vertiport site selection and to provide recommendations for how a region might plan its AAM network, regulations, or best practices. The approach established by this framework would ensure general consistency in AAM land use planning for a region while remaining flexible enough to allow for other considerations that may differ between regions, such as local zoning or state regulations. The study also highlights the importance of integrating a focus on land use planning when implementing AAM, especially as it relates to a case study of the San Francisco Bay Area.", "keywords": [ "Zoning", "Stakeholder", "Land use", "Environmental planning", "Land-use planning", "Environmental resource management", "Plan (archaeology)", "Geography", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1448&context=mti_publications" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409164556", "doi": "10.3390/app15073965", "title": "Network Topology-Driven Vertiport Placement Strategy: Integrating Urban Air Mobility with the Seoul Metropolitan Railway System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ki-Han Song", "HaJeong Lee" ], "first_author": "Ki-Han Song", "venue": "Applied Sciences", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "We propose a vertiport location-allocation methodology for urban air mobility (UAM) from the perspective of transportation network topology. The location allocation of vertiports within a transportation network is a crucial factor in determining the unique characteristics of UAM compared to existing transportation modes. However, as UAM is still in the pre-commercialization phase, with significant uncertainties, there are limitations in applying location-allocation models that optimize objective functions such as maximizing service coverage or minimizing travel distance. Instead, vertiport location allocation should be approached from a strategic perspective, taking into account public capital investments aimed at improving the transportation network by leveraging UAM’s distinct characteristics compared to existing urban transportation modes. Therefore, we present a methodology for evaluating the impact of vertiport location-allocation strategies on changes in transportation network topology. To analyze network topology, we use the Seoul Metropolitan railway network as the base network and construct scenarios where vertiports are allocated based on highly connected nodes and those prioritizing structurally vulnerable nodes. We then compare and analyze global network efficiency, algebraic connectivity, average shortest path length, local clustering coefficient, transitivity, degree assortativity and modularity. We confirm that while allocating vertiports based on network centrality improves connectivity compared to vulnerability-based allocation, the latter approach is superior in terms of network efficiency. Additionally, as the proportion of vertiports increases, the small-world property of the network rapidly increases, indicating that the vertiport network can fundamentally alter the structure of multimodal transportation systems. Regardless of whether centrality or vulnerability is prioritized, we observe that connectivity increase exponentially, while network efficiency changes linearly with the increase in vertiport proportion. Our findings highlight the necessity of a network-based approach to vertiport location allocation in the early stages of UAM commercialization, and we expect our results to inform future research directions on vertiport allocation in multimodal transportation networks.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Topology (electrical circuits)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Geography", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/7/3965/pdf?version=1743687369" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401359338", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-86042", "title": "Feasibility for a Solar Powered Autonomous Drone Vertiport System", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fahad Mannan", "Mostafa Hassanalian" ], "first_author": "Fahad Mannan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the recent years single drone-based measurement and quantification of methane emissions has increased rapidly. In this study we will investigate the feasibility of the portable and sustainable solar powered vertiport system for a drone swarm to identify methane and measure the emission on sites. The proposed system STEER (Sustainable verTiport framework for autonomous dronE swarm methanE emission measurement over oRphaned wells) mainly comprised of two major parts: 1) The vertiport and 2) Swarm of drones. The vertiport is a bioinspired tree like portable structure which will shelter and charge the drones. The branches of the vertiport which will house the drones will also help them land and takeoff. It will be an isolated system and will be powered by solar energy with the help of foldable solar panels located on the top, and power bank located on the bottom of the vertiport. The vertiport will also be equipped with a weather station on the top of it and a central computing unit at the base of the trunk of the Vertiport. Portable and Sustainable Vertiport Design The vertiport is portable and sustainable in nature. The base and the height of the vertiport is adjustable which will be helpful to optimize the wind resistance and also during the transportation. Apart from the portable nature and the overall shape and configuration of the vertiport, it will also address the following criteria- 1. Overall design The vertiport will be portable and lightweight. 8020 T slot aluminum bars will be used to build the vertiport structure, as it is considered as a lightweight material. The vertiport will be an easy to assemble and disassemble structure with adjustable height. 2. Individual tree branch and drone housing The drone capsules located on individual tree branch will house, protect and help to charge the drones wirelessly via landing pads by contact charging method. The landing pad has the ability to increase its area during the landing of the drones. The capsule has the ability to enclose completely to secure the drone from weather impacts after the landing takes place. The spherical shape of the capsule will help to reduce the drag force on it during heavy wind, and It will also prevent snow, debris, and other dust particles to get stored on the outside surface of the capsule. So, there will be less chance of particles to get inside the drone housing. It is also important to keep the charging pad surface clean for uninterrupted charging facility. 3. Precision landing with landing pad miniature design GPS will help the drone to find the best position to vertically land on the landing pad. The landing will be more precise and accurate with the help a computer vision model that relies on unique marker and infrared signatures. The Solar Panel and the Weather station: Additionally, the top mounted equipment like the solar panel and the weather station has their own functionality. The solar panel has the ability to get folded and unfolded simultaneously. During takeoff and landing, the solar panels will remain folded. That will help the drones to avoid collision with it. The solar panel will be responsible for charging the power bank which is equipped with a controller and a converter to power up the charging system, actuators and motors, and the central computing unit. The weather station will responsible for sensing the weather condition. Whenever it will sense the adversity of the weather like rain or heavy wind during the flight time, it will send signal to the drones to return to the capsule. The drones will not come out of the capsule, until they get the clearance from the weather station. The swarm of drones A swarm of drones will measure the methane emission spontaneously from multiple orphaned wells within a single site. Each drone is equipped with CH4 sensor, Anemometer sensor, GPS sensor, and Data logger. They can collaborate with each other to identify and measure different orphaned well within the same area. A 3D drone swarm path planning based on a cooperative multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework will be used. For the methane emission quantification, we will use Near-Field Gaussian Plume Inversion (NGI) approach [3], as it is one of the most effective drone-based point source methane emission quantification approaches. The methane emission detection and measuring process is divided into 4 steps. i). Seek phase: Here the drones will look for methane emissions by using their on-board sensors. ii). Converge phase: Once any drone finds any methane source which is emitting beyond a threshold, it will call assistance from the other neighboring drones to converge at that point for optimal coverage. iii). Monitoring phase: To measure the methane flux density in this phase the NGI approach will be performed. iv). Recharging phase: In this phase the drones will get back to their assigned capsule to get recharged when they will sense a low battery level. Comparing to the Flux chamber method, the STEER architecture offers i). Lower time cost, as drones will detect and quantify methane emission simultaneously and parallelly ii). Lower capital cost, as the installation, execution and the manufacturing cost of the STEER architecture is comparatively lower that the other processes. And iii). Lower risk and operational cost, as the sites are located in hard-to-reach areas, such as complex terrain like mountains or coastlines, for human technicians, but not for drones.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Solar powered", "Computer science", "Photovoltaic system", "Aeronautics", "Solar energy", "Architectural engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2024-86042" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391300930", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-1952", "title": "The Vertiport Human Automation Teaming Toolbox (V-HATT) for the Design and Evaluation of Urban Air Mobility Infrastructure", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paul A. Krois", "Joseph Block", "Paul Cobb", "Gano Chatterji", "Shulu Chen", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Paul A. Krois", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Future growth of Urban Air Mobility requires vertiport infrastructure where aircraft can depart and land for transporting passengers and cargo. There is a critical gap in tools needed for the design and operation of vertiports. The Vertiport Human Automation Teaming Toolbox addresses this gap for real-time human-in-the-loop simulations involving integrated arrival, surface, and departure operations. The toolbox enables exploration of the relationship of the human vertiport operator managing the flow of operations combined with decision support tool automation as a machine/artificial intelligence teaming agent. The simulation-based toolbox supports examining the effectiveness of various human-machine teaming strategies with differing degrees of automation. As future vertiports grow in capability and complexity, managing their operations will require innovative concepts that adapt to scale with operational complexity. The toolbox will assist researchers, operators, manufacturers, and infrastructure developers in understanding potential bottlenecks in vertiport capacity and the role of human-centered automation in alleviating them.", "keywords": [ "Toolbox", "Computer science", "Automation", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-1952" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125525539", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace13010109", "title": "Throughput and Capacity Analysis of a Vertiport with Taxing and Parking Levels", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Samiksha R. Nagrare", "Teemu Joonas Lieb" ], "first_author": "Samiksha R. Nagrare", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Amidst the increasing aerial traffic and road traffic congestion, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a new mode of aerial transport offering less travel time and ease of portability. A critical factor in reducing travel time is the emerging electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles, which require infrastructure such as vertiports to operate smoothly. However, the dynamics of vertiport operations, particularly the integration of battery charging facilities, remain relatively unexplored. This work aims to bridge this gap by delving into vertiport management by utilizing separate taxing and parking levels. The study also focuses on the time eVTOLs spend at the vertiport to anticipate potential delays. This factor helps optimise arrival and departure times via a scheduling strategy that accounts for hourly demand fluctuations. The simulation results, conducted with hourly demand, underscore the significant impact of battery charging on operational time while also highlighting the role of parking spots in augmenting capacity and facilitating more efficient scheduling.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Work (physics)", "Throughput", "Travel time", "Bridge (graph theory)", "Public transport", "Drone", "Mode (computer interface)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/13/1/109/pdf?version=1769095589" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3134919073", "doi": null, "title": "Selection and Evaluation of Vertiports of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) in the Seoul Metropolitan Area using the K-means Algorithm", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Junyoung Jeong", "Ho-Yon Hwang" ], "first_author": "Junyoung Jeong", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Computer science", "Algorithm", "Geography", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002692929" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117547321", "doi": "10.1016/j.jairtraman.2025.102962", "title": "Transit oriented development under the influence of urban air mobility: A public transit-based vertiport siting method", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Renwei Liu", "Haishan Xia", "Lu Li", "Qi Li", "Sitong Liu" ], "first_author": "Renwei Liu", "venue": "Journal of Air Transport Management", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Public transport", "Urban planning", "Urban spatial structure", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Leverage (statistics)", "Decentralization", "Weighting", "Service (business)", "Population" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2025.102962" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412675440", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-98304-7_65", "title": "A Semi-desirable Hub Location Problem Formulation for Vertiports", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zahra Zare", "Mümtaz Karataş", "Levent Erişkin" ], "first_author": "Zahra Zare", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98304-7_65" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4206031733", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-2480", "title": "Development and Viability of an Inverted Descent Quadrotor for Precision Aerial Delivery", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sean Ward", "Travis D. Fields" ], "first_author": "Sean Ward", "venue": "AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2480.vid Precision aerial delivery operations are often limited by the minimal lateral navigational, slow descent, and large visual foodprint. Quadrotors, due to high maneuverability and precision, are an interesting replacement for small payload delivery operations; however, the large power usage during flight can quickly hamper payload size. Described herein are the development, experimentation and implementation of a near passive, inverted descent quadrotor system. The inverted descent quadrotor enables high altitude deployment of a quadrotor fitted with standard hardware with the ability to descend rapidly and with less energy requirement than traditional multirotors. The decreased energy requirement of the Inverted Descent Quadrotor enables quadrotors to be used in high altitude scenarios, for missions that have previously been reserved for guided parachute or parafoil systems. Quadrotor systems thrive in such missions after descent, as they accommodate the potential for complex, highly precise activities to be completed once reaching ground. The inverted descent quadrotor proved to be successful in reducing descent energy while maintaining a high level of attitude control. With far less sensitivity to wind prediction, coupled with the potential for payload capacity, the inverted descent quadrotor showed promise worthy of future development and research.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Descent (aeronautics)", "Computer science", "Software deployment", "Gradient descent", "Trajectory", "Energy (signal processing)", "Simulation", "Aerospace engineering", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2480" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408793615", "doi": "10.1109/nigercon62786.2024.10927233", "title": "X-CID: Exhaustive Ensemble Technique for Cyber Invasion Detection in Drone Transportation Network", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-26", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "Kazeem Lawrence Olabisi", "Dong-Seong Kim" ], "first_author": "Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Drones, with their mobility and low deployment costs, play a vital role in time-sensitive logistics. However, ensuring a secure network is crucial to protect them from cyber threats such as exploitation and interception. This study presents X-CID, an AI-driven approach to intrusion detection that leverages optimization techniques. Using the random forest algorithm as its baseline classifier, the model employs randomized search cross-validation for hyperparameter tuning and Pearson correlation for dimensionality reduction, enabling faster detection of cyberattacks. Trained and validated on three cybersecurity datasets, X-CID was compared to four traditional machine learning models. It achieved an impressive average accuracy of 99.28%, a latency of 74 seconds, and a low false alarm rate, demonstrating its efficiency and reliability.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Computer network", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/nigercon62786.2024.10927233" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399478408", "doi": "10.54941/ahfe1005196", "title": "Should I board this Advanced Air Mobility vehicle? A systemic risk assessment of eVTOL in a vertiport", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elena Stefana", "Natalia Guskova", "Giulio Di Gravio", "Riccardo Patriarca" ], "first_author": "Elena Stefana", "venue": "AHFE international", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) vehicles can serve a wide range of operations, supporting passenger and cargo movements within and between urban and rural environments. Novel risks emerge from AAM systems with respect to both airborne and ground segments, calling for the adoption of systems theory and a systemic perspective for safety risk management. In this domain, Systems Theoretic Accident Modelling and Processes (STAMP) is an accident causality model that considers safety as a continuous control task. The scientific literature already offers some applications of STAMP and its nested techniques, i.e., System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) and Causal Analysis based on System Theory (CAST), for investigating the safety management in the AAM domain. However, to the best of our knowledge, no contributions use as a unit of analysis the management of safe operations for an AAM system by adopting an integrated perspective to account for the interactions among different kinds of vehicles within vertiports and airports. For this reason, the manuscript proposes a systemic analysis for the safety management of electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles operating at a vertiport located inside an airport. We employed the STPA technique, whose usage has been enhanced thanks to a standardized and neutralized taxonomy describing human factors involved in the operations. This allowed for embracing a no-blame and non-judgemental human perspective, which benefits from the systemic view offered by STPA.", "keywords": [ "Systemic risk", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005196" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391647476", "doi": "10.5302/j.icros.2024.24.9001", "title": "Guest Editorial: Urban Air Mobility and Vertiport System", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-08", "type": "editorial", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sungwook Cho" ], "first_author": "Sungwook Cho", "venue": "Journal of Institute of Control Robotics and Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2024.24.9001" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416749377", "doi": "10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246384", "title": "Fully Autonomous Dual Arm Aerial Delivery Robot for Intralogistics: the euROBIN Nancy Competition Flight Dataset", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Alejandro Suárez", "Jorge Pozas-Guerra", "Raúl Tapia", "Anı́bal Ollero" ], "first_author": "Alejandro Suárez", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents the design, development, and validation of a fully autonomous dual-arm aerial robot capable of mapping, localizing, planning, and grasping parcels in an intra-logistics scenario. The aerial robot is intended to operate in a scenario comprising several supply points, delivery points, parcels with tags, and obstacles, generating the mission plan from the voice commands given by the user. The paper derives a transferability model of the scenario, the robot, and the task, so that the proposed system design can be generalized to different scenarios (environment transfer) and platforms (embodiment transfer). The proposed transferable system architecture allows the integration of software modules managed by the Aerial Delivery Robot Operations Manager (ADROM) through the Module Interface Instances (MII) that handle the requests and the signals involved during the execution of the operation. The performance of the developed system was evaluated as part of the euROBIN Nancy Competition, conducting more than 50 flight tests. The software modules are open source, making the flight dataset also publicly available.", "keywords": [ "Robot", "Interface (matter)", "Software", "Plan (archaeology)", "Dual (grammatical number)", "Software architecture", "Systems architecture", "Robotics", "Architecture" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246384" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W563917534", "doi": null, "title": "TILTROTOR/VERTIPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA: SUMMARY REPORT.", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Murray Stein", "M Vicanek" ], "first_author": "Murray Stein", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Political science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/516829" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1580459395", "doi": null, "title": "Heliport/Vertiport Implementation Process - Case Studies.", "year": 1996, "publication_date": "1996-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Deborah J. Peisen", "Robert M Winick", "Stephen V. Berardo", "J. R. Ludders", "Samuel W. Ferguson" ], "first_author": "Deborah J. Peisen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : Attempts to build public-use facilities have often failed, primarily at the local government level. On the other hand, a few public-use heliports and vertiports have been built and operated successfully. This raises the question of why some heliports are approved and built while others are rejected? The study attempts to provide some answers to that question and to identify more effective approaches to the public approval processes for vertical flight facilities. This study analyzes the approval process three ways. First, through the investigation of the nature of the public approval/implementation process that presents two approaches to heliport implementation. One is the Systematic Development of Informed Consent (SDIC) and the second is based on the results of a workshop held with persons experienced with heliport implementation. Next, six case studies of actual heliport approval processes are presented to promote an understanding of critical elements and procedures significant in determining the success or failure of heliport/vertiport projects during the approval process. Case study locations are: Dallas; Portland; Miami; Pittsburgh; Washington, DC; and San Francisco. The final section of this study provides information and offers strategies to assist heliport proposers in counteracting influences that often frustrate the implementation process.", "keywords": [ "Miami", "Process (computing)", "Government (linguistics)", "Public relations", "Process management", "Political science", "Public administration", "Engineering", "Business", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/630981" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2332518039", "doi": "10.2514/6.2005-1661", "title": "Feasibility Assessment of C-17A Aerial Delivery of the U.S. Army Stryker Mobile Gun System (MGS)", "year": 2005, "publication_date": "2005-05-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alec Dyatt" ], "first_author": "Alec Dyatt", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-1661" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405641837", "doi": "10.1016/j.trpro.2024.11.011", "title": "Simulation-based assessment of airside operations and airspace capacity at vertiports", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Farina Biemann", "Eva Christine Wille" ], "first_author": "Farina Biemann", "venue": "Transportation research procedia", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "To realise the concept of Urban Air Mobility, the development of a sufficient infrastructure for take-off and landing, commonly referred to as ‘vertiports’, is a key factor. Vertiport development will be strongly limited in urban environment. Therefore, vertiport operations and capacity have to be understood in order to provide efficient and adequate vertiport infrastructure. Vertiport operations depend on the vertiport surface design and the vertiport terminal airspace design. The investigation of the vertiport performance considering both surface and aerial subsystems is missing to date. This study presents a simulation-based approach to analyse the interdependencies of vertiport surface operations and vertiport airspace operations. We develop a vertiport terminal airspace design based on a literature review and adapt it to a specific vertiport topology and size (i.e. the arrangement and number of the components of a vertiport). The design is implemented in a simulation model using CAST Aircraft. We simulate different operational scenarios varying the traffic volume, distribution of interarrival times, and routing strategy.", "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Aeronautics", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2024.11.011" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2027486296", "doi": "10.5558/tfc60086-2", "title": "Developing a Seed-containing Dart and Aerial Delivery System for Forestry Applications", "year": 1984, "publication_date": "1984-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "A. D. Wood" ], "first_author": "A. D. Wood", "venue": "The Forestry Chronicle", "publisher": "Canadian Institute of Forestry", "abstract": "An experimental prototype system has undergone preliminary field-testing and has confirmed the feasibility of applying a controlled, continuous pattern of darts to a large target area. At certain sites, monitored for over a year, healthy seedlings have developed in groups of air-dropped darts.The tests indicate that satisfactory ground penetration may be achieved by at least half the darts dropped, but that success rates in establishing seedlings will depend heavily upon specific factors associated with site, season, weather and the composition of the dart's contents. Greatly improved success rates may be obtainable through systematic research concentrated on these variables.", "keywords": [ "Dart", "Environmental science", "Penetration (warfare)", "Forestry", "Geography", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Operations research" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/pdf/10.5558/tfc60086-2" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2322628069", "doi": "10.2514/6.1995-1542", "title": "Feasibility demonstration of autonomous precision aerial delivery system (APADS) 'PEGASUS'", "year": 1995, "publication_date": "1995-05-15", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Aguilar", "William Figueiredo" ], "first_author": "David Aguilar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The feasibility demonstration of an autonomous Global Positioning System (GPS) guided aerial delivery system is outlined. The goal was to demonstrate small scale autonomous aerial delivery from stand-ornigh- altitudes release points, navigate to the primary landing zones via waypoints, and to execute a into the wind Soft landing. Lessons learn and further development has matured the project into the advanced precision aerial delivery system known as PEGASUS. This development described includes flight system improvement in lift to drag ratio through parafoil inlet parasitic drag reduction, Froude scaling to 2400-lb. gross weights, and deployment development for low opening shock levels. Nomenclature", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-1542" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4375843623", "doi": "10.4271/2023-01-1103", "title": "Noise Footprint Assessment at a Vertiport for Different Approach and Departure Procedures of a Tilt-Wing Air-Taxi", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Bauer" ], "first_author": "Michael Bauer", "venue": "SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Community noise at vertiports is one of the most important questions related to upcoming urban air mobility (UAM) operations. While fixed-wing and/or fixed-rotor aircraft can mainly be treated by their changing operational parameters, such as rotor or propeller rpm, tilt-wing or tilt-engine configurations are more difficult to simulate because of their constantly changing noise emission and spatial radiation characteristics. The work presented in this paper is providing an overview of the noise situation at a virtual vertiport which is being approached and departed by a tilt-wing air-taxi in different ways. Several different departure procedures are simulated with the same generic air-taxi. For the noise emission semi-empiric methods were used. During the air-taxi’s descent and climb, different tilt configurations are included, mainly defined by the time dependent engine’s tilt-angle, but also related to different approach paths. Each approach or departure procedure is generating individually time dependent changing noise emission characteristics which are used for noise footprint mapping around the touch-down or lift-off point. Different noise metrics are computed, including some which are representative to indicate noise annoyance among the vertiport’s neighborhood. It is expected that each procedure will generate its own specific community noise situation in the vicinity of the vertiport, and thus may provide an early recommenddation for later operations. The results are compared towards each other. Additionally, a simulated certification flyover according to ICAO Chapter 13 - which is about the noise certification of tilt-rotor aircraft - is set into relation to the vertiport’s community noise.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Tilt (camera)", "Computer science", "Climb", "Simulation", "Marine engineering", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Mechanical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1103" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408697408", "doi": "10.1109/tase.2025.3553200", "title": "A Branch-and-Price Algorithm for the Urban Aerial Delivery Problem With Energy Constraints", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhi Pei", "Zhaohui Liang", "Jiayan Huang", "Tao Fang", "Na Li" ], "first_author": "Zhi Pei", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "In this paper, an urban aerial delivery problem (UADP) is investigated, where the parcel transportation service is accomplished by drones in an urban setting. The aim of the problem is to minimize the total service completion time, by taking into account of the flow balance, the energy consumption, and the response time window. To fully explore the structure of the UADP, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is constructed based on an arc-flow scheme. However, directly handling the UADP with commercial solvers is time consuming. In order to enhance the responsiveness of urban courier services and speed up the solving process, a set-covering model (UADP-SC) is proposed with a linear programming based relaxation. Then a branch-and-price algorithm is designed with pricing accelerating strategies based on heuristics. The computational experiments show that the proposed branch-and-price algorithm outperforms the off-the-shelf commercial solvers in terms of computation efficiency. In the mean time, the proposed algorithm can also serve to obtain optimal battery swapping and path planing decisions in face of the large-scale urban aerial delivery problem with energy constraints.Note to Practitioners—With the intensification of the aging population issue, the manual labor costs in logistics have sharply increased. Simultaneously, advancements in drone technology enable uncrewed aerial vehicles to participate in logistics distribution systems, addressing the last-mile delivery challenge. In the planning of drone delivery routes, the constraint of drone batteries cannot be ignored. This constraint not only affects delivery safety but also impacts delivery efficiency—both crucial considerations for decision-makers. Consequently, we propose a model considering the energy constraints. We introduce a branch-and-pricing algorithm to expedite the problem solving. The results show that the proposed algorithm performs well across various problem scales. Moreover, adopting a strategy of replacing batteries only when necessary can save approximately 17% to 23% of the total completion time. We also conducted performance comparisons under different ratios of orders to drones, providing decision-makers with a useful benchmark.", "keywords": [ "Mathematical optimization", "Energy (signal processing)", "Computer science", "Algorithm", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2025.3553200" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4383649850", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-35572-1_22", "title": "Proposal of Seoul’s UAM Routes and Vertiports with Spatial Data Analysis", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Juho Lee", "Donghyun Yoon", "Jinyong Lee", "Jahwan Koo" ], "first_author": "Juho Lee", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Grid", "Aviation", "Process (computing)", "Commercialization", "Key (lock)", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Data mining", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35572-1_22" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409556190", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2025.33.1.043", "title": "Developing a Vertiport Location Assessment Model based on Service Objectives", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Biooh Kim", "Sangil Choi", "Huiyang Kim" ], "first_author": "Biooh Kim", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is an emerging transport system that operates above urban areas, addressing urbanization-related challenges. As a critical component of UAM infrastructure, vertiports require significant time and resource investment. Therefore, a systematic model is essential for determining optimal locations. This study proposes a location assessment model based on two primary service objectives: passenger transportation and emergency medical services. The model follows a step-by-step assessment, integrating site constraints, user demand, and facility supply with tailored evaluation criteria. To validate the model’s applicability, an empirical analysis was conducted in the Gyeongsangnam-do region. The analysis identified optimal vertiport locations for passenger transport and emergency medical services. Prioritization assessment demonstrated the practical utility and effectiveness of the proposed model.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Business", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-33-1-43" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412903951", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace12080672", "title": "Research of Hierarchical Vertiport Location Based on Lagrange Relaxation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuzhen Guo", "Junjie Yao", "Jing Hua Jiang", "Dongxiao Qiao" ], "first_author": "Yuzhen Guo", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "With the rise of the low-altitude urban traffic system, urban air mobility (UAM) has developed rapidly. As a critical component of the UAM system, the strategic layout of vertiports helps divert ground traffic pressure. To satisfy various demand patterns, different vertiport levels are needed, so we focus on the hierarchical vertiport location problem. Considering the capacity limitation, a median location model is established to minimize vertiport construction cost, passenger commuting cost, and penalty cost. For the nonlinear term in the objective function, the Big-M method is employed. Based on the reformulated model, we improve the branch-and-bound algorithm (LVBB) to solve it, where the Lagrange relaxation method is used to decompose the large-scale problem into parallel subproblems and compute the lower bound, and the variable neighborhood search algorithm is used to obtain the upper bound. Numerical experiments are performed in the 11 administrative districts of Nanjing, China. The results demonstrate that the proposed location scheme effectively balances vertiport construction cost and passenger commuting cost while satisfying capacity limitations. It also significantly reduces commuting time to improve passenger satisfaction. This scheme can offer strategic guidance for infrastructure planning in UAM.", "keywords": [ "Relaxation (psychology)", "Computer science", "Statistical physics", "Mathematics", "Psychology", "Physics", "Social psychology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/8/672/pdf?version=1753700444" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4281626517", "doi": "10.3390/electronics11121837", "title": "Marker-Based 3D Position-Prediction Algorithm of Mobile Vertiport for Cabin-Delivery Mechanism of Dual-Mode Flying Car", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyansu Bae", "Jeong-Wook Lee", "Kichang Lee" ], "first_author": "Hyansu Bae", "venue": "Electronics", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This paper presents an image-processing technique for cabin delivery employing local localization and docking in a mobile station, which is a mobile vertiport for the use of dual-mode flying cars. A dual-mode flying automobile with an aerial electric vehicle (AEV), a ground electric vehicle (GEV), and a cabin is a future method of transportation that can be used in both the air and on the ground. To enable AEVs to land in a specific position, a landing site is necessary. The proposed AEV uses vertical take-off and landing, and a vertiport landing site is required. As vertical take-off and landing sites require a lot of space and are challenging to operate in multiple positions, we suggest a mobile vertiport that can fit into a small space. A mobile station is appropriate for dual-mode flying cars since it includes critical activities such as transporting AEVs from the ground and charging as well as a cabin-delivery system. The mobile station can generate a path to the AEV by calculating the relative position using the markers attached to the AEV and estimating the position of the landing AEV. The mobile station detects a marker for precise positioning correction, followed by exact position correction for cabin delivery, to travel to the accurate position of the AEV. To increase the success rate of cabin delivery, docking markers are identified and the angle position error between the mobile station and cabin is computed and corrected to rectify the position between the cabin and the mobile station for cabin delivery. In addition, the experimental results revealed a mechanically correctable error range that encompassed all experimental values. Consequently, this study showed that image processing may be used to create a mobile station for dual-mode flying automobiles.", "keywords": [ "Position (finance)", "Computer science", "Dual (grammatical number)", "Dual mode", "Real-time computing", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/12/1837/pdf?version=1654831916" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407412309", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-2370", "title": "How to Integrate Vertiport Operations Into the Airspace? Introducing the EUREKA Project", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bianca Isabella Schuchardt", "Thu Hang Vu", "Alberto Mangas", "César Nava", "Giovanni Riccardi", "Marie Kolago", "Abul Hassan Abdullah", "Paolo Cappello", "Marsel Omeri" ], "first_author": "Bianca Isabella Schuchardt", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Innovative Air Mobility (IAM), as envisioned by the European Aviation Safety Agency, is “the safe, secure and sustainable air mobility of passengers and cargo enabled by new-generation technologies integrated into multimodal transportation system.” Vertiports, new aircraft and new air traffic management systems are essential for implementing IAM. The European project EUREKA, running from 2023 to 2026, aims at enabling key solutions for vertiports. Solutions for arrival and departure for vertiports, collaborative traffic management, how to deal with emergencies and disruptions also the network flow, capacity and operational management are developed in the project. This paper introduces the EUREKA project and reports on the early progress.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Systems engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/214113/1/EUREKA_Paper_SciTech2025_full_paper_1.0.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417509453", "doi": "10.1109/leficlu65987.2025.11297266", "title": "Location Method of Logistics Drone Vertiport Based on Urban Spatial Accessibility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-26", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Zhendong Li", "Jian Lü", "Shan Li", "Xuerui Wang" ], "first_author": "Zhendong Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Under the background of the rapid development of urban low-altitude logistics, there are some problems such as insufficient accessibility and weak market competitiveness at the drone vertiport, which seriously restricts the efficiency and service quality of urban logistics distribution. In this paper, a location method of logistics drone vertiport based on urban spatial accessibility is proposed. Combined with the urban environmental characteristics and the distribution of users’ needs, the accessibility evaluation framework of vertiports based on cumulative opportunity model is constructed, and the vertiport location model is established, which is solved by self-organizing map algorithm to realize the optimal location of vertiports and the optimization of service relationship. An empirical analysis is made on an area in Nanjing. The results show that the layout scheme of 20 vertiports obtained by this method can ensure that residents can enjoy at least one vertiport service within a five-minute walking life circle. The proposed method realizes the optimal allocation of drone vertiport resources and promotes the development of low-altitude logistics industry.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Service (business)", "Location-allocation", "Scheme (mathematics)", "City logistics", "Facility location problem", "Empirical research", "Distribution (mathematics)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/leficlu65987.2025.11297266" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407410884", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-2696", "title": "Performance Evaluation of UATM Services Accounting for Airspace and Vertiport Capacities", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nobuhiro Yokoyama", "Masato Shindo", "Naoki Matayoshi", "Hiroaki Yoshida" ], "first_author": "Nobuhiro Yokoyama", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Because advanced air mobility (AAM) is operated under conditions such as short flight duration and low vertiport capacities, urban air traffic management (UATM) services are required even at an early stage of AAM maturity. These services, such as the strategic conflict management for the pre-flight phase, are required to achieve flight safety and the necessary operational tempo. Thus, this study developed algorithms and rules for the UATM services primarily targeted at the pre-flight phase and evaluated their performance in a fast-time simulation platform. Specifically, this study proposed UATM services implemented by an initial coordination algorithm for scheduled flights, an algorithm for strategic conflict management that considers airspace and ground resource capacities as well as their demand uncertainties, and assignment rules for vertiport resources based on prioritization. Through the numerical simulations of AAM operations for scheduled flights with added departure delays, the effectiveness of the developed algorithms and rules as UATM services was confirmed in terms of airborne holding times, achievable operational tempo, sensitivity to delays, and the frequency of airborne conflicts.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Accounting", "Aeronautics", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-2696" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4317568483", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-0297", "title": "VTOL Trajectory Coordination Around Vertiports with Collision Avoidance", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marc Welsch", "Walter Fichter" ], "first_author": "Marc Welsch", "venue": "AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-0297.vid In the vicinity of vertiports a high volume of traffic can be expected from both cooperative vehicles that are approaching or departing but also from uncooperative intruders due to the vertiport’s location in the low-level airspace. Therefore, coordination of the trajectories of all relevant vehicles is of utmost importance in order to resolve conflicts and avoid collisions. This work presents an algorithm that builds upon pre-planned trajectories for each individual vehicle, identifies potential conflicts, and if required resolves the conflicts through modification of the trajectories while utilizing the degrees of freedom appropriate for the individual vehicles. It can be shown that the presented algorithm is able to reach a coordination of conflicting trajectories with sufficiently good performance.", "keywords": [ "Trajectory", "Collision avoidance", "Computer science", "Work (physics)", "Collision", "Traffic conflict", "Order (exchange)", "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Air traffic control", "Control theory (sociology)", "Control (management)", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-0297" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409881423", "doi": "10.1117/12.3060784", "title": "Urban logistics UAV vertiport location and layout planning method", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hairu Wang", "Qiqian Zhang", "Honghai Zhang", "Dikun Feng" ], "first_author": "Hairu Wang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3060784" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154733507", "doi": "10.2514/1.i011634", "title": "Sequential Vertiport Location Optimization Considering Uncertain Social Benefit", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jimin Choi", "Jeonghun Lee", "Euihyeon Choi", "Jaemyung Ahn" ], "first_author": "Jimin Choi", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Information Systems", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "This paper presents a novel framework for optimizing the locations and sizes of urban air mobility (UAM) vertiports. Unlike previous studies that focused on maximizing accessibility and potential demand, our approach emphasizes the social acceptance of UAM. A vertiport location problem with social benefits (VLPSB) that maximizes social benefits while considering practical constraints such as demand and noise pollution is proposed. Additionally, we introduce a stepwise vertiport location optimization problem (S-VLPSB) to address the demand uncertainty in UAM by solving the VLPSB sequentially. A case study and a comparative study for Jeju Island in South Korea, a representative scenario based on actual data, demonstrate the validity of the framework and discuss the impact and implications of key parameter variations.", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Social cost", "Social benefits", "Robust optimization", "Optimization problem" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i011634" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128242036", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5343371", "title": "Integrating Urban Air Mobility with Highway Infrastructure: A Strategic Approach for Vertiport Location Selection in the Seoul Metropolitan Area", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Donghyun Yoon", "Minwoo Jeong", "Jinyong Lee", "Seyun Kim", "Yoonjin Yoon" ], "first_author": "Donghyun Yoon", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Air pollution", "Urban area", "Megacity", "Population" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5343371" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2035151683", "doi": "10.2514/6.1993-1232", "title": "The development of a parachute system for aerial delivery from high speed cargo aircraft", "year": 1993, "publication_date": "1993-02-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "V.L. Behr" ], "first_author": "V.L. Behr", "venue": "Aerospace Design Conference", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Aerospace engineering", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Marine engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-1232" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409180549", "doi": "10.58940/2374-6793.1976", "title": "Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Vertiport Design, Amenities, and Services", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Carl Ison" ], "first_author": "David Carl Ison", "venue": "International Journal of Aviation Aeronautics and Aerospace", "publisher": "Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University", "abstract": "The rise of urban air mobility (UAM) and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft necessitates the development of well-designed vertiports that align with consumer expectations. This study examines consumer preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for vertiport design, amenities, and services to inform infrastructure planning and investment strategies. Using a survey-based quantitative research design, data were collected from 500 participants to assess key factors influencing WTP, including convenience, security measures, service efficiency, and premium offerings. Findings indicate that location accessibility, affordability, and streamlined security procedures are primary determinants of vertiport adoption. While aesthetic and retail enhancements contribute to passenger experience, practical features such as climate control, intuitive wayfinding, and noise reduction were rated as more critical. Additionally, three consumer segments were identified—cost-sensitive users, convenience-oriented users, and premium experience seekers—highlighting the need for tiered service models. The study underscores the importance of integrating vertiport infrastructure with existing transportation networks while ensuring a balance between operational efficiency and passenger comfort. These insights provide guidance for policymakers, UAM operators, and urban planners in designing consumer-centric vertiport systems that enhance market acceptance and financial viability.", "keywords": [ "Willingness to pay", "Business", "Marketing", "Consumer satisfaction", "Advertising", "Economics", "Microeconomics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1976&context=ijaaa" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3105191259", "doi": "10.12673/jant.2020.24.5.358", "title": "Selection of Vertiport Location, Route Setting and Operating Time Analysis of Urban Air Mobility in Metropolitan Area", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jae-Seok Oh", "Ho-Yon Hwang" ], "first_author": "Jae-Seok Oh", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Geography", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO202031837625891.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7138180790", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2026.104957", "title": "Vertiport location planning for urban air mobility airport shuttle services under Demand uncertainty", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gideon Gottschalg", "Arne Strauss", "Nikola Ivanov", "Bojana Mirković", "Juan Blasco Puyuelo" ], "first_author": "Gideon Gottschalg", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Profitability index", "Key (lock)", "Investment (military)", "Service (business)", "Counterintuitive", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Fleet management", "Flow network", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2026.104957" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131127401", "doi": "10.1016/j.jatrs.2026.100109", "title": "Determining vertiport airside capacity using discrete event simulation", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eva Christine Wille", "Johannes Reichmuth", "Giovanna Miceli Ronzani Borille" ], "first_author": "Eva Christine Wille", "venue": "Journal of the Air Transport Research Society", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Event (particle physics)", "Discrete event simulation", "Event data", "Interval (graph theory)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jatrs.2026.100109" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399528626", "doi": "10.1109/icns60906.2024.10550765", "title": "Integrated Arrival and Departure Management for Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Operations in the New York City Airspace", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-23", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shulu Chen", "Peng Wei", "Paul A. Krois", "Joseph Block", "Paul Cobb", "Andre A. Louis-Ferdinand", "Jeff Hyman" ], "first_author": "Shulu Chen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper introduces the Vertiport Human-Automation Teaming Toolbox (V-HATT), a novel framework developed for managing Urban Air Mobility (UAM) in terminal airspace and vertiports. V-HATT is designed to integrate the efforts of human vertiport operator (VO) with an automation system for scheduling and real-time operational control, creating a cohesive system for UAM traffic management. Using the Helo Holdings, Inc. (HHI) Heliport as a case study, we demonstrate how the V-HATT framework effectively manages incoming and outgoing traffic in a busy urban airspace like New York City. The framework employs mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) algorithms to schedule optimal arrival and departure sequences, focusing on minimizing in-air and ground delays while accounting for throughput and aircraft-specific constraints. This integrated approach promises significant improvements in UAM efficiency, safety, and reliability, contributing to the sustainable expansion of urban air transportation systems.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Telecommunications", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icns60906.2024.10550765" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412130351", "doi": "10.1109/csdgais64098.2024.11063662", "title": "Analysis and Classification of eVTOL and Vertiport Literature: Gaps and Future Research Directions", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fatima Laghrib", "Yasmina Maïzi", "Jean‐Marc Frayret" ], "first_author": "Fatima Laghrib", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This article presents an analysis of the literature on electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOL) and vertiport design. Following a systematic review of over 900 articles, we propose a thematic classification, identifying emerging and under-explored research areas. Results reveal that this is an emerging field of research. The most significant sources of contributions are conferences and forums proceedings dedicated to aviation and aeronautics. The US is the leading contributor, followed by Germany, China and South Korea. Also, several significant gaps in the current literature, particularly concerning the integration of vertiports into urban environments and the social acceptance of eVTOL.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Data science", "Information retrieval" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/csdgais64098.2024.11063662" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416530883", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2025.104548", "title": "Rolling horizon optimization of urban air mobility (UAM) service with shared riding, vertiport-airspace capacity, and recharge: a mathematical model and efficient heuristic", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyeseon Han", "Byung Duk Song" ], "first_author": "Hyeseon Han", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Genetic algorithm", "Particle swarm optimization", "Time horizon", "Schedule", "Scalability", "Linear programming", "Pooling" ], "cited_by_count": 3, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2025.104548" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412486730", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-3268", "title": "Bio-Inspired Capsule and Dynamic Base Design for Sustainable Drone Vertiport", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Logan Moore", "Mostafa Hassanalian" ], "first_author": "Logan Moore", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Bio-inspired engineering offers a promising method for advancing drone infrastructure in remote and challenging environments. This work presents two capsule designs inspired by the Pitcher Plant and Fungi, developed to improve drone landing precision and environmental durability. The Pitcher Plant capsule uses a scissor-jack mechanism to expand the landing platform, enhancing alignment and stability. Although effective in early tests, mechanical issues prompted further refinement. The Fungi capsule, finishing its testing, features a hemispherical shell designed to reduce drag and improve weather resistance. Both capsules are built to integrate with a telescoping base powered by solar energy, supporting modular, multi-drone operations. These innovations lay the groundwork for autonomous drone systems capable of operating independently in the field, with future development focused on flight path automation ,swarm coordination, and self-charging capabilities.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Base (topology)", "Computer science", "Capsule", "Biology", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3268" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7129085754", "doi": "10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104078", "title": "Integrating AAM vertiport infrastructure into Australian airports: A hybrid simulation framework", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Salim Hijazeen", "Tommy King-Yin Cheung", "Zheng Lei", "Jennifer A. Hayward" ], "first_author": "Salim Hijazeen", "venue": "Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Integrating Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) aircraft into commercial airports presents airport operational and regulatory challenges. Existing Air Traffic Control (ATC) infrastructure is built over decades based on traditional aircraft and not designed for the high-frequency, on-demand patterns of AAM aircraft. The characteristics of AAM aircraft introduce sequencing conflicts and increase ATC personnel utilisation when mixed with existing airliner traffic within an airport ecosystem. These challenges influence vertiport infrastructure layout and specific AAM propulsion types (battery swap, battery recharge, and hydrogen refuelling), as each directly affects AAM turnaround times and passenger flow throughout the airport terminals. To address these challenges, this study developed a hybrid simulation model combining Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) and Discrete Event Simulation (DES), focused on Melbourne Airport. Simulation experiments assessed performance across ATC utilisation, vertiport layout, propulsion type, and passenger flow. In AAM-only operations, ATC utilisation averaged 4.46%, indicating minimal increase to ATC personnel at low initial AAM demand. Under mixed traffic with a single ATC, utilisation rose to 43.15%, while adding a second controller reduced utilisation to 39.33% and increased completed AAM movements by 8% relative to the single controller mixed traffic case. The simulation results highlight the relationship between ATC personnel utilisation, vertiport layouts and AAM propulsion servicing requirements, all which offer insights for the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) to assist with policy implementation. • Air Traffic Control capacity limits AAM scalability in mixed airport operations. • Linear layouts cause higher congestion than satellite configurations. • Simulation reveals trade-offs between layout, propulsion, and aircraft throughput. • Agent-based modelling improves AAM planning under CASA constraints.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Propulsion", "Air traffic controller", "Scalability", "Controller (irrigation)", "Aviation", "Aviation safety", "Control (management)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104078" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414040980", "doi": "10.15332/19090528.10832", "title": "Rooftop Runways: Evaluating the UAE’s Regulatory Framework for Vertiports in Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohammad Owais Farooqui" ], "first_author": "Mohammad Owais Farooqui", "venue": "Via Inveniendi Et Iudicandi", "publisher": "Universidad Santo Tomás", "abstract": "The emergence of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft is driving innovation in regulatory frameworks and infrastructure development for urban air mobility globally. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has taken a pioneering role by introducing the first national regulations for vertiports, known as CAR-HVD. This paper critically evaluates the UAE’s vertiport regulatory framework, emphasizing certification procedures, design and operational safety requirements, airspace integration, and electrical infrastructure considerations. A comparative analysis is conducted against corresponding frameworks from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Empirical insights drawn from global vertiport implementations, including case studies from Dubai, Abu Dhabi, the United States, Europe, and Asia, highlight the practical impacts and effectiveness of these regulatory approaches. Additionally, a comparative cost-benefit analysis examines vertiports relative to traditional transportation modes, emphasizing their economic viability and potential revenue generation. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations aimed at enhancing regulatory coherence, fostering stakeholder collaboration, ensuring public acceptance, and promoting sustainability. These insights support regulators, aviation stakeholders, urban planners, and policymakers in navigating the complex regulatory landscape of advanced urban air mobility infrastructure.", "keywords": [ "Civil aviation", "Aviation", "Agency (philosophy)", "Revenue", "Aviation engineering", "Certification", "Stakeholder", "European union" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://revistas.usantotomas.edu.co/index.php/viei/article/download/10832/9002" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385079599", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2023.31.2.055", "title": "A Study on the UAM Vertiport Capacity Calculation Method Using Optimization Technique", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Seung-Jun Lee", "Hojong Baik", "Janghoon Park" ], "first_author": "Seung-Jun Lee", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Due to extreme urbanization, ground transportation in the city center is saturated, and problems such as the lack of expansion infrastructure and traffic congestion increase social costs. To solve this problem, a 3D mobility platform, Urban Air Mobility (UAM), has emerged as a new alternative. A vertiport is a physical space that conducts a similar role to an airport terminal. Vertiport consists of take-off and landing facilities (TLOF, Touchdown and Lift-Off area), space for boarding and disembarking from UAM aircraft (gates), taxiways, and passenger terminals. The type of vertiport (structure, number of facilities) and concept of operations are key variables that determine the number of UAM aircraft that can be accommodated per hour. In this study, a capacity calculation method was presented using an optimization technique (Deterministic Integer Linear Programming). The absolute capacity of the vertiport was calculated using an optimization technique, and a sensitivity analysis was also performed.", "keywords": [ "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Linear programming", "Integer programming", "Lift (data mining)", "Computer science", "Touchdown", "Mathematical optimization", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Algorithm", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-31-2-55" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4382242724", "doi": "10.4050/f-0079-2023-18060", "title": "An Airport & Vertiport/Aircraft Compatibility Approach of Electric Vertical Takeoff & Landing Aircraft Design", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gaël Bris", "Loup-Giang Nguyen" ], "first_author": "Gaël Bris", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Most ongoing electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft projects focus on the development of products that meet the needs of urban air mobility (UAM). The use cases that eVTOL aircraft could fulfill include intra-urban passenger mobility, cargo delivery, and emergency medical services (EMS). As UAM intends to provide point-to-point mobility service, it will need to leverage heliport facilities and create new vertiports on existing city real estate (e.g., high-rise building and parking garage rooftops). In order to achieve this, eVTOL aircraft design shall be, as far as practicable, compatible with the infrastructure available. The various aspects of eVTOL/vertiport and airport compatibility were investigated, and a list of criteria was established. The paper describes how key eVTOL design features interact with aviation facilities, and how and why careful aircraft design taking the ground infrastructure into consideration is important to maximize compatibility and facilitate UAM implementation by minimizing the need for costly and impactful capital investments. Considerations should be given to several features, including but not limited to the general aircraft configuration, passenger accessibility, electric and hybrid propulsion systems, and the charging and refueling systems. The review of existing heliport/vertiport facilities representing the diversity of the ground infrastructure in selected large metropolitan areas against over 100 eVTOL concepts and original designs provide an insight of the challenges ahead. The assessment of aviation risks expands the aircraft/airport compatibility conversation to fostering operational safety and efficiency 'by design'. Finally, the role of standardization in further reducing compatibility issues through industry standards and best practices in aircraft design, airport/vertiport design, and aircraft/airport operations is also discussed.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Takeoff and landing", "Compatibility (geochemistry)", "Aviation", "Takeoff", "Runway", "Engineering", "Systems engineering", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/F-0079-2023-18060" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128954597", "doi": "10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109599", "title": "Context, aesthetics, and passive acceptance of drone transportation in metropolitan areas: A scenario-based experiment on causal and co-evaluation effects", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Svantje T. Kähler", "Aquiles Luna‐Rodriguez", "Thomas Jacobsen" ], "first_author": "Svantje T. Kähler", "venue": "Results in Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "• Experimental designs enable causal analysis of acceptance predictors of innovative technologies • Co-evaluation with aesthetics showed minor but non-negligible effects • Area of operation and usage strongly influence acceptance of drones • Survey reveals key factors behind acceptance (e.g., usefulness, time savings) • Disentangling of ambivalent key factors (e.g., environment) improved precision Reaching societal acceptance of overflights is critical for Urban and Advanced Air Mobility (UAM/AAM) systems, yet most evidence relies on survey-based or correlational data. The present study builds on a previous, scenario-based experiment to identify causal effects of contextual deployment factors on acceptance and aesthetics. Participants evaluated images of aerial objects that systematically varied in area of operation (industrial, urban, rural), usage (medical, commercial), and salience (orange, white). Drones were contrasted with a technical alternative (helicopter) and a natural reference (goose) to disentangle technology-specific effects from scene-based evaluations. The present study examined whether acceptance, rated either alone or alongside aesthetic judgments, elicited co-evaluation effects on acceptance patterns. Across analyses, usage and area emerged as the dominant drivers of acceptance: medical applications showed uniformly high acceptance across conditions, whereas commercial ones showed lower approval, depending on area and salience, and demonstrated a preference for drones over helicopters. The natural baseline showed opposite area preferences, highlighting object–context interactions. Co-evaluation of aesthetics produced only limited modulation of acceptance and did not alter the core contextual effects, indicating that acceptance judgments were largely robust to task framing. Response-time measures provided consistent evidence for greater deliberation in commercial and urban scenarios. Complementary survey assessed prior knowledge and experience, and self-rated reasons behind acceptance judgments. Together, the study provides experimentally grounded causal evidence on when and where public resistance to aerial systems is most likely to arise and informs engineering design choices, deployment strategies, and regulatory planning for future UAM/AAM operations with a transferable protocol.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Salience (neuroscience)", "Deliberation", "Natural experiment", "Metropolitan area", "Preference", "Usability", "Software deployment" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109599" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399271391", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3335", "title": "Efficient noise footprint computation for urban air mobility maneuvers in vertiport environments", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Furkat Yunus", "Carmine Varriale", "Mirjam Snellen" ], "first_author": "Furkat Yunus", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper introduces a methodology for predicting the noise footprint of urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles in vertiport environments during approach and departure maneuvers. The methodology integrates a flight mechanics model, an aerodynamic model, aeroacoustic models, and a noise propagation model. The flight mechanics model employs a point-mass dynamic model to determine optimal trajectories based on prescribed criteria. The aerodynamic model utilizes blade element momentum theory, while aeroacoustic models include frequency-domain acoustic formulation and a noise propagation model based on Gaussian beam propagation method, which accounts for 3D variations in terrain and atmospheric profiles. Noise footprints are computed for several waypoints, featuring significant variations in vehicle flight speed and pitch angle, and are subsequently compared. It is observed that variations in vehicle pitch angle significantly influence noise radiation directivity. Specifically, when the vehicle pitches up, on-ground noise levels beneath the source increase, while those at receivers farther away decrease. Conversely, when the vehicle pitches down, on-ground noise levels beneath the source decrease, while those at receivers farther away increase. Additionally, as flight speed increases, on-ground noise levels rise accordingly regardless of whether the vehicle pitches up or down. This trend suggests that lower flight speeds during approach and departure maneuvers are desirable to reduce the noise footprint. Furthermore, it is noted that building blocks further shield incoming noise and decrease noise levels at receivers distributed behind them. These findings underscore the necessity of the proposed approach in evaluating the noise footprint of UAM flight trajectories in vertiport environments, providing valuable insights for early design stages.", "keywords": [ "Footprint", "Computation", "Computer science", "Noise (video)", "Environmental science", "Artificial intelligence", "Geography", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3335" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3082450633", "doi": "10.1007/s13272-020-00468-5", "title": "Long-term application potential of urban air mobility complementing public transport: an upper Bavaria example", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-08-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kay Olaf Ploetner", "Christelle Al Haddad", "Constantinos Antoniou", "Florida Frank", "Mengying Fu", "Stefanie Kabel", "Carlos Llorca", "Rolf Moeckel", "Ana Tsui Moreno", "Alona Pukhova", "Raoul Rothfeld", "Michael Shamiyeh", "Anna Straubinger", "Harry Wagner", "Qin Zhang" ], "first_author": "Kay Olaf Ploetner", "venue": "CEAS Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Public transport", "Transport engineering", "Ticket", "Cruise", "Environmental science", "Modal shift", "Mode choice", "Kilometer", "Meteorology", "Computer science", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 156, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13272-020-00468-5.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405431110", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.5059951", "title": "Vision-Aided Sensing Pipeline with Ai-Based Vertiport Detection for Precision Navigation in Uam Approach and Landing Scenarios", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Enrico Miccio", "Paolo Veneruso", "Roberto Opromolla", "Giancarmine Fasano", "Carlo Tiana", "Giacomo Gentile" ], "first_author": "Enrico Miccio", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Pipeline (software)", "Computer vision", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence", "Remote sensing", "Geology" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5059951" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416913225", "doi": "10.3390/smartcities8060202", "title": "A Strategy-Aware LLM-Based Framework for Vertiport Site Selection in Urban Air Mobility with Ground Transportation Integration", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuping Jin", "Jun Ma" ], "first_author": "Yuping Jin", "venue": "Smart Cities", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) introduces electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) systems, creating new requirements for infrastructure planning. Vertiport siting is central, yet existing approaches such as multi-criteria decision analysis and optimization often rely on fixed criteria and seldom integrate ground transportation, which is critical for first- and last-mile access. Large language models (LLMs) show strong capabilities in reasoning and tool orchestration, but their role in siting tasks remains underexplored. This study proposes a strategy-aware LLM-based framework that connects heterogeneous spatial data with planning strategies expressed in natural language. A reflective loop connects the planner, executor, and validator for iterative refinement using two methods: multi-criteria decision analysis for interpretable mapping and a genetic algorithm for nonlinear optimization. Experiments in Los Angeles highlight both the potential and challenges of applying LLM agents to siting: outcome evaluation shows that strategies can be translated into distinct trade-offs, while process evaluation demonstrates the benefits of iterative refinement. The study suggests that LLM-based agents can formalize qualitative strategies into reproducible workflows, indicating their potential for UAM siting and promise for broader use in urban planning.", "keywords": [ "Process (computing)", "Iterative and incremental development", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Validator", "Site selection", "Decision support system", "Iterative method", "Outcome (game theory)" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6511/8/6/202/pdf?version=1764494955" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391647488", "doi": "10.5302/j.icros.2024.23.0202", "title": "Development of Smart Tow Vehicles for the Activation of Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Infrastructure", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jae‐Eun Kim", "Hanseob Lee", "Sungwook Cho" ], "first_author": "Jae‐Eun Kim", "venue": "Journal of Institute of Control Robotics and Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems", "abstract": "Recent developments in futuristic transportation modes, such as urban air mobility (UAM) and vertiports, are gaining momentum. However, advancement in studies on policy development for the management, regulation, and necessary infrastructure of the UAM remains insufficient. Given the commercialization of short-range flight technologies commonly used in this sector, UAM aircraft require more frequent maintenance than traditional airplanes. Thus, management of such vehicles is crucial. Efficient operation of UAM aircraft necessitates towing tasks. In this paper, a smart tow vehicle is proposed, in which one of the primary ground handling equipment at airports is automated to address problems arising from human factors in towing operations. Two models for the smart tow vehicle are designed, namely, a mobile manipulation robot and a lift-up style mobile robot. The former performs the role of a conventional tug with a multipurpose robotic arm, while the latter functions as a tow vehicle without a towbar. These future-oriented tow vehicles, which are equipped with autonomous driving and autonomous operation capabilities, are expected to resolve issues related to the maintenance of UAM within vertiports. In addition, they are anticipated to minimize human errors in towing tasks and contribute to a smoother ground traffic environment at airports. The process of a smart tow vehicle approaching an aircraft is presented using ROS/Gazebo simulation, in which a high-fidelity virtual environment is created, and the two models are designed. In addition, the application of SLAM technology and Move-it! is explained for the effective implementation of autonomous driving and autonomous operation functions.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Business", "Environmental science", "Environmental planning", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2024.23.0202" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404411903", "doi": "10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749182", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Traffic Analysis Tool for Airspace Involving Vertiport Hub Operations to Examine Simulated Conflicts", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Antoni Kopyt", "Kacper Kaczmarek", "Mateusz Sochacki", "Chad L. Stephens" ], "first_author": "Antoni Kopyt", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Presented herein are details of the development of an Urban Air Mobility Traffic Analysis Tool (UAM TAT), designed to analyze the traffic of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) air-craft in urban agglomerations to enable the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations. The tool aims to address challenges of UAM operations in a simulated airspace by testing different scenarios and methods for air traffic management. It emphasizes the need for effective risk management practices and methodologies to ensure the safety of operations, given the increasing use of highly automated aircraft (i.e., Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)) in urban environments. The tool is modular and allows for the simulation of various families of VTOLs and different air traffic rules, making it suitable for defining and estimating airspace and vertiports capacity, determining VTOL requirements, and testing and comparing air traffic management methods. The results of five different simulations are presented that show the capabilities and functionalities of the tool. The simulations present the impact of vertiport hub operations and various ATM approach on the VTO Ls' conflicts.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Transport engineering", "Computer security", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749182" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3161782435", "doi": "10.1007/s10530-021-02567-8", "title": "Adaptation of an artificial bait to an automated aerial delivery system for landscape-scale brown treesnake suppression", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rafael A. García", "Thomas W. McAuliffe", "L.P. Bumanlag", "Shane R. Siers", "Bruce A. Kimball" ], "first_author": "Rafael A. García", "venue": "Biological Invasions", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Biology", "Toxicology" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02567-8" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410118624", "doi": "10.1109/icns65417.2025.10976904", "title": "Determination of Optimal Vertiports with Edge Devices Using the Distributed Cuckoo Search Algorithm", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Evangelos D. Spyrou", "Athanasia Maria Moustaka", "Vassilios A. Kappatos" ], "first_author": "Evangelos D. Spyrou", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Efficient vertiport selection is essential for optimizing route efficiency, reducing travel times, and minimizing operational costs in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems. This paper presents a Distributed Cuckoo Search Algorithm (DCSA) leveraging edge devices to dynamically determine optimal vertiports for air taxis operating in urban environments. By distributing computational tasks across edge devices, localized decision-making is enabled, reducing reliance on centralized computing and enhancing adaptability to real-time conditions. Each edge device functions as a computational node, managing a subset of air taxis within its operational zone. The DCSA adapts the nature-inspired Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) to urban air traffic management by incorporating Levy flights to explore broader solution spaces and avoid local minima. Each edge device independently optimizes vertiport assignments by balancing travel distance, landing costs, and waiting times. The multi-objective optimization problem integrates penalty functions to handle constraints like vertiport capacity limits and restricted airspace zones. Periodic communication between edge devices facilitates global convergence by sharing best solutions, enabling dynamic refinement and adaptation to changing traffic patterns. The Distributed Particle Swarm Optimisation (DPSO) has been inmplemented as a benchmark and the simulation results showed better performance of the DCSA inn terms of total cost and convergence, while the vertiport utilisation showed more even configuration of the DPSO. In terms of execution times the difference between the two algorithms is negligible.", "keywords": [ "Cuckoo search", "Computer science", "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution", "Algorithm", "Cuckoo", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icns65417.2025.10976904" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125380663", "doi": "10.3390/drones10010071", "title": "Real-Life ISO 15189 Qualification of Long-Range Drone Transportation of Medical Biological Samples: Results from a Clinical Trial", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Baptiste Demey", "Olivier Bury", "Morgane Choquet", "Julie Fontaine", "Myriam Dollerschell", "Hugo Thorel", "Charlotte Durand-Maugard", "Olivier Leroy", "Mathieu Pecquet", "Annelise Voyer", "Gautier Dhaussy", "Sandrine Castelain" ], "first_author": "Baptiste Demey", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Controlling pre-analytical conditions for medical biology tests, particularly during transport, is crucial for complying with the ISO 15189 standard and ensuring high-quality medical services. The use of drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles, to transport clinical samples is growing in scale, but requires prior validation to verify that there is no negative impact on the test results provided to doctors. This study aimed to establish a secure, high-quality solution for transporting biological samples by drone in a coastal region of France. The 80 km routes passed over several densely populated urban areas, with take-off and landing points within hospital grounds. The analytical and clinical impact of this mode of transport was compared according to two protocols: an interventional clinical trial on 30 volunteers compared to the reference transport by car, and an observational study on samples from 126 hospitalized patients compared to no transport. The system enabled samples to be transported without damage by maintaining freezing, refrigerated, and room temperatures throughout the flight, without any significant gain in travel time. Analytical variations were observed for sodium, folate, GGT, and platelet levels, with no clinical impact on the interpretation of the results. There is a risk of time-dependent alterations of blood glucose measurements in heparin tubes, which can be corrected by using fluoride tubes. This demonstrated the feasibility and security of transporting biological samples over long distances in line with the ISO 15189 standard. Controlling transport times remains crucial to assessing the quality of analyses. It is imperative to devise contingency plans for backup solutions to ensure the continuity of transportation in the event of inclement weather.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Clinical trial", "Backup", "Contingency plan", "Quality (philosophy)", "Medical device", "Observational study", "Biological safety" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/10/1/71/pdf?version=1769076612" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391805775", "doi": "10.33012/2024.19520", "title": "Single-Station-Based Positioning System as an Alternative Navigation for Operations Near UAM Vertiports", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sunhwan Gwon", "Pilkyo Jeong", "Minhuck Park", "Changdon Kee", "O‐Jong Kim" ], "first_author": "Sunhwan Gwon", "venue": "Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation ... International Technical Meeting/Proceedings of the ... International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Future air mobility refers to the next generation of air transportation systems, encompassing concepts such as Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and Regional Air Mobility (RAM). UAM, a 3D air transport system integrating ground and air transport in urban areas, aims to move people or goods over city skies. Ensuring safe operations, particularly stability at vertical takeoff and landing sites, known as vertiports, is crucial. In environments prone to jamming attacks rendering Global Positioning System (GPS) ineffective, an alternative navigation system is necessary. Legacy systems like VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) and Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) cannot provide performance at a level suitable for future air transportation (Eldredge et al., 2010; Lo et al., 2010). The single-station-based positioning system, an alternative navigation system presented for aviation users, enables 3D positioning with one station using an antenna array. Because positioning comes from a single station, it has inherent bad Dilution of Precisions (DOPs), requiring precise carrier phase measurements of receiving signals and a strategy for integer cycle ambiguity resolution. Its performance improves as users approach the station, making it suitable for approach and landing guidance. The study proposes a single-station-based positioning system for approach, landing and take-off near UAM vertiports, including new designs for instantaneous ambiguity resolution. Analyses were conducted on its positioning accuracy and cycle ambiguity resolution performance. DOP-based analysis and Monte-Carlo simulations with measurement error modeling were performed, highlighting the importance of the cycle ambiguity resolution process. However, difficulties exist when users hover stationary or have symmetrical trajectories in 3D space. If discontinuous signal broadcasting is considered, instantaneous cycle ambiguity resolution is essential. To improve performance, this study proposes increasing dynamic characteristics within the antenna array by physically rotating it. Simulation results show instantaneous cycle ambiguity resolutions are achieved with this method.", "keywords": [ "Ambiguity resolution", "Takeoff", "Global Positioning System", "Computer science", "Real-time computing", "Ambiguity", "Air traffic control", "Simulation", "Telecommunications", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "GNSS applications" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.33012/2024.19520" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2185476028", "doi": null, "title": "AIAA 2001-2073 DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH GLIDE, AUTONOMOUS AERIAL DELIVERY SYSTEM - 'PEGASUS 500 (APADS)'", "year": 2001, "publication_date": "2001-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kenneth W. Sego" ], "first_author": "Kenneth W. Sego", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Delivery system", "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://faculty.nps.edu/oayakime/adsc/pegasus - sego - development of a high glide, autonomous aerial delivery system.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W277816177", "doi": null, "title": "Multicriteria Cost Assessment and Logistics Modeling for Military Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Aerial Delivery Operations", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nathaniel D. Bastian", "Paul Griffin", "Eric Spero", "Lawrence V. Fulton" ], "first_author": "Nathaniel D. Bastian", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : Given that it is not always feasible to reach an affected area via land or sea within the first week following a natural disaster, aerial delivery provides the primary means to rapidly supply the affected population. When direct airdrop systems are used to deliver large quantities of individually wrapped food and water items, dispersion among the affected disaster relief population will occur more quickly. In this project, we proffer a multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework to optimize the military humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) aerial delivery supply chain network. The model uses stochastic, mixed-integer, weighted goal programming to optimize network design, logistics costs, staging locations, procurement amounts, and inventory levels. The MCDA framework enables decision makers to explore the trade-offs between military HA/DR aerial delivery supply chain efficiency and responsiveness while optimizing across a wide range of real-world probabilistic scenarios to account for the inherent uncertainty in the location of global humanitarian disasters as well as the amount of demand to be met.", "keywords": [ "Supply chain", "Procurement", "Multiple-criteria decision analysis", "Humanitarian aid", "Population", "Operations research", "Emergency management", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Integer programming", "Natural disaster", "Business", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a614339.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4295953384", "doi": "10.4050/f-0078-2022-0104", "title": "Safety Considerations on the Operation of Electric Vertical and Takeoff Landing (VTOL) Aircraft at Airports and Vertiports", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-10", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gaël Le Bris", "Loup-Giang Nguyen" ], "first_author": "Gaël Le Bris", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Design innovation for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft is accelerating rapidly. By 2025, eVTOL aircraft might be operating commercial flights. Aviation facilities may have to distribute new energy vectors used by eVTOLs. Accommodating these aircraft will require careful planning, as well as design features, standards, and operational procedures to ensure aviation safety. Indeed, these new technologies cannot be turned into a viable air transportation system if they cannot be integrated into existing and future aviation facilities. With the first eVTOL certification on the horizon, a study of potential airside integration issues is timely. This paper identifies and analyzes potential aviation safety hazards and risks specific to the introduction of eVTOL aircraft and hydrogen technologies at airports and vertiports. A review of existing industry standards and ongoing standardization tasks suggests ways to further reduce the most prominent risks through industry standards and practices promoting operational flexibility and interoperability.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Aviation", "Takeoff and landing", "Standardization", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Aeronautics", "Interoperability", "Certification", "Engineering", "Aviation safety", "Aviation engineering", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-0104" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409555863", "doi": "10.32548/2025.me-04484", "title": "Bioinspired Vertiport System Design for Supporting Drone Swarms in Methane Gas Detection from Orphaned Wells", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fahad Mannan", "Logan Moore", "Jorge Augusto Quiroga", "Arthur Wietharn", "Sihua Shao", "Xiang Sun", "Mostafa Hassanalian" ], "first_author": "Fahad Mannan", "venue": "Materials Evaluation", "publisher": "American Society for Nondestructive Testing", "abstract": "The aim of this paper is to explore bioinspired vertiport designs—a hub for drones’ vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) and servicing, also referred to as a nesting station, docking station, hangar, or landing station—for drone swarms tasked with specific missions. The vertiport system design is inspired by tree structures, with branches represented by capsules that house drones. Solar panels mounted on actuators at the top of the vertiport adjust their orientation to maximize sun exposure, supplying power to the vertiport’s isolated grid for continuous energy day and night. A weather station located at the top transmits data to a computing system, ensuring environmental safety for drone operations. The vertiport’s key components include capsules that open and close during drone launch and landing. Each capsule is equipped with charging contacts for the drones, AprilTags to facilitate precise landing, and a mechanism to center the drone within the capsule upon closure. Designed to protect the drones from environmental conditions, these capsules feature robust structures capable of withstanding harsh weather, ensuring the drones are safeguarded inside. This design highlights the potential of bioinspired approaches in creating efficient vertiport systems.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Methane", "Gas industry", "Engineering", "Nondestructive testing", "Methane gas", "Aerospace engineering", "Natural gas", "Systems engineering", "Waste management", "Physics", "Chemistry" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.32548/2025.me-04484" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402686857", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3644", "title": "Overview of an Exploratory, Multi-Pilot Simulation Study of Early eVTOL Operations at Non-Towered Vertiports", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kenneth H. Goodrich" ], "first_author": "Kenneth H. Goodrich", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper provides a report out on an exploratory, multi-aircraft/multi-pilot, real-time simulation study conducted by NASA of early commercial powered-lift, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations at a non-towered vertiport. As used in this paper, vertiport refers to the primary ground and airspace elements facilitating the takeoff and landing of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft with central emphasis on a vertipad, i.e. the physical touch-down and lift-off area and surrounding approach , departure, local pattern procedures. The study, known as the Piloted UML-2 ConOps Study (PUCS), had two high-level goals. The first goal was providing preliminary insights and observations relevant to the piloting and flight operations of early, commercial UAM operations aligned with the initial stage of the FAA’s Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Implementation Plan and the second level NASA’s UAM Maturity Level (UML) scale. The second goal was evaluating a novel, medium-fidelity, extensible, many-pilot, real-time simulation capability known as the UAM Flyers developed by NASA. The Flyers are intended to allow rapid development, screening, evaluation, and demonstrations of potential Concepts of Operation (ConOps) for UAM flight operations and airspace management in a modular and low-cost, real-time, human-in-the-loop rapid simulation prototyping environment. For this study, ten Flyer cockpits were configured to evaluate flight operations through a non-towered vertiport with pilot interfaces and displays (external and in-cockpit) appropriate for operations under visual flight rules (VFR) and employing flight and communication procedures representative of current operations at nontowered airports. The presented results include an achieved operational tempo; durations of individual flight tasks for approaches and departures; off-nominal events and triggers; and pilot comments regarding potential procedural and technology improvements.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Exploratory research" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3644" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154207187", "doi": "10.1007/s44212-026-00104-3", "title": "Designing the future urban sky: a multi-objective framework for optimizing urban vertiport locations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Si Qiao", "Jinfeng Xie", "Anthony G.O. Yeh" ], "first_author": "Si Qiao", "venue": "Urban Informatics", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract Urban air mobility (UAM) promises to transform metropolitan transportation by enabling rapid, flexible, and terrain-independent travel. However, realizing its benefits requires a robust framework for siting vertiports. Existing studies often overlook UAM’s unique network connection and under-integrating critical negative externalities such as noise exposure. Thus, this study proposes a comprehensive, multi-objective optimization framework for vertiport location planning, explicitly integrating four objectives: maximizing service coverage, maximizing network connectivity, minimizing noise exposure, and minimizing siting cost. Leveraging high-resolution spatial and mobility datasets for Shenzhen, China, we apply evolutionary framework to generate and analyze the full Pareto front of optimal deployment strategies. The results demonstrate that optimized site selection outperforms random baselines by over 35%–66% in service coverage and connectivity, while reducing both noise exposure and cost. Cluster analysis of Pareto-optimal solutions reveals distinct typologies of deployment strategies, enabling policymakers to align UAM planning with diverse urban priorities. Moreover, the identification of “core” sites provides actionable guidance for phased, robust implementation.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Identification (biology)", "Metropolitan area", "Site selection", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Service (business)", "Noise (video)" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-026-00104-3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402688399", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-3787", "title": "Demand Capacity Balancing at Vertiports: A Pending Slot Technique to Accommodate On-Demand Urban Air Mobility Operations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "H.G. Kim", "Yeonju Eun", "Daekeun Jeon" ], "first_author": "H.G. Kim", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) differs from air traffic management (ATM) in that it offers a more balanced mix of scheduled and on-demand transportation services. Therefore, adopting First-requested, first-served (FRFS) demand capacity balancing (DCB) commonly used in ATM can lead to excessive delays for on-demand UAM services due to the shorter lead time between flight plan submission and takeoff. To address this, we propose a novel DCB technique that introduces pending slots that are reserved for on-demand services, as well as slot scheduling algorithms that dynamically manage pending slots based on real-time traffic conditions. Numerical simulations in various traffic scenarios show that the proposed DCB technique improves fairness in delay distribution and overall network efficiency compared to the FRFS DCB technique.", "keywords": [ "On demand", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3787" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118967180", "doi": "10.1016/j.urbmob.2025.100181", "title": "A support to vertiport micro-location selection at airport for urban air mobility airport shuttle service", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bojana Mirković", "Nikola Ivanov", "Dušan Crnogorac", "Matija Sindik" ], "first_author": "Bojana Mirković", "venue": "Journal of Urban Mobility", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) services employing electric Vertical Take Off and Landing vehicles (eVTOL) will likely start in the next few years, and numerous research efforts are directed toward creating the necessary conditions for their successful implementation. Although vertiport location and vertiport capacity are recognized as key factors influencing UAM service performance, a notable research gap still remains in both areas. The vertiport location problem is addressed in the literature predominantly from the demand perspective, focusing on approximate macro-locations, e.g. centroids of the postal codes. Very limited research has addressed the micro-location level - determining the exact locations where vertiports should be built - which requires integrating other factors beyond demand. We aim to contribute to vertiport micro-location decisions by focusing on the hub nodes of the UAM airport shuttle network - vertiports at airports. Taking the airport operator’s perspective, who will be responsible for planning and investing in such vertiports, we propose a framework for vertiport site selection that includes: selecting candidate sites, identifying relevant criteria, evaluating candidates against each criterion, and ranking them using a selected multi-criteria decision-making method. The study also contributes to capacity and cost estimation by introducing an online vertiport sizing and capacity tool that proposes the most favorable vertiport configuration(s) for any given area. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a case study of Madrid Airport. Beyond delivering a final ranking of ten candidate sites, a transparent evaluation process enables airport operators to understand the capacity-area trade-off, capacity capping in a single layout, and capacity increase by combining two layouts, the impact of vertiport type on cost, or landside/airside position on vertiport-to-terminal accessibility, as well as limitations with the current regulatory framework.", "keywords": [ "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Service (business)", "Air travel", "Aviation", "Air traffic control" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2025.100181" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385374118", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2307.14731", "title": "Bi-level Network Design for UAM Vertiport Allocation Using Activity-Based Transport Simulations", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-07-27", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sebastian Brulin", "Markus Olhofer" ], "first_author": "Sebastian Brulin", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "The design or the optimization of transport systems is a difficult task. This is especially true in the case of the introduction of new transport modes in an existing system. The main reason is, that even small additions and changes result in the emergence of new travel patterns, likely resulting in an adaptation of the travel behavior of multiple other agents in the system. Here we consider the optimization of future Urban Air Mobility services under consideration of effects induced by the new mode to an existing system. We tackle this problem through a bi-level network design approach, in which the discrete decisions of the network design planner are optimized based on the evaluated dynamic demand of the user's mode choices. We solve the activity-based network design problem (AB-NDP) using a Genetic Algorithm on a multi-objective optimization problem while evaluating the dynamic demand with the large-scale Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) framework. The proposed bi-level approach is compared against the results of a coverage approach using a static demand method. The bi-level study shows better results for expected UAM demand and total travel time savings across the transportation system. Due to its generic character, the demonstrated utilization of a bi-level method is applicable to other mobility service design questions and to other regions.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Genetic algorithm", "Mathematical optimization", "Mode (computer interface)", "Planner", "Task (project management)", "Network planning and design", "Service (business)", "Service level", "Adaptation (eye)", "Transport network", "Distributed computing" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.14731" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3135545512", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2021.102997", "title": "A method for urban air mobility network design using hub location and subgraph isomorphism", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Landon C. Willey", "John L. Salmon" ], "first_author": "Landon C. Willey", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Computation", "TRIPS architecture", "Service (business)", "Subgraph isomorphism problem", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Public transport", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 111, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.102997" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2954290201", "doi": "10.3390/drones3030052", "title": "An Evaluation of the Delivery of Medicines Using Drones", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-06-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michelle Hii", "Patrick G. Courtney", "Paul G. Royall" ], "first_author": "Michelle Hii", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This study tests the impact of drone transportation on the quality of a medicine. Modelling the critical process parameters of drone flight, the effects of temperature and vibration on insulin were investigated using the pharmacopoeia methods. The medicine, Actrapid, (3.5 mg/mL of insulin), was flown by a quad-rotor drone. Insulin stored between −20 and 40 °C for 30 mins, and subjected to vibration (0–40 Hz, 25 °C, 30 mins) passed the pharmacopeia tests. Dynamic light scattering identified the active tetrameric and hexameric forms of insulin post testing. Vibration frequencies during drone flight were between 0.1 and 3.4 Hz. There was no evidence of visible insulin aggregates following the drone transportation. The differences in UV absorbance readings between flown Actrapid and controls were insignificant (p = 0.89). No adverse impact of drone transport on insulin was observed. This study provides supporting evidence that drone transportation of medicinal products containing insulin is feasible. The authors recommend that when considering the drone delivery of medicines five tests need to be applied. These tests must determine the safe flight time and range, the quality of the medicine post flight, the onboard conditions experienced by the medicine, the security of the drone supply chain and the effect of drone failure on both the medicine and the environment.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Insulin", "Pharmacopoeia", "Medicine", "Computer science", "Biology", "Internal medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 105, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/3/3/52/pdf?version=1561623495" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387320007", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-28870-8_8", "title": "Mathematical Models for Scheduling Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) Vehicles at Urban Air Mobility Vertiports", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Julián Alberto Espejo-Díaz", "Edgar H. Alfonso-Lizarazo", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres" ], "first_author": "Julián Alberto Espejo-Díaz", "venue": "Lecture notes in operations research", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Bottleneck", "Aviation", "Taxis", "Touchdown", "Air traffic control", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Separation (statistics)", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28870-8_8" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407397291", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-2784", "title": "Data-Driven Approach Toward Vertiport Placement for Urban Air Mobility Operations: Case Studies in South Korea", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shinkook Cha", "J.S. Lee", "Chungho Park", "Yujin Kim", "Young-Jae Lee", "Junghyun A. Kim" ], "first_author": "Shinkook Cha", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "With the rapid emergence of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) around the world, the Korean government has recognized its potential and recently unveiled the first official roadmap for UAM as the future transportation system. One of the key challenges in implementing the UAM service on the Korean peninsula is to identify optimal locations for vertiports. This research proposes a data-driven framework, which consists of two key components: 1) vertiport placement using an unsupervised learning-based clustering approach and 2) what-if scenario analysis comparing UAM with existing transportation modes, to support decision-making by the Korean government when operational needs for UAM in South Korea will be required. The framework specifically includes several stages, including case formulation (i.e., leisure, emergency medical service, and logistics), data preparation, vertiport placement, and what-if scenario analysis (e.g., ambulance vs. doctor helicopter vs. UAM). The results indicate significant time savings for all the scenarios compared to the current transportation options. Although it seems that UAM usage is beneficial for all the scenarios with respect to travel times, it is important to emphasize the need to balance between time savings and operational costs when evaluating feasibility. The authors believe that the framework can be considered as a decision support tool for the Korean government to assess various operational initiatives or strategies; therefore, they can make an informed decision for effective implementations of the upcoming UAM operations in South Korea.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-2784" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3015527528", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2020.2983491", "title": "Reliable Path Planning for Drone Delivery Using a Stochastic Time-Dependent Public Transportation Network", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-04-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hailong Huang", "Andrey V. Savkin", "Chao Huang" ], "first_author": "Hailong Huang", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Drones have been regarded as a promising means for future delivery industry by many logistics companies. Several drone-based delivery systems have been proposed but they generally have a drawback in delivering customers locating far from warehouses. This paper proposes an alternative system based on a public transportation network. This system has the merit of enlarging the delivery range. As the public transportation network is actually a stochastic time-dependent network, we focus on the reliable drone path planning problem (RDPP). We present a stochastic model to characterize the path traversal time and develop a label setting algorithm to construct the reliable drone path. Furthermore, we consider the limited battery lifetime of the drone to determine whether a path is feasible, and we account this as a constraint in the optimization model. To accommodate the feasibility, the developed label setting algorithm is extended by adding a simple operation. The complexity of the developed algorithm is analyzed and how it works is demonstrated via a case study.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Path (computing)", "Tree traversal", "Motion planning", "Mathematical optimization", "Public transport", "Constraint (computer-aided design)", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Transport engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 153, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/2553ec5a-d3ce-47c7-b849-5cb81071ed15/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3169303925", "doi": null, "title": "Identifying Opportunities Available through Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Delivery Programs in Support of Public Safety in the United States, Based on Present Use Cases Around the World", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Holden Luc Schmidt Bradley" ], "first_author": "Holden Luc Schmidt Bradley", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Business", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Computer science", "Environmental planning", "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu%3A745711/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3126515017", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2021.3052229", "title": "A Traffic Demand Analysis Method for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vishwanath Bulusu", "Emin Burak Onat", "Raja Sengupta", "Pavan S. Yedavalli", "Jane F. Macfarlane" ], "first_author": "Vishwanath Bulusu", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "This paper explores the addressable market for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) as a multi-modal alternative in a community. To justify public investment, UAM must serve urban mobility by carrying a significant portion of urban traffic. We develop a traffic demand analysis method to estimate the maximum number of people that can benefit from UAM, for a given use case, in a metropolitan region. We apply our method to about three hundred thousand cross-bay commute trips in the San Francisco Bay Area. We estimate the commuter demand shift to UAM under two criteria of flexibility to travel time savings and three criteria of vertiport transfer times. Our results indicate that even for commuters with high value of time, and long transfer times at vertiports, almost forty-five percent of demand would benefit from UAM when the roads are highly congested. Even when the roads are mostly free, about three percent of the demand can benefit from UAM with the right combination of commuter flexibility and transfer times. Finally, our method also produces the number, location and distribution of demand over vertiports that can support value proposition, policy-making and technology research for UAM.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "TRIPS architecture", "Flexibility (engineering)", "Transport engineering", "Value of time", "Transfer (computing)", "Investment (military)", "Travel time", "Computer science", "Environmental economics", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 92, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3052229" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3185837460", "doi": "10.1016/j.urbmob.2021.100002", "title": "Flying taxis revived: Can Urban air mobility reduce road congestion?", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-07-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Alona Pukhova", "Carlos Llorca", "Ana Tsui Moreno", "Corin Staves", "Qin Zhang", "Rolf Moeckel" ], "first_author": "Alona Pukhova", "venue": "Journal of Urban Mobility", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Many metropolitan regions are investigating Urban Air Mobility (UAM) as a new transport mode for medium distance intra-regional trips. In this paper, an agent-based travel demand model was developed to simulate UAM demand for the region surrounding Munich, Germany. Special attention was given to mode choice, vertiport access and egress, airport trips, and UAM vehicle capacity constraints. Under base conditions, the model predicts a rather small mode share for UAM of 0.61%. The results show that in a metropolitan area with well-developed road and transit networks, traveling by UAM does not save much time. This is particularly true if access and egress trips to and from vertiports are included, as well as wait times, security checks and boarding times. The model shows that there is no reduction in vehicle kilometers traveled by car due to the modal shift to UAM. In fact, if access and egress trips to the vertiports are included, the total vehicle-kilometers traveled by car increases by 0.3%. Therefore, UAM is not found to alleviate congestion, but at most may serve selected markets, such as emergency vehicles or longer trips between remote areas where other transport networks are not as well developed. Keywords uam, Transport modelling, Mobility, Mode choice model", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Metropolitan area", "Taxis", "Transport engineering", "Traffic congestion", "Kilometer", "Mode (computer interface)", "Mode choice", "Computer science", "Public transport", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 88, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667091721000029/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2998238124", "doi": "10.2514/1.i010776", "title": "Rolling-Horizon Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Arrival Scheduling for On-Demand Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-12-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Imke C. Kleinbekman", "Mihaela Mitici", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Imke C. Kleinbekman", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Information Systems", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Urban air mobility with electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles is envisioned to become a fast and flexible urban transportation mode. Apart from technical challenges for eVTOLs regarding vehicle design and manufacturing, airspace design and traffic control mechanisms are most desired on the operation side. In particular, from an operational point of view, the arrival phase is expected to be the main bottleneck, with restricted vertiport resources, high air traffic density, frequent flight maneuvers, and limited eVTOL remaining battery energy, all leading to complex operational constraints. This work provides a framework to enable optimal and efficient on-demand eVTOLs arrivals in the context of on-demand urban air mobility. This paper investigates the throughput of a double-landing-pad vertiport by proposing a new vertiport terminal area airspace design and a novel rolling-horizon scheduling algorithm with route selection capability to compute the optimal required time of arrival for eVTOLs in a tactical manner. Finally, a case study on arrivals in a hexagonal vertiport network is performed to show the algorithm performance with different configurations. Our simulation results show that up to 50 s delay per eVTOL is expected during the commuter peak hours and less than 10 s delay is expected during off-peak hours.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff and landing", "Takeoff", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Air traffic control", "Bottleneck", "Context (archaeology)", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 69, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f3a900f9-272a-43d1-bbb9-6dde6ea622f5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2773351417", "doi": "10.1007/s00170-017-1363-1", "title": "Application of hierarchical facility location problem for optimization of a drone delivery system: a case study of Amazon prime air in the city of San Francisco", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-12-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Seyed Mahdi Shavarani", "Mazyar Ghadiri Nejad", "Farhood Rismanchian", "Gökhan İzbirak" ], "first_author": "Seyed Mahdi Shavarani", "venue": "The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Facility location problem", "Shortest path problem", "Computer science", "Heuristic", "Location model", "Real-time computing", "Mathematical optimization", "Operations research", "Graph", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 223, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11129/11606" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2905539157", "doi": "10.1109/dasc.2018.8569645", "title": "eVTOL Arrival Sequencing and Scheduling for On-Demand Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-09-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Imke C. Kleinbekman", "Mihaela Mitici", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Imke C. Kleinbekman", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has the ability to reduce ground traffic congestion by enabling rapid on-demand flight through three-dimensional airspace with zero operational emissions by using electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles. In the long term with more UAM flights, air traffic control is expected to limit further growth of such operations. Therefore, a first research has been performed on energy-efficient trajectory optimisation for a given required time of arrival, as the arrival phase is the most safety-critical flight phase with much higher air traffic density and limited battery energy. However, research on the computation of the optimal required time of arrival (RTA) for eVTOL aircraft has not yet been performed. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters in commercial aviation, eVTOL aircraft have different flight dynamics, limited battery energy supply and a limited number of landing spots at a vertiport such as the top of high-rise buildings. This work is the first to utilise a mixed-integer linear program that computes the optimal RTAs for eVTOLs to safely separate them for minimum delay based on remaining battery state of charge and vertiport capacity. A concept of operations for vertiport terminal area airspace design is also proposed while making use of the existing energy-efficient trajectory optimisation tool. The research serves as a basis for further development of safe and efficient UAM operations. The mathematical model can also be applied to Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) by inserting new separation requirements and flight dynamics for smaller drones when optimising a high density arrival terminal airspace.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Aviation", "Computer science", "Energy management", "Separation (statistics)", "State of charge", "Battery (electricity)", "Trajectory", "Automotive engineering", "Energy (signal processing)", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 92, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:633fea65-1fc7-48e1-a5f7-4b1abedb87c5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4296338490", "doi": "10.1109/tem.2022.3202485", "title": "Why Do People Resist Drone Food Delivery Services? An Innovation Resistance Theory Perspective", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ashraf A. Khalil", "Amit Shankar", "Rahul Bodhi", "Abhishek Behl", "Alberto Ferraris" ], "first_author": "Ashraf A. Khalil", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Recently, the food service delivery industry started using drones for delivering food. The drone food delivery services are not only beneficial for marketers but also provide several benefits to the consumers. Despite several advantages for different stakeholders, the adoption of drone-based delivery is not encouraging. Thus, it is crucial to know why consumers show resistance behavior toward drone-based food delivery services. Toward that end, this study examines the effects of different functional and psychological barriers on consumers’ resistance to drone-based food delivery services through the lens of innovation resistance theory. A moderated-mediation framework has been proposed using anticipated negative emotions as a mediator and consumers’ innovativeness as a moderator. The hypotheses are examined by analyzing the 355 samples collected from online food delivery service users. The results suggest that usage, risk, image, and experience barriers are significantly associated with resistance. The study's findings enrich emerging drone-based delivery services and online food delivery literature. The study's findings furthermore offer practical knowledge to help online food delivery service providers implement strategies to reduce consumers' resistance to the drone food delivery system.", "keywords": [ "Resist", "Drone", "Perspective (graphical)", "Resistance (ecology)", "Business", "Marketing", "Engineering", "Nanotechnology", "Computer science", "Materials science" ], "cited_by_count": 63, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2022.3202485" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2929390339", "doi": "10.1016/j.cor.2019.04.001", "title": "A congested capacitated multi-level fuzzy facility location problem: An efficient drone delivery system", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-04-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Seyed Mahdi Shavarani", "Sam Mosallaeipour", "Mahmoud Golabi", "Gökhan İzbirak" ], "first_author": "Seyed Mahdi Shavarani", "venue": "Computers & Operations Research", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Facility location problem", "Drone", "Operations research", "Computer science", "Queueing theory", "Fuzzy logic", "Procurement", "Location model", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Computer network", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 103, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/6cb8b9e4-8d37-4d97-ac6b-273b4a3e282f" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2345135050", "doi": "10.3926/jiem.1929", "title": "Optimization of a truck-drone in tandem delivery network using k-means and genetic algorithm", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-04-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sergio Mourelo Ferrandez", "Timothy Harbison", "Troy Weber", "Robert H. Sturges", "Robert Rich" ], "first_author": "Sergio Mourelo Ferrandez", "venue": "Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management", "publisher": "OmniaScience", "abstract": "Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of implementing unmanned aerial delivery vehicles in delivery networks. We investigate the notion of the reduced overall delivery time, energy, and costs for a truck-drone network by comparing the in-tandem system with a stand-alone delivery effort. The objectives are (1) to investigate the time, energy, and costs associated to a truck-drone delivery network compared to standalone truck or drone, (2) to propose an optimization algorithm that determines the optimal number of launch sites and locations given delivery requirements, and drones per truck, (3) to develop mathematical formulations for closed form estimations for the optimal number of launch locations, optimal total time, as well as the associated cost for the system.Design/methodology/approach: The design of the algorithm herein computes the minimal time of delivery utilizing K-means clustering to find launch locations, as well as a genetic algorithm to solve the truck route as a traveling salesmen problem (TSP). The optimal solution is determined by finding the minimum cost associated to the parabolic convex cost function. The optimal min-cost is determined by finding the most efficient launch locations using K-means algorithms to determine launch locations and a genetic algorithm to determine truck route between those launch locations. Findings: Results show improvements with in-tandem delivery efforts as opposed to standalone systems. Further, multiple drones per truck are more optimal and contribute to savings in both energy and time. For this, we sampled various initialization variables to derive closed form mathematical solutions for the problem. Originality/value: Ultimately, this provides the necessary analysis of an integrated truck-drone delivery system which could be implemented by a company in order to maximize deliveries while minimizing time and energy. Closed-form mathematical solutions can be used as close estimators for final costs and time.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Initialization", "Genetic algorithm", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Simulation", "Automotive engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 324, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.jiem.org/index.php/jiem/article/download/1929/762" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3217562069", "doi": "10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117490", "title": "A Markov decision process approach for managing medical drone deliveries", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Amin Asadi", "Sarah Nurre Pinkley", "Martijn Mes" ], "first_author": "Amin Asadi", "venue": "Expert Systems with Applications", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Drone delivery is a fast and innovative method for delivering parcels, food, and medical supplies. Furthermore, this low-contact delivery mode contributes to reducing the spread of pandemic and vaccine-preventable diseases. Focusing on the delivery of medical supplies, this paper studies optimizing the distribution operations at a drone hub that dispatches drones to hospitals located at different geographic locations. Each hospital generates stochastic demands for medical supplies to be covered. This paper classifies stochastic demands based on the distance between hospitals and the drone hub. Satisfying the demands requires flying over different ranges, which is directly related to the amount of charge of the drone batteries. We develop a stochastic scheduling and allocation problem with multiple classes of demand and model the problem using a finite Markov decision process approach. We provide exact solutions for the modest sizes instances using backward induction and discuss that the problem suffers from the curses of dimensionality. Hence, we provide a reinforcement learning method capable of giving near-optimal solutions. We perform a set of computational tests using realistic data representing a prominent drone delivery company. Finally, we analyze the results to provide insights for managing drone hub operations and show that the reinforcement learning method has high performance compared with the exact and heuristic solution methods.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Markov decision process", "Computer science", "Reinforcement learning", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Heuristic", "Operations research", "Markov process", "Partially observable Markov decision process", "Process (computing)", "Curse of dimensionality", "Mathematical optimization" ], "cited_by_count": 42, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417422008193/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3131069374", "doi": "10.1109/mnet.011.2000219", "title": "Blockchain-Powered Policy Enforcement for Ensuring Flight Compliance in Drone-Based Service Systems", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohammad Saidur Rahman", "Ibrahim Khalil", "Mohammed Atiquzzaman" ], "first_author": "Mohammad Saidur Rahman", "venue": "IEEE Network", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles, can be used for commercial services such as short-distance delivery. In order to ensure quality services, multiple drone-based delivery service providers can be employed in delivery service systems. In this article, we address two very important and unexplored challenges of employing drones in delivery services. First, involving multiple drones from different service providers elevates the chance of collision during flights. Second, drones may hamper the privacy of citizens by unauthorized access to private and restricted areas. In order to solve the aforementioned issues, we propose a blockchain-based policy enforcement mechanism in the drone-based delivery service systems. At first, the mechanism will set policies to establish pre-allocated flight paths for different drones at different times to avoid collisions, and ensure the privacy of citizens by restricting their access to unauthorized areas. Later, the blockchain will enforce the policies to monitor compliance of the drone flights and identify non-compliant drone services to penalize corresponding service providers. We simulate a virtual drone-based delivery system with the Ethereum blockchain platform and examine the performance and feasibility of our proposed mechanism.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer security", "Service provider", "Enforcement", "Service (business)", "Computer science", "Order (exchange)", "Blockchain", "Quality of service", "Law enforcement", "Business", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 38, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Blockchain-Powered_Policy_Enforcement_for_Ensuring_Flight_Compliance_in_Drone-Based_Service_Systems/27543048" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4200240079", "doi": "10.1186/s12913-021-07321-3", "title": "Drone versus ambulance for blood products transportation: an economic evaluation study", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-12-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Zailani", "R. Z. Azma", "I. Aniza", "Abdul Rahman Rahana", "Aniza Binti Ismail", "I. S. Shahnaz", "K. S. Chan", "Muhammad Dinie Afif Jamaludin", "Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy" ], "first_author": "Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Zailani", "venue": "BMC Health Services Research", "publisher": "BioMed Central", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Medical transportation is an essential step in health care services, and includes ground, air and water transportation. Among the important uses of medical transportation is the delivery of blood products in the event of a clinical emergency. Drone technology is the latest technological advancement that may revolutionize medical transportation globally. Nonetheless, its economic evaluation is scant and insufficient, whilst its cost-effectiveness remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of drone transportation versus the ambulance. METHODS: The setting of the study was within a developing nation. An economic evaluation study of drone versus ambulance for emergency blood products transportation between the Sabah Women and Children Hospital (SWACH) and the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital (QEH2) on Borneo Island was conducted using the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) technique. The total cost of each mode of transportation was calculated using the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method. Travel time was used as a denominator to estimate the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). RESULTS: For one clinical emergency in SWACH, a round trip of blood products transportation from SWACH to QEH2 costs RM1,266.02 (USD307.09) when using the ambulance, while the drone costs RM1,313.28 (USD319.36). The travel time for the drone was much shorter (18 min) compared to the ambulance (34 min). The Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) of ambulance transportation was RM37.23 (USD9.05) per minute whilst the CER of drone transportation was RM72.96 (USD17.74) per minute. The ICER of drone versus ambulance was - 2.95, implying an increase of RM2.95 in cost for every minute saved using a drone instead of an ambulance. CONCLUSION: Although drone transportation of blood products costs more per minute compared to the ambulance, the significantly shorter transport time of the drone offset its cost. Thus, we believe there is good economic potential for drone usage for blood products transportation in developing nations particularly if the drone price decreases and its operational lifespan increases. Our limitation of a non-clinical denominator used in this study leads to the recommendation for use of clinical outcomes in future studies.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Medicine", "Medical emergency", "Emergency medical services", "Activity-based costing", "Emergency medicine", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 56, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12913-021-07321-3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4220926269", "doi": "10.1177/03611981221076839", "title": "Planning Land Use Constrained Networks of Urban Air Mobility Infrastructure in the San Francisco Bay Area", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-09", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pavan S. Yedavalli", "Adam P. Cohen" ], "first_author": "Pavan S. Yedavalli", "venue": "Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is a concept envisioning safe, sustainable, affordable, and accessible air transportation for passenger mobility, cargo delivery, and emergency management within or traversing a metropolitan area. While the deployment of UAM will require a network of infrastructure (i.e., vertiports), this emerging concept could face a variety of barriers, such as local opposition, infrastructure costs, and multimodal integration. This paper presents a novel simulation methodology using k -medians clustering and sensitivity analysis to model potential vertiport locations in the San Francisco Bay Area. When controlling for land use characteristics (i.e., parcel size and zoning), the simulation and sensitivity analysis finds that as the number of vertiports increases, the average travel times of trips taken by UAM decrease. The analysis also identifies an inflection point of the number of vertiports at which UAM becomes competitive with driving. The analysis concludes that with respect to size, parcels of 2 acres or smaller are the only locations that allow UAM travel times to be competitive with driving. The paper concludes that neither quantitative nor qualitative factors alone will be sufficient to determine the feasibility of vertiports and overcome community concerns associated with vertiport siting. Metropolitan planning organizations, local governments, and other public agencies will likely need to augment technical analysis with robust stakeholder and community engagement throughout the planning process.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Transportation planning", "Zoning", "Land use", "Public transport", "Regional planning", "Software deployment", "Port (circuit theory)", "Urban planning", "Environmental planning", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 32, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221076839" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2765355161", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-67308-0_56", "title": "Last-Mile Deliveries by Using Drones and Classical Vehicles", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese", "Francesca Guerriero" ], "first_author": "Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese", "venue": "Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Last mile (transportation)", "Computer science", "Process (computing)", "Operations research", "Service (business)", "Aeronautics", "Mile", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Real-time computing" ], "cited_by_count": 106, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67308-0_56" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2997007673", "doi": "10.2514/6.2020-0660", "title": "An Efficient Algorithm for Self-Organized Terminal Arrival in Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Josh Bertram", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Josh Bertram", "venue": "AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a concept for future air transportation where air taxis move passengers between vertical take-off and landing sites known as vertiports. While some form of a structured airspace is likely, it is expected that UAM systems will be required to deal with high traffic densities and will need to respond to conflicts due to a dynamically changing environment. Due to the difficulty of predicting demand of air taxi usage, it may also be more difficult to predict the required demand on any given vertiport. We explore an airspace design which can regulate the flow of aircraft landing at a vertiport, maintaining the aircraft in sequence until capacity is available at the vertiport. We demonstrate an implementation of the airspace design using a highly-efficient Markov Decision Process (MDP) based algorithm to provide separation and collision avoidance for a UAM terminal arrival sequencing problem. The vertiport maintains basic information about capacity and sequencing, and the aircraft seamlessly perform guidance in a self-organized distributed manner performing conflict avoidance while waiting to land.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Taxis", "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Computer science", "Markov decision process", "Separation (statistics)", "Markov process", "Process (computing)", "Collision avoidance", "Global Positioning System", "Markov chain", "Real-time computing" ], "cited_by_count": 33, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-0660" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1617256525", "doi": "10.1109/compsac.2015.52", "title": "New Frontiers of Delivery Services Using Drones: A Prototype System Exploiting a Quadcopter for Autonomous Drug Shipments", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-07-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Valentina Gatteschi", "Fabrizio Lamberti", "Gianluca Paravati", "Andrea Sanna", "Claudio Giovanni Demartini", "Alberto Lisanti", "Giorgio Venezia" ], "first_author": "Valentina Gatteschi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Drone-based delivery of goods could become a reality in the near future, as witnessed by the increasing successful experiences in both research and commercial fields. In this paper, a prototype system exploiting a do it yourself quad copter drone for delivering products is proposed. On the one hand, the hardware choices made in order to limit risks arising from autonomous delivery are presented. On the other hand, a framework for orders placement and shipment is shown. The advantages of a system like the one described in this paper are mainly related to an increased delivery speed, especially in urban contexts with traffic, to the possibility to make deliveries in areas usually difficult to be reached, and to the drone's ability to autonomously carry out consignments. A practical use case, in which the proposed system is used for delivering drugs (an application in which the need to quickly receive the good might be particularly important) is shown. Nevertheless, the proposed prototype could be employed in other contexts, such as take-away deliveries, product shipments, registered mail consignments, etc.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Quadcopter", "Computer science", "Product (mathematics)", "Order (exchange)", "Limit (mathematics)", "Computer security", "Engineering", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 80, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/compsac.2015.52" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3173640017", "doi": "10.3390/su13137421", "title": "Advanced Air Mobility: Demand Analysis and Market Potential of the Airport Shuttle and Air Taxi Markets", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-07-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rohit Goyal", "Colleen Reiche", "Chris Fernando", "Adam P. Cohen" ], "first_author": "Rohit Goyal", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Advanced air mobility (AAM) is a broad concept enabling consumers access to on-demand air mobility, cargo and package delivery, healthcare applications, and emergency services through an integrated and connected multimodal transportation network. However, a number of challenges could impact AAM’s growth potential, such as autonomous flight, the availability of take-off and landing infrastructure (i.e., vertiports), integration into airspace and other modes of transportation, and competition with shared automated vehicles. This article discusses the results of a demand analysis examining the market potential of two potential AAM passenger markets—airport shuttles and air taxis. The airport shuttle market envisions AAM passenger service to, from, or between airports along fixed routes. The air taxi market envisions a more mature and scaled service that provides on-demand point-to-point passenger services throughout urban areas. Using a multi-method approach consisting of AAM travel demand modeling, Monte Carlo simulations, and constraint analysis, this study estimates that the air taxi and airport shuttle markets could capture a 0.5% mode share. The analysis concludes that AAM could replace non-discretionary trips greater than 45 min; however, demand for discretionary trips would be limited by consumer willingness to pay. This study concludes that AAM passenger services could have a daily demand of 82,000 passengers served by approximately 4000 four- to five-seat aircraft in the U.S., under the most conservative scenario, representing an annual market valuation of 2.5 billion USD.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Taxis", "Business", "Transport engineering", "Valuation (finance)", "Market analysis", "Aviation", "Air travel", "Finance", "Marketing", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 149, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/13/7421/pdf?version=1640660235" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4293408652", "doi": "10.1016/j.trd.2022.103438", "title": "Environmental impact analysis of on-demand urban air mobility: A case study of the Tampa Bay Area", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-08-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pengli Zhao", "Joseph A. Post", "Zhiqiang Wu", "Wenbo Du", "Yu Zhang" ], "first_author": "Pengli Zhao", "venue": "Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Greenhouse gas", "Environmental science", "Pollutant", "Bay", "NOx", "Air pollution", "Air pollutants", "Environmental engineering", "Transport engineering", "Meteorology", "Engineering", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 32, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103438" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3196981754", "doi": "10.1007/s13272-021-00544-4", "title": "Determining infrastructure requirements for an air taxi service at Cologne Bonn Airport", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-27", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eva Feldhoff", "Gonçalo Soares Roque" ], "first_author": "Eva Feldhoff", "venue": "CEAS Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract The worldwide increasing population density in major urban centres poses great challenges for transportation systems. Air taxi services could be a solution to this growing problem by bringing the existing transportation system to the three dimensional space. This paper analyzes the challenges and requirements of developing a vertiport intended for the use of air taxis at Cologne Bonn Airport. This research was conducted with the information available at the time of writing, for which a basis scenario is defined for the Cologne Bonn Airport where important aspects of an air taxi service are determined such as passenger demand and possible vehicles. The main aspects analysed were the requirements on the vertiport infrastructure and its location, as well as the requirements on passenger processing. For the defined basis scenario, results show that the preferential locations to develop a vertiport at Cologne Bonn Airport are the roof top levels of parking garages P2 and P3 . Furthermore, it is shown that given the estimated passenger demand, a very high utilization factor of the defined infrastructure is to be expected. This paper provides a starting point for the development of an air taxi service at Cologne Bonn Airport. Further research is needed in key issues such as the financial aspects of an air taxi service, its integration into the current operating scenario of the Cologne Bonn Airport and the approval process for an air taxi service and the vertiport itself.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Taxis", "Service (business)", "Aviation", "Population", "Level of service", "Engineering", "Business", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 31, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13272-021-00544-4.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3008975982", "doi": "10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101785", "title": "Choice model based analysis of consumer preference for drone delivery service", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-02-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sang Hyun Kim" ], "first_author": "Sang Hyun Kim", "venue": "Journal of Air Transport Management", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Preference", "Service (business)", "Business", "Advertising", "Marketing", "Service delivery framework", "Service model", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Economics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 63, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101785" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4313576043", "doi": "10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100347", "title": "Current summary of the evidence in drone-based emergency medical services care", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nathan B. Roberts", "Emily Ager", "Thomas B. Leith", "Isabel Lott", "Marlee Mason-Maready", "Tyler Nix", "Adam Laertes Gottula", "Nathaniel R. Hunt", "Christine M. Brent" ], "first_author": "Nathan B. Roberts", "venue": "Resuscitation Plus", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Interventions for many medical emergencies including cardiac arrests, strokes, drug overdoses, seizures, and trauma, are critically time-dependent, with faster intervention leading to improved patient outcomes. Consequently, a major focus of emergency medical services (EMS) systems and prehospital medicine has been improving the time until medical intervention in these time-sensitive emergencies, often by reducing the time required to deliver critical medical supplies to the scene of the emergency. Medical indications for using unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, are rapidly expanding, including the delivery of time-sensitive medical supplies. To date, the drone-based delivery of a variety of time-critical medical supplies has been evaluated, generating promising data suggesting that drones can improve the time interval to intervention through the rapid delivery of automatic external defibrillators (AEDs), naloxone, antiepileptics, and blood products. Furthermore, the improvement in the time until intervention offered by drones in out-of-hospital emergencies is likely to improve patient outcomes in time-dependent medical emergencies. However, barriers and knowledge gaps remain that must be addressed. Further research demonstrating functionality in real-world scenarios, as well as research that integrates drones into the existing EMS structure will be necessary before drones can reach their full potential. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence in drone-based Emergency Medical Services Care to help identify future research directions.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Medical emergency", "Intervention (counseling)", "Emergency medical services", "Medicine", "Psychological intervention", "(+)-Naloxone", "Emergency department", "Nursing" ], "cited_by_count": 84, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100347" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4320884146", "doi": "10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100393", "title": "Urban aerial mobility: Network structure, transportation benefits, and Sino-US comparison", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-02-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kai Wang", "Aoyong Li", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Kai Wang", "venue": "The Innovation", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Large cities worldwide suffer from traffic congestion, leading to huge economic, social, and environmental costs.1Zhang L. Zeng G. Li D. et al.Scale-free resilience of real traffic jams.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2019; 116: 8673-8678Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar Various measures have been taken, spanning congestion pricing, public transportation promotion, high-occupancy driving lanes, and road space rationing to recent on-demand ride-sharing models, etc.2Hanna R. Kreindler G. Olken B.A. Citywide effects of high-occupancy vehicle restrictions: evidence from “three-in-one” in Jakarta.Science. 2017; 357: 89-93Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar,3Vazifeh M.M. Santi P. Resta G. et al.Addressing the minimum fleet problem in on-demand urban mobility.Nature. 2018; 557: 534-538Crossref PubMed Scopus (211) Google Scholar,4Eliasson J. Efficient transport pricing–why, what, and when?.Commun. Trans. Res. 2021; 1: 100006Crossref Scopus (24) Google Scholar However, none of them can solve this inherent problem due to the asymmetry between transport infrastructure and dynamic travel demand. Opportunities to expand road capacity are rare, but an emerging on-demand transportation mode, urban aerial mobility (UAM), is unlocking tremendous traffic capacity in the urban low-altitude space, leading to a perfect solution to traffic congestion.5McKinsey & CompanyThe future of air mobility: electric aircraft and flying taxis.https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/the-next-normal/air-taxisDate: 2022Google Scholar The rise of UAM is thanks to the recent developments of electric vertical-takeoff-and-landing (eVTOL) vehicles. These vehicles leverage the infrastructure of vertiports for takeoff and landing and are coupled with ground vehicles to provide commuting services, where ground vehicles offer first-mile and last-mile travels to and from vertiports, and eVTOLs are used to commute between vertiports.6Kai W. Jacquillat A. Vaze V. Vertiport planning for urban aerial mobility: an adaptive discretization approach.Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag. 2022; 24: 3215-3235Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar The whole UAM industry is expecting a bright future, but there is a lack of systematic understanding of it. Specifically, what would be the network structure of UAM in cities? What are the transportation benefits of UAM? How does UAM affect traffic congestion? These questions will be fundamental for stakeholders to invest in UAM, for city authorities to promote UAM as a new commuting option, for regulation makers and UAM operators to plan for the deployment, etc. To fully understand UAM, the first step is to deploy the vertiport network since it constitutes the foundation of UAM, and the next is to investigate UAM operations and the potential demands for interpreting the transportation benefits of UAM. Specifically, inside a metropolitan area, how do we select the locations of vertiports to support UAM operations? Built upon a UAM network, what would be the interactions between the supply side of UAM operations and the demand side of passengers’ adoption? Once we have the UAM network and the interactions between supply and demand, we can proceed to interpret the UAM system. Here, we leverage the integrated UAM planning model proposed by Wang et al.6Kai W. Jacquillat A. Vaze V. Vertiport planning for urban aerial mobility: an adaptive discretization approach.Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag. 2022; 24: 3215-3235Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar We investigate the UAM systems of major metropolitan areas or cities in the US and China to have a systematic understanding of UAM and to make comparisons. At a city or a metropolitan area level, the physical existence of a UAM system lies in the network of vertiports that constitutes the foundation of UAM operations. Figure 1A shows the networks of four representative metropolitan areas or cities in the US and China, respectively. In general, a UAM network is a hub-and-spoke network structure where flying by eVTOLs is for connections between hubs (i.e., vertiports) and ground transportation is for connections between spokes and hubs. However, compared with other traditional hub-and-spoke networks, e.g., airline networks, the main difference is that the hubs are not used to aggregate demand to operate large vehicles/aircraft to lower the cost per passenger, and they are used to enable more frequent flights between vertiports, and thus more frequent eVTOL movements, to improve the level of service reliability of UAM. This essentially attributes to the difference between the on-demand business model and the on-schedule business model, where the former emphasizes service reliability, and the latter emphasizes capacity utilization. A UAM system is centralized for a city or metropolitan area and covers urban areas instead of being widely spread over urban areas and rural areas. The reason is that a centralized system enables efficient operations that can, on the one hand, reduce operational costs and, on the other hand, improve the level of service to attract more customers. UAM provides a better option for medium-to long-distance commutes. This is due to the fact that for a UAM trip, there will be detours for the first-mile and last-mile transportation, by using the ground transportation. For short-distance commutes, the benefit of a short flight cannot compensate for the loss in the detours and thus does not lead to an acceptable travel time reduction of UAM compared with direct door-to-door ground transportation. This indicates that UAM will be more like a substitute for commuter rails (usually for medium-to long-distance commutes) as opposed to local bus systems (usually for short-distance commutes). UAM systems are varied across different cities. In the New York Bay Area, San Francisco Bay Area, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, the UAM systems are constructed to bridge these bay or water areas for better connectivity. For cities with better road connect", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Aerial imagery", "Business", "Geography", "Engineering", "Remote sensing" ], "cited_by_count": 40, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100393" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117362882", "doi": "10.47392/irjaeh.2025.0644", "title": "Drone Based Delivery System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-26", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Shivleela Revoor", "Aishwarya", "Kaveri" ], "first_author": "Shivleela Revoor", "venue": "International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Drone-Based Package Delivery System is a new and creative idea that aims to change how packages are delivered by using flying robots called drones. This system uses GPS to guide the drones, sends signals wirelessly, and lets the drones fly on their own. The drones have sensors that help them avoid obstacles, a way to carry packages, and a system that lets people check the delivery status on their phone or computer. By using drones, the system reduces the need for people to handle deliveries, helps avoid traffic, and speeds up the delivery process. This makes it a cheaper, dependable, and better for the environment way to deliver packages compared to old methods. This project shows how drones can help with the final part of delivery, make delivery operations run more smoothly, and help build smart and green delivery systems.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Global Positioning System", "Delivery system", "Phone", "Robot", "Smart phone" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2025.0644" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160241290", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20038673", "title": "DRONE-BASED DELIVERY IN LOGISTICS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich" ], "first_author": "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed and policy literature (2025–2026) on drone-based last-mile delivery, emphasizing economic viability, life-cycle environmental impacts, and regulatory constraints. A structured search across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and selected policy portals yielded 32 studies for in-depth analysis. Results show that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide meaningful operational advantages — notably delivery speed and reach for lightweight and urgent shipments — while environmental benefits are conditional on operational context and energy sources. Techno-economic studies indicate drones are financially attractive in niche applications (medical, emergency, remote delivery), but high capital expenditures, infrastructure needs, and regulatory fragmentation limit scale-up. The review concludes with concrete policy and business recommendations and highlights priority research directions, including integrated LCA–TEA–network modeling and large-scale real-world pilots.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Drone", "Fragmentation (computing)", "Capital (architecture)", "Business model", "Public policy", "Environmental policy", "Best practice" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20038673" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160426377", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20047075", "title": "DRONE-BASED DELIVERY IN LOGISTICS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich" ], "first_author": "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed and policy literature (2025–2026) on drone-based last-mile delivery, emphasizing economic viability, life-cycle environmental impacts, and regulatory constraints. A structured search across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and selected policy portals yielded 32 studies for in-depth analysis. Results show that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide meaningful operational advantages — notably delivery speed and reach for lightweight and urgent shipments — while environmental benefits are conditional on operational context and energy sources. Techno-economic studies indicate drones are financially attractive in niche applications (medical, emergency, remote delivery), but high capital expenditures, infrastructure needs, and regulatory fragmentation limit scale-up. The review concludes with concrete policy and business recommendations and highlights priority research directions, including integrated LCA–TEA–network modeling and large-scale real-world pilots.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Drone", "Fragmentation (computing)", "Capital (architecture)", "Business model", "Public policy", "Environmental policy", "Best practice" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20047075" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160402778", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20047074", "title": "DRONE-BASED DELIVERY IN LOGISTICS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich" ], "first_author": "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed and policy literature (2025–2026) on drone-based last-mile delivery, emphasizing economic viability, life-cycle environmental impacts, and regulatory constraints. A structured search across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and selected policy portals yielded 32 studies for in-depth analysis. Results show that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide meaningful operational advantages — notably delivery speed and reach for lightweight and urgent shipments — while environmental benefits are conditional on operational context and energy sources. Techno-economic studies indicate drones are financially attractive in niche applications (medical, emergency, remote delivery), but high capital expenditures, infrastructure needs, and regulatory fragmentation limit scale-up. The review concludes with concrete policy and business recommendations and highlights priority research directions, including integrated LCA–TEA–network modeling and large-scale real-world pilots.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Drone", "Fragmentation (computing)", "Capital (architecture)", "Business model", "Public policy", "Environmental policy", "Best practice" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20047074" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160267836", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20038672", "title": "DRONE-BASED DELIVERY IN LOGISTICS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich" ], "first_author": "Shodmonov Sayidbek Abduvayitovich", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed and policy literature (2025–2026) on drone-based last-mile delivery, emphasizing economic viability, life-cycle environmental impacts, and regulatory constraints. A structured search across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and selected policy portals yielded 32 studies for in-depth analysis. Results show that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide meaningful operational advantages — notably delivery speed and reach for lightweight and urgent shipments — while environmental benefits are conditional on operational context and energy sources. Techno-economic studies indicate drones are financially attractive in niche applications (medical, emergency, remote delivery), but high capital expenditures, infrastructure needs, and regulatory fragmentation limit scale-up. The review concludes with concrete policy and business recommendations and highlights priority research directions, including integrated LCA–TEA–network modeling and large-scale real-world pilots.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Drone", "Fragmentation (computing)", "Capital (architecture)", "Business model", "Public policy", "Environmental policy", "Best practice" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20038672" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3138259613", "doi": "10.4050/jahs.66.032004", "title": "Prediction of Urban Air Mobility Multirotor VTOL Broadband Noise Using UCD-QuietFly", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sicheng Kevin Li", "Seongkyu Lee" ], "first_author": "Sicheng Kevin Li", "venue": "Journal of the American Helicopter Society", "publisher": "Vertical Flight Society", "abstract": "This paper investigates broadband noise of multirotor urban air mobility (UAM) vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles. Based on an earlier single-rotor trailing-edge noise prediction method, a multirotor broadband noise prediction program is developed, where the multirotor coordinate transformation is included, and the amplitude modulation capability is introduced. Thereafter, the program is used to predict broadband noise from three UAM VTOL conceptual designs and a vertiport conceptual design. It is found that UAM VTOL vehicles' broadband noise is important in the high-frequency range, where the community background noise level is typically low. For the same mission specifications, broadband noise is found to be higher for VTOL designs with more rotors. UAM vehicle noise is compared to conventional helicopter noise. It is found that the amplitude modulation of broadband noise of a single rotor is insignificant when the observer distance is larger than four rotor radii. Multirotor vehicles at the same rotational speeds have weaker amplitude modulations than a single rotor, which demonstrates the benefits of using multiple rotors in terms of noise annoyance. Finally, noise contours from a vertiport design show an increase in the broadband noise level when multiple VTOL vehicles are operated simultaneously.", "keywords": [ "Multirotor", "Broadband", "Noise (video)", "Acoustics", "Rotor (electric)", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Physics", "Telecommunications", "Electrical engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 41, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.66.032004" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3217657292", "doi": "10.1155/2021/2374955", "title": "Novel Spherical Fuzzy MARCOS Method for Assessment of Drone‐Based City Logistics Concepts", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Milovan Kovač", "Snežana Radoman Tadić", "Mladen Dragan Krstić", "Mouhamed Bayane Bouraima" ], "first_author": "Milovan Kovač", "venue": "Complexity", "publisher": "Hindawi Publishing Corporation", "abstract": "Technological innovations from the last few years, in the combination with city logistics (CL) initiatives, make the definition of novel, complex, sustainable CL solutions possible. Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) as a technology attracted lots of attention in the literature. Various researches focused on different drone‐based delivery approaches, but there are only a few articles dealing with drones as the elements of complex CL concepts. The goal of this paper is to evaluate different drone‐based CL concepts. Based on the existing ideas of drone application in delivery, the main group of CL concepts and their variants are defined, which represents the main contribution of the article. The evaluation and ranking of concepts are performed from the aspect of all CL stakeholders and the defined set of criteria by applying measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM) method in spherical fuzzy environment, which represents another contribution of the article. The results indicate that the potentially best CL concept, with the final score of 0.408, is the one that refers to the transformation of the logistics system into a two‐echelon system with the implementation of micro‐consolidation centers (MCCs), in which the delivery of goods to MCCs is realized with rail transportation mode and the last delivery phase with drones. It is followed by the concepts that imply MCCs, and rail transportation in the function of mobile depots for drone launching and MCCs and ground delivery vehicles (GDVs), with the final scores of 0.395 and 0.390, respectively.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Fuzzy logic", "Operations research", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 78, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/2374955.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2963813097", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2018.2865893", "title": "Joint Ground and Aerial Package Delivery Services: A Stochastic Optimization Approach", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-10-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Suttinee Sawadsitang", "Dusit Tao Niyato", "Tan Puay Siew", "Ping Wang" ], "first_author": "Suttinee Sawadsitang", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, have emerged as a promising mode of fast, energy-efficient, and cost-effective package delivery. A considerable number of works have studied different aspects of drone package delivery service by a supplier, one of which is delivery planning. However, existing works addressing the planning issues consider a simple case of perfect delivery without service interruption, e.g., due to accident, which is common and realistic. Therefore, this paper introduces the joint ground and aerial delivery service optimization and planning (GADOP) framework. The framework explicitly incorporates uncertainty of drone package delivery, i.e., takeoff and breakdown conditions. The GADOP framework aims to minimize the total delivery cost, given practical constraints, e.g., travelling distance limit. Specifically, we formulate the GADOP framework as a three-stage stochastic integer programming model. To deal with the high complexity issue of the problem, a decomposition method is adopted. Then, the performance of the GADOP framework is evaluated by using two data sets including the Solomon benchmark suite and the real data from one of the Singapore logistics companies. The performance evaluation clearly shows that the GADOP framework can achieve significantly lower total payment than that of the baseline methods, which do not take uncertainty into account.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Suite", "Operations research", "Stochastic programming", "Takeoff", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 118, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2865893" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2904518286", "doi": "10.1109/dasc.2018.8569225", "title": "Heuristic Approach for Arrival Sequencing and Scheduling for eVTOL Aircraft in On-Demand Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-09-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Priyank Pradeep", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Priyank Pradeep", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft sequencing and scheduling problem have been formulated in urban air mobility (UAM) context for a mixed fleet (winged/wingless) of eVTOLs expected to land on a vertiport with single landing pad. The objective of the problem is to minimize the makespan (landing completion time) of a given set of eVTOLs, which is equivalent to maximizing the arrival throughput. The landing order (sequence) and makespan of the mixed fleet is optimized using a heuristic approach called insertion and local search (ILS) combined with two different scheduling methods i) mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) or ii) time-advance (TA) algorithm. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to see the impact of number of eVTOLs expected to land on computational times of both the algorithms. Through numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis, our algorithms demonstrated real-time scheduling capabilities for on-demand UAM arrivals, which can be used as a potential future service for UAM vertiports and terminal airspace.", "keywords": [ "Job shop scheduling", "Takeoff and landing", "Computer science", "Takeoff", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Mathematical optimization", "Integer programming", "Heuristic", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Real-time computing", "Algorithm", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 39, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2018.8569225" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4285252587", "doi": "10.1109/jiot.2022.3182750", "title": "JRCS: Joint Routing and Charging Strategy for Logistics Drones", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-06-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Muhammad Yeasir Arafat", "Sangman Moh" ], "first_author": "Muhammad Yeasir Arafat", "venue": "IEEE Internet of Things Journal", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are currently being used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic through applications, including the delivery of medical supplies, aerial spraying, and public space monitoring. In a pandemic, drone-based delivery is a promising and highly efficient method to reduce transportation time, cost, and exposure to infection. However, owing to both the limited battery lifetime and the limited functions of UAV in-flight missions, it is difficult to implement multiple deliveries over long distances in a single transportation mission. In this article, we study how to extend the drone flight time with charging stations and ensure multiple deliveries in a single mission. For multiple long-distance deliveries, optimization methods are required to design the delivery area networks of customers, charging stations, and delivery routes. We propose a joint routing and charging strategy (JRCS) comprising three phases to perform multiple deliveries in a single mission. We first split the customers of a delivery area using a clustering algorithm according to their distance from the nearest charging station and the maximum flight range. The second phase provides flight segmentation and intersegment routes between the depot, customer locations, and charging stations based on the maximum flight range and safe flight distance. The joint consideration of drone routes with charging stations minimizes the number of charging stations and ensures safe delivery. Finally, we formulate mixed-integer linear programming to solve the drone delivery route problem. According to simulation results, the proposed JRCS outperforms existing delivery approaches in terms of various performance metrics.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Cluster analysis", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Real-time computing", "Range (aeronautics)", "Computer network", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 80, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/9926222/09795673.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399789421", "doi": "10.1007/s42524-024-0298-0", "title": "Urban air mobility (UAM) and ground transportation integration: A survey", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yiping Yan", "Kai Wang", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Yiping Yan", "venue": "Frontiers of Engineering Management", "publisher": "Higher Education Press", "abstract": "Abstract This study explores urban air mobility (UAM) as a strategy for mitigating escalating traffic congestion in major urban areas as a consequence of a static transportation supply versus dynamic demand growth. It offers an in-depth overview of UAM development, highlighting its present state and the challenges of integration with established urban transport systems. Key areas of focus include the technological advancements and obstacles in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircrafts, which are essential for UAM operation in urban environments. Furthermore, it explores the infrastructure requirements for UAM, including vertiport deployment and the creation of adept air traffic control (ATC) systems. These developments must be integrated into the urban landscape without exacerbating land-use challenges. This paper also examines the regulatory framework for UAM, including existing aviation regulations and the necessity for novel policies specifically designed for urban aerial transport. This study presents a comprehensive perspective for various stakeholders, from policymakers to urban planners, highlighting the need for a thorough understanding of UAM’s potential and effective assimilation into urban mobility frameworks.", "keywords": [ "Ground transportation", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Meteorology", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 79, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-024-0298-0" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392015111", "doi": "10.1145/3649224", "title": "UAV-Based Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review, Current Trends, and Research Challenges", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-21", "type": "review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesco Betti Sorbelli" ], "first_author": "Francesco Betti Sorbelli", "venue": "ACM Journal on Autonomous Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Association for Computing Machinery", "abstract": "The rising popularity of drones significantly impacts package delivery services, offering both unique opportunities and challenges. This survey explores the diverse applications of drones for last-mile deliveries, highlighting their capacity to access remote areas and create new business prospects. Use cases, ranging from critical medical deliveries to addressing COVID-19 pandemic needs, underscore the transformative potential of drone technology. While recognizing drones’ eco-friendly attributes in eliminating harmful gas emissions, the survey addresses battery constraints, necessitating an investigation into physical energy models to extend flight autonomy. This becomes crucial for operational capabilities, especially in adverse weather conditions. A reliable communication infrastructure is crucial for the success of drone operations in package delivery, especially during unexpected events, as seamless connectivity plays a key role in facilitating efficient control and monitoring between ground stations and drones. This enables dynamic rerouting, enhancing overall delivery reliability. The survey explores innovative approaches, including collaborations with other vehicles like trucks, trains, and buses, optimizing the last-mile delivery process. Despite the transformative potential, concerns about privacy, security, safety, and risk management in drone delivery are acknowledged. The work also emphasizes responsible and ethical implementation, considering diverse concerns associated with widespread adoption. In contrast to existing survey articles focused on specific technical aspects, this comprehensive survey broadens its scope. It covers ethical issues, sustainability aspects, healthcare systems, physics models, innovative approaches, reliable communications, security and safety concerns, and real test-beds in drone-based delivery systems. The survey not only identifies potential applications and tackles technical challenges but also integrates broader considerations. In addition, this work extensively explores the motivations, lessons learned, and future directions in the realm of drone delivery. Analyzing existing literature, it provides valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, policymakers, and stakeholders keen on understanding the dynamic evolution of drone technology in the package delivery domain.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Process (computing)", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Engineering", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 117, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3649224" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3034736845", "doi": "10.2514/6.2020-2921", "title": "Optimal Siting of Sub-Urban Air Mobility (sUAM) Ground Architectures using Network Flow Formulation", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nikhil Venkatesh", "Alexia P. Payan", "Cedric Y. Justin", "Ethan Kee", "Dimitri N. Mavris" ], "first_author": "Nikhil Venkatesh", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2020 FORUM", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Air Mobility (AM) operating models have steadily made their way into public conscience over the past decade due to increased research activity pioneered by large technology corporations such as Uber and Amazon. Estimates concur that there are around 250 startup businesses with 22 major players working on such technologies with over $25 billion dollars in venture capital funding in 2017. Given the meteoric rise of Air Mobility as one of the leading 21st century disruptive technologies, research effort across the spectrum of functions that can make AM concepts a reality are burgeoning - ranging from vehicle design to operations planning. More specifically, research efforts within the operations planning space deal with service route identification, ground infrastructure (such as charging stations and ports) placement and others. To this effect, the present study seeks to evaluate the feasibility and tractability of a formalized optimization method towards the siting of \"vertiports\" - ground infrastructure that aids the embarkation and disembarkation of AM commuters - as applied to a Sub-Urban Air Mobility (sUAM) operating model. Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) formulations offer qualified benefits over other heuristic methods and the authors are confident of their relative performance given the proven track record of such methods in solving generalized facility location problems (GFLP). Two optimization problems were considered: capacitated vertiport siting, where any vertiport placed in would need to adhere to capacity constraints; and uncapacitated vertiport siting, where any placed vertiport does not have any capacity limits and can service unlimited demand. Results indicate a network flow formulation using MIP methodology is able to adequately place vertiports for sUAM business operations to satisfy home-work demand flows.", "keywords": [ "Heuristic", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Service (business)", "Integer programming", "Flow network", "Transport engineering", "Business", "Engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 21, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://repository.gatech.edu/bitstreams/6c22ee72-1143-47d4-a79f-ecad79e0728e/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3131878626", "doi": "10.1109/tcns.2021.3059847", "title": "Decentralized Control Synthesis for Air Traffic Management in Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-02-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Suda Bharadwaj", "Steven Carr", "Natasha A. Neogi", "Ufuk Topcu" ], "first_author": "Suda Bharadwaj", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) refers to air transportation services within an urban area, often in an on-demand fashion. We study air traffic management (ATM) for vehicles in a UAM fleet, while guaranteeing system safety requirements such as traffic separation. Existing ATM methods for unmanned aerial systems, such as UAS traffic management, utilize alternative approaches which do not provide strict safety guarantees. No established infrastructure exists for providing ATM at scale for UAM. We provide a decentralized, hierarchical approach for UAM ATM that allows for scalability to high traffic densities as well as providing theoretical guarantees of correctness with respect to user-provided safety specifications. Our main contributions are two-fold. First, we propose a novel UAM ATM architecture that divides the control authority between vertihubs that are each in charge of all UAM vehicles in their local airspace. Each vertihub also contains a number of vertiports that are in charge of UAM vehicle takeoffs and landings. The resulting architecture is decentralized and hierarchical, which not only enables scalability, but also robustness in the event of any individual vertihub or vertiport no longer being operational. Second, we provide a contract-based correct-by-construction reactive synthesis approach that provably guarantees safety properties with respect to user-provided specifications in linear temporal logic. We demonstrate the approach on large-volume UAM air traffic data.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Correctness", "Air traffic management", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Robustness (evolution)", "National Airspace System", "Distributed computing", "Real-time computing", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 46, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tcns.2021.3059847" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387638678", "doi": "10.1080/24725579.2023.2268113", "title": "Designing drone delivery networks for vaccine supply chain: a case study of Niger", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sandra D. Ekşioğlu", "Rubén A. Proaño", "Maximilian Kolter", "Sarah Nurre Pinkley" ], "first_author": "Sandra D. Ekşioğlu", "venue": "IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "This research aims to evaluate the use of drones to deliver pediatric vaccines in remote areas of low-income and low-middle-income countries. Delivering vaccines in these regions is challenging because of the inadequate road networks and long transportation distances that make it difficult to maintain the cold chain’s integrity during delivery. We propose a mixed-integer linear program to determine the location of drone hubs to facilitate vaccine delivery. The model considers the operational attributes of drones, vaccine wastage in the supply chain, cold storage, and transportation capacities. We develop a case study using data from Niger to determine the impact of drone deliveries in improving vaccine availability. Based on our numerical analysis, regional centers should be considered potential locations for drone hubs. We demonstrate that outreach sessions supported by drone deliveries of vaccines can improve vaccine availability. These improvements depend on the available budget to build drone hubs and purchase drones, available cold storage capacity, and the population density in the study region.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Cold chain", "Outreach", "Supply chain", "Business", "Population", "Computer science", "Marketing", "Engineering", "Economics", "Environmental health", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 17, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/24725579.2023.2268113" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386837404", "doi": "10.1007/s10696-023-09507-9", "title": "Improving access to emergency medical services using advanced air mobility vehicles", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-18", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Julián Alberto Espejo-Díaz", "Edgar H. Alfonso-Lizarazo", "Jairo R. Montoya‐Torres" ], "first_author": "Julián Alberto Espejo-Díaz", "venue": "Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract The latest advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles indicate that soon this technology will be available in multiple fields. One potential application of this new technology is in emergency medical services. These vehicles will be able to reach emergency sites faster than ground ambulances at lower costs than traditional helicopters. So in the following years, eVTOL vehicles could be used for aeromedical transportation. One crucial decision in implementing such a technology in emergency medical services is the location of their take-off and landing areas (vertiports). In this work, we propose a methodology for locating the vertiports in a healthcare network to improve emergency medical services coverage in hard-to-reach zones. We studied the system performance locating the vertiports for emergency services in existing healthcare facilities or outside them as auxiliary bases. In addition, we evaluated the performance of different operational scenarios regarding the use of emergency eVTOL. To do so, we used data analytics techniques (i.e., clustering algorithms) in conjunction with facility location models. The approach is tested using data from the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in France. Results showed that locating the vertiports in existing healthcare facilities is the best choice in terms of coverage of hard-to-reach zones. However, on average, the response times increased compared to locating the vertiports as auxiliary bases outside the healthcare facilities. Besides, the results indicated that implementing eVTOL vehicles for aeromedical transportation can provide better access to emergency medical services in hard-to-reach zones. Still, the autonomy of such vehicles plays an essential role in their applicability.", "keywords": [ "Emergency medical services", "Computer science", "Work (physics)", "Analytics", "Health care", "Transport engineering", "Cluster analysis", "Emergency vehicle", "Operations research", "Medical emergency", "Telecommunications", "Data science" ], "cited_by_count": 21, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10696-023-09507-9.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2764272983", "doi": "10.1017/aer.2017.73", "title": "Precision Aerial Delivery Systems: Modeling, Dynamics, and Control Edited by O. A. Yakimenko American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191-4344, USA. 2015. Distributed by Transatlantic Publishers Group, 97 Greenham Road, London, N10 1LN. 941pp. Illustrated £115. (20% discount available to RAeS members on request; email: mark.chaloner@tpgltd.co.uk Tel: 020–8815 5994). ISBN 978-1-62410-195-3.", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-10-01", "type": "book-review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "John R. Cleminson" ], "first_author": "John R. Cleminson", "venue": "The Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "abstract": "Precision Aerial Delivery Systems: Modeling, Dynamics, and Control Edited by O. A. Yakimenko American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191-4344, USA. 2015. Distributed by Transatlantic Publishers Group, 97 Greenham Road, London, N10 1LN. 941pp. Illustrated £115. (20% discount available to RAeS members on request; email: mark.chaloner@tpgltd.co.uk Tel: 020–8815 5994). ISBN 978-1-62410-195-3. - Volume 121 Issue 1244", "keywords": [ "Astronautics", "Suite", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 2, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.73" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4381591573", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.8068122", "title": "DRONEX: A Secure Drone-Based Delivery System", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "D Jyothi", "J Sheik Mohamed", "M Kalpana Devi" ], "first_author": "D Jyothi", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "In the present scenario, the government and business services are adapted in a fast manner. In this concern, the various mechanisms are incorporated with different technologies in order to bring fastness in executing the services. Though many technologies are present in the current trend, still few flaws have occurred with every technology. Even then, drones are used in many applications such as monitoring natural disasters monitoring and the entertainment industry. In the same way, it is proposed the framework for delivering the product or Intellectual property based on the request made by the customer or user in a secure manner.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer security", "Computer science", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8068122" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3214725302", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2021.107784", "title": "Drone scheduling model for delivering small parcels to remote islands considering wind direction and speed", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-11-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hosang Jung", "Junsu Kim" ], "first_author": "Hosang Jung", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Wind speed", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Real-time computing", "Simulation", "Environmental science", "Marine engineering", "Meteorology", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 56, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107784" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2901956323", "doi": "10.1080/17517575.2018.1536928", "title": "Continuum approximation models for joint delivery systems using trucks and drones", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-11-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "LI Yu-shan", "Guangzhi Zhang", "Zhibo Pang", "Lefei Li" ], "first_author": "LI Yu-shan", "venue": "Enterprise Information Systems", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "This research focuses on exploring the economics related to the joint delivery system using trucks and drones. Transportation distances and costs are approximated as simple functions using continuum approximation (CA) methods, which can keep key issues and tradeoffs in focus. The main contribution is to develop cost models using the derived methods and gain a greater understanding of delivery activities by focusing on the tradeoffs between major components, which are valuable for decision-makers: choose economical delivery mode based on customer density, partition service region into optimal sub-regions, and obtain an optimal delivery ratio between trucks and drones.", "keywords": [ "Truck", "Drone", "Key (lock)", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Computer security", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 36, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2018.1536928" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379382600", "doi": "10.1109/tiv.2023.3283235", "title": "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Air Transportation Services in City-Wide Autonomous Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chanyoung Park", "Gyu Seon Kim", "Soohyun Park", "Soyi Jung", "Joongheon Kim" ], "first_author": "Chanyoung Park", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The development of urban-air-mobility (UAM) is rapidly progressing with spurs, and the demand for efficient transportation management systems is a rising need due to the multifaceted environmental uncertainties. Thus, this article proposes a novel air transportation service management algorithm based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) to address the challenges of multi-UAM cooperation. Specifically, the proposed algorithm in this article is based on communication network (CommNet) method utilizing centralized training and distributed execution (CTDE) in multiple UAMs for providing efficient air transportation services to passengers collaboratively. Furthermore, this article adopts actual vertiport maps and UAM specifications for constructing realistic air transportation networks. By evaluating the performance of the proposed algorithm in data-intensive simulations, the results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing approaches in terms of air transportation service quality. Furthermore, there are no inferior UAMs by utilizing parameter sharing in CommNet and acentralized criticnetwork in CTDE. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the research results in this article can provide a promising solution for autonomous air transportation management systems in city-wide urban areas.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Distributed computing", "Intelligent transportation system", "Transport engineering", "Operations research", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 65, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3283235" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2952782960", "doi": "10.2514/1.i010710", "title": "Energy-Efficient Arrival with RTA Constraint for Multirotor eVTOL in Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-06-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Priyank Pradeep", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Priyank Pradeep", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Information Systems", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "The electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft can alleviate transportation congestion on the ground by using three-dimensional airspace efficiently. However, the endurance of lithium-ion polymer (Li-Po) batteries imposes critical constraints on the operational time span of an eVTOL aircraft on urban air mobility (UAM) passenger transportation mission. This research focuses on the formulation of fixed-final-time multiphase optimal control problem with energy consumption as the performance index for a multirotor eVTOL aircraft. The proposed multiphase optimal control problem formulation and the numerical solution enables a multirotor eVTOL aircraft to meet the assigned required time of arrival and achieve an energy-efficient arrival trajectory for a given concept of operation (CONOP), which is a critical enabler for the safe and efficient future eVTOL operations for passenger transportation and cargo delivery. The problem formulation is applied to a UAM passenger transportation use case with EHang 184 eVTOL aircraft, and an Uber-proposed vertiport for five different types of CONOPs. Finally, the energy consumed for all the CONOPs is compared to propose the most energy-efficient CONOP for a multirotor eVTOL on UAM passenger transportation mission. The proposed framework can also be used to address an energy-efficient cargo delivery application in a UAS traffic management context.", "keywords": [ "Multirotor", "Context (archaeology)", "Takeoff", "Energy consumption", "Air traffic control", "Computer science", "Takeoff and landing", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 79, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i010710" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406337465", "doi": "10.1186/s12544-024-00700-x", "title": "Urban Air Mobility demand forecasting: modeling evidence from the case study of Milan (Italy)", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pierluigi Coppola", "Francesco De Fabiis", "Fulvio Silvestri" ], "first_author": "Pierluigi Coppola", "venue": "European Transport Research Review", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract This paper presents the results of a demand forecasting study about the introduction of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) services in the metropolitan area of Milan (Italy). Demand forecasting is based on random utility mode choice models, which include factors related to the individuals’ perception of vertical take-off/landing and low altitude flying over urbanized areas. The use cases of UAM services include airport shuttles, intercity air connections, and “air-taxis”, i.e., UAM services for short-trips within the metropolitan area. Several scenarios have been considered based on the number of access points (“vertiports”) and UAM fare levels. The results indicate that airport shuttles have a modal share of trips to/from airports (for both business and leisure) in a range of 2-5%. They resulted to be more attractive than air-taxis, which have a modal share in a range of 1-3%. Furthermore, the probability of choosing UAM services for intercity travels decreases with the distance and the time required for access/egress to/from the vertiports, whose catchment areas are dependent on the level of service provided by competing modes (notably the presence of good railway and highway connections).", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Metropolitan area", "TRIPS architecture", "Transport engineering", "Service (business)", "Aviation", "City centre", "Catchment area", "Modal", "Demand forecasting", "Range (aeronautics)", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 31, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://etrr.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12544-024-00700-x" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3023508804", "doi": "10.1177/1729881420920031", "title": "Metaheuristic algorithm for solving the multi-objective vehicle routing problem with time window and drones", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yunqi Han", "Junqing Li", "Zhengmin Liu", "Chuang Liu", "Jie Tian" ], "first_author": "Yunqi Han", "venue": "International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "In some special rescue scenarios, the needed goods should be transported by drones because of the landform. Therefore, in this study, we investigate a multi-objective vehicle routing problem with time window and drone transportation constraints. The vehicles are used to transport the goods and drones to customer locations, while the drones are used to transport goods vertically and timely to the customer. Three types of objectives are considered simultaneously, including minimization of the total energy consumption of the trucks, total energy consumption of the drones, and the total number of trucks. An improved artificial bee colony algorithm is designed to solve the problem. In the proposed algorithm, each solution is represented by a two-dimensional vector, and the initialization method based on the Push-Forward Insertion Heuristic is embedded. To enhance the exploitation abilities, an improved employed heuristic is developed to perform detailed local search. Meanwhile, a novel scout bee strategy is presented to improve the global search abilities of the proposed algorithm. Several instances extended from the Solomon instances are used to test the performance of the proposed improved artificial bee colony algorithm. Experimental comparisons with the other efficient algorithms in the literature verify the competitive performance of the proposed algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Drone", "Heuristic", "Initialization", "Truck", "Algorithm", "Energy consumption", "Mathematical optimization", "Vehicle routing problem", "Artificial bee colony algorithm", "Minification", "Routing (electronic design automation)" ], "cited_by_count": 56, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1729881420920031" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4210983798", "doi": "10.1108/ijpdlm-01-2021-0013", "title": "Consumer preferences for innovative and traditional last-mile parcel delivery", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rico Merkert", "Michiel C.J. Bliemer", "Muhammad Fayyaz" ], "first_author": "Rico Merkert", "venue": "International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Purpose The purpose of this research is to reveal consumer preferences towards innovative last-mile parcel delivery and more specifically unmanned aerial delivery drones, in comparison to traditional postal delivery (postie) and the recent rise of parcel lockers in Australia. The authors investigate competitive priorities and willingness to pay for key attributes of parcel delivery (mode, speed, method and time window), the role of contextual moderators such as parcel value and security and opportunities for logistics service providers in the growing e-commerce market. Design/methodology/approach A survey involving stated choice experiments has been conducted among 709 respondents in urban Australia. The authors estimated panel error component logit models, derived consumer priorities and deployed 576 Monte Carlo simulations to forecast potential delivery mode market shares. Findings The study results suggest that people prefer postie over drone delivery, all else equal, but that drone deliveries become competitive with large market shares if they live up to the premise that they can deliver faster and cheaper. Both drone and postie become less attractive relative to parcel lockers when there is no safe place to leave a parcel at a residence, highlighting the importance of situational context and infrastructure at the receiving end of last-mile delivery. The authors identified opportunities for chargeable add-on services, such as signature for postie and 2-h parcel deliveries for drones. Originality/value The authors offer timely and novel insights into consumers preferences towards aerial drone parcel deliveries compared to postie and lockers. Going beyond the extant engineering/operations research literature, the authors provide a starting point and add new dimensions/moderators for last-mile parcel delivery choice analysis and empirical evidence of market potential and competitive attributes of innovative versus traditional parcel delivery alternatives.", "keywords": [ "Last mile (transportation)", "Drone", "Context (archaeology)", "Marketing", "Business", "Value proposition", "Mile", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 131, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28556" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2810152978", "doi": "10.2514/6.2018-3365", "title": "Simulation Evaluations of an Autonomous Urban Air Mobility Network Management and Separation Service", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-06-24", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Christabelle S. Bosson", "Todd A. Lauderdale" ], "first_author": "Christabelle S. Bosson", "venue": "2018 Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents an initial implementation of an autonomous Urban Air Mobility network management and aircraft separation service for urban airspace that does 1) departure and arrival scheduling across the network, 2) continuous trajectory management to ensure safe separation between aircraft, and 3) seamless integration with traditional operations. The highly-autonomous AutoResolver algorithm developed for traditional aviation was extended to provide these capabilities. An evaluation of this initial implementation was conducted in fast-time simulations using a dense, two-hour traffic scenario with Urban Air Mobility aircraft flying between a network of 20 vertiports in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. When the spatial separation was reduced from 0:3nmi to 0:1nmi, the total de- lay decreased by 7:3%; when the temporal separation was reduced from 60s to 45s, the total delay decreased by 28:4%. The total number of conflict resolutions decreased by 26% and 17%, respectively. Furthermore, when a scheduling horizon greater than the duration of UAM flights was used (50min), most conflicts were resolved pre-departure producing ground delay. By comparison, when a shorter scheduling horizon was used (8min), most conflicts were resolved post-departure generating airborne delay. For all scheduling and separation constraints tested, AutoResolver prevented loss of separation from occurring. Urban Air Mobility operations have the ability to revolutionize how people and goods are transported and this paper presents initial research focusing on the high levels of autonomy required for an airspace system capable of scaling to handle significantly higher densities of aircraft.", "keywords": [ "Separation (statistics)", "Service (business)", "Computer science", "Computer network", "Telecommunications", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 89, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-3365" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399261016", "doi": "10.1007/s13272-024-00742-w", "title": "A city-centric approach to estimate and evaluate global Urban Air Mobility demand", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lukas Asmer", "Roman Jaksche", "Henry Pak", "Petra Kokus" ], "first_author": "Lukas Asmer", "venue": "CEAS Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract Urban Air Mobility is expected to effectively complement the existing transportation system by providing fast and safe travel options, contributing to decarbonization, and providing benefits to citizens and communities. A preliminary estimate of the potential global demand for UAM, the associated aircraft movements, and the required vehicles is essential for the UAM industry for their long-term planning, but also of interest to other stakeholders, such as governments and transportation planners, to develop appropriate strategies and actions to implement UAM. This paper proposes a city-centric forecasting methodology that provides preliminary estimates of the potential global UAM demand for intra-city air taxi services for 990 cities worldwide. By summing all city-specific results, an estimate of the global UAM demand is obtained. By varying the parameters of the UAM system, the impact of ticket price and vertiport density on UAM demand is shown. Considering low ticket prices and high vertiport densities, possible market development scenarios show that there is a market potential for UAM in over 200 cities worldwide by 2050. The study highlights the significant impact of low ticket prices and the need for high vertiport densities to drive UAM demand. This emphasises the need for careful optimization of system components to minimise costs and increase the quality of UAM services.", "keywords": [ "Environmental science", "Transport engineering", "Meteorology", "Computer science", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 21, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13272-024-00742-w.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3157214535", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2021.03.020", "title": "Commuter demand estimation and feasibility assessment for Urban Air Mobility in Northern California", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mihir Rimjha", "Susan L. Hotle", "Antonio A. Trani", "Nicolas Hinze" ], "first_author": "Mihir Rimjha", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Transport engineering", "Trip generation", "Environmental science", "Mode (computer interface)", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 90, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.03.020" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386839006", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2023.104322", "title": "The drone latency location routing problem under uncertainty", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maria Elena Bruni", "Sara Khodaparasti", "Guido Perboli" ], "first_author": "Maria Elena Bruni", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This paper addresses a location routing problem arising in the last-mile drone delivery context, where drones are used to deliver small packages to a set of customers. Each drone is launched from a fulfillment center to serve multiple customers on a single trip. The goal is to find the optimal subset of fulfillment centers to use as drone launching and landing platforms and the optimal drone routes with the aim of minimizing the sum of customers’ waiting times. We study the problem under two realistic assumptions. First, the drone energy consumption is a nonlinear function of the drone load that varies along the route, as parcels are delivered. Second, the drone flight time is not deterministically known. To hedge against drone flight time uncertainty, we adopt a robust optimization approach. Due to the complex nature of the problem, which turns out to be a nonlinear mixed-integer problem, we design an exact method based on a tailored efficient Branch & Check algorithm that uses customized no-good cuts. The computational experiments show the validity of the proposed model and the promising performance of the exact method. Moreover, we present a case study on last-mile parcel delivery in Turin, Italy, providing insights into the advantages of a drone-based delivery system.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Context (archaeology)", "Mathematical optimization", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Operations research", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Computer network", "Mathematics", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 48, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2023.104322" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405310445", "doi": "10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102720", "title": "An optimization framework for urban air mobility (UAM) planning and operations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Heeseung Shon", "Jinwoo Lee" ], "first_author": "Heeseung Shon", "venue": "Journal of Air Transport Management", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "This paper presents an optimized decision-support framework for the planning and operation of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems. Alleviating traffic congestion in metropolitan areas has been a persistent challenge for decades, leading to increased interest in aerial mobility solutions. Recent advancements in distributed electric propulsion, battery technology, and autonomous navigation have made electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft a feasible option for intercity transport. For efficient UAM systems, we optimize the high-level planning of UAMs, i.e., determine the numbers of eVTOLs, vertiport spaces, and chargers, together with lower-level operations to control each eVTOL's operational state between in-service, charging, idling, and relocating. Accounting for spatio-temporal demand and cost heterogeneity, we formulate the UAM optimization framework as a mixed-integer programming problem. In our numerical study, we analyze a scenario involving three hypothetical vertiports in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea. The results reveal relationships between the optimal solution and several exogenous factors critical to eVTOL operations, including the targeted level of service for users and eVTOL charging speed. Additionally, we conduct Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate the robustness of our solution against stochastic demand and variations in electric consumption. • Propose an optimal planning and operation framework for urban air mobility. • Develop a tractable solution method based on a mixed-integer programming. • Identify relationships between optimal solution and exogenous factors. • Conduct Mote Carlo simulations to show a robustness of the optimal solution.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 34, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102720" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3134811309", "doi": "10.1109/tsc.2021.3066006", "title": "Drone-as-a-Service Composition Under Uncertainty", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ali Hamdi", "Flora Dilys Salim", "Du Yong Kim", "Azadeh Ghari Neiat", "Athman Bouguettaya" ], "first_author": "Ali Hamdi", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Services Computing", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "We propose an uncertainty-aware service approach to provide drone-based delivery services called Drone-as-a-Service (DaaS) effectively. Specifically, we propose a service model of DaaS based on the dynamic spatiotemporal features of drones and their in-flight contexts. The proposed DaaS service approach consists of three components: scheduling, route-planning, and composition. First, we develop a DaaS scheduling model to generate DaaS itineraries through a Skyway network. Second, we propose anuncertainty-aware DaaS route-planning algorithmthat selects the optimal Skyways under weather uncertainties. Third, we develop two DaaS composition techniques to select an optimal DaaS composition at each station of the planned route. Aspatiotemporal DaaS composerfirst selects the optimal DaaSs based on their spatiotemporal availability and drone capabilities. Apredictive DaaS composerthen utilises the outcome of the first composer to enable fast and accurate DaaS composition using several Machine Learning classification methods. We train the classifiers using a new set of spatiotemporal features which are in addition to other DaaS QoS properties. Our experiments results show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Service composition", "Quality of service", "Distributed computing", "Data mining", "Engineering", "Operations management", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 43, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.06513" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110902087", "doi": "10.4186/ej.2025.29.11.23", "title": "Integer Linear Programming for Optimizing Drone-Based Delivery Routes", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Renata Lopes Rosa", "Muhammad Saadi", "Demóstenes Zegarra Rodríguez", "Lai Ti Gew", "Rosdiadee Nordin", "Raja Affendi Raja Ali", "Long Chiau Ming" ], "first_author": "Renata Lopes Rosa", "venue": "Engineering Journal", "publisher": "Chulalongkorn University", "abstract": "The growing demand for rapid and effcient delivery solutions, especially in healthcare and remote logistics, presents unique challenges for drone routing, including limited battery life, restricted flight zones, and the need for effcient path optimization. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to optimize multipoint drone delivery routes. The objective of the model is to minimize total travel distance or time during drone delivery operations while ensuring that each designated delivery location is visited exactly once, with a return to the starting point. The ILP model incorporates practical constraints such as battery limitations, maximum allowable flight distance, and avoidance of no-fly zones, making it suitable for real-world drone delivery applications. Evaluation across four distinct scenarios, including urban and mixed environments, demonstrates that the ILPbased approach enhances route effciency, achieving an average reduction of approximately 25% in total travel distance compared to heuristic methods, specifically the Nearest Neighbor (NN) heuristic. Moreover, it outperforms metaheuristic methods like Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) in both distance effciency and adherence to constraints. The ILP model demonstrates computational feasibility, solving problems with up to 50 delivery points in approximately 3 minutes on average. These findings highlight the potential of the ILP framework as a robust tool for optimizing drone delivery networks, offering significant improvements in operational effciency and scalability.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Integer programming", "Ant colony optimization algorithms", "Path (computing)", "Metaheuristic", "Linear programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2025.29.11.23" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391991372", "doi": "10.32920/25262800.v1", "title": "Towards Safe Drone Transportation in Toronto", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-21", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Gianfelice" ], "first_author": "Michael Gianfelice", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This thesis focuses on the development of an application capable of predicting wind velocities at any location in Toronto that can be used to improve drone flight safety. First, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to study the effect of downtown building geometry on the wind field. Wind speeds and bearings from CFD were extracted, compared to local weather station measurements, and were within 12% and 8% root mean square error (RMSE), respectively. Next, a simplified CFD model was developed to efficientlymodelToronto’ssuburbanzones. This model utilized a roughness parameterization to implicitly model small buildings. When compared to weather station data,the wind speeds and bearings from this model were within 8% and 2% RMSE, respectively. In combination, these chapters outline a methodology for accurately obtaining real time, historical, forecast, and statistical wind velocities in the drone flight environment which can be used to improve flight safety and efficiency.", "keywords": [ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Drone", "Wind speed", "Meteorology", "Downtown", "Mean squared error", "Environmental science", "Marine engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Towards_Safe_Drone_Transportation_in_Toronto/25262800" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391991236", "doi": "10.32920/25262800", "title": "Towards Safe Drone Transportation in Toronto", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-02-21", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Gianfelice" ], "first_author": "Michael Gianfelice", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This thesis focuses on the development of an application capable of predicting wind velocities at any location in Toronto that can be used to improve drone flight safety. First, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to study the effect of downtown building geometry on the wind field. Wind speeds and bearings from CFD were extracted, compared to local weather station measurements, and were within 12% and 8% root mean square error (RMSE), respectively. Next, a simplified CFD model was developed to efficientlymodelToronto’ssuburbanzones. This model utilized a roughness parameterization to implicitly model small buildings. When compared to weather station data,the wind speeds and bearings from this model were within 8% and 2% RMSE, respectively. In combination, these chapters outline a methodology for accurately obtaining real time, historical, forecast, and statistical wind velocities in the drone flight environment which can be used to improve flight safety and efficiency.", "keywords": [ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Drone", "Wind speed", "Meteorology", "Mean squared error", "Downtown", "Environmental science", "Marine engineering", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://rshare.library.torontomu.ca/articles/thesis/Towards_Safe_Drone_Transportation_in_Toronto/25262800/1/files/44629921.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3033254763", "doi": "10.1145/3396864.3399706", "title": "DRUBER", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-06-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Novella Bartolini", "Andrea Coletta", "Gaia Maselli", "Mauro Piva" ], "first_author": "Novella Bartolini", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the latest years, there has been a growing interest in autonomous drone delivery. This is due to the increasing demand for efficient delivery services, and to the concurrent inability of existing ground based systems to provide guaranteed availability, and delivery time. However, the cost for implementing a centralized drone-based delivery service can only be afforded by large commercial organizations.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Service delivery framework", "Service (business)", "On demand", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Business", "Multimedia", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3396864.3399706" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125782569", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18384859", "title": "Vertiport Simulator", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Federica Bosco", "Francesco de Bosio", "Serena De Mori", "Matteo Gardini", "Matteo Lauretti", "Francesca De Crescenzio" ], "first_author": "Federica Bosco", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "The whitepaper explores the evolution of the Digital Twin into a strategic platform for the simulation and management of UAM vertiports and outlines the technical and funcitonal specificiations required to build an immersive simulator for urban air mobility platforms. The Vertiport Simulator tool enables the simulation of complex scenarios (such as passenger and baggage flows) and identifies a high-level digital service portfolio to support data driven maintenance strategies and operational optimization, reducing risks and aiding the decision-making process from the early design stages.", "keywords": [ "Process (computing)", "Service (business)", "Portfolio", "Flight simulator", "Discrete event simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18384859" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4399486354", "doi": "10.1109/i2ct61223.2024.10543517", "title": "Aerial Delivery System", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ishwari Deshpande", "Abhishek Patil", "Vinaya Tapkir" ], "first_author": "Ishwari Deshpande", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Drones could develop into a dependable tool for civil, commercial, and recreational applications. Existing regulatory frameworks, however, frequently lag behind technical advancements, discouraging potential users or impeding future discoveries. It focuses on common societal problems including acceptability, efficiency, and sustainability that arise with the introduction of new transportation systems. Therefore, it goes much further than the widely discussed safety and security concerns surrounding drones. The project investigates the usage of drones for various payload sizes and autonomy levels, primarily employed in the transportation of people, commodities. It also examines instances of drone use in the transportation industry that go beyond the delivery of people or commodities, like their application to the upkeep of transportation infrastructure.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Remote sensing", "Geology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2ct61223.2024.10543517" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4236628935", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_300003", "title": "Aerial Delivery Systems", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "reference-entry", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Samuel L. Manzello" ], "first_author": "Samuel L. Manzello", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_300003" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125771981", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18384860", "title": "Vertiport Simulator", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Federica Bosco", "Francesco de Bosio", "Serena De Mori", "Matteo Gardini", "Matteo Lauretti", "Francesca De Crescenzio" ], "first_author": "Federica Bosco", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "The whitepaper explores the evolution of the Digital Twin into a strategic platform for the simulation and management of UAM vertiports and outlines the technical and funcitonal specificiations required to build an immersive simulator for urban air mobility platforms. The Vertiport Simulator tool enables the simulation of complex scenarios (such as passenger and baggage flows) and identifies a high-level digital service portfolio to support data driven maintenance strategies and operational optimization, reducing risks and aiding the decision-making process from the early design stages.", "keywords": [ "Process (computing)", "Service (business)", "Portfolio", "Flight simulator", "Discrete event simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18384860" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3010585100", "doi": "10.1109/gncc42960.2018.9018748", "title": "Energy Optimal Speed Profile for Arrival of Tandem Tilt-Wing eVTOL Aircraft with RTA Constraint", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-08-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Priyank Pradeep", "Peng Wei" ], "first_author": "Priyank Pradeep", "venue": "2018 IEEE CSAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference (CGNCC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft can alleviate transportation congestion on the ground by utilizing three-dimensional airspace efficiently. However, the endurance of Lithium-ion Polymer (Li-Po) batteries imposes severe constraints on the operational time span of an eVTOL on urban air mobility (UAM) passenger transportation mission. This research focuses on the formulation of a fixed final time multiphase optimal control problem with energy consumption as the performance index for a tandem tilt-wing eVTOL aircraft. The proposed multiphase optimal control problem formulation and the numerical solution enable the eVTOL aircraft to meet the given required time of arrival (RTA) with the optimal speed profile for the most energy efficient arrival. The problem formulation is validated in a UAM passenger transport use case with Airbus Vahana eVTOL aircraft, and the Uber Elevate proposed vertiport concept in numerical simulations.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Takeoff and landing", "Wing", "Aerospace engineering", "Airplane", "Computer science", "Optimal control", "Automotive engineering", "Energy consumption", "Tilt (camera)", "Constraint (computer-aided design)", "Control theory (sociology)" ], "cited_by_count": 43, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/gncc42960.2018.9018748" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2028270879", "doi": "10.7589/0090-3558-19.1.54", "title": "Helminths of the Coyote (Canis latrans Say) in Montana", "year": 1983, "publication_date": "1983-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Floyd M. Seesee", "Mauritz C. Sterner", "David E. Worley" ], "first_author": "Floyd M. Seesee", "venue": "Journal of Wildlife Diseases", "publisher": "Wildlife Disease Association", "abstract": "desirable to confirm conclusively that one injection is completely effective in eliminating psoroptic mites from bighorn sheep.The high degree of acanicidal effectiveness demonstrated indicate that injectable ivermectin has a strong potential for management of P. avis infections in bighonn sheep.Of particular interest is the possibility of using aerial delivery systems that may allow efficient injection of this acanicide without the necessity of capturing the animals for treatment.", "keywords": [ "Canis", "Biology", "Helminths", "Zoology", "Veterinary medicine", "Ecology", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 32, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://meridian.allenpress.com/jwd/article-pdf/19/1/54/2229944/0090-3558-19_1_54.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3108541723", "doi": "10.1016/j.ast.2020.106395", "title": "CFD-aided optimization of a tactical Blended-Wing-Body UAV platform using the Taguchi method", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-12-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stavros Kapsalis", "Pericles Panagiotou", "Kyros J. Yakinthos" ], "first_author": "Stavros Kapsalis", "venue": "Aerospace Science and Technology", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Taguchi methods", "Runway", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Orthogonal array", "Wing", "Engineering", "Design of experiments", "Takeoff and landing", "Simulation", "Optimal design", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 48, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.106395" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168151665", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21334568", "title": "Experimental Aerodynamic Characterization of Vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "Mekdes T. Mengistu", "Giuseppe Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto", "Edward Canepa", "Dario Milani" ], "first_author": "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This work is part of the transnational access project \"ERIES-WonV1\", supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project (www.eries.eu), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. This is ERIES publication number C134.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "Characterization (materials science)", "Horizon", "Aerodynamics", "European union", "European commission" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21334568" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406018168", "doi": "10.1146/annurev-control-022823-031353", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Research Challenges and Opportunities", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-02", "type": "review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raja Sengupta", "Vishwanath Bulusu", "Chams Eddine Mballo", "Emin Burak Onat", "Shangqing Cao" ], "first_author": "Raja Sengupta", "venue": "Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems", "publisher": "Annual Reviews", "abstract": "This article reviews the literature on urban air mobility (UAM), examining both the research challenges it presents and the transformative opportunities that make these challenges worth addressing. While UAM has historical precedents, the current iteration is born of novel aircraft technology, primarily electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) and electric short takeoff and landing (eSTOL) aircraft. These advances raise new questions in aerodynamics, control, and integration with urban infrastructure. We explore several key research areas, including aircraft design, vertiport development, network planning, and air traffic management. We also address the scalability challenges in air traffic management for high-density UAM operations and the potential of autonomous and remotely piloted systems. If new aircraft are to birth a new urbanism, they will do so by integrating aircraft engineering and computational intelligence in control, systems, robotics, and human factors.", "keywords": [ "Environmental planning", "Environmental science", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 40, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-022823-031353" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4315473486", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2023.3234627", "title": "How the Wind Can Be Leveraged for Saving Energy in a Truck-Drone Delivery System", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesco Betti Sorbelli", "Federico Corò", "Lorenzo Palazzetti", "Cristina Maria Pinotti", "Giulio Rigoni" ], "first_author": "Francesco Betti Sorbelli", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "In this work, we investigate the impact of the wind in a drone-based delivery system. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we adapt the trajectory of the drone to the wind. We consider a truck-drone tandem delivery system. The drone actively reacts to the wind adopting the “most tailwind” trajectory available between the truck’s path and the delivery. The truck moves on a predefined route and carries the drone close to the delivery point. We propose the Minimum-energy Drone-trajectory Problem (MDP) which aims, when the wind affects the delivery area, at planning minimum-energy trajectories for the drone to serve the customers starting from and returning to the truck. We then propose two algorithms that optimally solve MDP under two different routes of the truck. We also analytically study the feasibility of sending drones with limited battery to deliver packages. Finally, we first numerically compare our algorithms on randomly generated synthetic and real data, and then we evaluate our model simulating the drone’s flight in the BlueSky simulator.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Wind power", "Automotive engineering", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Electrical engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 34, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6979/10086684/10014537.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4226409590", "doi": "10.1109/tie.2022.3163526", "title": "Unmanned Aerial Transportation System With Flexible Connection Between the Quadrotor and the Payload: Modeling, Controller Design, and Experimental Validation", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-04-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiao Liang", "Hai Ying Yu", "Zhuang Zhang", "Huawang Liu", "Yongchun Fang", "Jianda Han" ], "first_author": "Xiao Liang", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Aerial delivery is becoming a reality due to the development of microelectronics and communication technology. Most existing methods for cable-suspended transportation systems utilize fixed-length cable to connect the unmanned aerial vehicle quadrotor and the payload. Such aerial transportation systems present underactuated property, which is caused by the indirectly controllable payload motion and the underactuation of the quadrotor itself. In practical applications, payload hoisting and lowering motion independent of the quadrotor altitude will further expand the application scope in such areas as limited space crossing and offshore sample collection. To realize the aforementioned objectives, a flexible connection between the quadrotor and the payload is realized by mounting an actuator beneath the fuselage. Suffering from strong nonlinearity and complex dynamic coupling, the control problem becomes extremely challenging and more cumbersome, as the system’s degree of freedom (DOF) increases. To deal with these problems, in this article, a nonlinear control approach is presented by energy-based analysis, which achieves simultaneous quadrotor positioning, payload swing elimination and hoisting/lowering. Lyapunov techniques and LaSalle’s Invariance theorem are utilized to prove the asymptotic convergence of the equilibrium point. Finally, a series of hardware experiments are conducted on a self-built aerial transportation platform. As far as we know, this article provides the first mechanism and control solution for payload hoisting/lowering independent of the quadrotor altitude.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Underactuation", "Controller (irrigation)", "Lyapunov function", "Control theory (sociology)", "Fuselage", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Control engineering", "Nonlinear system", "Aerospace engineering", "Control (management)" ], "cited_by_count": 74, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3163526" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117943051", "doi": null, "title": "Risk Identification and Optimization Management in the Meituan Drone-Based Delivery Service", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "other", "language": "uk", "authors": [ "Qiuxia Zeng" ], "first_author": "Qiuxia Zeng", "venue": "A.N.Beketov KNUME Digital Repository (National University of Kharkiv)", "publisher": "Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Identification (biology)", "Service (business)", "Risk management", "Risk assessment", "Work (physics)", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://eprints.kname.edu.ua/74471/1/Zeng%20Qiuxia.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413268178", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-97985-9_26", "title": "Circular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Hungarian Algorithm for Drone-Based Delivery Optimization", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Velichka Traneva", "Stoyan Tranev" ], "first_author": "Velichka Traneva", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics", "Algorithm", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97985-9_26" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2910107891", "doi": "10.22237/jotm/1541030640", "title": "Feasibility of warehouse drone adoption and implementation", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Edward Companik", "Michael Gravier", "Martin Theodore Farris" ], "first_author": "Edward Companik", "venue": "Journal of Transportation Management", "publisher": null, "abstract": "While aerial delivery drones capture headlines, the pace of adoption of drones in warehouses has shown the greatest acceleration. Warehousing constitutes 30% of the cost of logistics in the US. The rise of ecommerce, greater customer service demands of retail stores, and a shortage of skilled labor have intensified competition for efficient warehouse operations. This takes place during an era of shortening technology life cycles. This paper integrates several theoretical perspectives on technology diffusion and adoption to propose a framework to inform supply chain decision-makers on when to invest in new robotics technology.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Pace", "Supply chain", "Warehouse", "Business", "Competition (biology)", "Service (business)", "Economic shortage", "Marketing", "Customer service", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Concurrence" ], "cited_by_count": 36, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&context=jotm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4320883181", "doi": "10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100392", "title": "Urban aerial mobility: Reshaping the future of urban transportation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-02-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kai Wang", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Kai Wang", "venue": "The Innovation", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urbanization causes concentrated economic and social activities in urban areas, leading to high living standards, e.g., better economy, food, education, housing, healthcare, and entertainment. However, such a concentration comes at some costs, e.g., traffic congestion, pollution, overcrowding, and fast spread of disease, and among these, traffic congestion is a growing problem that is neutralizing the efficiency of urbanization. Indeed, traffic congestion leads to tremendous costs for large cities. For instance, INRIX estimated that the annual economic losses from traffic congestion in New York City and Los Angeles were $11.0 billion and $8.2 billion in 2019, respectively, and on average for each traveler, the annual wasted hours are 140 and 103, respectively.1INRIX2019 global traffic scorecard.https://inrix.com/scorecard/Date: 2019Google Scholar Situations are much more serious for cities in China, e.g., Beijing and Shanghai.2Yang J. Purevjav A.O. Li S. The marginal cost of traffic congestion and road pricing: evidence from a natural experiment in Beijing.Am. Econ. J. Econ. Pol. 2020; 12: 418-453Crossref Scopus (19) Google Scholar Plenty of attempts have been made to alleviate traffic congestion, spanning congestion pricing, public transportation promotion, traffic signal control, high-occupancy driving lanes, road space rationing, recent vehicle-sharing and ride-sharing models, etc.3Santi P. Resta G. Szell M. Sobolevsky S. Strogatz S.H. Ratti C. Quantifying the benefits of vehicle pooling with shareability networks.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2014; 111: 13290-13294Crossref PubMed Scopus (456) Google Scholar,4Hanna R. Kreindler G. Olken B.A. Citywide effects of high-occupancy vehicle restrictions: evidence from “three-in-one” in Jakarta.Science. 2017; 357: 89-93Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar,5Eliasson J. Efficient transport pricing–why, what, and when?.Commun. Trans. Res. 2021; 1: 100006Crossref Scopus (24) Google Scholar However, all these cannot essentially solve the problem because the root cause is the imbalance between ever-growing travel demand and fixed traffic capacity. Any strategic planning of the transport infrastructure cannot be based on the worst-case demand, and the traffic capacity of any road network is always capped by its bottlenecks, e.g., intersections of roads. Travel demand has increased steadily over the years because of urbanization, but large cities in the world have limited space to expand road capacity. Thus, traffic congestion cannot be solved on the ground, on the traditional two-dimensional surface. Since the road capacity on the ground cannot accommodate the travel demand, we turn to explore unused traffic capacity from the air, i.e., leveraging the three-dimensional cubic space. Such a solution has been recently revealed due to the rise of electric vertical-takeoff-and-landing (eVTOL) vehicles. Up to now, hundreds of eVTOL designs have been proposed. An eVTOL vehicle is an aircraft that uses electric power to hover, and it leverages designated helipads, called vertiports, to take off and land, exhibiting the following advantages compared with helicopters: less noise, a higher level of safety, more economical, and more environmentally friendly. These features suggest that eVTOLs shall become a key player in future urban mobility. EVTOLs drive the era of urban aerial mobility (UAM), a more convenient, efficient, and sustainable urban commuting option, moving future mobility off the road and into the air. Although there are some uncertainties, UAM is moving much faster than most imagine. The FAA has developed the UAM Concept of Operations version 1. NASA has proposed several initiatives to help emerging UAM players. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is also working on several pilot projects to make UAM a reality in Europe within 3–5 years. Joby Aviation is expecting to launch its commercial aerial ride-sharing service in the United States by 2024. Japan’s government targeted 2023 as the starting date for commercial flying taxi services. EHang is close to eventual certification in China and will move to commercial operations in 2025. All these players endeavor to take the leading position in this emerging market. For UAM, vehicle technologies are close to being mature, and all the deployment plans expect it in 3–5 years. Morgan Stanley predicted that UAM will ultimately grow to a $9 trillion market globally. For such a giant market, and a close timeline for the deployment, we should be well prepared. Below, we highlight some urgently needed developments or challenges for the early stage of UAM and finally point out the roadmap to the future path of UAM. Although eVTOL vehicle technologies are ready for deployment, energy and power technologies are still the main bottlenecks that significantly affect the efficiency of UAM systems. Based on the current technologies, most energy will be consumed during the climbing and descending processes, so flying distances are relatively short, and batteries will need to be frequently recharged, so the utilization of eVTOL fleets are relatively low. Thus, for eVTOLs, high-energy-density batteries are always the direction, and keeping the batteries small and light is also critical for flying. Meanwhile, the design of the power systems should follow the principle of creating as little noise as possible, since flying aircraft will create noise pollution in urban environments. Future urban mobility systems rely heavily on advanced wireless communications to enable high data rates and low latency transmissions for being “smart.” For instance, the recent deployment of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile network led to a monumental application in connected and autonomous vehicles, so vehicles can efficiently communicate with control centers and nearby vehicles. Such a similar technology should also be in place for UAM. Traditional radar and radio communications, used for civil aviation, cannot be applied to low", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Geography", "Urban planning", "Environmental planning", "Environmental science", "Civil engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 44, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100392" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3164971816", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2021.103181", "title": "Development of optimal scheduling strategy and approach control model of multicopter VTOL aircraft for urban air mobility (UAM) operation", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kyowon Song", "Hwasoo Yeo" ], "first_author": "Kyowon Song", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Runway", "Separation (statistics)", "Queueing theory", "Aircraft flight mechanics", "Computer science", "Punctuality", "Limiting", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Aerodynamics" ], "cited_by_count": 59, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10818/63171" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2574365968", "doi": "10.1109/mspec.2017.7802742", "title": "Air traffic control for delivery drones [Top Tech 2017]", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David E. Schneider" ], "first_author": "David E. Schneider", "venue": "IEEE Spectrum", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "In 2013, shortly before Christmas, Amazon.com released a video depicting its plans to speed packages to their destinations using small drones. Some commentators said it was just a publicity stunt. But the notion began to seem less far-fetched when Google revealed its own drone-based delivery effort in 2014, something it calls Project Wing. And in the early months of 2016, DHL actually integrated drones into its logistics network, albeit in an extremely limited way-delivering packages to a single mountaintop in Germany that is difficult to access by car in winter.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Publicity", "Aeronautics", "Air traffic control", "Control (management)", "Destinations", "Advertising", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Telecommunications", "Business" ], "cited_by_count": 20, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2017.7802742" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409257714", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2025.3553817", "title": "Utilizing eVTOL Aircraft to Alleviate Traffic Congestion on an Arterial Road", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bang-Kai Xiong", "Rui Jiang", "Kai Wang", "Xinmin Tang", "Ying Feng Shang", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Bang-Kai Xiong", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The development of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircrafts promotes the prosperity of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). While numerous efforts have been made on UAM, little was focusing on the integrated operation of UAM and ground transportation system. This paper thus investigated how to alleviate traffic congestion on an arterial road with a bottleneck via using eVTOL aircrafts to transfer passengers upstream the bottleneck to downstream. The location, opening and closing time of the vertiports and the transfer ratio of the passengers are optimized with the objective of minimizing the average monetary cost, which is an integrated evaluation value converted by the electricity consumption, travel time and vertiport operating cost. Based on this, an optimization model is constructed and Dividing RECTangles algorithm is adopted to solve it using the simulation module as a subroutine. Simulation results show that the proposed method is capable of reducing average monetary cost and average travel time. Moreover, due to the differences in salaries and electricity prices, the departure vertiport in U.S. case should be positioned as close to the upstream as possible, while in China it is the opposite. More importantly, we found that the successful implementation of the proposed method requires the ride-sharing service provider to arrange the travel plan in a unified manner because of the higher cost of transferred passengers. This research pioneers a novel UAM-based method to alleviate traffic congestion on an arterial road, setting the stage for the full exploitation of UAM capabilities to reduce ground traffic congestion.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Aeronautics", "Traffic congestion", "Road traffic", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3553817" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W227625693", "doi": null, "title": "IoA Experience on Aerial Delivery", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-10-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mariusz Krawczyk", "Jerzy Graffstein", "Piotr Masłowski", "Instytut Lotnictwa" ], "first_author": "Mariusz Krawczyk", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper presents some selected results of the project SKY MULE which is conducted in the Institute of Aviation (IoA) in Warsaw. The aim of this research is to design and construct an automatic trajectory controller for an unmanned parafoil and payload system to make it usefull for precise aerial delivery tasks. SKY MULE's payload is composed of two connected but separable modules: the control module consisting of electronic and electro-mechanical equipment, and cargo module (various dimensions and shapes of that module are allowable). SKY MULE's motion is controlled by two control cords being operated by electro-mechanical servo-actuators with DC motors and PWM controllers. Example results of laboratory tests carried on these units is presented. Control unit is designed with PC-104 computer as a central sub-system. It is provided with software for pre-programming the site of destination and flight trajectory. The attention is focused mainly on robust control algorithms designed to assure stable realization of SKY MULE's desired trajectory, even for large changes of system parameters, occurred due to different shapes and parameter changes of cargo modules. Feedback signals are provided by measuring unit based on MEMS-type sensors integrated with GPS receiver. The system is controlled in two alternative modes: autonomously, by automatic system, or remotely, by a human operator.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Trajectory", "Software", "Controller (irrigation)", "Computer science", "Control unit", "Control system", "Control engineering", "Servomotor", "Engineering", "Global Positioning System", "Servomechanism" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.893.1349" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W337131568", "doi": "10.21236/ada546469", "title": "Optimized Aerial Delivery Process", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kazimir Kostrubala" ], "first_author": "Kazimir Kostrubala", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : In 2009 and 2010, the Aerial Delivery function at Little Rock Air Force Base experienced periodic surges in training load demand that could not be met under the current supply chain. Critical to the training of aircrew on base spanning three Major Commands, this ultimately affected the Air Forces ability to provide Air Drop capability to the DoD. In light of this problem, this study was conducted and found no analysis of the supply chain or logistics process had been conducted. Subsequent analysis included manufacturing throughput, aggregate planning, seasonality, forecasting, supply chain ITV, labor and strategic customer-based partnerships. After extensive data analysis and subject matter expert interviews, the project was able to clearly define the problem and found previous reports to Command level were in error. The production facility had excess & unused capability/throughput and was overmanned, forecasting timelines could be improved by 150%, existing infrastructure was sufficient and customers were double booking thereby artificially inflating demand data. Results of the study include production capacity increase of 50%, increased aircraft service rate, improved supply chain ITV, increased supply chain agility, construction and labor cost savings and improved strategic partnerships.", "keywords": [ "Process (computing)", "Computer science", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ada546469" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379643938", "doi": "10.1353/rmr.1979.a459030", "title": "Aerial Delivery: Bombing The Cascades", "year": 1979, "publication_date": "1979-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mark Thalman" ], "first_author": "Mark Thalman", "venue": "Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature", "publisher": "Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association", "abstract": "Aerial Delivery: Bombing The Cascades Skimming firs, a multitude under my wings, I push the button dropping three thousand rainbow, brook, golden, cutthroat: a cloudburst of fingerlings into a lake wide as a village. Christ, eyes lifted, could pull down salmon. Showering silveratoms — carp and perch ascended from the ponds. Shaped like Japanese lanterns, the paper balloons: incendiary bombs, migrated across the Pacific to spawn fire in the timber. The plane trembles—flickering trout somersault out ricochetting through a reflection of sky. MARK THALMAN* 182VOL. 33, NO. 4 (FaU 1979) ...", "keywords": [ "Spawn (biology)", "Rainbow trout", "Fishery", "Sky", "Perch", "Geography", "Fish ", "Meteorology", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmr.1979.a459030" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401505504", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2024.104806", "title": "Self-organized free-flight arrival for urban air mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Martin Waltz", "Ostap Okhrin", "Michael B. Schultz" ], "first_author": "Martin Waltz", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban air mobility is an innovative mode of transportation in which electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles operate between nodes called vertiports. We outline a self-organized vertiport arrival system based on deep reinforcement learning. The airspace around the vertiport is assumed to be circular, and the vehicles can freely operate inside. Each aircraft is considered an individual agent and follows a shared policy, resulting in decentralized actions that are based on local information. We investigate the development of the reinforcement learning policy during training and illustrate how the algorithm moves from suboptimal local holding patterns to a safe and efficient final policy. The latter is validated in simulation-based scenarios, including robustness analyses against sensor noise and a changing distribution of inbound traffic. Lastly, we deploy the final policy on small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles to showcase its real-world usability.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Aeronautics", "Free flight", "Air traffic control", "Arrival time", "Aviation", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 15, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2024.104806" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1449928659", "doi": "10.2307/1347668", "title": "Aerial Delivery: Bombing the Cascades", "year": 1979, "publication_date": "1979-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mark Thalman" ], "first_author": "Mark Thalman", "venue": "Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature", "publisher": "Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/1347668" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131678958", "doi": "10.1088/2634-4505/ae4778", "title": "Second lives for landfills: a perspective on parks, brightfields, and drone hubs", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert B. Sowby" ], "first_author": "Robert B. Sowby", "venue": "Environmental Research Infrastructure and Sustainability", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract Landfills are often seen as endpoints in the waste management cycle, but they represent significant opportunities for reuse. In this Perspective, I explore three innovative post-closure applications for municipal solid waste landfills: recreational parks, renewable energy developments (‘brightfields’), and drone logistics hubs. Each option is supported by literature and by examples in the United States that highlight the potential of these engineered spaces to provide ongoing value. Challenges such as land settlement, structural stability, and public acceptance are acknowledged, but with appropriate planning and policy support, landfills can be repurposed in ways that align with sustainable urban development. Rather than treating landfills as dead ends, I argue for a proactive, multi-use vision that gives these spaces a productive second life.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Perspective (graphical)", "Recreation", "Renewable energy", "Public participation", "Public policy", "Urban planning", "Land use" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4505/ae4778/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3082862175", "doi": "10.1097/md.0000000000021967", "title": "Drone for medical products transportation in maternal healthcare", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-09-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Zailani", "Raja Zahratul Azma Raja Sabudin", "Rahana Abd Rahman", "Ismail Mohd Saiboon", "Aniza Binti Ismail", "Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy" ], "first_author": "Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Zailani", "venue": "Medicine", "publisher": "Wolters Kluwer", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Medical products transportation has become an important research topic requiring multidisciplinary collaboration among experts in medicine, engineering, and health economics. Current modes of transportation are unable to overcome the limited settings in maternal healthcare, particularly during the event of obstetric emergencies. The drone is a promising medical product aerial transportation (MedART) that holds an enormous potential for delivery of medical supplies in the healthcare system. We conducted a systematic review to examine scientific evidence of positive impact of drone transportation on maternal health. METHODS: The following electronic databases were searched from inception to July 2019: ScienceDirect, PubMed, and EMBASE. The report was made in accordance with the principles of PRISMA guidelines. The search terms used were related to drones including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and unmanned aerial system (UAS), and related to obstetric/maternal including obstetric emergencies and postpartum hemorrhage. Studies were selected if the intervention used were drones, and if any direct or indirect maternal health indicators were reported. Meta-analysis was not done throughout the study in view of the anticipated heterogeneity of each study. RESULTS: Our initial search yielded a total of 244 relevant publications, from which 236 were carried forward for a title and abstract screening. After careful examination, only two were included for systematic synthesis. Among the reasons for exclusion were irrelevance to maternal health purpose, and irrelevance to drone applications in healthcare. An updated search yielded one additional study that was also included. Overall, two studies assessed drones for blood products delivery, and one study used drones to transport blood samples. CONCLUSION: A significant deficiency was found in the number of reported studies analyzing mode of medical products transportation and adaptation of drones in maternal healthcare. Future drone research framework should focus on maternal healthcare-specific drone applications in order to reap benefits in this area.", "keywords": [ "Medicine", "Drone", "Health care", "Medical emergency", "MEDLINE", "Economic growth" ], "cited_by_count": 75, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://links.lww.com/MD/E847" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2617545530", "doi": "10.4050/vfs-f46-2031", "title": "HELIPORT/VERTIPORT DEVELOPMENT", "year": 1990, "publication_date": "1990-05-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "F.L. Jensen" ], "first_author": "F.L. Jensen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Heliports, ie, designated areas from which to operate helicopters, have been the pacing or limiting factor in helicopter growth for decades. This paper discusses the history of Heliport/Vertiport Development, and describes some successful efforts by both government and private sector.", "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/vfs-f46-2031" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4310719930", "doi": "10.48258/geo.v25i2.1787", "title": "Droni e Vertiport", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-06-22", "type": "article", "language": "it", "authors": [ "Renzo Carlucci" ], "first_author": "Renzo Carlucci", "venue": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doaj.org/article/cdc021a2b1fa4edbb2eaf44ea7c71105" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3181767153", "doi": "10.3390/app11146443", "title": "Optimization of Truck-Drone Parcel Delivery Using Metaheuristics", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-07-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sarab AlMuhaideb", "Taghreed Alhussan", "Sara Alamri", "Yara Altwaijry", "Lujain Aljarbou", "Haifa Alrayes" ], "first_author": "Sarab AlMuhaideb", "venue": "Applied Sciences", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This research addresses a variant of the traveling salesman problem in drone-based delivery systems known as the TSP-D. The TSP-D is a combinatorial optimization problem in which a truck and a drone collaborate to deliver parcels to customers, with the objective of minimizing the total delivery time. Determining the optimal solution is NP-hard; thus, the size of the problems that can be solved optimally is limited. Therefore, metaheuristics are used to solve the problem. Metaheuristics are adaptive and intelligent algorithms that have proved their success in many similar problems. In this study, a solution to the TSP-D problem using the greedy, randomized adaptive search procedure with two local search alternatives and a self-adaptive neighborhood selection scheme is presented. The proposed approach was tested on 200 instances with different properties from the publicly available “Instances of TSP with Drone” benchmark. Results were evaluated against state-of-the-art algorithms. Non-parametric statistical tests concluded that the proposed approach has comparable performance to the rival algorithms (p=0.074) in terms of tour duration. The proposed approach has better or similar performance in instances where the drone and truck have the same speed (α=1).", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Metaheuristic", "Travelling salesman problem", "Mathematical optimization", "Computer science", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Truck", "Local search (optimization)", "Combinatorial optimization", "Parametric statistics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 35, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6443/pdf?version=1626160301" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3034206032", "doi": "10.2514/6.2020-2864", "title": "A Model for the Integration of UAM operations in and near Terminal Areas", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Rocio Frej Vitalle", "Yu Zhang", "Bruce Normann", "Ni Shen" ], "first_author": "Rocio Frej Vitalle", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2020 FORUM", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Initial assumptions for the airspace integration of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations indicate that separation from traditional operations may be achieved through strategic segregation. Early adoption of urban air mobility (UAM) using vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft could be shuttle-like service between downtown and airports, given that timely arrival to airports are more critical than many other purposes of roadway trips. Such UAM operations require that vertiports are located on or near airports. VTOLs routes arriving at and departing from vertiports will need to carefully designed to support the sharing of terminal airspace without causing any safety concerns. Using a combination of geographical information system tools and trajectory planning algorithms, this research seeks to evaluate the feasibility of Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) trajectories in the airport area and examine potential vertiport locations within or near the terminal environment. Present operations at one major airport were modeled to create a baseline of current manned operations. A Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm was employed to design minimum cost VTOL trajectories that stay a specified distance from current manned operations, terrain features, and obstacles. The research examined the challenges and constraints associated with VTOL routes arriving and departing from several likely vertiport locations and suggested future methods to stay clear of current manned aircraft trajectories", "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Computer science", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 15, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-2864" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405949288", "doi": "10.58915/ijact.v4.2024.1579", "title": "Optimizing Drone-Based Delivery Using the Pity Beetle Algorithm A Novel Approach.", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yugeswary Kanesen" ], "first_author": "Yugeswary Kanesen", "venue": "International Journal of Advanced Communication Technology (IJACT)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Travelling Salesman Problem with Drones (TSP-D) has emerged as a significant optimization challenge in last-mile delivery systems. Addressing scalability issues with datasets exceeding 250 nodes, this study introduces the Pity Beetle Algorithm (PBA), a novel metaheuristic. The PBA demonstrates superior performance in balancing exploration and exploitation to optimize delivery routes effectively. Results from new simulations conducted for this journal show delivery time reductions in a broader range of scenarios, with improvements up to 60% over standard benchmarks. Statistical analyses confirm the algorithm’s capability to enhance computational efficiency and scalability. Additionally, the PBA’s dynamic tuning mechanisms enable it to adapt effectively to varying dataset sizes and configurations. Beyond its computational benefits, this study underscores the real-world applicability of the PBA in logistics, providing industries with a robust tool to optimize delivery times and reduce operational costs. This research opens avenues for integrating PBA with hybrid models and real-time optimization techniques, further enhancing its potential to tackle complex logistical challenges.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Pity", "Computer science", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence", "Biology", "Art", "Literature", "Botany" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ejournal.unimap.edu.my/index.php/ijact/article/download/1579/1030" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4249651622", "doi": "10.1504/ijbcrm.2019.10020156", "title": "Drone transportation cost analysis for emergency medical products", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gaurav Pradhan", "Linkan Bian", "Mohammad Marufuzzaman", "Sushil Raj Poudel", "Sudipta Dhar Chowdhury", "Manas Mudbari" ], "first_author": "Gaurav Pradhan", "venue": "International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management", "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers", "abstract": "A faster mode of transportation that carries emergency medical supplies such as blood bags is consequential to saving lives. Although different road vehicles (e.g., ambulances) are used for this, with increasing rate of congestion, it is becoming increasingly challenging to perform this task on time. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the applicability of drones in transporting emergency medical products and investigate how different parameters (technical and environmental) that affect the drone flight, contribute to the cost of transportation. A number of 'to-be scenarios' have been generated by varying different parameters. Similarly, a case study has been conducted to illustrate the use of different drones on different operational conditions. The outcomes of this study have the potential to help concerned officials make decisions on the feasibility of using drones in transporting emergency medical products, assist policy makers on policy decisions, and contribute to saving the life of victims of traffic accidents.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Task (project management)", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Transport engineering", "Emergency medical services", "Business", "Medical emergency", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbcrm.2019.10020156" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3189138773", "doi": "10.2514/6.2021-2338", "title": "Assessing the Value of Urban Air Mobility through Metropolitan-Scale Microsimulation: A Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-07-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pavan S. Yedavalli", "Emin Burak Onat", "Xin Peng", "Raja Sengupta", "Paul A. Waddell", "Vishwanath Bulusu", "Min Xue" ], "first_author": "Pavan S. Yedavalli", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2338.vid Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has garnered billions of dollars in investment with early proofs-of-concept and deployments across the world. However, its viability as a transport mode will be strongly determined by benefits in travel time. Hence, before optimizing the planning and infrastructure provision for UAM’s deployment, the dynamics of UAM trips must first be simulated and understood in order to determine the total addressable market. This work contributes to the existing scholarship in several ways. First, we use an ultra-fast parallelized, GPU-based microsimulator, MANTA, to study the regional characteristics of UAM trips compared to driving trips, simulating millions of morning trips in the San Francisco Bay Area. Second, we provide a novel, data-driven approach to determine the demand of multi-modal UAM in different network designs, leveraging the speed of MANTA for iterative convergence. Third, we provide a granular yet regional-scale analysis of trips, showing congestion's sensitivity to the number of vertiports as well as transfer times. The number of benefited trips from UAM increases most significantly when the vertiport network expands from 10 to 30 vertiports, with lesser but steady growth beyond 30 vertiports. Assuming a transfer time of 2 minutes at each of the origin and destination vertiports, results indicate that the average distance of trips that benefit from multi-modal UAM decreases, ranging from approximately 54 km to 30 km, as the number of vertiports increases incrementally from 10 to 100. Travel times on the ground improve at all network designs, but the extent of benefit increases as the number of vertiports increases. Finally, we note that there is an equity component to UAM, in which travelers who do not opt to take UAM at all still benefit from the efficiency increases in the transportation network. This suggests that at particular network designs and deployments, UAM can be valuable to an entire metropolitan area.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Metropolitan area", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Convergence (economics)", "Scale (ratio)", "Transfer (computing)", "Environmental science", "Meteorology", "Operations research", "Geography", "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 13, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2338" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160729487", "doi": null, "title": "Kevin Cox, Vertiports by Atlantic", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Kevin R. Cox" ], "first_author": "Kevin R. Cox", "venue": "Scholarly Commons (Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)", "publisher": "Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University", "abstract": "Day 1 Fireside Chat – Infrastructure Providers: Kevin Cox Kevin Cox brings over 35 years of leadership experience across both public and private sectors in highly competitive industries. He has held executive roles at some of the world’s most prominent and complex organizations, including American Airlines, Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, EPIC Fuels, Ferrovial, and Signature Aviation. His expertise spans finance, operations, real estate development, government and public affairs, marketing, and corporate restructuring. This breadth of experience positions him to provide the strategic leadership and oversight essential to driving the company’s growth and long-term success.", "keywords": [ "Government (linguistics)", "Private sector", "Real estate", "EPIC", "Public policy", "Public sector" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://commons.erau.edu/faam-symposium-gallery/15" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2793192358", "doi": null, "title": "Vertiports: Policy Implications", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-01-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Steven M. Polunsky" ], "first_author": "Steven M. Polunsky", "venue": "The Portal to Texas History (University of North Texas)", "publisher": "University of North Texas", "abstract": "This report gives a brief overview of Vertiports and Vertistops - facilities for vertical landing and takeoff of aircraft", "keywords": [ "Economics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1114134/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403981910", "doi": "10.1016/j.trip.2024.101253", "title": "Drones for automated parcel delivery: Use case identification and derivation of technical requirements", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Simon Zieher", "Ertug Olcay", "Klaus Kefferpütz", "Babak Salamat", "Sebastian-Sven Olzem", "Gerhard Elsbacher", "Henri Meeß" ], "first_author": "Simon Zieher", "venue": "Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Drone-based parcel delivery is a rapidly growing domain posing many technological and operational challenges. Drone technologies have been under increasing levels of investigation and development over the past years. Since the realization of drone-based delivery can only be economically feasible at large scales, it requires processes that address the outstanding challenges holistically. However, the majority of research focuses on individual aspects such as environmental perception, route planning, operational design, and business models without addressing the challenges in the overall system. This paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the requirements for identified use cases that are considered relevant for the upcoming future. We provide a comprehensive technology overview and derive requirements and specifications for the targeted use cases that are not fulfilled by the current state-of-the-art. The use cases are not only related to last-mile delivery but also long-distance (hub-to-hub) logistics as well as courier and express delivery.", "keywords": [ "Identification (biology)", "Drone", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Systems engineering", "Software engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 26, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101253" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1586192014", "doi": "10.1002/9780470950074.ch14", "title": "Heliports, STOLports, and Vertiports", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-04-06", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Norman J. Ashford", "Saleh Mumayiz", "Paul H. Wright" ], "first_author": "Norman J. Ashford", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Helicopter Characteristics and Trends Planning and Design of Heliports Planning and Design of STOLports Planning and Design of STOL Facilities Planning and Design of Vertiports References", "keywords": [ "Environmental design and planning", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Civil engineering", "Land-use planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470950074.ch14" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4311965697", "doi": "10.2478/tar-2022-0019", "title": "A Systematic Review of Ground-Based Infrastructure for the Innovative Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-12-01", "type": "review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Gazmend Mavraj", "Jil Eltgen", "Tim Fraske", "Majed Swaid", "Jan Berling", "Ole Röntgen", "Yuzhuo Fu", "Detlef Schulz" ], "first_author": "Gazmend Mavraj", "venue": "Transactions of the Institute of Aviation", "publisher": "Index Copernicus International S.A.", "abstract": "Abstract The increasing level of urbanisation and traffic congestion promotes the concept of urban air mobility (UAM), which has become a thriving topic in engineering and neighbouring disciplines. the development of a suitable ground-based infrastructure is necessary to supply these innovative vehicles, which mainly includes networks of take-off and landing sites, facilities for maintenance, energy supply, and navigation and communication capabilities. Further requirements comprise robust business and operating models for emerging service providers and regulatory frameworks, particularly regarding safety, liability and noise emissions. the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the current results and developments in the field of UAM ground-based infrastructure by conducting a systematic literature review (SLr) and to identify the most relevant research gaps in the field. For the systematic literature analysis, our search string contains vertiports and the equivalents, UAM and equivalents, and search phrases for the individual domains. In the final analysis 64 articles were included, finding a strong focus on simulations and vertiport networks, while specific case studies and related aspects like automated MrO and urban planning appear less frequently. therefore, this article provides insights for a more holistic perspective on challenges and necessities of future UAM.", "keywords": [ "Thriving", "Urbanization", "Transport engineering", "Systematic review", "Computer science", "Liability", "Common ground", "Field (mathematics)", "Traffic congestion", "Risk analysis (engineering)", "Service provider", "Critical infrastructure" ], "cited_by_count": 21, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/tar-2022-0019" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414526710", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-89424-4_20", "title": "Autonomous Drone-Based Delivery Collision Avoidance Using Transformer and Proximal Policy Optimization", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chadalawada Siva Bala Krishna Chowdary", "Rishav Raj", "Betha Sai Dheeraj", "Preksha Mathur", "Lavanya Kandasamy" ], "first_author": "Chadalawada Siva Bala Krishna Chowdary", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Collision avoidance", "Obstacle avoidance", "Reinforcement learning", "Obstacle", "Motion planning", "Collision", "Automation", "Drone", "Autonomous agent" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89424-4_20" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2033099475", "doi": "10.2514/6.1989-887", "title": "Aerial delivery of personnel in ground proximity", "year": 1989, "publication_date": "1989-04-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "HENRY HUNTER", "Michael R. Wuest" ], "first_author": "HENRY HUNTER", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Achieving a high degree of accuracy with low vulnerability during an airborne assault has always been a tactical goal of battlefield commanders. This goal was partially achieved by the low-altitude parachute extraction system (LAPES) delivery of heavy equipment and supplies. However, airdrop of personnel from 600 to 1,000 feet still leaves them vulnerable in the air and widely dispersed upon landing. LAPES-delivered personnel capsules would solve both of these problems. This paper begins by clearly stating the problem and describing the limits of human tolerance to decelerations associated with this type of application. The means of controlling or limiting these deceleration forces are then analyzed, and results from earlier tests using a ground proximity extraction system (GPES) and a LAPES are compared. The results of a recent test using an instrumented dummy delivered by a LAPES are provided. These results show that the deceleration forces are within the limits of human tolerance. Some basic design concepts for a LAPESIpersonnel capsule are also provided. The authors conclude, from the result of analysis and testing conducted to date, that the LAPESlpersonnel capsule system is feasible and should be further developed and tested.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Remote sensing", "Geology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-887" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7130960174", "doi": "10.5336/978-625-395-809-1_p285", "title": "EMS IN 21ST CENTURY: CAN WE USE DRONE-BASED DELIVERY IN EMERGENCY CARE?", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "AHMET YATIR" ], "first_author": "AHMET YATIR", "venue": "Turkiye Klinikleri eBooks", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "Emergency medical services", "MEDLINE", "Component (thermodynamics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5336/978-625-395-809-1_p285" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1534103258", "doi": "10.1109/icdcs.2015.71", "title": "MAVR: Code Reuse Stealthy Attacks and Mitigation on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-06-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Javid Habibi", "Aditi Gupta", "Stephen Carlsony", "Ajay Panicker", "Elisa Bertino" ], "first_author": "Javid Habibi", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As embedded systems have increased in performance and reliability, their applications have expanded into new domains such as automated drone-based delivery mechanisms. Security of these drones, also referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), is crucial due to their use in many different domains. In this paper, we present a stealthy attack strategy that allows the attacker to change sensor values and modify the UAV navigation path. As the attack is stealthy, the system will continue to execute normally and thus the ground station or other monitoring entities and systems will not be able to detect that an attack is undergoing. With respect to defense, we propose a strategy that combines software and hardware techniques. At software level, we propose a fine grained randomization based approach that modifies the layout of the executable code and hinders code-reuse attack. To strengthen the security of our defense, we leverage a custom hardware platform designed and built by us. The platform isolates the code binary and randomized binary in such a way that the actual code being executed is never exposed for an attacker to analyze. We have implemented a prototype of this defense technique and present results to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this defense strategy.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Executable", "Computer science", "Leverage (statistics)", "Reuse", "Code reuse", "Software", "Code (set theory)", "Embedded system", "Adversary", "Computer security", "Attack surface" ], "cited_by_count": 31, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs.2015.71" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113294847", "doi": null, "title": "Aerial Delivery in development for operations abroad", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "sv", "authors": [ "Börbrink, Jonas" ], "first_author": "Börbrink, Jonas", "venue": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Luftburen försörjning har internationellt varit ett nyckelverktyg för större stater i snart 70 år. Att som militärenhet kunna agera och påverka motståndaren via de platser denne är som svagast och inte har förmåga att se våra lösningar, gör att vi kan skapa överlägsenhet och skapa taktiska fördelar. All militär verksamhet är i behov av förnödenheter och ett logistiskt stöd. För att detta stöd skall kunna nå enheter långt borta under svåra förhållanden, måste organisationen skapa förutsättningar till handlingsfrihet. I omvärlden har metoden luftburen försörjning varit en självklar del i det flexibla och föränderliga stridsrummets logistiska stöd. Under beredskapstiden för Nordic battlegroup 2008 genomfördes en studie på luftburen försörjning, och det kunde konstateras att metoden är mycket användbar, och förslag till utveckling vidarebefordrades tillhögkvarteret. Studien som genomfördes 2007-2009 gjorde gällande att vi har förmågan att använda luftburen försörjning internationellt. Dock drogs slutsatsen att fler studier var ett krav. Syftet med denna studie är att den genomförs som ett led i fortsatt forskning. Den fokuserar på användningsområden, definitioner och hur funktionen kan kopplas till Försvarsmaktens doktriner. I doktrinen koncentrerar författaren sig på de grundläggande förmågorna, och kopplar den luftburna försörjningen till Försvarsmaktens befintliga logistikkedja internationellt genom Grundsyn Logistik. Arbetets huvudfrågeställning fokuserar på uthållighet och rörlighet, inriktning mot enheter med självständigt uppträdande på djupet av operationsområdet. Studieresultat och empiri presenteras med beskrivande metod och informationsinhämtningen sker med litteratursökning och litteraturstudie som teknik. I empirin presenteras en fallstudie av logistikfunktionen från Sverige till insats, där metoden intervju kommer användas. Studien sammansluts med en fallstudieanalys, resultatredovisning och en diskussion kring frågeställningen. Studien avslutas genom att slutsatser dras och reflektioner om framtiden för luftburen försörjning och dess vara eller icke vara i ett svenskt operationsområde. Slutsatser dragna efter studien är att luftburen försörjning kan bidra till svensk logistikkedja och bidra till ökad rörlighet och uthållighet för de förband som verkar i ett insatsområde. Den princip som lämpar sig bäst för försörjning av förband i ett område som Afghanistan är helikopter med hängande last. Detta som en slutsats efter att i studien analyserat empiri och prestanda i förhållande till rådande förhållande i ett område som Afghanistan.", "keywords": [], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-800" } ]