[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4290805873", "doi": "10.1520/f3423_f3423m-22", "title": "Standard Specification for Vertiport Design", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-07-01", "type": "standard", "language": "en", "authors": [ "F38 Committee" ], "first_author": "F38 Committee", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Scope 1.1 This specification defines the requirements for the planning, design, and establishment of vertiports intended to service vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, standard category aircraft, o", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Programming language" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/f3423_f3423m-22" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161716738", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.15735665", "title": "Wind on Vertiports (ERIES – WonV1)", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dario Milani", "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "Mekdes T. Mengistu", "Edward Canepa", "Giuseppe Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto" ], "first_author": "Dario Milani", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "1. Project overview This dataset presents the complete ERIES–WonV1 vertiport project conducted by DM-AirTech and the University of Genova and supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. The dataset results from a comprehensive wind tunnel experiment campaign within a multiphase study investigating the wind field over vertiport configurations, focusing on the influence of the surrounding environment. The study covers both ground-level and rooftop vertiport layouts. 1.1. Ground-level vertiport The study on ground-level vertiports investigated the influence of an upstream barrier on flow disturbances over the vertiport, as well as potential mitigation strategies based on five configurations of the upstream barrier. A generic low-rise building, representing the upstream barrier, was modelled at a scale of 1:100 and positioned upstream of the vertiport under simulated atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) conditions corresponding to open country and sea terrain exposures. Five configurations of the upstream barrier were considered, differing in the mitigation measure applied to the low-rise building. For each configuration, the wind field above the vertiport was measured under both ABL profiles. Wind field measurements were conducted on a 3D grid of points above the vertiport surface using a Cobra probe for all five configurations of the upstream barrier and both inflow conditions. Additionally, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were recorded at four planar sections for Configuration 2, which had previously been identified, based on Cobra probe data, as the most effective in reducing flow disturbances. 1.2. Rooftop vertiport The study on rooftop vertiports investigated the influence of surrounding buildings and vertipad positioning on rooftop flow conditions in two phases. 1.2.1. Phase I The focus of Phase I of the Rooftop vertiport investigation was on the effect of surrounding buildings on the wind field above the rooftops of five selected buildings within a cluster of buildings in San Francisco. A 1:600 scaled model of the urban configuration was tested under a simulated urban ABL. Wind conditions above the rooftops of the five selected buildings were measured for eight wind directions ranging from 0 to 315 degrees, at an increment of 45 degrees. Wind field measurements were conducted using a Cobra probe at 10 elevations above the centers of the rooftops of the five selected buildings for each of the eight wind directions considered. 1.2.2. Phase II The focus of Phase II of the Rooftop vertiport investigation was on the effects of the vertipad positioning on the rooftop and the shielding influence of adjacent buildings. Out of the five buildings considered in Phase I, Building No.5 —identified as the most significantly affected by surrounding structures in terms of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity— was selected to be the focus of the investigation in Phase II. Scaled representations (1:300) of the upper 100 m of Building No. 5 and Building No. 4 were tested under a simulated urban ABL. Wind measurements were performed above the surface of the vertipad on the rooftop of Building No.5 under two conditions: (i) with shielding provided by the presence of Building No. 4 upstream, and (ii) in isolation without shielding. Five vertipad configurations on the rooftop of Building No. 5, differing in planar position relative to the rooftop geometry and in vertical elevation above the rooftop surface, were considered. Wind field measurements were obtained on a 3D grid of points above the surface of the vertiport using a Cobra probe for all five vertipad configurations under free and shielded conditions. In addition, PIV measurements were recorded at four planar sections for Configuration 2 under both shielded and free conditions. 2. Dataset description The dataset is organized into different folders and subfolders corresponding to the different test cases. It includes drawings, photos, and measurement data. 2.1. Drawings In the drawing subfolders of different test cases, the following drawings that are essential for the interpretation, reproduction, and reanalysis of the wind tunnel test data are provided: · 3D drawings of the tested scaled models for each test case in .dwg format · Layout of the tested models showing the orientation of the coordinate system axes · Geometry and orientation of the planar sections for PIV measurements with the coordinate system axes · The tested configurations with descriptions · Drawings identifying the selected buildings from the cluster in phase I of rooftop vertiport assessment · The three wind speed components (u, v, and w), corresponding to the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions, respectively, relative to the Cobra probe head 2.2. Photos In the photos folder, photos of the wind tunnel testing campaign for each of the test cases under different viewpoints are provided. 2.3. Measurement data Both the cobra probe and PIV measurement datasets, organized in different subfolders corresponding to each test case, are given in a readable ASCII (.dat) format. All wind speed measurements are expressed in m/s. 2.3.1. Cobra probe measurement data Each file name encodes the coordinates of the corresponding measurement point, defined relative to the center of the vertiport in millimeters. For example, a file named ‘x0033_y-033_z0099.dat’ is a measurement at an (x, y, z) coordinate of (33,-33,99) in millimeters. In each file, five columns of time history are provided for a 60-second wind measurement at a sampling frequency of 2 kHz. The first column corresponds to wind speed measured by a pitot tube located upstream, at a horizontal distance of 2m from the center of the vertiport and at a vertical distance of 180 mm from the top of the test section. The second column contains the t", "keywords": [ "Upstream (networking)", "Wind tunnel", "Boundary layer", "Particle image velocimetry", "Terrain", "Inflow", "Planetary boundary layer", "Grid" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15735665" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7130645021", "doi": "10.4018/979-8-3373-6685-2.ch012", "title": "Sustainable Vertiports in European Aviation", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-20", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "ng", "authors": [ "Sandra Ortiz", "Miguel Centeno Moreira", "Lúcia Silva Piedade" ], "first_author": "Sandra Ortiz", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The emergence of vertiports as enabling infrastructures for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a significant technological transformation within the European aviation system. We analyze how technological innovation embedded in vertiport design and operation can contribute to impact reduction, particularly in terms of carbon emissions, energy management efficiency, and noise mitigation, and operational optimization. Using qualitative and exploratory methodology, the study draws on institutional reports, regulatory frameworks and academic literature, complemented by insights from four European case studies. The findings indicate that vertiports, when supported by renewable energy systems, digital traffic management and modular infrastructure solutions, can act as catalysts for short-haul aviation decarbonization. However, the results also demonstrate that technological benefits are not automatic and depend on systemic integration with energy networks, regulatory alignment and scalable digital architectures.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Renewable energy", "European union", "Modular design", "Digital transformation", "Civil aviation", "Technological change", "Exploratory research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-6685-2.ch012" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386987313", "doi": "10.1016/j.scs.2023.104950", "title": "Integrated Mobility Hub Location Selection for Sustainable Urban Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jaehyun Jason So", "Munhyun Chae", "Jiho Hong", "Juhyoun Youm", "Sang Hyun Kim", "Jinhee Kim" ], "first_author": "Jaehyun Jason So", "venue": "Sustainable Cities and Society", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Mobility model", "Transport engineering", "Metropolitan area", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Computer science", "Obstacle", "Prioritization", "Engineering", "Telecommunications", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 40, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104950" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162621943", "doi": null, "title": "Estimating WTP for drone-based delivery of medicines and pharmaceuticals with social acceptability as a latent factor", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "James Lindsay Afonso de Brito Mcleod" ], "first_author": "James Lindsay Afonso de Brito Mcleod", "venue": "Repositório do ISCTE-IUL", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Despite advances in drone-based last-mile delivery and a growing number of commercial pilots, large-scale adoption remains limited. While technical and economic feasibility is well documented, societal acceptability emerges as one of the least understood barriers to implementation. Concerns about noise, privacy, and airspace disruption have fuelled regulatory hesitation and public resistance, stalling projects even where technology is viable. Existing predictive models of drone delivery demand focus mainly on functional attributes - cost, and time - while neglecting acceptability as a latent factor shaping adoption. Although willingness to pay (WTP) has been examined in contexts such as ridesharing and passenger eVTOLs, no established framework links WTP in drone delivery to societal concerns. Addressing this gap is critical for European Innovative Air Mobility, where opposition risks delaying deployment regardless of technical readiness. This thesis develops a framework for modelling WTP in drone delivery by integrating social acceptability as a latent explanatory variable within a choice modelling context. Methodological inspiration is drawn from Berke et al. (2023), who modelled WTP for drone delivery in the United States. This study extends their work by embedding acceptability as a latent construct and focusing on Portuguese (and European) consumers. Based on stated-preference data collected in Portugal and estimated through an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) model with ordered probit measurement of acceptability, results show that higher acceptability reduces disutility from cost and time. This constitutes the first European application of ICLV modelling to drone delivery, extending WTP literature by quantifying the economic value of societal acceptance.", "keywords": [ "Willingness to pay", "Probit model", "Latent variable", "Software deployment", "Construct (python library)", "Latent variable model", "Drone", "Probit" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10071/37291" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168135822", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21334569", "title": "Experimental Aerodynamic Characterization of Vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "Mekdes T. Mengistu", "Giuseppe Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto", "Edward Canepa", "Dario Milani" ], "first_author": "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This work is part of the transnational access project \"ERIES-WonV1\", supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project (www.eries.eu), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. This is ERIES publication number C134.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "Characterization (materials science)", "Horizon", "Aerodynamics", "European union", "European commission" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21334569" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405484576", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2024.104967", "title": "A composite transportation network design problem with land-air coordinated operations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-17", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Honggang Zhang", "Jinbiao Huo", "Churong Chen", "Zhiyuan Liu" ], "first_author": "Honggang Zhang", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Flow network", "Transport engineering", "Network planning and design", "Engineering", "Operations research", "Civil engineering", "Computer science", "Mathematical optimization", "Telecommunications", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 22, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2024.104967" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169858173", "doi": "10.4050/sm_sym_2025-5422", "title": "Gilmore Group: Vertiport Infrastructure", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Arthur Gilmore" ], "first_author": "Arthur Gilmore", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Gilmore Group: Vertiport Infrastructure", "keywords": [], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/sm_sym_2025-5422" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3204217828", "doi": "10.1016/j.trc.2021.103392", "title": "Are commuter air taxis coming to your city? A ranking of 40 cities in the United States", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-09-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Julien Haan", "Laurie A. Garrow", "Aude Marzuoli", "Satadru Roy", "Michel Bierlaire" ], "first_author": "Julien Haan", "venue": "Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Given the high levels of congestion that many commuters in the United States experience, the urban air mobility community has been exploring the potential of using a new class of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for commuters. To date, only a few studies have been conducted that compare how potential air taxi demand across cities varies. This study calculates a measure of air taxi demand for commuters for the 40 most populous combined statistical areas (CSAs) in the U.S. by using: (1) cell phone data to identify regular commuters in cities, (2) census data to associate household income characteristics with commuters, and (3) a mode choice model calibrated from a stated preference survey to predict the number of commuters that would use an air taxi. Air taxi commuter demand is concentrated in a handful of CSAs; the CSAs for New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C., generate 33 percent of the overall air taxi demand. Results are sensitive to location of existing vertiports, existing ground infrastructure and congestion levels on competing modes, and current commute patterns. A resultant set of online maps of potential air taxi routes allows readers to visualize how air taxi commuter routes differ across CSAs. Results will be of value both to aircraft manufacturers seeking to design air taxi vehicles to serve different cities as well as city planners for identifying where investments in port infrastructure may be needed to support a commuter air taxi service.", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Transport engineering", "Service (business)", "Public transport", "Air travel", "Business", "Geography", "Aviation", "Engineering", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 59, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103392" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161678688", "doi": "10.1136/bmjinnov-2026-001555", "title": "Use of drone transportation in healthcare contexts: a rapid review of reviews", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Cameron Ardiel", "Amelia Dokken", "Bradley Van Osch", "Theresa L. Charrois", "Anurag Singh", "Lucy A. Perrone", "S H Lee", "Femke Hoekstra" ], "first_author": "Cameron Ardiel", "venue": "BMJ Innovations", "publisher": "BMJ", "abstract": "Background Unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, are increasingly being used in healthcare applications, particularly for transporting medical supplies and laboratory samples. Despite their demonstrated utility, integration into healthcare systems remains limited due to barriers at multiple levels. This rapid review of reviews synthesised the secondary literature to examine how drones have been used in healthcare, including their feasibility, acceptability, barriers, strategies and reported outcomes. Methods We searched MEDLINE and Embase from inception to January 2025 for review articles on drones in healthcare. We extracted data on items transported, feasibility, acceptability, barriers, strategies and outcomes/impacts. Barriers were analysed using the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) framework. Other domains were analysed using content analysis. Results A total of 1451 records were identified along with 19 additional articles from other sources. After screening, 19 articles were included. These reviews described drone use for delivering vaccines, medications, defibrillators, diagnostic tests and biological samples. Feasibility was consistently supported. Barriers were identified, including regulatory, financial and technical limitations. Strategies focused on improving regulation, infrastructure, training, public trust and technology. Reported benefits included faster emergency response, reduced transport times, cost savings and improved access, although health outcomes were not measured consistently. Conclusion This is the first global synthesis of review literature on use of drones in healthcare. While feasibility is well supported, real-world implementation remains limited. Future research should address regulatory challenges, equity considerations and the needs of rural and Indigenous communities to fully realise the potential of drones in healthcare delivery.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Health care", "Indigenous", "Equity (law)", "Systematic review", "Public health", "Healthcare system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2026-001555" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4290805870", "doi": "10.1520/f3423_f3423m", "title": "Standard Specification for Vertiport Design", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-08-11", "type": "standard", "language": "en", "authors": [ "F38 Committee" ], "first_author": "F38 Committee", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Programming language" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.1520/f3423_f3423m" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3212246325", "doi": "10.3390/s21227536", "title": "Air Corridors: Concept, Design, Simulation, and Rules of Engagement", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-11-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sabrina Islam Muna", "Srijita Mukherjee", "Kamesh R. Namuduri", "Marc D. Compere", "Mustafa İlhan Akbaş", "Péter Molnár", "Ravichandran Subramanian" ], "first_author": "Sabrina Islam Muna", "venue": "Sensors", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Air corridors are an integral part of the advanced air mobility infrastructure. They are the virtual highways in the sky for the transportation of people and cargo in a controlled airspace at an altitude of around 1000 ft. to 2000 ft. above ground level. These corridors will be utilized by (unmanned) air taxis, which will be deployed in rural and metropolitan regions to carry passengers and freight, as well as air ambulances, which will be deployed to offer first responder services such as 911 emergencies. This paper presents fundamental insights into the design of air corridors with high operational efficiency as well as zero collisions. It begins with the definitions of air cube, skylane or track, intersection, vertiport, gate, and air corridor. Then a multi-layered air corridor model is proposed. Traffic at intersections is analyzed in detail with examples of vehicles turning in different directions. The concept of capacity of an air corridor is introduced along with the nature of distribution of locations of vehicles in the air corridor and collision probability inside the corridor are discussed. Finally, results of traffic flow simulations are presented.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Taxis", "Metropolitan area", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 33, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7536/pdf?version=1637030815" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7112329680", "doi": null, "title": "The use of drone transportation in healthcare contexts: a rapid review of reviews", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-23", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Femke Hoekstra", "Cameron Ardiel" ], "first_author": "Femke Hoekstra", "venue": "OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)", "publisher": "Center for Open Science", "abstract": "This OSF page will include information related to the review of reviews on the use of drone technology in healthcare settings.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Health care", "Key (lock)", "Information technology", "Information system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://osf.io/bfguq" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168120794", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21334278", "title": "Wind impacts on vertiport design", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "Edoardo Ruffini", "Stefano Dalla Torre", "Giuseppe Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto", "Yana Gorbachova", "Dario Milani" ], "first_author": "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This work is part of the transnational access project \"ERIES – ERIES-WonV1\", supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project (www.eries.eu), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. This is ERIES publication number C33.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "European union", "Horizon", "Wind power", "Context (archaeology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21334278" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7131221527", "doi": "10.22488/okstate.26.100234", "title": "Development and Validation of a Vertiport Usability Scale", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-06", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Scott R. Winter", "Sean Crouse", "Victoria H. Trabysh", "Austin Vaughn", "Connor Rice", "Stephen Rice", "Ansh Mehrotra" ], "first_author": "Scott R. Winter", "venue": "Collegiate Aviation Review International", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Introduction: Urban Air Mobility (UAM), a distinct subset of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) research, has begun reaching a critical phase in its establishment, particularly with the development and implementation of vertiports. Few studies have assessed consumer perception of vertiports. One particular study focuses on the ideal usage and applicability of vertiports for medical emergencies; however, this current study aims to broaden that perspective by producing a valid scale that other researchers can use. Method: The Vertiport Usability Scale was developed using a multi-stage approach with 1,243 participants. A consensus methodology was employed, whereby participants generated relevant descriptive items, determined which items were most relevant, and provided construct validity to the final scale. Results: The final scale resulted in a single-factor model comprising seven items (convenient, efficient, functional, good location, high quality, usable, and useful). Factor analysis was used to ensure validity, while Cronbach’s Alpha and Guttman’s split-half tests provided evidence of high consistency and reliability. Conclusion: This scale offers a common language for consumers, designers, engineers, and human factors experts to design future vertiports in line with consumer opinions and needs.", "keywords": [ "Usability", "Scale (ratio)", "Perspective (graphical)", "Construct (python library)", "Consistency (knowledge bases)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/CARI/article/download/10325/9202/24430" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407772761", "doi": "10.1016/j.aei.2025.103201", "title": "A multistage stochastic programming approach for drone-supported last-mile humanitarian logistics system planning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhongyi Jin", "Kam K.H. Ng", "Chenliang Zhang", "Ying Chan", "Yichen Qin" ], "first_author": "Zhongyi Jin", "venue": "Advanced Engineering Informatics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Humanitarian Logistics", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Stochastic programming", "Engineering", "Operations management", "Transport engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2025.103201" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3021179102", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace7050050", "title": "A Collaborative Approach for an Integrated Modeling of Urban Air Transportation Systems", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-04-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Malte Niklaß", "Niclas M. Dzikus", "Majed Swaid", "Jan Berling", "Benjamin Lührs", "Alexander Lau", "Ivan Terekhov", "Volker Gollnick" ], "first_author": "Malte Niklaß", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The current push in automation, communication, and electrical energy storage technologies has the potential to lift urban mobility into the sky. As several urban air mobility (UAM) concepts are conceivable, all relevant physical effects as well as mutual interrelations of the UAM system have to be addressed and evaluated at a sufficient level of fidelity before implementation. Therefore, a collaborative system of systems modeling approach for UAM is presented. To quickly identify physical effects and cross-disciplinary influences of UAM, a pool of low-fidelity physical analysis components is developed and integrated into the Remote Component Environment (RCE) workflow engine. This includes, i. a., the disciplines of demand forecast, trajectory, vertiport, and cost modeling as well as air traffic flow and capacity management. The definition and clarification of technical interfaces require intensive cooperation between specialists with different areas of expertise. To reduce this communication effort, the Common Parametric Aircraft Configuration Schema (CPACS) is adapted and used as central data exchange format. The UAM system module is initially applied for a 24-hour simulation of three generic networks in Hamburg City. After understanding the basic system-level behavior, higher level analysis components and feedback loops must be integrated in the UAM system module for evaluation and optimization of explicit operating concepts.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Workflow", "Systems engineering", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Data exchange", "Air traffic control", "Automation", "Fidelity", "Distributed computing", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 39, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7050050" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7115227699", "doi": null, "title": "EMERGING TOPICS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN FOR E-TAILING: PROMOTION DESIGN AND DRONE-BASED DELIVERY SYSTEMS", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-03", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "MAO RUIJIU" ], "first_author": "MAO RUIJIU", "venue": "National University of Singapore", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Ph.D", "keywords": [ "Supply chain", "Promotion (chess)", "Supply chain management", "Supply chain risk management", "Chain (unit)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/310431" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3170627891", "doi": "10.7307/ptt.v33i3.3721", "title": "The Application of Drones in City Logistics Concepts", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-06-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Snežana Radoman Tadić", "Milovan Kovač", "Olja Čokorilo" ], "first_author": "Snežana Radoman Tadić", "venue": "PROMET - Traffic&Transportation", "publisher": "University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences", "abstract": "With the rise of city logistics (CL) problems in the last three decades, various methods, approaches, solutions, and initiatives were analyzed and proposed for making logistics in urban areas more sustainable. The most analyzed and promising solutions are those that take into account cooperation among logistics providers and consolidation of the flow of goods. Furthermore, technological innovations enable the implementation of modern vehicles/equipment in order to make CL solutions sustainable. For several years, drone-based delivery has attracted lots of attention in scientific research, but there is a serious gap in the literature regarding the application of drones in CL concepts. The goal of this paper is to analyze four CL concepts that differ in consolidation type, transformation degree of flow of goods (direct and indirect, multi-echelon flows), and the role of drones. Two of the analyzed concepts are novel, which is the main contribution of the paper. The performances of the analyzed concepts are compared to the performances of the traditional delivery model – using only trucks without prior flow consolidation. The results indicate that CL concepts which combine different consolidation models and drones in the last phase of the delivery could stand out as a sustainable CL solution.", "keywords": [ "Consolidation (business)", "Drone", "City logistics", "Truck", "Computer science", "Business", "Process management", "Operations research", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 28, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://traffic.fpz.hr/index.php/PROMTT/article/download/3721/561561925" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404875839", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2024.104338", "title": "Commuter choice of UAM-friendly neighborhoods", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ying Zhao", "Tao Feng" ], "first_author": "Ying Zhao", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) which provides swift intra- and intercity transportation services has the potential to induce shifts in individuals’ commuting and residential decisions. It is anticipated that, in residential areas, UAM services would enhance accessibility for residents. An UAM-friendly neighborhood represents a novel, integrated neighborhood concept that provides the infrastructure and travel environment required to facilitate UAM services, thereby promoting sustainable neighborhood development and improving accessibility. To gain a deeper understanding of commuters’ choice behavior in UAM-friendly neighborhoods, we designed a stated choice experiment. Using data collected in Beijing city, we estimated a mixed logit model with interaction effects to identify the choice preferences of different people while capturing the unobserved preference heterogeneity. We found that individuals generally prefer to reside in such neighborhoods where the access distance to UAM vertiports is within one kilometer, the parking fee is either low (5 yuan/day) or free, the commuting time by UAT is 15 min, and drone window-docking delivery services are available. Households with high incomes (>400,000 yuan/year) and those owning a car are likely to adopt these novel neighborhoods. There is a varying degree of heterogeneity observed regarding residential location and distance to UAM vertiports among individuals in different age groups. Results of the elasticity analysis indicate that UAT commuting cost has the greatest impact on the likelihood of residing in UAM-friendly neighborhoods.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Environmentally friendly", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104338" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3135225121", "doi": null, "title": "Design of a Vertiport Design Tool", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Taylor Megan", "Saldanli Asya", "Andy Park" ], "first_author": "Taylor Megan", "venue": "IEEE Conference Proceedings", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202002249714602593" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7169855176", "doi": "10.4050/sm_evtol_2025-5366", "title": "FAA Vertiport Design Standards", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Robert Bassey" ], "first_author": "Robert Bassey", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "FAA Vertiport Design Standards", "keywords": [], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/sm_evtol_2025-5366" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168210439", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21334277", "title": "Wind impacts on vertiport design", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "Edoardo Ruffini", "Stefano Dalla Torre", "Giuseppe Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto", "Yana Gorbachova", "Dario Milani" ], "first_author": "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This work is part of the transnational access project \"ERIES – ERIES-WonV1\", supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project (www.eries.eu), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. This is ERIES publication number C33.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "European union", "Horizon", "Wind power", "Context (archaeology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21334277" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3203006136", "doi": null, "title": "Long Range Autonomous Aerial Delivery Systems", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kiernan C. Joyce", "Christopher D. Ferrari", "Mackenzie E. Warren", "Rebecca C. Debski", "William R. Schwend", "Terrance L. Cooper", "Thierry L. de Crespigny", "Scott C. D'Attilio" ], "first_author": "Kiernan C. Joyce", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Range (aeronautics)", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/05741v58c?locale=de" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400323441", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-4010-9_62", "title": "Virtual City Based eVTOL Vertiport Placement Planning", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ning Sun", "Yanhui Duan" ], "first_author": "Ning Sun", "venue": "Lecture notes in electrical engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4010-9_62" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3190820288", "doi": "10.2514/6.2021-3209", "title": "Urban Air Mobility: Airport Ground Access Demand Estimation", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-07-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mihir Rimjha", "Susan L. Hotle", "Antonio A. Trani", "Nicolas Hinze", "Jeremy Smith", "Samuel M. Dollyhigh" ], "first_author": "Mihir Rimjha", "venue": "AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM", "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3209.vid This study aims to estimate passenger demand of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) for airport ground access trips while considering airspace restrictions in the Dallas-Fort Worth region. UAM is a concept mode of transportation designed to bypass ground congestion for time-sensitive, price-inelastic travelers using autonomous, electric aircraft with Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) capabilities. Airport ground access trips constitute a trip purpose that can utilize this mode. This study analyzes originating ground access trips for two major airports in the Dallas-Fort Worth region: Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) and Dallas Love Field Airport (DAL). First, a mode choice model is calibrated on the existing airport ground access behavior. UAM demand is then estimated using the developed model, airspace restrictions, and the results from UAM demand stated-preference surveys in literature. Airspace restrictions consist of unusable pieces of airspaces based on current air traffic patterns, where the placement of UAM vertiports and overflying of UAM vehicles are prohibited. The demand model considers the trajectories of the UAM vehicles, which navigate on pre-defined routes inside Class-B airspace to prevent Air Traffic Control (ATC) involvement requirements. This study includes sensitivity analyses of UAM demand to the cost per passenger mile (CPM), number of vertiports placed in the region, and other secondary factors like vertiport location, intermodal cost, fixed cost, and average speed. Corridors with significant UAM demand are identified from the spatial distribution of demand and potential bottlenecks in the UAM network. The findings predict up to 4% market share of UAM for trips to the airport at the optimistically lower fare of $2 per passenger mile (in addition to the fixed cost of $23) and a 50-vertiport UAM network. Average Value of Times (VOTs) for business and non-business travelers are estimated to be around $57/hr and $36/hr, respectively. Business travelers comprise three-quarters of the total UAM demand because of relatively higher VOTs. Airport access trips in Dallas-Fort Worth region have considerable potential for UAM if the trip's price is below $4 per passenger mile (in addition to the fixed cost of $23).", "keywords": [ "Estimation", "Environmental science", "Meteorology", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Remote sensing", "Telecommunications", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 16, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/e1f86645-229e-4046-a515-30fc7c364f3d/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161694711", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.15735666", "title": "Wind on Vertiports (ERIES – WonV1)", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dario Milani", "Mohammad Amir Neshat", "Mekdes T. Mengistu", "Edward Canepa", "Giuseppe Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto" ], "first_author": "Dario Milani", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "1. Project overview This dataset presents the complete ERIES–WonV1 vertiport project conducted by DM-AirTech and the University of Genova and supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. The dataset results from a comprehensive wind tunnel experiment campaign within a multiphase study investigating the wind field over vertiport configurations, focusing on the influence of the surrounding environment. The study covers both ground-level and rooftop vertiport layouts. 1.1. Ground-level vertiport The study on ground-level vertiports investigated the influence of an upstream barrier on flow disturbances over the vertiport, as well as potential mitigation strategies based on five configurations of the upstream barrier. A generic low-rise building, representing the upstream barrier, was modelled at a scale of 1:100 and positioned upstream of the vertiport under simulated atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) conditions corresponding to open country and sea terrain exposures. Five configurations of the upstream barrier were considered, differing in the mitigation measure applied to the low-rise building. For each configuration, the wind field above the vertiport was measured under both ABL profiles. Wind field measurements were conducted on a 3D grid of points above the vertiport surface using a Cobra probe for all five configurations of the upstream barrier and both inflow conditions. Additionally, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were recorded at four planar sections for Configuration 2, which had previously been identified, based on Cobra probe data, as the most effective in reducing flow disturbances. 1.2. Rooftop vertiport The study on rooftop vertiports investigated the influence of surrounding buildings and vertipad positioning on rooftop flow conditions in two phases. 1.2.1. Phase I The focus of Phase I of the Rooftop vertiport investigation was on the effect of surrounding buildings on the wind field above the rooftops of five selected buildings within a cluster of buildings in San Francisco. A 1:600 scaled model of the urban configuration was tested under a simulated urban ABL. Wind conditions above the rooftops of the five selected buildings were measured for eight wind directions ranging from 0 to 315 degrees, at an increment of 45 degrees. Wind field measurements were conducted using a Cobra probe at 10 elevations above the centers of the rooftops of the five selected buildings for each of the eight wind directions considered. 1.2.2. Phase II The focus of Phase II of the Rooftop vertiport investigation was on the effects of the vertipad positioning on the rooftop and the shielding influence of adjacent buildings. Out of the five buildings considered in Phase I, Building No.5 —identified as the most significantly affected by surrounding structures in terms of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity— was selected to be the focus of the investigation in Phase II. Scaled representations (1:300) of the upper 100 m of Building No. 5 and Building No. 4 were tested under a simulated urban ABL. Wind measurements were performed above the surface of the vertipad on the rooftop of Building No.5 under two conditions: (i) with shielding provided by the presence of Building No. 4 upstream, and (ii) in isolation without shielding. Five vertipad configurations on the rooftop of Building No. 5, differing in planar position relative to the rooftop geometry and in vertical elevation above the rooftop surface, were considered. Wind field measurements were obtained on a 3D grid of points above the surface of the vertiport using a Cobra probe for all five vertipad configurations under free and shielded conditions. In addition, PIV measurements were recorded at four planar sections for Configuration 2 under both shielded and free conditions. 2. Dataset description The dataset is organized into different folders and subfolders corresponding to the different test cases. It includes drawings, photos, and measurement data. 2.1. Drawings In the drawing subfolders of different test cases, the following drawings that are essential for the interpretation, reproduction, and reanalysis of the wind tunnel test data are provided: · 3D drawings of the tested scaled models for each test case in .dwg format · Layout of the tested models showing the orientation of the coordinate system axes · Geometry and orientation of the planar sections for PIV measurements with the coordinate system axes · The tested configurations with descriptions · Drawings identifying the selected buildings from the cluster in phase I of rooftop vertiport assessment · The three wind speed components (u, v, and w), corresponding to the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions, respectively, relative to the Cobra probe head 2.2. Photos In the photos folder, photos of the wind tunnel testing campaign for each of the test cases under different viewpoints are provided. 2.3. Measurement data Both the cobra probe and PIV measurement datasets, organized in different subfolders corresponding to each test case, are given in a readable ASCII (.dat) format. All wind speed measurements are expressed in m/s. 2.3.1. Cobra probe measurement data Each file name encodes the coordinates of the corresponding measurement point, defined relative to the center of the vertiport in millimeters. For example, a file named ‘x0033_y-033_z0099.dat’ is a measurement at an (x, y, z) coordinate of (33,-33,99) in millimeters. In each file, five columns of time history are provided for a 60-second wind measurement at a sampling frequency of 2 kHz. The first column corresponds to wind speed measured by a pitot tube located upstream, at a horizontal distance of 2m from the center of the vertiport and at a vertical distance of 180 mm from the top of the test section. The second column contains the t", "keywords": [ "Upstream (networking)", "Wind tunnel", "Boundary layer", "Particle image velocimetry", "Terrain", "Inflow", "Planetary boundary layer", "Grid" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15735666" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392754896", "doi": "10.1108/jhlscm-04-2023-0036", "title": "A simulation-based performance evaluation model for decision support on drone location and delivery scheduling", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zabih Ghelichi", "Monica Gentili", "Pitu B. Mirchandani" ], "first_author": "Zabih Ghelichi", "venue": "Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Purpose This paper aims to propose a simulation-based performance evaluation model for the drone-based delivery of aid items to disaster-affected areas. The objective of the model is to perform analytical studies, evaluate the performance of drone delivery systems for humanitarian logistics and can support the decision-making on the operational design of the system – on where to locate drone take-off points and on assignment and scheduling of delivery tasks to drones. Design/methodology/approach This simulation model captures the dynamics and variabilities of the drone-based delivery system, including demand rates, location of demand points, time-dependent parameters and possible failures of drones’ operations. An optimization model integrated with the simulation system can update the optimality of drones’ schedules and delivery assignments. Findings An extensive set of experiments was performed to evaluate alternative strategies to demonstrate the effectiveness for the proposed optimization/simulation system. In the first set of experiments, the authors use the simulation-based evaluation tool for a case study for Central Florida. The goal of this set of experiments is to show how the proposed system can be used for decision-making and decision-support. The second set of experiments presents a series of numerical studies for a set of randomly generated instances. Originality/value The goal is to develop a simulation system that can allow one to evaluate performance of drone-based delivery systems, accounting for the uncertainties through simulations of real-life drone delivery flights. The proposed simulation model captures the variations in different system parameters, including interval of updating the system after receiving new information, demand parameters: the demand rate and their spatial distribution (i.e. their locations), service time parameters: travel times, setup and loading times, payload drop-off times and repair times and drone energy level: battery’s energy is impacted and requires battery change/recharging while flying.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Set (abstract data type)", "Operations research", "Simulation modeling", "Simulation", "Real-time computing", "Engineering", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHLSCM-04-2023-0036/full/pdf?title=a-simulation-based-performance-evaluation-model-for-decision-support-on-drone-location-and-delivery-scheduling" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128481177", "doi": "10.29327/9786527220244.1233272", "title": "Vertiport project in Brazil: A Conceptual Study", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Rodrigo Mollo Furlan", "Lucas Lira Sassett", "Marcelo Xavier Guterres" ], "first_author": "Rodrigo Mollo Furlan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.29327/9786527220244.1233272" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164169647", "doi": "10.4050/f-0079-2023-0124", "title": "Vertiport Passenger Security Standard (VPSS)", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Grant Young", "Isam Saleh" ], "first_author": "Grant Young", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This technical paper will propose solutions for developing and implementing biometric driven screening processes for both passengers and employees utilizing or working in Vertiport secured areas. We will explore how biometric-based Vertiport Passenger Security can overcome the limitations of existing airport screening processes by improving accuracy, reducing wait times, and enhancing the overall passenger experience. No definitive policies or procedures have been developed to date by regulators.", "keywords": [ "Airport security", "Biometrics", "Work (physics)", "Passenger transport", "Identification (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-0124" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411952090", "doi": "10.4050/f-0081-2025-0077", "title": "Land Use Compatibility for Vertiports: A Comprehensive Approach", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-05-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Washington State Dept. of Transportation", "David Ison" ], "first_author": "Washington State Dept. of Transportation", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study provides a comprehensive framework for establishing land use compatibility guidelines specific to vertiports serving electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft within urban settings. Recognizing critical gaps in current regulatory standards, the research systematically integrates analyses of accident risk, noise propagation, and aerodynamic impacts—including downwash and outwash—to delineate compatibility zones around vertiports. Employing an artificial intelligence (AI) augmented system, the study conducted safety and hazard assessments, various quantitative analyses, and simulations to identify spatial constructs of operational risks and environmental impacts. Results indicated significant discrepancies between existing aviation infrastructure guidelines and the unique operational characteristics of eVTOLs, necessitating revised zoning parameters. The proposed multi-tiered safety zoning framework provides precise, evidencebased recommendations for urban planners, enhancing safety, minimizing noise impacts, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Ultimately, this research offers policymakers and stakeholders practical tools for integrating advanced air mobility infrastructure safely into complex urban landscapes.", "keywords": [ "Compatibility (geochemistry)", "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0077" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2617150962", "doi": null, "title": "Amazon floats drone hub : the online retail giant re-inflates an old idea", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-05-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ed Darack" ], "first_author": "Ed Darack", "venue": "Air & space Smithsonian", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Amazon rainforest", "Business", "Aeronautics", "Telecommunications", "Advertising", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/1465921" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411532680", "doi": "10.1186/s13690-025-01650-z", "title": "Adopting drone technology for blood delivery: a feasibility study to evaluate its efficiency and sustainability", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pammi Gauba", "Anita Nangia", "Shalini Bahadur", "Sangeeta Pahuja", "Shweta Dang", "Rambha Pathak", "Kiran Agarwal", "Sunita Sharma", "Deepti Ambalkar", "Manoj Jha", "Ranju Singh", "Priyanka Virdi", "Rakesh Gupta", "Shambhavee Singh", "Ravindra Kumar Pandey", "Bhuvan Adhlakha", "Pragati Agarwal", "Kuldeep Nigam", "Sumit Suresh Aggarwal" ], "first_author": "Pammi Gauba", "venue": "Archives of Public Health", "publisher": "BioMed Central", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Understanding what drives effective implementation is the key to making more sustainable developments. Blood and its components are critical for life-saving transfusions, however, their availability at the point of care is often limited. Moreover, the logistical challenges associated with blood product transport are substantial and maintaining the cold chain throughout the supply route is crucial to sustain their functional integrity as the temperature fluctuations can compromise its oxygen-carrying capacity. Furthermore, factors such as unpredictable demand, remote geographical locations, and extreme climatic conditions can further compound these difficulties. With India's diverse and distinct topographical variations and geographical spread, last-mile service deliveries of healthcare supplies face multiple challenges. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones are emerging technologies with the potential to leapfrog the last mile logistics solution for transporting medical supplies thus, strengthening the overall healthcare system. METHODS: This study investigates the impact of drone-based delivery on the quality and stability of blood components, relative to conventional transport methods along with the operational challenges associated with implementing a drone-based blood delivery system. To achieve these objectives, the EPIS (Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment) framework was adopted, which facilitates a systematic approach to this complex implementation process. The drone-related technical and logistic challenges encountered during the study were also identified. RESULTS: The study documents the challenges experienced by the study team during the drone-based delivery of blood while maintaining the biochemical parameters of blood components. During the drone based transportation the temperature, integrity of blood cells, and other parameters were maintained, while slight changes in few parameters were observed via both transportation modes. In this study the drone travelled around 36 km in 8 min, while van took around 55 min to cover the same distance. CONCLUSIONS: The present study was done to assess the impact of drone-based delivery on the blood components after the transportation and their comparison to conventional modes of transportation, also, to lay foundation for the successful and sustainable drone-based blood delivery programs. This study suggests that the blood and its components can be transported safely by drone following standard guidelines, which could be helpful particularly in determining blood in emergency situation and difficult terrains.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Sustainability", "Health services research", "Public health", "Health informatics", "Health administration", "Medicine", "Computer science", "Nursing" ], "cited_by_count": 13, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13690-025-01650-z" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W799556768", "doi": null, "title": "VERTIPORTS -- BUILD THEM AND TILTROTORS WILL COME", "year": 1999, "publication_date": "1999-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Paul Löwe" ], "first_author": "Paul Löwe", "venue": "Aviation International News", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/598321" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405800890", "doi": "10.12968/s0013-7758(24)90037-7", "title": "Vertiport at Vanguard of eVTOL Mobility in UK", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-01", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jason Ford" ], "first_author": "Jason Ford", "venue": "The Engineer", "publisher": "Mark Allen Group", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Vanguard", "Political science", "History", "Ancient history" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(24)90037-7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391302132", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-0336", "title": "Evaluating eVTOL Network Performance and Fleet Dynamics through Simulation-Based Analysis", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Emin Burak Onat", "Vishwanath Bulusu", "Anjan Chakrabarty", "Mark M. Hansen", "Raja Sengupta", "Banavar Sridhar" ], "first_author": "Emin Burak Onat", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a promising solution for future transportation. In this study, we introduce VertiSim, an advanced event-driven simulator developed to evaluate e-VTOL transportation networks. Uniquely, VertiSim simultaneously models passenger, aircraft, and energy flows, reflecting the interrelated complexities of UAM systems. We utilized VertiSim to assess 19 operational scenarios serving a daily demand for 2,834 passengers with varying fleet sizes and vertiport distances. The study aims to support stakeholders in making informed decisions about fleet size, network design, and infrastructure development by understanding tradeoffs in passenger delay time, operational costs, and fleet utilization. Our simulations, guided by a heuristic dispatch and charge policy, indicate that fleet size significantly influences passenger delay and energy consumption within UAM networks. We find that increasing the fleet size can reduce average passenger delays, but this comes at the cost of higher operational expenses due to an increase in the number of repositioning flights. Additionally, our analysis highlights how vertiport distances impact fleet utilization: longer distances result in reduced total idle time and increased cruise and charge times, leading to more efficient fleet utilization but also longer passenger delays. These findings are important for UAM network planning, especially in balancing fleet size with vertiport capacity and operational costs. Simulator demo is available at: https://tinyurl.com/vertisim-vis", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Dynamics (music)" ], "cited_by_count": 12, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-0336" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3089464105", "doi": "10.1109/icccworkshops49972.2020.9209931", "title": "A Review on Blockchain for Medical Delivery Drones in 5G-IoT Era: Progress and Challenges", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-08-09", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Partha Pratim Ray", "Kien Trung Nguyen" ], "first_author": "Partha Pratim Ray", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Medical delivery drones are gradually becoming an inseparable part of smart human society, especially with the emergence of 5G and existing internet of things (IoT). A wide range of medical facilities can be leveraged via drone-based delivery aspects. Being a nascent stage of development, this field of application faces significant drawbacks from reliable and secure e-healthcare. In this paper, we discuss the importance of blockchain to improve decentralization, privacy, and consensus-aware medical product delivery by the drones. We firstly review the background of blockchain, 5G-IoT ecosystem and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Secondly, we review existing UAVs capable of performing medial delivery. We also find whether such drones are technically viable to work accordance to the 5GIoT era. Thirdly, we propose a modified multi-modal aspect behind medical delivery drones under the 5G-IoT assisted blockchain ecosystem. Fourthly, we propose an architecture comprising 5G, IoT, blockchain, and medical delivery drones with extraterrestrial communication support from satellites. Lastly, we discuss key open research challenges and provide a future road map.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Blockchain", "Computer science", "Internet of Things", "Field (mathematics)", "Fog computing", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 25, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icccworkshops49972.2020.9209931" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4382059349", "doi": "10.4050/f-0079-2023-18130", "title": "Vertiport Passenger Security Standard (VPSS)", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-16", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Isam Saleh", "Grant Young" ], "first_author": "Isam Saleh", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This technical paper will propose solutions for developing and implementing biometric driven screening processes for both passengers and employees utilizing or working in Vertiport secured areas. We will explore how biometric-based Vertiport Passenger Security can overcome the limitations of existing airport screening processes by improving accuracy, reducing wait times, and enhancing the overall passenger experience. No definitive policies or procedures have been developed to date by regulators.", "keywords": [ "Biometrics", "Computer science", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/F-0079-2023-18130" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4396719852", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2024.103538", "title": "A risk-averse distributionally robust optimisation approach for drone-supported relief facility location problem", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhongyi Jin", "Kam K.H. Ng", "Chenliang Zhang", "Wei Liu", "Fangni Zhang", "Gangyan Xu" ], "first_author": "Zhongyi Jin", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Facility location problem", "Robust optimization", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 51, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2024.103538" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160209170", "doi": "10.13140/rg.2.2.24749.86240", "title": "UAM SAFETY, DESIGN & VERTIPORT SPECIFICATIONS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sumon Sarkar", "Eder Palacios" ], "first_author": "Sumon Sarkar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.24749.86240" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7198090449", "doi": null, "title": "Design of Vertiport at Prague/Ruzyně Airport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-12", "type": "dissertation", "language": "cs", "authors": [ "Aleš Pecka" ], "first_author": "Aleš Pecka", "venue": "Cvut DSpace (Czech Technical University)", "publisher": "Czech Technical University in Prague", "abstract": "Návrh vertiportu v areálu Jih letiště Praha/Ruzyně reaguje na nástup městské letecké mobility a s tím související potřebu integrace letadel schopných vertikálního vzletu a přistání. Tato práce využívá potenciál nově uvolněných ploch po plánované rekonfiguraci letiště a poskytuje řešení v podobě plnohodnotné pozemní infrastruktury. Design vychází z prototypových technických specifikací agentury EASA a byl přímo ovlivněn kritickými rozměrovými parametry uvažovaných letadel. Výstupem práce jsou čtyři komplexní návrhové varianty vertiportu disponující plochou konečného přiblížení a vzletu, prostory dotyku a odpoutání, systémem pojezdových drah a tratí a pěti odbavovacími stáními. Součástí návrhů je dále i relevantní doplňující infrastruktura, jako je například manipulační plocha s odstavnými stáními nebo zázemí pro údržbu a cestující. Prostorová analýza prokázala, že původní dvě varianty vyhovují přibližně dvěma třetinám komerčně využívaných vrtulníků. Pro obsluhu rozměrnějších typů byla základní infrastruktura modifikována do dvou dalších variant. Tyto plošné úpravy sice představují kompromis v podobě snížené provozní nezávislosti stání, avšak zajišťují požadovanou multifunkčnost. Práce celkově prokazuje technickou proveditelnost výstavby pozemního vertiportu v exponovaném letištním prostředí. Výsledná řešení tak tvoří reálný a udržitelný podklad pro budoucí souběžnou integraci nové generace letadel pro účely městské letecké mobility a stávajícího vrtulníkového provozu na největším českém letišti.", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Term (time)", "Quality (philosophy)", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10467/181600" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409456794", "doi": "10.1016/j.aei.2025.103324", "title": "A cost-efficiency analysis of drones in revolutionizing intra-city express services", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Xiao Chu", "Shuiwang Chen", "Kai Wang", "Lingxiao Wu", "Gangyan Xu" ], "first_author": "Xiao Chu", "venue": "Advanced Engineering Informatics", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Computer security", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2025.103324" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402681704", "doi": "10.4050/f-0080-2024-1275", "title": "A Comparison of Proposed Concepts for Vertiport Markings & Symbology", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Charles Cliff Johnson", "Lacey Thompson", "Grant Morfitt" ], "first_author": "Charles Cliff Johnson", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The unique designs and capabilities of electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft present a series of challenges to traditional infrastructure that was designed for conventional rotorcraft. Currently, several civil aviation authorities have released interim, preliminary guidance on aspects of vertical flight infrastructure. This paper presents a comparison of two of the proposed concepts for vertiport markings and symbology, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) \"Broken Wheel\" and the European Union Aviation Safety Association (EASA) \"V\". These concepts were evaluated over the course of two experimental studies using helicopter-rated pilots in the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center's S76-D and Loft Dynamics H125 & R22 rotorcraft flight simulators.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer vision" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/F-0080-2024-1275" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1543920648", "doi": null, "title": "A STUDY OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT AERIAL DELIVERY AND RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES", "year": 1967, "publication_date": "1967-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "White, Edward L.", "Carl E. Brown", "Robert F. Sturgeon", "Lightfoot, Benjamin H." ], "first_author": "White, Edward L.", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Analytical studies were conducted for the purpose of defining optimum systems for the aerial delivery of payloads in the 35,000 to 70,000-pound range and the aerial retrieval of payloads in the 3,000 to 10,000-pound range. A generalized approach was utilized in the analysis and evaluation of candidate systems for both functions. Included in the study was a definition of requirements for each operational phase, the development of criteria for concept classification and selection, feasibility analyses of candidate concepts, and a comparison of operational characteristics of delivery and retrieval concepts. Selected concepts were employed in the formulation of complete systems, for which detailed performance analyses and evaluations were conducted. Conclusions formed on the basis of the analytical study are presented.", "keywords": [ "Pound (networking)", "Computer science", "Information retrieval", "Range (aeronautics)", "Data mining", "Systems engineering", "Operations research", "Remote sensing", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Geography", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015095310424" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168269262", "doi": "10.1109/icuas69441.2026.11598677", "title": "ADROP: Aerial Delivery Robot for Light-Parcel Operations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-15", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Alejandro Suárez", "Anibal Ollero" ], "first_author": "Alejandro Suárez", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Robot", "Robotics", "Mobile robot", "Field (mathematics)", "Automation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icuas69441.2026.11598677" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125791722", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18384733", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Public Portal", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Federica Bosco", "Serena De Mori", "Francesco de Bosio", "Matteo Gardini", "Giulia Setti", "Ottavio Pedretti" ], "first_author": "Federica Bosco", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "'This document provides a comprehensive overview of the design and functional scope of the Vertiport Public Portal, a digital platform developed to support the integration of UAM services into the urban environment. The portal is designed as the main digital interface for visitors, allowing them to discover, book, and use vertiport-related services seamlessly.", "keywords": [ "Scope (computer science)", "Interface (matter)", "Public transport", "Government (linguistics)", "Key (lock)", "E-Government" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18384733" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7111902947", "doi": null, "title": "Design and planning of a vertiport for drones in an industrial environment", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ruiz Galvez, Joan" ], "first_author": "Ruiz Galvez, Joan", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": "In a world increasingly defined by automation and real-time data, the role of aerial robotics in emergency management is no longer a futuristic vision, but an urgent necessity. This thesis proposes a disruptive approach to handling emergencies in highly sensitive and high-risk environments, where conventional response strategies are often slow, dangerous, and unsuitable. At the center of this new paradigm lies the concept of autonomous vertiport: a smart, modular, and operationally independent platform designed to launch, recover, and manage UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) in the heat of crises. The work presented here forms part of broader innovation initiative led by CATUAV, in collaboration with public-sector actors and other industry stakeholders. The thesis specifically tackles the development of the vertiport infrastructure (possibly the most tangible and mission-critical component of the entire UAV-based emergency response system). Far from being a simple landing pad, the vertiport is envisioned as a fully integrated response hub, combining environmental sensing, automated inspection, secure operations, and seamless communication with the command center. This document explores the conceptualization, requirements, and design from a proposal point of view (but delving deeper into surveillance and building a functional prototype). The vertiport is developed as a scalable and replicable system that not only meets current technical demands but anticipates future regulatory, environmental, and operational challenges in the deployment of autonomous aerial systems. By reimagining the vertiport as a dynamic actor in the emergency response chain (not just a passive support element) this thesis contributes to a new narrative for aerial mobility: one where drones are not tools, but teammates; where infrastructure is not reactive, but predictive; and where technology becomes a first responder. This work is not just about building the infrastructure of the future, it's about building the response intelligence of our present demands.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Software deployment", "Disaster response", "Automation", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Emergency management", "Scalability", "Robotics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2117/441438" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3124145329", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.3338436", "title": "The Multiple Flying Sidekicks Traveling Salesman Problem: Parcel Delivery with Multiple Drones", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chase C. Murray", "Ritwik Raj" ], "first_author": "Chase C. Murray", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Travelling salesman problem", "Drone", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Biology", "Algorithm" ], "cited_by_count": 21, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3338436" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172275060", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21774286", "title": "Hybrid Truck–Drone Transportation - Innovative Research on Transportation using Trucks and Drones", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-03", "type": "software", "language": null, "authors": [ "Academia EduSoft" ], "first_author": "Academia EduSoft", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Interactive semantic map of truck-and-drone last-mile delivery, TSP/FSTSP optimisation, OR-Tools route planning, Haversine aerial distances, launch and recovery overheads, computational experiments in Bacău County, and future large-scale logistics extensions.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Key (lock)", "Global Positioning System" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21774286" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172433960", "doi": "10.1109/yac71005.2026.11615326", "title": "Autonomous Aerial Delivery of Flapping-Wing Flying Robots", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chang Liu", "Xulong Zhang", "Tingting Meng", "Xiaoyang Wu", "Xiuyu He" ], "first_author": "Chang Liu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Robot", "Field (mathematics)", "Mobile robot", "Drone", "Robotics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/yac71005.2026.11615326" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172292650", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21774285", "title": "Hybrid Truck–Drone Transportation - Innovative Research on Transportation using Trucks and Drones", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-03", "type": "software", "language": null, "authors": [ "Academia EduSoft" ], "first_author": "Academia EduSoft", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Interactive semantic map of truck-and-drone last-mile delivery, TSP/FSTSP optimisation, OR-Tools route planning, Haversine aerial distances, launch and recovery overheads, computational experiments in Bacău County, and future large-scale logistics extensions.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Truck", "Key (lock)", "Global Positioning System" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21774285" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4322098366", "doi": "10.15406/htij.2022.10.00273", "title": "Drone transportation of FFP maintained frozen using a vaccine refrigerated transport box", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-03", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fumiatsu Yakushiji", "Koki Yakushiji", "Mikio MURATA", "Miyuki Teratani", "Hiroshi Fujita" ], "first_author": "Fumiatsu Yakushiji", "venue": "Hematology & Transfusion International Journal", "publisher": "MedCrave Group", "abstract": "Background: In cases of emergency injury, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is necessary to compensate for the consumption of clotting factors. The emergent delivery of FFP can be critical to survival and reduction of complications. We hypothesize that drone transport of FFP under appropriate conditions below -30°C would be possible if we used a BioBox Cell® normally employed for COVID-19 vaccine transport. Method: We transported FFP packs inside a BioBox Cell® that was continuously chilled by dry ice by an automobile-transport, to Tomi where a test location at a distance of approximately 200 km away from our laboratory. We transported FFP packs inside a BioBox Cell® by a drone (M1000) and, back to the laboratory by an automobile. For about a day, the FFP was transported car transport, and drone transport under low-temperature without power. Results: The influence of drone flight on FFP clotting factor activity, such as fibrinogen, factors II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), was minimal. Conclusion: We transported FFPs at an adequate temperature using a drone and confirmed that there was little reduction in clotting factor activity. FFP can be transported easily and quickly using a drone using a low-temperature refrigerator.", "keywords": [ "Fresh frozen plasma", "Drone", "Clotting factor", "Von Willebrand factor", "Medicine", "Immunology", "Biology", "Internal medicine", "Platelet" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://medcraveonline.com/HTIJ/HTIJ-10-00273.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3170726527", "doi": null, "title": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM): Thoughts on Vertiports", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-02-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kapil S. Sheth" ], "first_author": "Kapil S. Sheth", "venue": "NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)", "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20200001385" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400768584", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4899028", "title": "Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Solving Multi-Objective Hub Location Problem with Drone Based Delivery Mode", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mehrnaz Mohebbi", "Hamid Reza Maleki", "Sadegh Niroomand" ], "first_author": "Mehrnaz Mohebbi", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Meta heuristic", "Computer science", "Heuristic", "Mode (computer interface)", "Mathematical optimization", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics", "Human–computer interaction" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4899028" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125782677", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18384732", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Public Portal", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Federica Bosco", "Serena De Mori", "Francesco de Bosio", "Matteo Gardini", "Giulia Setti", "Ottavio Pedretti" ], "first_author": "Federica Bosco", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "'This document provides a comprehensive overview of the design and functional scope of the Vertiport Public Portal, a digital platform developed to support the integration of UAM services into the urban environment. The portal is designed as the main digital interface for visitors, allowing them to discover, book, and use vertiport-related services seamlessly.", "keywords": [ "Scope (computer science)", "Interface (matter)", "Public transport", "Government (linguistics)", "Key (lock)", "E-Government" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18384732" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2183100983", "doi": "10.26077/m7n9-pz85", "title": "Efficacy of Aerial Broadcast Baiting in Reducing Brown Treesnake Numbers", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Larry C. Clark", "Peter J. Savarie" ], "first_author": "Larry C. Clark", "venue": "Lincoln (University of Nebraska)", "publisher": "University of Nebraska–Lincoln", "abstract": "The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) is an invasive predator that was introduced on Guam as a stowaway in cargo after World War II. Since then, the population has exploded, attaining 50 to 100 snakes per ha in some areas. The snake has caused the extirpation of ten of the 12 native forest bird species on Guam. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, has a program to deter the spread of snakes from Guam to other islands. Hand capture from fences, trapping, toxic bait stations, and canine inspection of outbound cargo methods are used in the control program in various localized and accessible areas. We investigated aerial delivery of toxic baits as a potential method for a broader landscape control of brown treesnakes. Treated baits were deployed on 6-ha of forest at 37.5 baits per ha. Snake activity was reduced by 80 to 85% by the third application of toxicant. Non-target bait-take was limited. Of 80 telemetered baits aerially deployed, 30 (38%) baits were taken by snakes, one was taken by a toad (Bufo marinus), and one was taken by a monitor lizard (Varanus indicus). Mortality was observed in all 30 cases of bait-take by the snakes. No evidence of ill effects was observed in the toad or the monitor lizard after bait ingestion. Aerial delivery of toxic baits holds promise as an economical, targeted method to control invasive brown treesnakes over large areas of land.", "keywords": [ "Predator", "Wildlife", "Lizard", "Predation", "Fishery", "Invasive species", "Biology", "Ecology", "Introduced species", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 21, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=hwi" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7202100132", "doi": "10.1590/jatm.v18.1447", "title": "Systematic Mapping of the Literature on Vertiport Location in Urban Environments", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "John Heberty De Freitas", "Ronaldo Martins da Costa", "Michelle Carvalho Galvão da Silva Pinto Bandeira" ], "first_author": "John Heberty De Freitas", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management", "publisher": "Aerospace Technology and Science Department", "abstract": "ABSTRACT To map and synthesize research on locating urban vertiports for vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, including electrically powered variants. A systematic mapping review used a predefined protocol with research questions, selection criteria, and structured data extraction. In 2025, searches covered five themes: urban air mobility, location-allocation, optimization, network and routing, and vertical takeoff and landing aircraft across major scientific databases. From 1,056 records, duplicates were removed, and screening yielded 31 studies. Most studies propose mathematical optimization models, predominantly integer linear programming formulations solved with commercial optimization tools. Some incorporate vertiport capacity and socio-environmental criteria such as noise, land use, and equitable access, while others address only operational factors. Applications on real networks with observed demand data are common; specialized simulation is less frequent. Evaluations mainly report travel time, demand coverage, and costs, and often include sensitivity analyses and limited validation procedures. Research is progressing in modeling vertiport networks, but validation remains weakly standardized, and uncertainty treatment is still limited. Comparable evaluation protocols and stronger socio-environmental robustness are needed to better support planning decisions in advanced air mobility.", "keywords": [ "Robustness (evolution)", "Takeoff", "Takeoff and landing", "Integer programming", "Protocol (science)", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Linear programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/jatm/a/6bZGMN5jmmNg3mRYDHPYnJv/?lang=en&format=pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4387198608", "doi": "10.26226/m.63283143f30377bc3baf7c4e", "title": "Vertiport Design Concepts and Standards for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-19", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jasenka Rakas" ], "first_author": "Jasenka Rakas", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Architectural engineering", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.26226/m.63283143f30377bc3baf7c4e" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7117315428", "doi": "10.61782/fa.2025.0615", "title": "Noise Modeling of UAM around Vertiports by Sound Barrier", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Seung-min Lee", "Chan-Hoon Haan" ], "first_author": "Seung-min Lee", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The present study aims to propose practical solutions to control the noise issue, which is a key challenge for the commercialization of Urban Air Mobility (UAM).Noise levels around vertiports during UAM urban operations were predicted using the SoundPLAN program, and the noise reduction effects were assessed through simulation modeling when various heights of noise barriers were applied at different distances and receiver heights.The comparison factors to confirm the noise reduction effect were set to Lden, Leq, and Lmax.The height of the sound barrier was investigated up to 27 m at 3 m intervals.In the present study, for noise prediction, two major vertiports on the K-UAM Grand Challenge phase 2-1 Ara Waterway demonstration route were targeted.As a result, it was found that significant noise reduction was observed at receiver points lower than the sound barrier.However, the noise reduction effect was minimal or absent at receiver points of similar or greater height than the sound barrier.This indicated that as the distance from the vertiport decreased, the noise reduction effect increased with the height of the sound barrier.Thus, it can be expected that the findings of this study could contribute to noise mitigation of UAM.", "keywords": [ "Noise (video)", "Background noise", "Sound (geography)", "Sonic boom", "Sound pressure" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dael.euracoustics.org/confs/fa2025/data/articles/000615.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4389481859", "doi": "10.1007/s11067-023-09607-x", "title": "Battery Electric Vehicle Traveling Salesman Problem with Drone", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tengkuo Zhu", "Stephen D. Boyles", "Avinash Unnikrishnan" ], "first_author": "Tengkuo Zhu", "venue": "Networks and Spatial Economics", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Travelling salesman problem", "Battery (electricity)", "Electric vehicle", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Aeronautics", "Aerospace engineering", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 25, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-023-09607-x" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412429813", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-92011-0_6", "title": "Vertiport Marking Detector for an Instrument Landing System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyeonjeong Heo", "Kyuman Lee" ], "first_author": "Hyeonjeong Heo", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Detector", "Remote sensing", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Aeronautics", "Geology", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92011-0_6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413218575", "doi": "10.25368/2025.148", "title": "Spatial Analysis-Driven Facility Location Optimization for Vertiports", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Elif ERKEK", "Martin Lindner", "Hartmut Fricke" ], "first_author": "Elif ERKEK", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Facility location problem", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.148" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7119361956", "doi": null, "title": "DLR Insights and Pilot Activities on Vertiport Infrastructure Research", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-28", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Bianca Isabella Schuchardt", "Samiksha R. Nagrare" ], "first_author": "Bianca Isabella Schuchardt", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "Key (lock)", "Field (mathematics)", "Data collection" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/220484/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388265398", "doi": "10.1186/s12544-023-00606-0", "title": "Modelling public attitude towards drone delivery in Germany", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-25", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robin Kellermann", "Tobias Biehle", "Hamid Mostofi" ], "first_author": "Robin Kellermann", "venue": "European Transport Research Review", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract Background Last-mile delivery by drone is expected to be a promising innovation for future urban logistics. However, in addition to adoption of services by customers, leveraging this delivery method will depend essentially on a positive public perception of such services in urban airspace. Objective This article provides novel and comprehensive insights into factors driving or impeding citizens' attitudes towards drone delivery. Methodology The article develops a structural equation model that derives from a sequential exploratory mixed methods design. In the first step, factors affecting attitudes towards drone delivery were identified within the scope of five focus groups and converted into the development of a questionnaire. In the second step, a German population-representative survey was conducted through telephone interviews, which provided reliable data to test the model (n = 819). Results Expected risks (particularly stress due to traffic in lower airspace, noise, and visual disturbances), as well as expected benefits (particularly fast and time-flexible delivery), significantly affect attitudes towards drone-based delivery, while the individual level of technological openness (technophilia) does not have a significant association. Moreover, the model reveals that the expected risks of drone deliveries are stronger associated with public attitude than with expected benefits. Conclusions The provided framework suggests fashioning policies and drone delivery applications that focus on mitigating social, spatial, and visual risks while achieving maximum utility for customers.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Openness to experience", "Structural equation modeling", "Business", "Risk perception", "Scope (computer science)", "Population", "Focus group", "Perception", "Marketing", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 27, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://etrr.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12544-023-00606-0" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4220880895", "doi": "10.3390/su14053128", "title": "A New Mobility Era: Stakeholders’ Insights regarding Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-07", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Annitsa Koumoutsidi", "Ioanna Pagoni", "Amalia Polydoropoulou" ], "first_author": "Annitsa Koumoutsidi", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) constitutes a future aerial mobility alternative, which concerns the use of electric and autonomous aerial vehicles for transporting people throughout a planned network of vertiports. To materialize UAM, several actors of the air and urban transport ecosystem play a vital role. This paper describes the insights gathered from 32 key stakeholders around the world to present and frame the key aspects for the future implementation of UAM. The participants include representatives from the UAM industry such as airports, airlines, aviation consulting companies, academia, and authorities. The data collection encompasses various key research areas, covering topics such as UAM strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and risks, requirements for implementation, concept integration in the existing transport system, specific use cases, business models, and end-user segments. The research aims at setting up the stakeholder scene and expanding the current literature for UAM by engaging key decision makers and experts towards shaping the new mobility era. The results demonstrate that ensuring certification standards for UAM fleets and updating the current legal and regulatory framework are the main prerequisites for UAM’s realization. In addition, the usage of UAM for transporting cargo or for air ambulance services are the most mature business models for the coming decade.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Key (lock)", "Stakeholder engagement", "Stakeholder", "Certification", "Strengths and weaknesses", "Business", "Business model", "Air transport", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 33, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/5/3128/pdf?version=1646818116" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2950750180", "doi": "10.2514/6.2019-3626", "title": "Mission Planner Algorithm for Urban Air Mobility – Initial Performance Characterization", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-06-15", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nelson Guerreiro", "Ricky W. Butler", "Jeffrey M. Maddalon", "George E. Hagen" ], "first_author": "Nelson Guerreiro", "venue": "AIAA Aviation 2019 Forum", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In this paper, an initial characterization was performed of the Mission Planner algorithm developed by NASA for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations research. The algorithm plans conflict-free trajectories for flights to support a given set of UAM passenger trips. The UAM trips are planned in an on-demand, first-come, first-served manner, such that any given trip is subject to the constraints imposed by previously planned trips. For this analysis, the mission planning algorithm considered only the trajectory constraints from previously-planned trips in one test condition and added vertiport constraints for the second test condition. The conflict and constraint resolution strategies used by the Mission Planner were characterized by their percentage contribution to planning iterations, their percentage effectiveness in those iterations, and their contributions to the departure delay applied to each UAM trip’s flight. With the exception of the climb and descent vertical speed strategies, most strategies showed reasonable or good performance in all test scenarios. In the test condition with vertipad constraints enabled, both the total number of iterations executed, and the number of flights that required planning iterations, was reduced for all scenarios. This was the result of the natural conditioning of the traffic achieved with scheduling and the additional information available to the Mission Planner from the vertiport scheduler. The next steps for this work will include improvements to the mission planning strategies and analyses with additional constraints and under other demand scenarios.", "keywords": [ "Planner", "Computer science", "Characterization (materials science)", "Algorithm", "Artificial intelligence", "Materials science", "Nanotechnology" ], "cited_by_count": 17, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-3626" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2000544953", "doi": "10.2514/6.1995-3965", "title": "Application of a response surface method to the design of tip jet driven stopped rotor/wing concepts", "year": 1995, "publication_date": "1995-08-22", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jimmy C. M. Tai", "Dimitri N. Mavris", "Daniel P. Schrage" ], "first_author": "Jimmy C. M. Tai", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The possibility of a new aircraft that is capable of solving the increasing demand of inter-city transportation has attracted the attention of the aerospace industry for quite some time. Under the High Speed Rotorcraft Concept (HSRC) program, both NASA and the U.S. helicopter industry have studied a series of candidate rotorcraft configurations capable of cruising at high speeds and capable of taking off and landing vertically at vertiports located at downtown. Among these candidates, the stopped rotor/wing configuration has been the least studied due to lack of appropriate analytical tools to assist in its design and due to a general lack of understanding of the physics behind this unconventional concept. Even though the HSRC program has since been canceled, Georgia Tech's Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory (ASDL) recognized the need for a design methodology capable of handling the synthesis and sizing of such vehicles and has continued its pursuit. Therefore, such a computer simulat...", "keywords": [ "Wing", "Rotor (electric)", "Aerospace engineering", "Jet (fluid)", "Surface (topology)", "Computer science", "Mechanical engineering", "Physics", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Geometry" ], "cited_by_count": 23, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-3965" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3199728373", "doi": null, "title": "Vertiport placement method based on mobility survey data", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Katrin Lippoldt", "Lukas Preis", "Klaus Bogenberger" ], "first_author": "Katrin Lippoldt", "venue": "mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich)", "publisher": "Technical University of Munich", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1624148" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154473355", "doi": "10.3390/aerospace13040370", "title": "Optimization of Low-Altitude Vertiport Network Topology Resilience", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hua Xie", "Ziyuan Zhu", "Jianan Yin", "Yuhang Wu", "Long Zhou", "Qingchun Wu" ], "first_author": "Hua Xie", "venue": "Aerospace", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This study investigates the construction of a topological network for resilient low-altitude vertiports. Addressing the issue of excessive network redundancy often caused by maximizing algebraic connectivity in traditional topology optimization problems, we employ algebraic connectivity—a key spectral metric—as a measure of network topology resilience. The objective function employs normalized algebraic connectivity that simultaneously considers total network distance, achieving an effective trade-off between global fault tolerance and construction costs at the model level. To address this challenging combinatorial optimization problem, the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm is mechanistically enhanced. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance in key metrics such as objective function value and total network distance, significantly enhancing network resilience while controlling construction costs. For the optimized network topology solutions, simulations of six failure modes for nodes and edges analyze the response characteristics of the vertiport network’s maximum connected subgraph proportion and global efficiency during the gradual removal of nodes and edges. Results demonstrate that the designed vertiport topology network exhibits robust resilience. It maintains high connectivity and global efficiency under both random attacks and degree-based targeted node attacks, showcasing strong engineering applicability.", "keywords": [ "Network topology", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Topology (electrical circuits)", "Topology optimization", "Key (lock)", "Function (biology)", "Algebraic connectivity", "Node (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/13/4/370/pdf?version=1776253856" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402672404", "doi": "10.4050/f-0080-2024-1356", "title": "Development of a Turbulence-Based Design Criterion for Vertiports", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dr Guy Larose", "Maryam Al Labbad", "Sharon Schajnoha" ], "first_author": "Dr Guy Larose", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The development of turbulence criteria to provide early guidance for the design of vertiports is presented in this paper. For any aircraft, winds, in particular crosswinds and gusty winds, are top of mind for all pilots engaging in take-off and landing maneuvers. It is anticipated that the same will be true for VTOL and eVTOLs landing on vertiports, in particular as new vertiports are built closer and closer to urban centres. First, a review of the current design criteria for vertiports around the world related to wind is presented, highlighting the commonality between the guidance and the gaps in their content. Second, the controllability criteria that VTOL and eVTOLs will likely need to meet in the pursuit of an airworthiness certification are reviewed and their pertinence with regards to vertiport design are discussed. Third, the characters of the wind and their impact on eVTOL flights at or near take-off and landing infrastructure is explored. Finally, a set of turbulence criteria for vertiports and a turbulence index are proposed. The index includes a scale for conditions ranging from favorable for take-off and landing; to more and more demanding conditions; up to turbulence conditions to be firmly avoided.", "keywords": [ "Turbulence", "Computer science", "Physics", "Meteorology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/F-0080-2024-1356" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7158436901", "doi": null, "title": "VERTIFIED: A MODULAR AND SCALABLE APPROACH FOR DESIGNING VERTIPORTS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oguzhan Nohutcu", "Samiksha R. Nagrare" ], "first_author": "Oguzhan Nohutcu", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Modular design", "Scalability", "Key (lock)", "Scale (ratio)", "Flexibility (engineering)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/224147/1/260326_Oguzhan_Nohutcu_DICUAM_2026_V3.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4398186392", "doi": "10.1145/3605098.3635976", "title": "Graph Learning-based Fleet Scheduling for Urban Air Mobility under Operational Constraints, Varying Demand & Uncertainties", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-04-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Steve M. Paul", "Jhoel Witter", "Souma Chowdhury" ], "first_author": "Steve M. Paul", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper develops a graph reinforcement learning approach to online planning of the schedule and destinations of electric aircraft that comprise an urban air mobility (UAM) fleet operating across multiple vertiports. This fleet scheduling problem is formulated to consider time-varying demand, constraints related to vertiport capacity, aircraft capacity and airspace safety guidelines, uncertainties related to take-off delay, weather-induced route closures, and unanticipated aircraft downtime. Collectively, such a formulation presents greater complexity, and potentially increased realism, than in existing UAM fleet planning implementations. To address these complexities, a new policy architecture is constructed, primary components of which include: graph capsule conv-nets for encoding vertiport and aircraft-fleet states both abstracted as graphs; transformer layers encoding time series information on demand and passenger fare; and a Multi-head Attention-based decoder that uses the encoded information to compute the probability of selecting each available destination for an aircraft. Trained with Proximal Policy Optimization, this policy architecture shows significantly better performance in terms of daily averaged profits on unseen test scenarios involving 8 vertiports and 40 aircraft, when compared to a random baseline and genetic algorithm-derived optimal solutions, while being nearly 1000 times faster in execution than the latter.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Operations research", "Graph", "Job shop scheduling", "Mathematical optimization", "Computer network", "Theoretical computer science", "Engineering", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3605098.3635976" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394863361", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4794447", "title": "The Effects of Drone Transportation on Blood Component Quality a Prospective Randomised Controlled Laboratory Study", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael D. Wiltshire", "Jonathan Boxshall", "James Milne", "Hammad Jeilani", "Christopher Law", "Kasia Oleniacz", "Katherine Theobald", "Benedict L. Phillips" ], "first_author": "Michael D. Wiltshire", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Download", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Drone", "Quality (philosophy)", "Computer science", "World Wide Web", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4794447" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213319798", "doi": "10.18154/rwth-2026-08290", "title": "Simulation-based analysis of vertiport airside operations and capacity", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eva Christine Wille" ], "first_author": "Eva Christine Wille", "venue": "RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)", "publisher": "RWTH Aachen University", "abstract": "The growing demand on ground transportation systems especially in urban areas as well as the technological advances in distributed electric propulsion, electric energy storage, and automation have pushed the idea of providing innovative aerial mobility services in urban environments and beyond. This concept is commonly referred to as Urban Air Mobility (UAM). UAM focuses on the operations of aircraft that are capable of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL). These aircraft will require a designated infrastructure to perform eVTOL operations as well as ground operations, which is referred to as vertiports. Due to the limited footprint availability in urban areas, the development of an adequate infrastructure of vertiports is considered a major hurdle. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a firm understanding of the capacity that vertiports can provide, depending on their design and operational conditions. To date, the effect of these factors on the delay and the associated practical capacity of vertiports is not sufficiently understood. This thesis presents a comprehensive methodology to analyze the capacity of vertiport airside operations based on simulation modeling. The simulation model is developed as discrete event simulation using the Anylogic software. In the simulation-based analysis, the measures throughput capacity, delay, practical capacity, and utilization of the vertiport airside are deter-mined. The capacity analysis focuses on the effect of the vertiport design, considering 120 designs based on the three topologies satellite, linear, and pier, and on the effect of operational parameters. Moreover, the effect of the queuing policy on delay and capacity is assessed. The delay analysis reveals that vertiports operating under a significant demand level exhibit a high level of either arrival delay or departure delay, depending on whether the vertiport is limited by arrival and departure capacity or by stand capacity. Therefore, it is suggested to determine the practical capacity of vertiports by applying an acceptable level of average delay separately for both arrival delay and departure delay. The most influential factor on vertiport airside capacity has been identified as the ratio of parking stands to approach and takeoff areas. The capacity analysis shows that the ratio of practical capacity to throughput capacity depends on infrastructural and operational parameters. Thus, focusing on practical capacity is crucial to understand which levels of traffic demand can be served at future vertiports under realistic and acceptable conditions. The proposed methodology for vertiport airside capacity assessment expands on existing research in the field of UAM. The findings on the vertiport airside capacity and the impact of infrastructural and operational factors can be used by UAM stakeholders, such as vertiport planners and future UAM operators, to cope with the uncertainties that the development of this novel transport system is still facing.", "keywords": [ "Automation", "Takeoff", "Footprint", "Queueing theory", "Throughput", "Discrete event simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1040991" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W326580527", "doi": null, "title": "Design Feasibility and Evaluation of a Vertical/Modular Aerial Delivery System", "year": 1967, "publication_date": "1967-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert E Adkisson", "Reginald R. Belding", "Ronald G Custer", "Randall A Grueber", "Thomas N. Kyle", "Francis D Merritt", "Robert A. Warren", "James W. Wollaston" ], "first_author": "Robert E Adkisson", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : A concept for aerial delivery of supplies by dropping modules vertically through bottom doors in an aircraft was investigated. Preliminary analysis was conducted to determine the effect on the aircraft structural weight, strength, and aerodynamic performance. A preliminary design of the mechanical cargo handling system was completed. The dynamic effect of dropping cargo on the stability and control characteristics of the aircraft was investigated. The system was evaluated in comparison to a conventional aerial delivery system for typical missions performed by a forward-area transport. The concept was shown to be advantageous for performing resupply missions when operating in the vertical flight mode. It is concluded that the concept has potential application to V/STOL or rotary-wing aircraft.", "keywords": [ "Doors", "Modular design", "Marine engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Flight control surfaces", "Engineering", "Systems design", "Wing", "Automotive engineering", "Simulation", "Aeronautics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0385892" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2571136637", "doi": "10.1109/cdc.2016.7798647", "title": "3D collision avoidance algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with limited field of view constraints", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Steven Roelofsen", "Alcherio Martinoli", "Denis Gillet" ], "first_author": "Steven Roelofsen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming a significant field of research with numerous applications, ranging from mapping to surveillance. New applications, such as aerial delivery of goods, are expected to appear in the next years and will require more and more autonomy from UAVs. One challenge preventing UAVs from being fully autonomous is their current limitations in handling potential collisions among multiple vehicles. This paper presents a collision avoidance algorithm for fixed-wing UAVs navigating in a three dimensional space. It satisfies limited field of view constraints that stem from the use of a single camera system as sensing device. The proposed algorithm uses potential fields to both navigate and avoid obstacles. To guarantee collision avoidance, the algorithm is enhanced with a turning behavior that allows for ensuring the safety of the method. Simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.", "keywords": [ "Collision avoidance", "Fixed wing", "Computer science", "Field (mathematics)", "Collision", "Potential field", "Algorithm", "Real-time computing", "Search and rescue", "Ranging", "Remotely operated underwater vehicle", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 29, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/221469" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1695269424", "doi": "10.4271/640338", "title": "Flexible Wing, a Nonstop, Multiple Address, Aerial Delivery System", "year": 1964, "publication_date": "1964-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Burton E. Kurz" ], "first_author": "Burton E. Kurz", "venue": "SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "NonStop", "Computer science", "Wing", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/640338" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394825733", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2024.32.1.079", "title": "A Research on the Design and Operation of Regional Hub-Level Vertiport", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dong-Wook Lee", "Dong-Kyu Lee", "Sung-Sik Park" ], "first_author": "Dong-Wook Lee", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "UAM is emerging due to the deepening population concentration in the metropolitan area and the problem of congested ground transportation in urban areas. Accordingly, along with research on eVTOL aircraft for UAM services, interest in vertiport, the interest in vertiports, the infrastructure that allows eVTOLs to take off and land, is also increasing. However, behind the concentration of population in the metropolitan area, aphenomenon of local extinction is occurring in conjunction with the aging population. AAM, which moves quickly through 3D space, can be an effective SOC facility in times of local extinction crisis. In this paper, we introduce a design plan from the perspective of a complex transper center for a regional hub-level vertiport that can connect with local high-speed rail and utilize local airports in compliance with the vertiport design guidelines issued by FAA(Federal Aviation Administration) and EASA(European union Aviation Safety Agency). We would like to present Vertiport’s future operation plan.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Aviation", "Agency (philosophy)", "Population", "Plan (archaeology)", "Transport engineering", "Master plan", "Business", "Regional science", "Environmental planning", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-32-1-79" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4409724738", "doi": "10.1109/csnt64827.2025.10968345", "title": "Network and Security Solution using Jaya Algorithm-based graph search for Drone Transportation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-07", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pramod Kumar Patel", "Nikhat Raza Khan", "Aishwarya Mishra", "Akrati Agrawal", "Archana Daravai" ], "first_author": "Pramod Kumar Patel", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study reports the suitability of several algorithms to identify the best course in a network of lines that is utilized to guide an Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) aircraft in a safety configuration. It utilizes a waypoint graph using Jaya algorithm for this purpose, which is based on the GPS coordinates of flight route movement locations in three dimensions. It performs a comparative analysis of the drone path prediction using a dynamic adjacency matrix that represents the shortest path in the graph. In the context of the area observation mode, evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of the two routing methods.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Network security", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/csnt64827.2025.10968345" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125818732", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18384844", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Public Portal", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Federica Bosco", "Francesco de Bosio", "Serena De Mori", "Matteo Gardini", "Giulia Setti", "Ottavio Pedretti" ], "first_author": "Federica Bosco", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This document provides a comprehensive overview of the design and functional scope of the Vertiport Public Portal, a digital platform developed to support the integration of UAM services into the urban environment. The portal is designed as the main digital interface for visitors, allowing them to discover, book, and use vertiport-related services seamlessly.", "keywords": [ "Scope (computer science)", "Scope (computer science)", "Interface (matter)", "Interface (matter)", "Public transport", "Public transport", "Government (linguistics)", "Government (linguistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18384844" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2270772363", "doi": "10.4271/640312", "title": "C-130 Aerial Delivery and Retrieval Past, Current, and Future", "year": 1964, "publication_date": "1964-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Edward R. Burn", "Don R. Scarbrough" ], "first_author": "Edward R. Burn", "venue": "SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The capabilities of the C-130 Hercules, a large fixed-wing cargo transport, are being augmented by the development of systems to enable in-flight pickup and delivery of loads, that is, “VTOL payload.” The evolution of the familiar paradrop delivery is traced, and developmental systems for low altitude restricted area pickup and delivery of pay-loads at low accelerations are described. A computer study indicating the feasibility of the unique projected Trolley delivery system is also discussed.", "keywords": [ "Current (fluid)", "Computer science", "Information retrieval", "Electrical engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/640312" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2097253929", "doi": "10.1109/icca.2009.5410590", "title": "Mobile system for precise aero delivery with global reach network capability", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-12-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oleg A. Yakimenko", "Nathan J. Slegers", "Eugene Bourakov", "Charles W. Hewgley", "Alex B. Bordetsky", "Red Jensen", "Andrew B. Robinson", "Josh R. Malone", "Phil E. Heidt" ], "first_author": "Oleg A. Yakimenko", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper discusses the current status of the development of the mobile aerial delivery system to be further employed in a variety of different applications. High accuracy of the developed system enables its use in precision troop resupply, precise sensors placement, urban warfare reconnaissance and other similar operations. This paper overviews the overall system architecture and components of the developed aero delivery system itself and then proceeds with describing the current status of integrating it with an advanced deployment platform, unmanned aerial system, to achieve mobility and autonomy of operations. The paper also discusses some other systems in development pursuing similar goals and reviews some novel applications that become possible with the developed aerial delivery system.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Computer science", "Variety (cybernetics)", "Systems engineering", "Systems architecture", "Architecture", "Delivery system", "Engineering", "Software engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 12, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icca.2009.5410590" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1177789240", "doi": null, "title": "Vertiport Chicago provides option for rotor operators", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-06-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Robert Märk" ], "first_author": "Robert Märk", "venue": "Aviation International News", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/1361574" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204947950", "doi": "10.1145/3813822.3813961", "title": "Congestion-Aware Vertiport Location for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Yangxin Luo", "Zitong Chen" ], "first_author": "Yangxin Luo", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This paper studies the vertiport location problem in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) from a congestion-aware perspective. We formulate a trajectory-based model that integrates ground traffic flows and edge-level congestion into the location decision process, aiming to reduce the maximum network congestion through selective aerial rerouting. For the exact two-vertiport case (K = 2), we design a pruning-based algorithm that constructs tight lower bounds to efficiently eliminate suboptimal candidate pairs while guaranteeing global optimality. For the general multi-vertiport case (K > 2), we propose a component-wise greedy strategy that decomposes congestion structures and iteratively selects vertiports with the highest marginal benefit. Experiments on large-scale networks demonstrate substantial computational speedups and consistent congestion reduction, validating the scalability and practical applicability of the proposed framework.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Traffic congestion", "Greedy algorithm", "Network congestion", "Flow network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3813822.3813961" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4391301728", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-0872", "title": "High Density Vertiplex: Scalable Autonomous Operations Prototype Assessment Simulation", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bryan J. Petty", "Louis J. Glaab", "James Unverricht", "Jeffrey R. Homola", "Quang V. Dao", "Faisal G. Omar", "Jacob R. Schaefer" ], "first_author": "Bryan J. Petty", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility is a rapidly growing topic within the field of aviation because of the impact a refined ecosystem and uncrewed aerial vehicles could have on modern society, such as urban air, cargo, and emergency transport. Before the UAM concept can be actualized, research is needed to understand how to integrate these new classes of vehicles and operations into the National Airspace System. One under-researched but critical piece of infrastructure required for UAM operations is Vertiport operations. Vertiports are the envisioned takeoff and landing locations for these uncrewed aerial vehicles. To accommodate the high use of the vertiport, new technologies and roles will be required for optimal use. At NASA, the High Density Vertiplex sub-project targets research into vertiports. The High Density Vertiplex team created their own Advanced Air Mobility ecosystem to test and evaluate different concepts and tools used to support higher density operations at vertiports. Part of the test and evaluation included the Prototype Assessment Operations simulation of high-density operations around a vertiport to study vertiport management and vertiport operations. The research team also evaluated how their simulated Urban Air Mobility ecosystem supported fleet managers, ground control station operators, and vertiport managers in execution of nominal and off-nominal high-density operations. Takeaways from this simulation helped the team evaluate well how the users of the ecosystem were able to use the components of the ecosystem to complete Urban Air Mobility missions.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Scalability", "Computer architecture", "Distributed computing", "Software engineering", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-0872" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2960233240", "doi": null, "title": "Arrival Management for eVTOL Aircraft in On-demand Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Priyank Pradeep" ], "first_author": "Priyank Pradeep", "venue": "Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)", "publisher": "Iowa State University", "abstract": "The electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft can alleviate transportation congestion on the ground by utilizing three-dimensional airspace efficiently. However, the endurance (specific energy) of Lithium-ion Polymer (Li-Po) batteries imposes severe constraints on the operational time-span of an eVTOL on urban air mobility (UAM) passenger transportation mission. The first part of the research focuses on the generation of energy efficient trajectories for eVTOLs with the assigned required times of arrival (RTA)s. The problem formulations are performed in multiphase optimal control framework with energy as the performance index for the following eVTOL aircraft types: (i) multirotor and (ii) tandem tilt-wing. These two types of eVTOLs are chosen because of their performance characteristics falling at the two extremes of the performance spectrum of eVTOLs. The proposed multiphase optimal control problem formulations and the corresponding numerical solutions enable an eVTOL to meet the assigned RTA and achieve the most energy efficient arrival trajectory, which is a critical enabler for the safe and efficient future eVTOL operations for passenger transportation and cargo delivery in UAM environment. The problem formulations are applied to a UAM passenger transport use cases with (i) EHang 184, (ii) Airbus Vahana, and (iii) the Uber Elevate proposed vertiport concept in numerical simulations. The second part of the research involves arrival sequencing and scheduling problem formulation in UAM context for a mixed fleet (winged/wingless) of eVTOLs expected to land on a vertiport. Based on anticipated UAM traffic density in emergent (low) and early expanded (moderate/high) operations, two separate vertiport arrival procedures have been proposed for the problem. The arrival procedure for early expanded operations is proposed based on arrival procedure of emergent operations as a baseline with the addition of metering gate(s) on the boundary of the terminal area (a circular area of radius 400 m around a vertiport) and multiple landing pads on the vertiport. The objective of the problem is to minimize the makespan (landing completion time) of a given set of eVTOLs, which is equivalent to maximizing the vertiport arrival throughput. A heuristic approach called insertion, and local search (ILS) [\\cite{Waqar}] combined with two different scheduling methods: i) mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and ii) time-advance (TA) are proposed to optimize the landing order (sequence) and makespan of the mixed fleet of eVTOLs. Next, the impact of the number of landing pads (N) on the vertiport arrival throughput is studied to aid in early expanded UAM operations (moderate/high traffic density). Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to see the impact of the following on the sequencing and scheduling algorithms: i) the number of eVTOLs expected to land (n) and ii) the number of eVTOLs used in the local neighborhood search (k). Through numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis, our algorithms demonstrated real-time scheduling capabilities for on-demand UAM arrival operations, which can be used as a potential future service for UAM vertiports and terminal airspace.", "keywords": [ "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Meteorology", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 8, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/31259" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125790770", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18384845", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Public Portal", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Federica Bosco", "Francesco de Bosio", "Serena De Mori", "Matteo Gardini", "Giulia Setti", "Ottavio Pedretti" ], "first_author": "Federica Bosco", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This document provides a comprehensive overview of the design and functional scope of the Vertiport Public Portal, a digital platform developed to support the integration of UAM services into the urban environment. The portal is designed as the main digital interface for visitors, allowing them to discover, book, and use vertiport-related services seamlessly.", "keywords": [ "Scope (computer science)", "Scope (computer science)", "Interface (matter)", "Interface (matter)", "Public transport", "Public transport", "Government (linguistics)", "Government (linguistics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18384845" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408956075", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2025.104465", "title": "Assessing the resilience of multi-modal transportation networks with the integration of urban air mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhiao Ma", "Xin Yang", "Anthony Chen", "Tianlei Zhu", "Jianjun Wu" ], "first_author": "Zhiao Ma", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Resilience (materials science)", "Transport engineering", "Modal", "Urban resilience", "Modal shift", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Public transport", "Environmental planning", "Business", "Engineering", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 26, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2025.104465" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164049693", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-95-7996-9_20", "title": "Transmission Tower Inspection Drone Hub Deployment Optimization System Based on DeepSeek Large Language Model", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Su Cheng", "Yang Yang (45629)", "Shijie Li", "Zixuan Zhao", "Shaohua Wang", "Xiaohan Jiang", "Chang Liu (35901)" ], "first_author": "Su Cheng", "venue": "Communications in computer and information science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Drone", "Tower", "Transmission (telecommunications)", "Transmission system", "System optimization", "System deployment", "System model" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-7996-9_20" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1983694555", "doi": "10.2514/1.3924", "title": "Noise-Sensitive Final Approach Trajectory Optimization for Runway-Independent Aircraft", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ella M. Atkins", "Min Xue" ], "first_author": "Ella M. Atkins", "venue": "Journal of Aerospace Computing Information and Communication", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Runway-independent aircraft have been proposed to increase passenger throughput at crowded urban airports via the use of vertiports or stub runways. Simultaneous non-interfering (SNI) traffic procedures will minimize impact on existing fixedwing traffic. This paper introduces a SNI trajectory generation algorithm that treats existing fixed-wing traffic corridors as impenetrable obstacles and optimizes over multiple parameters including ground noise, fuel, and time. Flight envelope limits are represented as search-space constraints, and computational efficiency is gained through an empirical noise model and uniform-cost search strategy. Example final approach trajectories illustrate the effects of airspace obstacle placement and varied optimization function weights. Nomenclature a - acceleration min a , max a - min/max acceleration constraints CT - thrust coefficient", "keywords": [ "Runway", "Trajectory optimization", "Trajectory", "Noise (video)", "Aircraft noise", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Physics", "Noise reduction", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 20, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.3924" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400493778", "doi": "10.3390/info15070397", "title": "Spatial Analysis of Advanced Air Mobility in Rural Healthcare Logistics", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raj Bridgelall" ], "first_author": "Raj Bridgelall", "venue": "Information", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The transportation of patients in emergency medical situations, particularly in rural areas, often faces significant challenges due to long travel distances and limited access to healthcare facilities. These challenges can result in critical delays in medical care, adversely affecting patient outcomes. Addressing this issue is essential for improving survival rates and health outcomes in underserved regions. This study explored the potential of advanced air mobility to enhance emergency medical services by reducing patient transport times through the strategic placement of vertiports. Using North Dakota as a case study, the research developed a GIS-based optimization workflow to identify optimal vertiport locations that maximize time savings. The study highlighted the benefits of strategic vertiport placement at existing airports and hospital heliports to minimize community disruption and leverage underutilized infrastructure. A key finding was that the optimized mixed-mode routes could reduce patient transport times by up to 21.8 min compared with drive-only routes, significantly impacting emergency response efficiency. Additionally, the study revealed that more than 45% of the populated areas experienced reduced ground travel times due to the integration of vertiports, highlighting the strategic importance of vertiport placement in optimizing emergency medical services. The research also demonstrated the replicability of the GIS-based optimization model for other regions, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in enhancing EMS through advanced air mobility solutions.", "keywords": [ "Leverage (statistics)", "Workflow", "Business", "Emergency medical services", "Health care", "Transport engineering", "Medical emergency", "Computer science", "Medicine", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 7, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/info15070397" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1512208250", "doi": "10.1109/cdc.2003.1272502", "title": "On the development of GNC algorithm for a high-glide payload delivery system", "year": 2004, "publication_date": "2004-06-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Isaac I. Kaminer", "Oleg A. Yakimenko" ], "first_author": "Isaac I. Kaminer", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The paper considers the development and simulation testing of the control algorithms for an autonomous high-glide aerial delivery system, which consists of 650 sq. ft rectangular double-skin parafoil and 500lb payload. The paper starts with the optimal control analysis and applies it further to the real-time trajectory generation. Resulting guidance and control system includes tracking this reference trajectory using a nonlinear tracking controller. The paper presents the description of the algorithm along with simulation results.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Trajectory", "Computer science", "Controller (irrigation)", "Nonlinear system", "Development (topology)", "Tracking (education)", "Control theory (sociology)", "Control system", "Algorithm", "Algorithm design", "Control engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 18, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2003.1272502" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110536274", "doi": null, "title": "Safe integration of vertiport operations in controlled and uncontrolled airspace", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Corsi, Marzia" ], "first_author": "Corsi, Marzia", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Control (management)", "Key (lock)", "Control system", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/220003/1/K-UAM%20Confex%20Presentation_MarziaCorsi_DLR.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7147394942", "doi": "10.3130/aija.91.850", "title": "FRAMEWORK FOR OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF URBAN AIR MOBILITY VERTIPORTS", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chio FUSEYA", "Mamiko Fujiyama", "Hiroyuki MIYAUCHI" ], "first_author": "Chio FUSEYA", "venue": "Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ)", "publisher": "Architectural Institute of Japan", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) enables rapid, point-to-point urban transportation through vertiports integrated into existing infrastructure. However, implementation poses challenges including airspace restrictions, multimodal connectivity, and architectural feasibility. To address these, this study formulates a multi-scale framework for optimizing UAM vertiport placement. The framework consists of (1) vertiport distribution optimization based on projected demand and area coverage; (2) evaluation and adjustment of spatial distribution through site-specific constraints such as no-fly zones, architectural installation requirements, and accessibility conditions; and (3) a feedback loop to reassess placement efficiency. Applying this framework to Tokyo demonstrated its effectiveness and its applicability to early-phase UAM planning.", "keywords": [ "Distribution (mathematics)", "Urban environment", "Architectural design", "Trip distribution" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aija/91/842/91_850/_pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407412298", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-2369", "title": "Design and Development of the Vertiport Human-Automation Teaming Toolbox", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andre A. Louis-Ferdinand", "Paul A. Krois", "Paul Cobb", "Esther Hu", "Peng Wei", "Shulu Chen" ], "first_author": "Andre A. Louis-Ferdinand", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) is envisioned to be a key cornerstone of the future airspace system and is enabled by new types of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo quickly, safely, and quietly. Success of UAM will depend, in large part, on the design and operation of vertiports, which, like airports and heliports, will enable eVTOLs to transport passengers and cargo, land, recharge, and take off. The human Vertiport Operator (VO) has a critical role in planning airspace configuration, scheduling traffic, and ensuring efficient and safe vertiport operations. The VO will be responsible for continued integrated arrival, surface, and departure traffic management. The Vertiport Human-Automation Teaming Toolbox (V-HATT) provides a platform for designing and testing interdependencies with different airspace configurations, traffic queueing strategies, and the use of increasingly automated systems. V-HATT can be used to evaluate different traffic scenarios, including adverse weather and contingency management for emergencies.", "keywords": [ "Toolbox", "Computer science", "Automation", "Electronic design automation", "Software engineering", "Human–computer interaction", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Embedded system", "Programming language" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-2369" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3160013986", "doi": "10.1016/j.omega.2021.102482", "title": "Managing price and fleet size for courier service with shared drones", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-05-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhi Pei", "Xu Dai", "Yilun Yuan", "Rui Du", "Changchun Liu" ], "first_author": "Zhi Pei", "venue": "Omega", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Service (business)", "Quality of service", "Service provider", "Revenue", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Queueing theory", "Abandonment (legal)", "Business", "Operations management", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 31, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2021.102482" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7118397956", "doi": "10.1080/0305215x.2025.2602679", "title": "Optimal multi-floor vertiport layout design", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Byeong Tak Park", "Sang Hyun Kim" ], "first_author": "Byeong Tak Park", "venue": "Engineering Optimization", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Urban air mobility has emerged as a promising solution for alleviating traffic congestion and enhancing mobility in densely populated areas. Given the safety risks associated with urban environments, such as tall buildings and other obstacles, the spaces available for vertiports are highly constrained. To address these challenges, vertiport layouts must be optimized to ensure efficient resource utilization and maximize operational capacity. This article introduces a multi-floor vertiport layout problem that determines optimal designs by considering both spatial availability and operational constraints. Unlike previous studies, which often determined vertiport layouts heuristically based on representative topologies, the proposed approach guarantees the optimality of the resulting layout design and is flexible enough to accommodate a variety of constraints. Two illustrative examples of optimal vertiport layouts—single-level and multi-level—are presented, demonstrating practical applications of the proposed optimization problem. The findings of this study provide valuable insights to support decision-making for vertiport planners, constructors and operators.", "keywords": [ "Variety (cybernetics)", "Page layout", "Optimal design", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Traffic congestion", "Design methods" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215x.2025.2602679" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416923455", "doi": "10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257220", "title": "Geometric Vertiport Localization: UAM Procedural Envelopes in a Cityscape", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chi Kien Huynh", "Billy Josefsson", "Anastasia Lemetti", "Valentin Polishchuk", "Леонид Александрович Седов" ], "first_author": "Chi Kien Huynh", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A vital step in implementing Urban Air Mobility is the development of its counterpart to airports: TakeOff and Landing Areas (TOLAs), or vertiports. This paper contributes to the establishment of safe vertiports by identifying where they can be located within a city landscape, in compliance with the Prototype Technical Specifications for the Design of Visual Flight Rules Vertiports for Operation with Manned Vertical-Take-Off-and-Landing-Capable Aircraft, issued by the European Agency for the Safety of Aviation [1]. Specifically, we design, implement, and test algorithms which aid in deciding where the vertiports can be placed. We present the results of experimenting with our tools on data from Stockholm. The results show that our decisionsupport tools can help inform decisions on developing vertiport regulations, policies, and services. An appealing feature of our tools is that they are wrapped up into a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) which anyone on the internet can freely use to create their own sets of feasible vertiports (we allow the user to load and saving their vertiports, choose their purpose, etc.).", "keywords": [ "Cityscape", "Graphical user interface", "Feature (linguistics)", "Aviation", "The Internet", "Interface (matter)", "User interface" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257220" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413419498", "doi": "10.21872/2024iise_8042", "title": "Technology Benchmarking-SWOT for eVTOLs and Vertiports based on literature review.", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "ETS", "Hachimy Mariam", "Laghrib Fatima", "ETS", "Hany Moustapha", "ETS", "Neila El Asli", "ETS" ], "first_author": "ETS", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is a disruptive technology representing the next stage of transportation innovation and aims to improve and facilitate urban, suburban, and regional mobility. Through this study we will focus on two key areas: Firstly, the electric vertical take-offand landing aircraft(eVTOL), which combines electric propulsion and vertical flight capability to provide fast and efficient transportation within and between cities. Secondly, the vertiports, a dedicated infrastructure from which these aircraftwill operate. To carry out our study, we will evaluate advanced air mobility as a new concept by studying its history and integration into the Québec market by gaining insights from comparable examples to collect essential information and data. Subsequently, we will conduct a SWOT analysis and a \"gap analysis\", two valuable tools for strategic planning and decision-making. First, we will start with a SWOT analysis by identifying the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of both the eVTOLs and the vertiports. Then to achieve better observability, we will conduct a literature gap analysis, with a specific emphasis on batteries, a critical element for the eVTOL industry especially in the Québec market. This study will identify gaps in knowledge about battery technology, ensuring a preliminary exploration of the challenges and opportunities essential to eVTOL functionality.", "keywords": [ "Benchmarking", "SWOT analysis", "Computer science", "Process management", "Engineering", "Business", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21872/2024iise_8042" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4308092574", "doi": "10.1109/dasc55683.2022.9925820", "title": "Design and Analysis of Corridors for UAM Operations", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Savvy Verma", "Victoria Dulchinos", "Robert Dan Wood", "Amir H. Farrahi", "Richard H. Mogford", "Megan C. Shyr", "Rania W. Ghatas" ], "first_author": "Savvy Verma", "venue": "2022 IEEE/AIAA 41st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is predicted to provide alternate modes of transportation for cargo and passengers in the urban areas. Integration of UAM operations into the National Airspace System is a challenge especially around large airport. The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps) suggests new airspace structures for UAM operations such as corridors where FAA air traffic control (ATC) will not be expected to provide services. This paper presents a design for corridors in the Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) area that attempts to minimize air traffic controller interactions with UAM pilots and operators. The corridor and vertiports are then analyzed with respect to Class B separation criteria and wake advisory criteria. The results show that for the corridors designed for the DFW area and presented in this research, in some cases Class B separation criteria are not available between UAM corridors and legacy traffic due to the geometry of the airport. It shows that wake advisory criteria were not met for some segments in North Flow traffic but were generally met in South Flow. This means that some corridor segments at DFW airport will not be available for a given airport flow and may need new placements, which need further investigation.", "keywords": [ "Separation (statistics)", "Transport engineering", "Air traffic control", "Wake", "National Airspace System", "Aviation", "Aeronautics", "Traffic flow (computer networking)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 30, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc55683.2022.9925820" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2574049219", "doi": null, "title": "ALLOCATION OF MANHATTAN AIR TRAFFIC - VERTIPORT VERSUS STOL PORT", "year": 1968, "publication_date": "1968-04-26", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "C E Tillman" ], "first_author": "C E Tillman", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Port (circuit theory)", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/24539" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170076943", "doi": "10.1016/j.rineng.2026.112109", "title": "Acoustic optimization of curved sound barriers for vertiport applications", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-22", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qidong Chen", "J Li", "Han C. Wu", "Siyang Zhong" ], "first_author": "Qidong Chen", "venue": "Results in Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Sound (geography)", "Noise (video)", "Sound pressure", "Finite element method", "Signal processing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.112109" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213620846", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.22848615", "title": "EQUISITE: equity-aware vertiport siting for urban air mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-20", "type": "software", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohan Long" ], "first_author": "Mohan Long", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "EQUISITE (EQUIty-aware SITE selection) is the code and data pipeline behind a study on where to place urban air mobility vertiports in Chengdu, China. The name is not an initialism of the four stages. The problem it addresses is narrow but awkward. Vertiport siting studies optimise coverage or cost, and treat equity as a post-hoc check on whatever the optimiser produced. Here the access time of the worst-off income group is one of the four objectives the search actually solves for. Separately, rooftop and ground vertiports have opposite cost structures and are modelled as two distinct facility classes inside one optimisation. The pipeline runs in four stages: (1) GIS candidate screening from OpenStreetMap, satellite-derived building heights and terrain, separately for rooftops and ground parcels; (2) K-means demand stratification, with population redistributed onto buildings and converted to trips by a mode-choice model; (3) exact 0-1 integer programming for the policy-constrained cases; (4) NSGA-II search over four objectives — unserved demand, total access time, worst-group access time, and capital cost. The archive contains the full pipeline, the Chengdu configuration, every output table and run log cited in the paper, the single-objective baselines (p-median, p-center, MCLP, set covering), and the diagnostic scripts used to locate three silent failure modes in the optimiser that produced plausible-looking results without raising an error. Two limitations are documented rather than buried: income is a proxy for economic activity, not measured income, and access time is free-flow Euclidean rather than routed. Third-party input data (OSM, WorldPop, CNBH-10 m, Copernicus DEM, NPP-VIIRS) is downloaded by the code, not redistributed here.", "keywords": [ "Population", "Capital cost", "Table (database)", "Integer programming", "Safeguard", "Proxy (statistics)", "Equity (law)", "TRIPS architecture" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22848615" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W600213993", "doi": null, "title": "CIVIL TILTROTOR VERTIPORTS: COST ESTIMATES FOR SIX DESIGN SCENARIOS.", "year": 1993, "publication_date": "1993-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Waleed A. Youssef", "Peter Mckean" ], "first_author": "Waleed A. Youssef", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/544605" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415488347", "doi": "10.1016/j.cie.2025.111627", "title": "After-sales repair center location and scheduling problem with drone transportation: Exact and heuristic methods", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-24", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bo Ren", "Mengsheng Li", "Huan Zhang", "Ping He" ], "first_author": "Bo Ren", "venue": "Computers & Industrial Engineering", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Job shop scheduling", "Heuristic", "Linear programming", "Customer service", "Optimization problem" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2025.111627" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7106279054", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17535123", "title": "CHOOSING THE RIGHT VERTIPORT LAYOUT: CAPACITY AND COST COMPARISON", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mirković, Bojana", "Sindik, Matija" ], "first_author": "Mirković, Bojana", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Set (abstract data type)", "Measure (data warehouse)", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Matching (statistics)", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17535123" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2994788999", "doi": null, "title": "Extended Range Aerial Delivery Using an Unpowered Autonomous Tailless UAV", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tyler E. Kraft" ], "first_author": "Tyler E. Kraft", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Range (aeronautics)", "Aeronautics", "Target range", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MsT.........49K/abstract" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413837846", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-96-5781-0_27", "title": "Network and Security Solution Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Graph Search Algorithm for Drone Transportation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pramod Kumar Patel", "Amarjeet Ghosh", "Aishwarya Mishra", "Rajesh Nema", "Dilip Kumar Gandhi", "Neeraj Agarwal", "Ashish Raghuwanshi" ], "first_author": "Pramod Kumar Patel", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence", "Theoretical computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5781-0_27" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W283300931", "doi": "10.21236/ada511283", "title": "Support from Above: The Need for Aerial Delivery Training in Ground Units", "year": 2009, "publication_date": "2009-02-17", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nicholas Lozar" ], "first_author": "Nicholas Lozar", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : The lack of air delivery use in operational environments is neither the fault of the logistician nor the aviators who deliver the supplies. The responsibility falls on the ground commander; he must know his available capabilities. Training with air delivery while in garrison, prior to deployment, will increase the ability of a ground commander to accomplish the mission by effectively utilizing all of his support assets. In this age of irregular warfare, the major battle is not always enemy. Often, the greatest challenge is the ability to support the forces. If commanders maintain their myopic view of trucking logistics throughout every fight, then they are failing to utilize all tools at their disposal. A culture void of creativity and flexibility then develops that lacks the mind set to utilize all assets for generating tempo on the battlefield, whether conventional or irregular.", "keywords": [ "Training (meteorology)", "Computer science", "Geography", "Meteorology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ada511283" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1552162152", "doi": null, "title": "Evaluation of Energy Dissipating Materials for Use in Aerial Delivery of C-Rations,", "year": 1959, "publication_date": "1959-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Helen Wong" ], "first_author": "Helen Wong", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : Increased mobility inherent in modern warfare demands a quick and accurate means of supply to provide the combat soldier with food, clothing and equipment. Since the fastest delivery is by air, a method is required so that the dropped items land intact at the desired location. Current methods of aerial supply employ large parachutes as descent retarding devices. However, due to the size of these retarders, the accuracy of aerial drops is diminished due to wind drift. Consequently, if dropped items are remote, even though intact, they are of no use to the potential receivers. While a drop is more accurate with the elimination of the retarder, without cushioning some items would be rendered useless from damage upon impact with the ground. A more practical system would be to use a small retarder along with a cushioning material to absorb the load energy upon impact. It is required that the cushioning material dissipate all the kinetic energy of the system at a stress value below the breaking strength (hereinafter called the fragility limit) of the dropped item. Other important characteristics of the cushioning material are its ability to deform uniformly upon compression throughout at least 75 percent of its volume and minimum resilience in order to utilize its energy dissipation properties to the maximum with a minimum bounce or return of the load platform upon impact with the ground.", "keywords": [ "Cushioning", "Resilience (materials science)", "Dissipation", "Structural engineering", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Marine engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Forensic engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Materials science", "Composite material" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a307561.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3177221993", "doi": null, "title": "Vertiport Automation System- System Design Review (SDR)", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-03-05", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marcus A. Johnson" ], "first_author": "Marcus A. Johnson", "venue": "NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)", "publisher": "NASA Headquarters", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Automation", "Computer science", "Systems design", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Software engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20210010640/downloads/20210010640_MJohnson_NUAIR-VAS-SDR.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1556568774", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.1408.4190", "title": "Nonlinear Decelerator for Payloads in Aerial Delivery Systems. I: Design and Testing", "year": 2014, "publication_date": "2014-08-19", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tony Lyons", "M. Ginther", "P. Mascarenas", "E. Rickard", "J. H. Robinson", "J. Braeger", "H. Liu", "Andrei Ludu" ], "first_author": "Tony Lyons", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "We study the dynamics and the optimization of the shock deceleration supported by a payload when its airborne carrier impacts the ground. We build a nonlinear elastic model for a container prototype and an elastic suspension system for the payload. We model the dynamics of this system and extract information on maximum deceleration, energy transfer between the container and payload, and energy resonant damping. We designed the system and perform lab experiments for various terminal velocities and types of grounds (cement, grass, sand water, etc.). The results are compared with the theoretical model and results are commented, including predictions for deceleration at different types of ground impact. The results can be used for aerial delivery systems, splash-down of capsules, recoveries, weather balloons, coastal surveying systems, or the new introduced goal-line technology in sport competitions.", "keywords": [ "Payload (computing)", "Suspension (topology)", "Container (type theory)", "Marine engineering", "Nonlinear system", "Aerospace engineering", "Environmental science", "Simulation", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.4190" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134270865", "doi": "10.18154/rwth-2026-02627", "title": "Data-Driven Demand Analysis of Vertiport Infrastructure for Passenger Transportation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "J. Rösing", "Eva Christine Wille", "Idoaldo José de Lima" ], "first_author": "J. Rösing", "venue": "RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)", "publisher": "RWTH Aachen University", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Public transport", "Demand forecasting", "Production (economics)", "Supply and demand", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2026-02627" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4406443931", "doi": "10.1017/aer.2026.10173", "title": "Vertiport terminal scheduling and throughput analysis for multiple surface directions", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ravi Raj Saxena", "Joy Kuri", "T. V. Prabhakar", "Manogna Yadav" ], "first_author": "Ravi Raj Saxena", "venue": "The Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "abstract": "Abstract Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles are gaining traction in both the delivery drone market and passenger transportation, driving the development of urban air mobility (UAM) systems. UAM seeks to alleviate road congestion in dense urban areas by leveraging urban airspace. To handle UAM traffic, vertiport terminals (vertiminals) play a critical role in supporting VTOL vehicle operations such as take-offs, landings, taxiing, passenger boarding, refuelling or charging and maintenance. Efficient scheduling algorithms are essential to manage these operations and optimise vertiminal throughput while ensuring safety protocols. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, which rely on runways for take-off and climbing in fixed directions, VTOL vehicles can utilise multiple surface directions for climbing and approach. This flexibility necessitates specialised scheduling methods. We propose a mixed integer linear programme (MILP) formulation to holistically optimise vertiminal operations, including taxiing, climbing (or approach) using multiple directions and turnaround at gates. The proposed MILP reduces delays by up to 50%. Additionally, we derive equations to compute upper bounds of the throughput capacity of vertiminals, considering its core elements: the touchdown and lift-off (TLOF) pad system, taxiway system and gate system. Our results demonstrate that the MILP achieves throughput levels consistent with the theoretical maximum derived from these equations. As a case study, we applied our throughput analysis on a vertiminal topology in the literature and used our MILP to find the optimal configuration. This dual approach, MILP and throughput analysis, allows for comprehensive capacity analysis without requiring simulations while enabling efficient scheduling through the MILP formulation.", "keywords": [ "Terminal (telecommunication)", "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Throughput", "Computer network", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematics", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.01152" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7214510533", "doi": null, "title": "Vertiport Siting Optimization for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Services", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Pierluigi Coppola", "Francesco De Fabiis" ], "first_author": "Pierluigi Coppola", "venue": "Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)", "publisher": "University of Castilla-La Mancha", "abstract": "The deployment of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) services has the potential to significantly reshape urban and regional transport systems by providing point-to-point fast connections. However, UAM services remain strongly dependent on ground-based infrastructure, namely vertiports, whose location critically affects service accessibility, demand levels, and economic viability. Existing studies often address vertiport siting from a single decision-making perspective, thereby overlooking the fact that different stakeholders (e.g., infrastructure managers and UAM operators) may adopt distinct optimality criteria when identifying the network configuration and its evolution over time. This study proposes a hybrid heuristic optimization framework for the joint determination of the number and spatial distribution of vertiports within a given study area. The framework integrates a multimodal demand model with a two-stage optimization procedure combining a genetic algorithm and an advanced greedy search. Two optimality criteria are modelled to reflect different decision-making preferences: the Vertiport Manager (VM), aiming to maximize infrastructure utilization through served demand, and the Transport Operator (TO), aiming to maximize revenues generated by distance-based passenger fares. The methodology is applied to the Lombardy Region (Italy), where a large-scale data collection campaign was conducted for the estimation of a multimodal mode choice model. Two main results emerge from the analysis.  First, although optimal mature vertiport network configurations tend to converge across the two decision-making logics, their development trajectories differ substantially in the early stages. TO-oriented strategies favor more spatially dispersed networks and longer connections, whereas VM-oriented strategies promote early densification in high-demand central corridors.  Second, the results show a rapid increase in UAM demand in the initial phases of network development, when only a limited number of vertiports are deployed. This growth is followed by a saturation phase, occurring around 9–12 vertiports, beyond which the addition of further sites generates marginal benefits that are insufficient, from a private perspective, to justify investment in new infrastructure. These findings reveal a potential tension between economic sustainability and stakeholders’ network development strategies, as financially viable network configurations may correspond to stages of network development in which differences between VM- and TO-oriented are most pronounced. This highlights the importance of coordinated planning of UAM deployment and demonstrates how pricing schemes and governance arrangements can act as key levers to steer network evolution.", "keywords": [ "Multimodal transport", "Heuristic", "Revenue", "Software deployment", "Service (business)", "Genetic algorithm", "Operator (biology)", "Mode (computer interface)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1327085" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2645038653", "doi": null, "title": "Conceptual and Preliminary Design of a Low-Cost Precision Aerial Delivery System", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-06-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Andrew B Hall" ], "first_author": "Andrew B Hall", "venue": "Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)", "publisher": "Naval Postgraduate School", "abstract": "The Army and Air Force have interest in the development of a Joint Precision Aerial Delivery System (JPADS) that could remotely and accurately resupply dispersed and geographically isolated ground forces. The Marine Corps has requested options that offer increased accuracy, lighter payloads, greater stand-off distances and reduced cost. To date, most research has resulted in a series of large, expensive and platform-specific solutions, which do not capitalize on the enhanced range and capability afforded by existing and commercially available unmanned aerial system technology. The systems engineering processes contained in the conceptual and preliminary design phases are utilized to investigate and develop a potentially low-cost alternative to existing systems. Using an Agile methodology, individual components are designed and incorporated into an integrated aerial system that utilizes an autonomously guided and controlled ram-air parachute delivered from an unmanned aerial platform. Employment of the low-cost micro-light weight class of JPADS has the potential to provide all services with a near-term platform to remotely deliver diverse logistical and sensor payloads while minimizing risk to forces.", "keywords": [ "Agile software development", "Systems engineering", "Conceptual design", "Range (aeronautics)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Remote sensing", "Simulation", "Marine engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Software engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10945/49478" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124133231", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18246176", "title": "Criteria for Vertiport Location in the Context of Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oscar Diaz Olariaga" ], "first_author": "Oscar Diaz Olariaga", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility is an emerging transport technology that involves the use of electric-propulsion aerial vehicles, capable of vertical take-off and landing, for the transport of passengers and cargo across urban and interurban routes. These aircraft will rely, as physical support for their operations, on a new (ground) infrastructure known as the vertiport. This thematic review formulates and analyzes a variety of criteria related to the development (location, configuration, and operation) of vertiports in the city, which will need to be considered by urban planners in their future planning and deployment in cities/regions once Urban Air Mobility is adopted and implemented. The criteria presented herein include, among others, location, design, regulations, safety, environmental impact, social acceptance, and equity.", "keywords": [ "Interurban", "Context (archaeology)", "Variety (cybernetics)", "Software deployment", "Air transport", "Urban planning", "Thematic map", "Urban infrastructure" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18246176" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4289524943", "doi": "10.46338/ijetae0822_24", "title": "Direction Stabilization and Simulation of an Aerial Delivery System with Ram-Air Parachute", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-08-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kemal Güven", "Andaç Töre Şamiloğlu" ], "first_author": "Kemal Güven", "venue": "International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The control of parachute systems is challenging problem due to the fact that the environmental conditions have a great impact on the system and they are in an under actuated structure. The time-consuming testing methods in the developed systems make simulation studies inevitable. In this study, a controller system to stabilize the direction of an aerial delivery system with Ram-Air Parachute is developed. First, a simulation platform is designed in MATLAB, Simulink. 6DOF vehicle model is used for simulation. The aerodynamic forces and moments on the vehicle are mathematically modelled and implemented. PID Controllers are developed to control yaw, yaw rate, and descent rate. The roll rate and pitch rate are the observed parameters to investigate the flight stability", "keywords": [ "Descent (aeronautics)", "PID controller", "MATLAB", "Controller (irrigation)", "Aerodynamics", "Control theory (sociology)", "Yaw", "Euler angles", "Computer science", "Simulation", "Stability (learning theory)", "Control system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0822_24" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168260166", "doi": "10.1109/tvcg.2026.3712668", "title": "VISTA : Exploring Vertiport Site Selection With Visual Analytics", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haipeng Zeng", "Wei Huang", "Xingyu Zhu", "Yanqing Peng", "Wenjie Shi", "Quan Li", "Shaorui Zhou" ], "first_author": "Haipeng Zeng", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The rapid development of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology is transforming urban air mobility (UAM), offering a promising solution for alleviating ground traffic congestion. However, the successful integration of eVTOLs into urban environments depends on the careful selection of vertiports, which must meet strict safety, operational, and environmental criteria. Traditional site selection methods often inadequately address the integration of three-dimensional spatial constraints into multi-criteria decision frameworks while simultaneously involving laborious repetitive workflows during location optimization processes. We present VISTA, a visual analytics framework designed to address these challenges. VISTA combines advanced 3D spatial analysis, multi-criteria decision-making, and interactive visualization tools to support informed decision-making in eVTOL site selection. By enabling users to explore and evaluate potential sites intuitively, VISTA facilitates the identification of the most suitable locations while balancing competing factors such as safety, accessibility, environmental impact, and cost. Further, VISTA allows users to iteratively adjust site selection based on localized constraints, while extrapolating these insights to broader, citywide planning considerations. Two case studies, along with expert interviews and a user study, demonstrate the practical application of VISTA in urban environments, highlighting its potential to streamline eVTOL deployment and enhance urban air mobility planning.", "keywords": [ "Visual analytics", "Data visualization", "Visualization", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Interactive visual analysis", "Information visualization" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3712668" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124162853", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18246175", "title": "Criteria for Vertiport Location in the Context of Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Oscar Diaz Olariaga" ], "first_author": "Oscar Diaz Olariaga", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility is an emerging transport technology that involves the use of electric-propulsion aerial vehicles, capable of vertical take-off and landing, for the transport of passengers and cargo across urban and interurban routes. These aircraft will rely, as physical support for their operations, on a new (ground) infrastructure known as the vertiport. This thematic review formulates and analyzes a variety of criteria related to the development (location, configuration, and operation) of vertiports in the city, which will need to be considered by urban planners in their future planning and deployment in cities/regions once Urban Air Mobility is adopted and implemented. The criteria presented herein include, among others, location, design, regulations, safety, environmental impact, social acceptance, and equity.", "keywords": [ "Interurban", "Context (archaeology)", "Variety (cybernetics)", "Software deployment", "Air transport", "Urban planning", "Thematic map", "Urban infrastructure" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18246175" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7208783888", "doi": "10.2514/1.d0586", "title": "VERTIM: A Framework for Vertiport Placement for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yashovardhan S. Chati", "Prasad Devkar", "Yamini Sharma", "Kirti Nikam", "Arunchandar Vasan" ], "first_author": "Yashovardhan S. Chati", "venue": "Journal of Air Transportation", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) with electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles can help address ground traffic congestion. Good selection of vertiports (where eVTOLs take off and land) is key for UAM adoption. Existing works on vertiport placement either do not consider UAM as part of a multimodal transportation setup or do not consider realistic flight trajectories and travel times of eVTOLs. Not considering these factors can result in suboptimal vertiport placement. We develop an optimization framework called VERTIM for vertiport placement. VERTIM aims to maximize travel time savings from UAM in a multimodal transportation setup. For an accurate and realistic travel time estimation, VERTIM computes time-optimal flight trajectories while considering a wind field, obstacles, and battery energy limitations. We demonstrate our framework in New York City and Bengaluru for travel to the respective city airports. Our experiments show that optimal vertiport placement can reduce multimodal taxi+eVTOL travel time by up to 50% over a taxi-only ride, depending on the city. We also observe that the eVTOL flight trajectories, the battery charge levels, the eVTOL wait times, the ground-taxi times, and the demand for travel to the airport all affect the achievable time savings and the optimal vertiport locations.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Key (lock)", "Travel time", "Air traffic control", "Air travel", "Takeoff and landing", "Battery capacity", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0586" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392359326", "doi": "10.1080/15568318.2024.2311125", "title": "Optimal planning of urban air mobility systems accounting for ground access trips", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Heeseung Shon", "Sanggyu Kim", "Jinwoo Lee" ], "first_author": "Heeseung Shon", "venue": "International Journal of Sustainable Transportation", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "The concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), an on-demand aviation service using air vehicles for urban short-distance trips, such as electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL), has recently drawn public attention as one of possible solutions to traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. We present an optimal planning framework for fleet size and vertiport numbers using generalized cost models of UAM trip chains with two different ground access modes for first and last mile trips, including taxis and robotaxis (i.e. autonomous taxis or shared autonomous vehicles). As it is a relatively new and untested mode of transportation, our research aims to provide a decision-making tool for initial UAM system planning and analysis of its economic feasibility, appropriately considering its unique characteristics, such as high free-flow speed, low circuity, needs for ground access, and specific cost factors, such as vertiport and electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft costs. Through a parametric study, we quantitatively examine the necessary conditions for UAM, with or without ridesharing, to become more economically viable than other ground-only modes. The study confirms that UAM can have potential economic benefits especially in large cities with longer average trip lengths and severe traffic congestion, where the average ground vehicle speed is low.", "keywords": [ "TRIPS architecture", "Transport engineering", "Metropolitan area", "Takeoff", "Traffic congestion", "Runway", "Taxis", "Public transport", "Aviation", "Electric vehicle", "Engineering", "Automotive engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 13, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2024.2311125" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7106288863", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17535122", "title": "CHOOSING THE RIGHT VERTIPORT LAYOUT: CAPACITY AND COST COMPARISON", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Mirković, Bojana", "Sindik, Matija" ], "first_author": "Mirković, Bojana", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Set (abstract data type)", "Measure (data warehouse)", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Matching (statistics)", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17535122" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405929854", "doi": "10.4287/jsprs.62.274", "title": "USE CASE OF 3D CITY MODEL IN THE VERTIPORT SELECTION FOR eVTOL", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yoji TAKAHASHI" ], "first_author": "Yoji TAKAHASHI", "venue": "Journal of the Japan society of photogrammetry and remote sensing", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The eVTOL has been developed around the world as a next generation air mobility. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) created the public-private conference for the future air mobility revolution on flying vehicles in 2018 to discuss for realization of eVTOL operations in Japan. This article describes the visualization of collision with the obstacle limitation surfaces and 3D city models using 3D computer graphics software.", "keywords": [ "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsprs/62/6/62_274/_pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4289399161", "doi": "10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.07.277", "title": "Safety Verification for Urban Air Mobility Scheduling", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Qinshuang Wei", "Gustav Nilsson", "Samuel Coogan" ], "first_author": "Qinshuang Wei", "venue": "IFAC-PapersOnLine", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "In Urban Air Mobility (UAM) networks, takeoff and landing sites, called vertiports, are likely to experience intermittent closures due to, e.g., adverse weather. For safety, it will be required that all in-transit Urban Air Vehicles (UAVs) in a UAM network have alternative landing sites in the event of a vertiport closure. In this paper, we propose analytical conditions for developing an efficient algorithm that, given a proposed UAM schedule, verifies whether all UAVs are able to safely reach a back-up landing site in the event of a vertiport closure without violating the limited landing capacity of each vertiport in the network. If safety verification is not possible, the algorithm returns a counterexample demonstrating the violation. Our solution allows for uncertain travel time between UAM vertiports and scales quadratically with the number of scheduled UAVs. We demonstrate our algorithm on a UAM network with up to 1,000 UAVs.", "keywords": [ "Takeoff", "Counterexample", "Computer science", "Takeoff and landing", "Event (particle physics)", "Schedule", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Real-time computing", "Closure (psychology)", "Mathematical optimization", "Engineering", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 5, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.07.277" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168175231", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21334509", "title": "Experimental investigation of wind effects on ground-level and rooftop vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "M. A. Neshat", "Mekdes T. Mengistu", "Edward Canepa", "D. Milani", "G. Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto" ], "first_author": "M. A. Neshat", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This work is part of the transnational access project \"ERIES – ERIES-WonV1\", supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project (www.eries.eu), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. This is ERIES publication number C114.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "European union", "Horizon", "European commission", "Context (archaeology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21334509" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400106467", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4879969", "title": "Vertiport Location Selection Criteria for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tülin MERCAN", "Volkan YAVAŞ", "Dilek CAN", "Yasin Mercan" ], "first_author": "Tülin MERCAN", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Engineering", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4879969" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161996549", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-26123-6_5", "title": "Bigraphical Model Checking for Coordinated Drone Landings on Vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Dominik Grzelak", "Tianxiong Zhang", "Uwe Aßmann" ], "first_author": "Dominik Grzelak", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Coordinating multiple drones for landing on vertiport-like infrastructures constitutes a general safety-critical swarm intelligence problem that combines discrete decision-making with domain-specific spatial occupancy constraints. Existing scheduling and control approaches often lack formal, executable correctness guarantees and remain loosely coupled to low-level control logic, making cyber-physical inconsistencies likely, especially when the number of drones increases. This work presents a formal and executable model for flight operation management of multiple tiny drones on multiple simplified vertiports based on bigraphical reactive systems. The proposed model captures both the spatial layout and the interactions among drones and the infrastructure, providing a unified understanding of a complex coordination problem. Compositionality enables the reconfiguration of takeoff and landing pad topologies, as well as fleet sizes, without altering the underlying rules. We employ model checking to generate the full state space from a set of initial states and verify safety invariants for 4 drones on a $$3\\times 7$$ grid, and 3 drones on a $$4\\times 5$$ grid. Landing success is formalized as a reachability condition. The compositional design of the specification facilitates reusability and modular verification, and the rule-based specification allows for execution of the traces of the proof.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Model checking", "Formal verification", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-26123-6_5" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4309490795", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-21062-4_32", "title": "Autonomous Landing Strategy for Vertiports: A Preliminary Case Study", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-11-18", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "A. Martinez", "Pedro J. Sanchez-Cuevas", "M. A. Trujillo", "A. Viguria" ], "first_author": "A. Martinez", "venue": "Lecture notes in networks and systems", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Raising (metalworking)", "Casuistry", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Systems engineering", "Transport engineering", "Political science", "Mechanical engineering", "Law" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21062-4_32" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162109624", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2605.21771", "title": "Secure Coordination for Vertiport Sequencing in Advanced Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-20", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jaehan Im", "Filippos Fotiadis", "Ufuk Topcu", "David Fridovich-Keil" ], "first_author": "Jaehan Im", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Advanced air mobility operations will require reliable coordination mechanisms for managing dense traffic near vertiports. However, sequencing decisions may become vulnerable when they rely on potentially falsified self-reported information such as estimated time of arrival. Self-interested vehicles may misreport their arrival times to obtain favorable landing priority, while malicious actors may spoof information to disrupt sequencing decisions or induce unnecessary congestion. This paper studies secure coordination for vertiport sequencing under sensing uncertainty. We consider a coordinator that combines self-reported Remote-ID information with externally obtained surveillance measurements to check reports and assign separation-feasible arrival schedules. Since surveillance-based estimates are uncertain, falsified reports may remain consistent with the sensing uncertainty region and cannot always be rejected outright. We therefore formulate sequencing as a robust design problem over this uncertainty region. Self-interested misreporting is modeled as a strategic deviation that improves the reporting vehicle's own sequencing outcome, whereas malicious spoofing is modeled as an adversarial disturbance that degrades the system-level objective. The final paper will develop robust sequencing rules over surveillance-consistent uncertainty sets and evaluate their performance in representative vertiport sequencing scenarios.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Arrival time", "Adversarial system", "Identification (biology)", "Robustness (evolution)", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.21771" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4403933640", "doi": "10.24867/symopis-2024-51-082", "title": "COLLECTING PARAMETERS RELEVANT FOR VERTIPORT SIZING AND CAPACITY FROM THE LITERATURE", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Bojana Mirković", "Matija Sindik" ], "first_author": "Bojana Mirković", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Sizing", "Computer science", "Chemistry" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.24867/symopis-2024-51-082" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2187515781", "doi": null, "title": "Delivery of toxic bait in clusters: a modified technique for aerial poisoning of small mammal pests", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Graham Nugent", "Grant A. Morriss" ], "first_author": "Graham Nugent", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Sowing 1080 baits for vertebrate pest control in clusters, rather than evenly, could potentially reduce toxin use. We developed a new technique for aerial delivery of 1080 baits in clusters and, in a set of four trials, compared its efficacy in controlling pests against conventional aerial broadcast baiting. In an initial trial where non-toxic prefeeding was not used (Molesworth Station, North Canterbury) we confirmed that aerial delivery of bait clusters is technically feasible and operationally practical. The reductions in possum activity indices achieved with cluster sowing (98.4%) were similar to those achieved with broadcasting sowing (97.8%), despite using 60% less 1080 bait (1 kg ha -1 ). Comparable efficacy against possums was also recorded in the Landsborough Valley, Westland, where aligned prefeeding and an even lower sowing rate of toxic bait were used (0.25 kg ha -1 ). In a third trial (Isolated Hill, Marlborough) the same cluster-sowing approach resulted in large reductions in possum and rat activity indices, but the possum reductions were more spatially variable than with broadcast baiting. At Maruia, Westland, near-total reductions in possum and rat activity were recorded with both broadcast and cluster sowing, even when there was a longer than usual interval (>30 days) between the aligned prefeeding and cluster baiting, and even when a wide (150 m) helicopter-flight-path spacing was used to reduce the cluster sowing rate of toxic bait to just 0.17 kg ha -1 (92% lower than the broadcast sowing rate used). These trials suggest that cluster baiting at lower-than-usual sowing rates could lower operational costs, and substantially reduce toxin usage, while maintaining high control efficacy against rats and possums in most cases. Reduced use of toxin might go some way to allaying public concerns over 1080 usage. Further operational testing is required to refine aerial cluster baiting and to identify the optimal balance between lowering costs and toxin use yet consistently achieving high control efficacy .", "keywords": [ "Sowing", "Cluster (spacecraft)", "Aerial application", "Biology", "Toxicology", "Integrated pest management", "Pest control", "PEST analysis", "Agronomy", "Ecology", "Pesticide", "Horticulture" ], "cited_by_count": 27, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/3083.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154969488", "doi": "10.1007/s42524-026-5302-4", "title": "Data-driven vertiport location optimization for urban air mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shaorui Zhou", "Jia Pan", "Min Zhao", "Lingxiao Wu", "Weiqing Li" ], "first_author": "Shaorui Zhou", "venue": "ENGINEERING Management", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract Urban air mobility (UAM), as an emerging transportation mode, represents an effective strategy to alleviate ground traffic congestion and is expected to be promoted globally in the coming years. This study focuses on the data-driven optimization of vertiport location. By integrating travel choice modeling with a three-phase multi-objective integer programming (TP-MOIP) model based on K -means clustering analysis, the study provides decision-making support for scientific vertiport network planning. The study combines revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) surveys, employing binomial logistic regression to analyze the probability of individuals choosing UAM, while introducing time value coefficients to identify potential user groups. Utilizing ride-hailing order data, potential vertiport locations were identified through K -means clustering. The developed TP-MOIP model simultaneously optimizes the objectives of demand coverage maximization and cost minimization across three implementation phases. Using Shenzhen as a case study, the feasibility of the proposed approach was validated. The results show that the average selection probability for UAM is 16.7%, with time-sensitive users being a critical demographic. In addition, the TP-MOIP model achieved a demand coverage rate of 88.21%. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the land cost budget has the most pronounced impact on demand coverage. This research establishes both theoretical foundations and practical methodologies for vertiport location optimization, offering substantial implications for advancing UAM development.", "keywords": [ "Minification", "Maximization", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Cluster analysis", "Preference", "Utility maximization", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Traffic congestion" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-026-5302-4" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113504674", "doi": null, "title": "Design and implementation of an urban vertiport network at Barcelona metropolitan area", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Duro Bayona, Joan" ], "first_author": "Duro Bayona, Joan", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": "This project focuses on the design of a vertiport network in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, aiming to integrate urban air mobility as part of the city’s public transportation system. With the increasing development of eVTOL aircraft and the rising global interest in urban air mobility, creating a strategically planned vertiport infrastructure is essential to support this emerging sector. The study considers key factors such as the geographical distribution of the metropolitan area, existing transportation networks, and population density to propose optimal locations for the vertiports. The objective is to enhance connectivity while reducing travel times and environmental impact. A demand analysis was conducted to estimate the potential operations at each vertiport, defining the frequency of flights and establishing efficient transport lines that interconnect the city and its surrounding areas. The project includes the 3D design of a representative vertiport, focusing on its layout and functional elements. Both the airside and landside components, including the number of pads and terminal facilities, were designed to optimize passenger flow and operational efficiency. Environmental considerations, such as minimizing noise pollution and integrating sustainable energy solutions, are also incorporated to ensure the vertiport network aligns with Barcelona’s urban development goals. Finally, an economic feasibility study analyzes the costs and benefits of implementing the vertiport network, demonstrating its potential long-term viability. This project provides an innovative framework for introducing vertiports in Barcelona, offering a practical and sustainable solution to enhance urban mobility while reducing the environmental footprint of transportation.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Public transport", "Footprint", "Population", "Ecological footprint", "Sustainable development", "Sustainable transport", "Flow network", "Sustainability", "Energy consumption" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/a2e61440-f687-4297-92f4-840ef3a3e581/download" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128117902", "doi": null, "title": "Comparing the performance of different vertiport topologies using discrete event simulation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Eva Feldhoff", "Giovanna Miceli Ronzani Borille", "Johannes Reichmuth" ], "first_author": "Eva Feldhoff", "venue": "RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)", "publisher": "RWTH Aachen University", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Network topology", "Event (particle physics)", "Noise (video)", "Topology (electrical circuits)", "Discrete event simulation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/981250" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4310382990", "doi": "10.3390/drones6120387", "title": "A Framework to Develop Urban Aerial Networks by Using a Digital Twin Approach", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-11-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Matteo Brunelli", "Chiara Caterina Ditta", "Maria Nadia Postorino" ], "first_author": "Matteo Brunelli", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The new concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and the emergent unmanned aerial vehicles are receiving more and more attention by several stakeholders for implementing new transport solutions. However, there are several issues to solve in order to implement successful UAM systems. Particularly, setting a suitable framework is central for including this new transportation system into the existing ones—both ground and aerial systems. Regulation and definition of aerial networks, but also the characterization of ground facilities (vertiports) to allow passengers and freight to access the services are among the most relevant issues to be discussed. To identify UAM transportation networks, suitably connected with ground transportation services, digital twin models could be adopted to support the modelling and simulation of existing—and expected—scenarios with constantly updated data for identifying solutions addressing the design and management of transport systems. In this perspective, a digital twin model applied to an existing urban context—the city of Bologna, in northern Italy—is presented in combination with a novel air transport network that includes the third dimension. The 3D Urban Air Network tries to satisfy the principle of linking origin/destination points by ensuring safe aerial paths and suitable aerial vehicle separations. It involves innovative dynamic links powered by a heuristic cost function. This work provides the initial framework to explore the integration of UAM services into realistic contexts, by avoiding the costs associated with flight simulations in reality. Moreover, it can be used for holistic analyses of UAM systems.", "keywords": [ "Context (archaeology)", "Computer science", "Heuristic", "Transport engineering", "Function (biology)", "Street network", "Dimension (graph theory)", "Drone", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 29, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/12/387/pdf?version=1669720890" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172219946", "doi": "10.21863/jscms/2026.15.1.004", "title": "Vertiport Location Problem for a Metropolitan City: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Meesala Ratan Babu", "Prasanna Ramamoorthy" ], "first_author": "Meesala Ratan Babu", "venue": "Journal of Supply Chain Management Systems", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a new transportation option that uses electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft to transport people and goods. It is an alternative mode of transportation that uses airspace and can potentially offer benefits such as faster connectivity, and reduced congestion within and between cities. The eVTOL system uses specialised infrastructure known as vertiports, located usually at the terrace of a building, to pick up and drop off passengers. This project aims to locate vertiports for a highly congested metropolitan city. We use unsupervised machine learning techniques for this purpose. Our analysis uses one million real-world New York City taxi records from 2010 which are publicly available.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Unsupervised learning", "Mode (computer interface)", "Traffic congestion", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21863/jscms/2026.15.1.004" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7134159629", "doi": null, "title": "Data-Driven Demand Analysis of Vertiport Infrastructure for Passenger Transportation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "J. Rösing", "Eva Christine Wille", "Idoaldo José de Lima" ], "first_author": "J. Rösing", "venue": "RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)", "publisher": "RWTH Aachen University", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Public transport", "Demand forecasting", "Production (economics)", "Supply and demand", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1029916" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163657232", "doi": "10.4208/aam.oa-2025-0021", "title": "The Location Optimization Problem of Urban Vertiports Based on Multimodal Transport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-05", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jing Jiang", "Yuzhen Guo", "Junjie Yao", "Xuhui Wang" ], "first_author": "Jing Jiang", "venue": "Annals of Applied Mathematics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The facility location problem of urban vertiports is one of the crucial issues in urban low-altitude traffic optimization decisions. In order to effectively alleviate ground traffic congestion and improve passenger travel quality, this study focuses on the urban vertiport location optimization problem considering multi-modal transport. An integer programming model with capacity constraints and vertiport classification constraints is established. The model aims to minimize both vertiport construction cost and passenger travel cost. The RLT method is applied to linearize the non-convex quadratic terms in the objective function. For the reformulated optimal model, a depth-first branch-and-bound algorithm is developed. A branching strategy using priority functions is defined to enhance solving efficiency. Simulation experiments are conducted in the main urban area of Nanjing in China to verify the effectiveness of the model and algorithm. Three location schemes are proposed from the perspective of passenger, investor and bilateral equilibrium. Numerical results indicate that the bilateral equilibrium scheme is satisfied with both passenger travel demand and vertiport construction requirement. A comparative analysis of multimodal transport and ground traffic demonstrates that multimodal transport significantly reduces travel time while keeping cost increases within acceptable limits. These findings fully validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed vertiport location scheme. The proposed schemes provide decision-making references for the strategic planning of urban air traffic infrastructure.", "keywords": [ "Scheme (mathematics)", "Multimodal transport", "Traffic congestion", "Order (exchange)", "Public transport", "Travel time", "Integer programming", "Optimization problem", "Quadratic programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.global-sci.com/aam/article/download/24338/37910" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4407413568", "doi": "10.2514/6.2025-1807", "title": "UTM Contingency Management Analysis and Mitigation Based on Strategic Vertiports Assignment", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jose Luis Munoz-Gamarra", "Juan José Ramos", "Zhiqiang Liu" ], "first_author": "Jose Luis Munoz-Gamarra", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This work analyzes how contingency management procedures based on Return to Launch (RTL) could impact the safety of the UTM system depending on traffic patterns and airspace structure. An improved contingency management approach, based on the strategic dynamic assignment of vertiports according to simultaneous flights, is also introduced and characterized. Finally, the safety impact of integrating dedicated contingency vertiports into the airspace network is analyzed. The proposed approach, tailored to traffic demand, is designed to maintain UTM as an ultra-safe system even in the case of off-nominal contingency threats.", "keywords": [ "Contingency", "Computer science", "Process management", "Operations research", "Business", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-1807" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386037065", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-32639-4_10", "title": "Acoustic Operational Monitoring of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Near Vertiports", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vitalii Makarenko", "Vadim I. Tokarev" ], "first_author": "Vitalii Makarenko", "venue": "Sustainable aviation", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Collision", "Resampling", "Computer science", "Compensation (psychology)", "Signature (topology)", "SIGNAL (programming language)", "Real-time computing", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer security", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32639-4_10" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2558434907", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0167144", "title": "Field Trial of an Aerially-Distributed Tuberculosis Vaccine in a Low-Density Wildlife Population of Brushtail Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-11-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Graham Nugent", "Ivor J. Yockney", "E. J. Whitford", "Martin L. Cross", "Frank E. Aldwell", "Bryce M. Buddle" ], "first_author": "Graham Nugent", "venue": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "abstract": "Oral-delivery Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in a lipid matrix has been shown to confer protection against M. bovis infection and reduce the severity of tuberculosis (TB) when fed to brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), the major wildlife vector of bovine TB in New Zealand. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of aerial delivery of this live vaccine in bait form to an M. bovis-infected wild possum population, and subsequently assess vaccine uptake and field efficacy. Pre-trial studies indicated a resident possum population at very low density (<0.6 possums/ha) at the field site, with a 5.1% prevalence of macroscopic TB lesions. Pilot studies indicated that flavoured lipid matrix baits in weather-proof sachets could be successfully sown aerially via helicopter and were palatable to, and likely to be consumed by, a majority of wild possums under free-choice conditions. Subsequently, sachet-held lipid baits containing live BCG vaccine were sown at 3 baits/ha over a 1360 ha area, equating to >5 baits available per possum. Blood sampling conducted two months later provided some evidence of vaccine uptake. A necropsy survey conducted one year later identified a lower prevalence of culture-confirmed M. bovis infection and/or gross TB lesions among adult possums in vaccinated areas (1.1% prevalence; 95% CI, 0-3.3%, n = 92) than in unvaccinated areas (5.6%; 0.7-10.5%, n = 89); P = 0.098. Although not statistically different, the 81% efficacy in protecting possums against natural infection calculated from these data is within the range of previous estimates of vaccine efficacy in trials where BCG vaccine was delivered manually. We conclude that, with further straightforward refinement to improve free-choice uptake, aerial delivery of oral BCG vaccine is likely to be effective in controlling TB in wild possums. We briefly discuss contexts in which this could potentially become an important complementary tool in achieving national eradication of TB from New Zealand wildlife.", "keywords": [ "Brushtail possum", "Field trial", "Wildlife", "Population", "Population density", "Biology", "Zoology", "Ecology", "Medicine", "Marsupial", "Environmental health", "Agronomy" ], "cited_by_count": 24, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0167144&type=printable" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2807709844", "doi": "10.1155/2018/8640674", "title": "A Laser-Based Noncontact Vibration Technique for Health Monitoring of Structural Cables: Background, Success, and New Developments", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-06-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Armin B. Mehrabi", "Saman Farhangdoust" ], "first_author": "Armin B. Mehrabi", "venue": "Advances in Acoustics and Vibration", "publisher": "Hindawi Publishing Corporation", "abstract": "Structural cables are susceptible to the effects of high stress concentrations, corrosion, and wind-induced and other vibrations. Cables are normally the most critical elements in a cable-supported structure and their well-being is very important in the health of the structure. The laser-based vibration technique discussed in this paper is a means for health monitoring of cables and therefore the entire cable-supported structure. This technique uses a noncontact remote sensing laser vibrometer for collecting cable vibration data from distances of up to several hundreds of feet and determines its dynamic characteristics including vibration frequencies and damping ratios. A formulation specifically developed for structural cables capable of accounting for important cable parameters is then used to calculate the cable force. Estimated forces in the cables are compared to previously measured forces or designer’s prediction to detect patterns associated with damage to the cable itself and/or changes to the structure elsewhere. The estimated damping ratios are also compared against predefined criteria to infer about susceptibility against wind-induced vibrations and other vibrations. The technique provides rapid, effective, and accurate means for health monitoring of cable-supported structures. It determines the locations and elements with potential damage and the need for detailed and hands on inspection. To date, the technique has been used successfully for evaluation of twenty-five major bridges in the US and abroad. Though originally devised for condition assessment of stay cables, it has been developed further to include a variety of systems and conditions among them structural hanger ropes in suspension, truss, and arch supported bridges, ungrouted stay cables, cables with cross-ties, and external posttensioning tendons in segmental bridge construction. It has also found a valuable place in construction-phase activities for verification of forces in tension elements with minimal efforts. Future endeavors for automation and aerial delivery are being considered for this technique.", "keywords": [ "Laser Doppler vibrometer", "Vibration", "Structural health monitoring", "Structural engineering", "Engineering", "Acoustics", "Laser", "Physics", "Laser beams", "Optics" ], "cited_by_count": 52, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2018/8640674.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7202396720", "doi": "10.1049/icp.2026.2965", "title": "Vertiport site selection for urban air taxis based on MCLP", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Fei Ma", "Xiaoyu Xiao" ], "first_author": "Fei Ma", "venue": "IET conference proceedings.", "publisher": "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "abstract": "Against the backdrop of the low-altitude economy, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as an innovative three-dimensional travel solution to alleviate ground traffic congestion. Urban air taxis represent one of the primary application scenarios for UAM development, and their practical implementation hinges on the scientific layout of vertiports. This study proposes a vertiport site selection optimization method based on the Maximum Coverage Location Problem (MCLP), aiming to achieve a dual-objective balance between minimizing the number of facilities and maximizing passenger flow coverage rate. Taking Shenzhen as the research case, 24 high-demand centers are identified using the K-Means algorithm based on ground taxi Origin-Destination (OD) data, and the integer programming method is applied to obtain the optimal solution. The results show that under the constraint of a 3-kilometer service radius, the deployment of 10 vertiports can cover 78.50% of the core passenger flow. The average service distance of each vertiport ranges from 1.52 km to 2.96 km, with a weighted average service distance for all covered demand centers being 2.35 km. This layout scheme is highly compatible with Shenzhen’s functional zoning and development planning, which can provide a data-driven decision-making tool for UAM infrastructure planning in high-density cities and facilitate the high-quality development of the low-altitude economy.", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "Site selection", "Selection (genetic algorithm)", "Software deployment", "Zoning", "Constraint (computer-aided design)", "Service (business)", "Integer programming" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2026.2965" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161034939", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20172044", "title": "Vertiport Placement for Urban Air Mobility to Reduce Time for Multimodal Travel", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yashovardhan S. Chati", "Sharma Yamini", "Kirti Nikam", "Prasad Devkar", "Arunchandar Vasan" ], "first_author": "Yashovardhan S. Chati", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Air travel", "Field (mathematics)", "Key (lock)", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20172044" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W342055209", "doi": null, "title": "C-141A ENGINEERING FLIGHT TEST RESULTS OF THE AERIAL DELIVERY SYSTEM TESTS", "year": 1966, "publication_date": "1966-02-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "J W Pieper", "J. Hobbs" ], "first_author": "J W Pieper", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Aerial delivery systems tests were accomplished with the C-141A, AF63-8077 (LAC 6008) at the Naval Air Facility, El Centro, California. These tests consisted of personnel delivery drops (dummy drops), extraction line length tests, extraction parachute tow tests, single package cargo drops, and multiple package cargo drops. Qualitative evaluations, airplane response parameters, and airplane loads obtained during these tests are contained in this report.", "keywords": [ "Airplane", "Marine engineering", "Engineering", "Drop test", "Flight test", "Aeronautics", "Environmental science", "Meteorology", "Aerospace engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0633249" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3035315857", "doi": null, "title": "PROPELLANT ACTUATED DEVICE (PAD) ASSISTED PARACHUTE SYSTEM FOR AERIAL DELIVERY OF CARGO.", "year": 1963, "publication_date": "1963-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "C. J. Litz" ], "first_author": "C. J. Litz", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The feasibility of using existing propellant actuated device (PAD) type rockets and other appurtenances, such as ground sensor and safe arming systems was investigated to reduce the ground contact velocity of air-delivered cargo. Specifically considered were cargo loads in the range of 2000 to 35,000 lb which were decelerated by parachute to a velocity of 40 to 60 fps; then, by the use of PAD type retrorockets, the velocity was to be further reduced to 25 fps just prior to ground contact. Results of the study indicated that an aerial recoevery system consisting of parachutes and PAD type retrorockets can provide a reduction of approximately 60 percent in weight and volume and, also, provide a saving in cost when compared to the all-parachute recovery system. (Author)", "keywords": [ "Propellant", "Cartridge", "Armour", "Materials science", "Mechanical engineering", "Forensic engineering", "Engineering", "Structural engineering", "Composite material", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0415227" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1837619136", "doi": "10.21236/ada622123", "title": "Design, Development, and Evaluation of the Helicopter Sling Load Rapid Aerial Delivery Equipment", "year": 2015, "publication_date": "2015-09-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marc Tardiff", "George Matook", "Daniel Nyren" ], "first_author": "Marc Tardiff", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : This report documents a 4-year program, completed in May 2013 by the Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), to develop and verify the capability to deploy multiple parachute systems from a structure suspended beneath a rotary wing aircraft. The concept is to suspend a range of bundle types, rigged for aerial delivery, from a structure and release them remotely. The development and verification process included payload releases from a helicopter and a crane prior to frame design, modeling and finite element analyses during design, and ground testing and flight maneuvers and airdrop tests of the frame and release system to identify shortcomings, make adjustments, and ultimately provide proof of concept. The tests demonstrated that the concept is feasible. Consequently, it is recommended that development of multiple payload airdrop beneath helicopters be continued at varying forward airspeeds to increase the resupply capability and mission flexibility of rotary wing aircraft and their passengers. The continued testing should incorporate payloads with varying densities to identify any further payload interaction issues that need to be addressed. Testing should also incorporate different fielded parachute systems to ensure these are compatible with the multiple payload airdrop concept. It is also recommended to expand the capability to unmanned systems.", "keywords": [ "Sling (weapon)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Structural engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ada622123" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3120309740", "doi": null, "title": "Learning-based Wind Estimation using Distant Soundings for Unguided Aerial Delivery", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-12-01", "type": "conference-abstract", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mitchell Plyler", "Kerri Cahoy", "K. Angermueller", "Dayong Chen", "Natasha Markuzon" ], "first_author": "Mitchell Plyler", "venue": "AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts", "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Remote sensing", "Estimation", "Computer science", "Meteorology", "Geology", "Artificial intelligence", "Geography", "Engineering", "Systems engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNG33A1854P/abstract" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1533710741", "doi": null, "title": "C-130 DUAL RAIL AERIAL DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR HEAVY EQUIPMENT DROP", "year": 1962, "publication_date": "1962-05-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Thomas A. Olson" ], "first_author": "Thomas A. Olson", "venue": "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The results of an evaluation of a C-130 dual rail modification for a fixed pin 108-in. platform usage for single unit drops in the range of 27,500 to 35,000 lbs., an evaluation of the fixed pin 108-in. Comex combat expendable platform,AND EVALUATION OF FLYING QUALITIES (stability and control) of the C- 130B during heavy drop aerial delivery. Force-time histories during parachute deployment and opening in the individual load suspension slings and parachute risers were obtained. Tests determined that the Aerial Unloading Kit, Model AF/ A32H-1, although generally functionally suitable for use with the equipment tested, should not be accepted for operational use until the modifications as recommended in this report are accomplished. The 24-ft. Comex platform is suitable for air drops of unit loads of from 27,500 to 35,000 pounds. Inadequate instrumentation prevented the determination of any flight safety conditions involving the exceeding of design limitations of the aircraft when air dropping unit loads with weights ranging from 27,500 to 35,000 lbs. Test results also indicate that the AR/AAV vehicle can be dropped from a C-130B aircraft without encountering any aircraft load-clearance problems.", "keywords": [ "Drop (telecommunication)", "Marine engineering", "Software deployment", "Drop test", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Fixed wing", "Suspension (topology)", "Range (aeronautics)", "Environmental science", "Simulation", "Aeronautics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0276443" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161571606", "doi": "10.4231/abfx-ad20", "title": "STADT v1.0: Code for Building-Level Aerial Delivery Demand Scenario Generation", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-15", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Javid Mardanov", "Takaharu Igarashi", "Karen Marais" ], "first_author": "Javid Mardanov", "venue": "Purdue University Research Repository", "publisher": "Purdue University West Lafayette", "abstract": "STADT (Spatio-Temporal Aerial Delivery Demand Tracker) is a configurable scenario-building framework for generating building-level demand inputs for last-mile aerial cargo operations using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). This dataset provides the Python implementation of STADT used in the associated study, enabling reproducible construction of spatially and temporally explicit demand scenarios. The model integrates geospatial building data and demographic information with scenario-specific parameters to estimate building-level demand potential and simulate individual order occurrences over time using an inhomogeneous Poisson process (IHPP). Rather than performing demand forecasting, STADT is designed to support scenario generation under configurable assumptions, allowing users to explore how different spatial distributions, temporal patterns, and demand drivers affect system-level behavior. The implementation supports fine-grained analyses by producing outputs at the level of individual buildings and timestamps, making it suitable as an input to downstream operational models, including routing, scheduling, fleet sizing, airspace management, and multi-operator coordination studies. The framework emphasizes flexibility and transparency, allowing users to modify key parameters such as income–demand response, temporal variation functions, and overall demand levels to construct diverse hypothetical scenarios. This dataset includes the core model implementation, documentation, and execution interface required to run STADT with user-provided input data. No geospatial or demographic datasets are distributed with this repository. Users are expected to supply building footprint data (e.g., from OpenStreetMap) and demographic data (e.g., from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey) in the specified formats. The code assumes that preprocessing steps such as building usage classification and height estimation have been performed or approximated by the user. The implementation includes minimal fallback mechanisms (e.g., default building height assumptions and automatic computation of building footprint area using an estimated projected coordinate system) to ensure robustness across datasets, but these are intended for convenience rather than high-fidelity estimation. The framework is designed to be modular, allowing alternative preprocessing pipelines or more advanced data sources to be integrated as needed. This work was developed as part of a NASA University Leadership Initiative (ULI) project. The views and conclusions contained in this dataset are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies or endorsements of NASA. The dataset is intended for research and educational use in the analysis and design of large-scale aerial cargo operations and related urban logistics systems. ", "keywords": [ "Geospatial analysis", "Python (programming language)", "Preprocessor", "Leverage (statistics)", "Key (lock)", "Process (computing)", "Spatial analysis", "Demand patterns" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4231/abfx-ad20" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415292739", "doi": "10.2749/ghent.2025.2145", "title": "Parametric Study on a Floating Vertiport Anchored with Taut Mooring Lines", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Jeong-Gon Kim", "Soo-Min Kim", "Dohyun Choi", "Joo Hyun Park", "Ho-Kyung Kim" ], "first_author": "Jeong-Gon Kim", "venue": "Report", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is increasingly recognized as a viable solution to urban congestion. The establishment of vertiports is essential to support the vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) of UAM vehicles. However, the limited availability of land in urban areas presents a challenge. Floating vertiports offer a promising alternative by utilizing offshore spaces. This study presents a conceptual design of a floating vertiport secured with taut mooring lines. The design prioritizes platform stability and operational feasibility. The study examines hydrodynamic responses and evaluates mooring line configurations to prevent excessive platform motion and mooring failure. The results indicate that the floating vertiport can remain stable under significant wave heights of up to 2 meters, ensuring safe VTOL operations.", "keywords": [ "Mooring", "Submarine pipeline", "Parametric statistics", "Conceptual design", "Line (geometry)", "Computational fluid dynamics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2025.2145" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7171717774", "doi": "10.1016/j.tre.2026.105103", "title": "Vertiport capacity planning and operations for urban air mobility commuting", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mengxin Qin", "Tie‐Qiao Tang", "Tao Wang", "Shangwu Wen", "黄海军" ], "first_author": "Mengxin Qin", "venue": "Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Capacity planning", "Urban planning", "Transportation planning", "Mathematical model", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.105103" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3093691575", "doi": "10.4050/f-0076-2020-16410", "title": "A Life-Cycle Economic Study of eVTOL Air Taxi Service in the U.S. North-East Region", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-10-05", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nate Sirirojvisuth", "Cedric Y. Justin", "Simon I. Briceño" ], "first_author": "Nate Sirirojvisuth", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Urban/Advanced Air Mobility (UAM/AAM) transportation concept has been studied and shown to offer advantages in travel time-savings to individuals over the automobile, mass transit, and in many cases, commercial air transport alternatives. This paper presents a study of this new market using a parametric approach that accounts for the performance of Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, takeoff and landing infrastructure (vertiports), and the demand for ridership given a ticket price and time saved. One of the key mode choice drivers in switching from existing transportation options to an AAM service is the value gained in saving time, which is also tightly correlated with people's income level. The analysis framework can facilitate market feasibility analysis by considering various scenarios and constraints. The results suggest that near-term profitability is possible even though vertiport throughput capacities are limited by existing footprint and operational constraints. Vertiport expansion can increase throughput and demand up to a point of maximum aircraft utilization. This new limit is due in part to ground turnaround time and battery charging requirements. Improvement in battery charging rates or implementing battery swap strategies could dramatically improve profitability while maximizing vehicle utilization. As operations increase to hundreds of flights at certain vertiports, local airspace congestion and aircraft vertiport mobility become the next bottleneck.", "keywords": [ "Profitability index", "Takeoff", "Electric vehicle", "Computer science", "Takeoff and landing", "Transport engineering", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Automotive engineering", "Business", "Engineering", "Finance", "Operations management" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/F-0076-2020-16410" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7110515784", "doi": null, "title": "German Aerospace Center's (DLR's) Research on U-space and Vertiports", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Schuchardt, Bianca Isabella", "Nagrare, Samiksha Rajkumar" ], "first_author": "Schuchardt, Bianca Isabella", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "German Aerospace Center (DLR) is a leading research and technology centre in Germany for aeronautics, space, energy, transport, and defence research. It comprises over 51 institutes located in 30 cities across Germany. One of the areas of research in DLR focuses on developing Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) solutions, with results and innovations bringing benefits for industries, authorities, and public stakeholders. Within DLR, the concept of IAM is designed to offer innovative solutions for mobility as a part of several projects conducted at DLR. The HorizonUAM project [2020-2023] provided initial answers to the vision of urban air transport, focusing on aspects such as vehicles, infrastructure, operation and public acceptance. Similarly, project VERTIFIED (Vertiport Research Infrastructure for Innovation Exploration and Demonstration) [2024-2028] deals with creating a concept to build an actual demonstrator for two vertiport types at the National Test Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (DLR Cochstedt site at Magdeburg-Cochstedt Airport), enabling take-off and landing of Vertical take-off and landing Capable Aircraft (VCA) and interfacing with other modes of transport. On the other hand, the IAM-OSA (Innovative Air Mobility for Optimal Sustainability and Accessibility) project [2025-2027] expands the scope by seamlessly integrating IAM into existing transport systems and researching safe autonomy, safe communication, and navigation. IAM-OSA and VERTIFIED will be tested together using simulations in fast time, real time, and scaled flight tests. Additionally, DLR focuses on U-space by implementing a U-space airspace at the DLR's Cochstedt site in the form of a sandbox laboratory. Therefore, the interdisciplinary research demonstration of vertiports offers the opportunity to increase collaborations with external stakeholders. DLR is thus ideally positioned to develop new mobility concepts to maintain and expand a high standard of living in Germany and Europe.", "keywords": [ "Scope (computer science)", "Aerospace", "Interfacing", "German", "Research center", "Drone", "Sustainability", "Airframe" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/215408/" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7197296179", "doi": null, "title": "Describing the complexities of developing an eVTOL’s turnaround concept of operations at vertiports", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Carlos Esteban Navarro" ], "first_author": "Carlos Esteban Navarro", "venue": "CERES (Cranfield University)", "publisher": "Cranfield University", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a transformative shift in short-distance transportation, promising fast, sustainable and congestion-free travel using electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. While significant progress has been made in airspace integration and aircraft development, limited attention has been given to ground operations, specifically, the turnaround process at vertiports. This research addresses that gap by exploring the operational, infrastructural and regulatory complexities of eVTOL turnaround, with the aim of supporting the development of a Concept of Operations (ConOps). The study begins with a comprehensive analysis of eVTOL typologies, vertiport classifications and turnaround practices from both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aviation. A thematic literature review reveals a lack of standardised procedures and highlights emerging challenges related to infrastructure, charging, stakeholder roles and scalability. To gain deeper insight, six semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders across consultancy, regulation, manufacturers, infrastructure and ground support services. These were analysed using thematic analysis supported by NVivo software. Findings indicate that eVTOL turnaround is not directly comparable to existing aviation models. Key differentiators include the dominance of electric charging or battery swapping, limited standardisation, the evolving regulatory environment and the need for automation. Stakeholders identified major challenges in assigning responsibilities, ensuring coordination and integrating safety protocols, particularly under constraints of infrastructure size and electricity availability. The study concludes that the development of a flexible, scalable turnaround ConOps is essential for the viability of UAM. While current uncertainties limit the finalisation of standard procedures, early planning and stakeholder engagement can facilitate safer and more efficient operations.", "keywords": [ "Stakeholder", "Thematic analysis", "Transformative learning", "Electricity", "Dominance (genetics)", "Process (computing)", "Sustainability", "SAFER", "Sustainable development" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/25005" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4392175459", "doi": "10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437867", "title": "An IoT-Assisted Efficient Framework for Multi-Drone Conveyance System", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-12-04", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jagnyashini Debadarshini", "Sudipta Saha" ], "first_author": "Jagnyashini Debadarshini", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "In the near future, a multi-drone conveyance system will be an invaluable asset for meeting a variety of local and lightweight transportation needs. Recent research has focused extensively on the design and development of efficient multi-drone conveyance systems. However, the majority of these works rely on centralized cloud-based support, which is significantly susceptible to various single-point-of-failure-related issues. In this paper, a distributed IoT-assisted framework for multi-drone transportation is proposed. However, a successful distributed implementation of the system requires extensive coordination between its various components. Particularly, the drones need to tightly collaborate with the stations where they can temporarily halt for charging, referred to as Charging and Resting Stations (CRS). In this paper, we propose utilizing recent advancements in Synchronous-Transmission (ST)-based communication strategies to realize a fast and energy-efficient communication backbone for multi-drone transportation systems. Through the implementation of a simple dynamic path planning strategy, we demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the implementation of the multi-drone system using conventional communication strategies in terms of delivery time and reliability. In addition, we demonstrate that the strategy not only handles random conveyance assignments efficiently but also fairly distributes the load across the CRSs.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Internet of Things", "Computer security" ], "cited_by_count": 9, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437867" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414489187", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2508.12651", "title": "The Maximum Coverage Model and Recommendation System for UAV Vertiports Location Planning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-18", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chunliang Hua", "Hu, Xiao", "Sun, Jiayang", "Yang, Zeyuan" ], "first_author": "Chunliang Hua", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "As urban aerial mobility (UAM) infrastructure development accelerates globally, cities like Shenzhen are planning large-scale vertiport networks (e.g., 1,200+ facilities by 2026). Existing planning frameworks remain inadequate for this complexity due to historical limitations in data granularity and real-world applicability. This paper addresses these gaps by first proposing the Capacitated Dynamic Maximum Covering Location Problem (CDMCLP), a novel optimization framework that simultaneously models urban-scale spatial-temporal demand, heterogeneous user behaviors, and infrastructure capacity constraints. Building on this foundation, we introduce an Integrated Planning Recommendation System that combines CDMCLP with socio-economic factors and dynamic clustering initialization. This system leverages adaptive parameter tuning based on empirical user behavior to generate practical planning solutions. Validation in a Chinese center city demonstrates the effectiveness of the new optimization framework and recommendation system. Under the evaluation and optimization of CDMCLP, the quantitative performance of traditional location methods are exposed and can be improved by 38\\%--52\\%, while the recommendation system shows user-friendliness and the effective integration of complex elements. By integrating mathematical rigor with practical implementation considerations, this hybrid approach bridges the gap between theoretical location modeling and real-world UAM infrastructure planning, offering municipalities a pragmatic tool for vertiport network design.", "keywords": [ "Cluster analysis", "Granularity", "Recommender system", "Urban planning", "Capacity planning", "Business system planning", "Optimization problem" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.12651" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2387397661", "doi": null, "title": "An Aerial Delivery Areas-Choosing Method for Multi-LAVs Based on Improved GA", "year": 2012, "publication_date": "2012-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jie Li" ], "first_author": "Jie Li", "venue": "Computer Engineering and Science", "publisher": "National University of Defense Technology", "abstract": "In this paper,a multi-LAVs' aerial delivery areas-choosing method is put forward.This method takes the performance of LAV,especially minimum turning radius,into consideration,using AHP to determine the wight of targets,using Dubins' path as the method of single LAV's path planning.The simulation results show that LAVs can reach the target located at the longest distance within the minimum time,the rapidity of convergence and convergence rate of solving aerial delivery problem is increased.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Convergence (economics)", "Motion planning", "Path (computing)", "RADIUS", "Mathematical optimization", "Simulation", "Operations research", "Artificial intelligence", "Mathematics", "Robot", "Computer network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JSJK201206031.htm" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4385819688", "doi": "10.1109/tte.2023.3305022", "title": "Wireless Electrification System for Photovoltaic Powered Autonomous Drone Charging", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Prithvi Krishna Chittoor", "Bharatiraja Chokkalingam" ], "first_author": "Prithvi Krishna Chittoor", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "The future is moving toward fully autonomous drone transportation-delivery systems. However, handling the charging of a large number of drones is still a pivotal problem in the drone charging infrastructure. The wired charging or battery-swapping method requires a large number of people or machines moving around the pad, creating obstructions for drones during landing and takeoff. In this article, a novel Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) structure is developed. The proposed system concentrates on wirelessly charging drones on the rooftop of the building and utilizing the wall space for electrification. However, the BIPV panels are subjected to shading effects from upper panels, reduced solar irradiations due to panel inclination, and the effect of temperature from the wall surface reflected solar irradiations. In the proposed experiment, four BIPV panel placements are compared for generating maximum output for the charging station. The proposed system transferred 120 W wirelessly with 88.6% power transfer efficiency at 10 mm vertical displacement. The BIPV concept has the potential to create an autonomous wireless charging environment for multiple drones for high-rise buildings with limited roof area. Furthermore, the article presents an economic analysis for cost-saving and reducing CO2emissions.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Building-integrated photovoltaics", "Photovoltaic system", "Electrification", "Roof", "Wireless", "Photovoltaics", "Electrical engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 20, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2023.3305022" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2088214339", "doi": "10.2514/1.15692", "title": "Noise-Minimum Runway-Independent Aircraft Approach Design for Baltimore-Washington International Airport", "year": 2006, "publication_date": "2006-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Min Xue", "Ella M. Atkins" ], "first_author": "Min Xue", "venue": "Journal of Aircraft", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "abstract": "Vertical or short takeoff and landing aircraft can increase passenger throughput at major urban airports via the use of vertiports or stub runways. The concept of simultaneous noninterfering operations has been proposed to reduce traffic delays by creating approach and departure corridors that do not intersect existing fixed-wing routes. This paper introduces an optimization technique for segmented three-dimensional simultaneous noninterfering trajectory design based on an incremental search strategy that combines a k-ary tree with Dijkstra's algorithm. Existing fixed-wing traffic corridors are modeled as impenetrable obstacles. The objective function is based on a validated AH-1 rotorcraft noise model as well as terminal area population density data. Flight envelope limits are represented as search-space constraints. Candidate final approach trajectories for Baltimore-Washington International (BWI) Airport are presented, illustrating the effects of population density, entry region, and varied number of trajectory segments on the optimal result. The modeling and optimization technique presented in this paper will provide airport and airspace designers with a host of alterative trajectory options for analysis of potential landing sites, associated traffic procedures, and entry options, as shown by the presented BWI case study.", "keywords": [ "Runway", "Takeoff and landing", "Takeoff", "Air traffic control", "Engineering", "Population", "Trajectory", "Computer science", "Flight envelope", "Transport engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics" ], "cited_by_count": 25, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/1.15692" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404411248", "doi": "10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749114", "title": "Ground-Corrected Barometric Vertical Navigation System for Vertiport Operations", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Samuel Heilein", "Omar García Crespillo" ], "first_author": "Samuel Heilein", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The vertical separation of air vehicles from the ground, obstacles and other air space participants is critical for safe urban air mobility (UAM) flight operations. In particular, the reliable computation of vertical position plays a key role during take-offs and landings at vertiports for future air taxis. In this work, we investigate and design a barometric system for altitude determination. The system consists of an airborne barometer and a ground station transmitting pressure and temperature to the air vehicle. The system is designed to compensate for residual sensor calibration biases and altitude computation errors originating from the underlying atmospheric model. Altitude is estimated over time using an extended Kalman filter, for which barometric noise errors have been carefully considered. The performance of the developed barometric vertical navigation system is evaluated with real test flight data collected at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) National Experimental Test Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems. The results obtained for ground-corrected barometric geodetic altitudes suggest that the system can be used for redundant altitude determination during vertiport operations, especially in the case of GNSS interference. It also supports the harmonization of altitudes for a common altitude reference system.", "keywords": [ "Remote sensing", "Geodesy", "Computer science", "Atmospheric model", "Environmental science", "Geology", "Aerospace engineering", "Meteorology", "Physics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc62030.2024.10749114" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2574851492", "doi": null, "title": "HELICOPTER SYSTEM INVENTORY AND VERTIPORT FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON", "year": 1992, "publication_date": "1992-07-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "M. S. Moran" ], "first_author": "M. S. Moran", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Environmental science", "Geography", "Archaeology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://trid.trb.org/view/369223" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3021408769", "doi": "10.1109/dasc43569.2019.9081655", "title": "Integrated Routing and Charging Scheduling for Autonomous Electric Aerial Vehicle System", "year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-09-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jun Chen" ], "first_author": "Jun Chen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Autonomous electric aerial vehicles (EAVs) are expected to bring fundamental changes to city infrastructures and daily commutes. Currently, the EAVs, including the delivery drones and the electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) air taxi, are all under limited battery endurance and vertiport capacity, which is insufficient for long-range commutes. In this paper, we propose a joint scheduling methodology to handle the optimal routing and charging tasks for the Autonomous Electric Aerial Vehicle System. By considering the unique characteristics of on-demand EAVs, the joint optimization problem can effectively utilize the system's resources. The problem is formulated by integrating charging features into the classic vehicle routing problem with time windows. To make it easy to solve, we further transform the nonlinear problem to a mixed integer linear program. The problem formulation and the operational constraints are both well validated through comprehensive simulations.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Scheduling (production processes)", "Electric vehicle", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Real-time computing", "Computer network", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc43569.2019.9081655" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213652329", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.22848616", "title": "EQUISITE: equity-aware vertiport siting for urban air mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-20", "type": "software", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Mohan Long" ], "first_author": "Mohan Long", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "EQUISITE (EQUIty-aware SITE selection) is the code and data pipeline behind a study on where to place urban air mobility vertiports in Chengdu, China. The name is not an initialism of the four stages. The problem it addresses is narrow but awkward. Vertiport siting studies optimise coverage or cost, and treat equity as a post-hoc check on whatever the optimiser produced. Here the access time of the worst-off income group is one of the four objectives the search actually solves for. Separately, rooftop and ground vertiports have opposite cost structures and are modelled as two distinct facility classes inside one optimisation. The pipeline runs in four stages: (1) GIS candidate screening from OpenStreetMap, satellite-derived building heights and terrain, separately for rooftops and ground parcels; (2) K-means demand stratification, with population redistributed onto buildings and converted to trips by a mode-choice model; (3) exact 0-1 integer programming for the policy-constrained cases; (4) NSGA-II search over four objectives — unserved demand, total access time, worst-group access time, and capital cost. The archive contains the full pipeline, the Chengdu configuration, every output table and run log cited in the paper, the single-objective baselines (p-median, p-center, MCLP, set covering), and the diagnostic scripts used to locate three silent failure modes in the optimiser that produced plausible-looking results without raising an error. Two limitations are documented rather than buried: income is a proxy for economic activity, not measured income, and access time is free-flow Euclidean rather than routed. Third-party input data (OSM, WorldPop, CNBH-10 m, Copernicus DEM, NPP-VIIRS) is downloaded by the code, not redistributed here.", "keywords": [ "Population", "Capital cost", "Table (database)", "Integer programming", "Safeguard", "Proxy (statistics)", "Equity (law)", "TRIPS architecture" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22848616" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388561551", "doi": "10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311144", "title": "Sensitivity Analysis of Fleet Size for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jungu Kang", "Sang Hyun Kim" ], "first_author": "Jungu Kang", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Fleet size plays a crucial role in determining Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operational performance, such as passenger waiting time, rejection rate, and vehicle utilization. Since the UAM operational performance affects UAM demand and indicates the efficiency of operation, the fleet size needs to be appropriately determined. This study aims to analyze the impact of fleet size on the UAM operational performance, and a discrete event simulation is built for the analysis. The result shows that passenger waiting time and rejection rate are highly dependent on fleet size, and vehicle utilization and load factor are marginally related to fleet size. The result also shows that passenger waiting time and vehicle utilization improve up to a certain fleet size, and vehicle utilization decreases beyond that fleet size. Thus, this study suggests a fleet size that is beneficial to both passengers and UAM operators. The UAM operational performance is also analyzed for each vertiport in the vertiport network and can be used to determine the maximum number of vehicles assigned to the vertiports. This study can help stakeholders make strategic and tactical decisions such as vertiport capacity determination and fleet management, respectively.", "keywords": [ "Fleet management", "Sensitivity (control systems)", "Load factor", "Discrete event simulation", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Environmental science", "Operations research", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311144" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213115855", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1897414", "title": "Reducing rural health inequity through drone-based delivery: a spatial multi-criteria decision framework prioritizing epidemiological vulnerability in hub location", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jingling Zhong", "Yan Zhao" ], "first_author": "Jingling Zhong", "venue": "Frontiers in Public Health", "publisher": "Frontiers Media", "abstract": "Objective To alleviate spatial health inequities in rural areas by optimizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) medical hub location based on an epidemiological vulnerability-driven approach, correcting for the tendency of current logistics-centric models to overlook high-need rural populations. Methods A spatial multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework was developed for a simulated rural–urban fringe experiencing severe demographic aging. We defined a novel Epidemiological Vulnerability Index (EVI) incorporating three core dimensions: demographic aging, chronic disease burden (e.g., cardiovascular risks), and baseline healthcare deprivation (ground EMS delay). The framework integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to rank and allocate highly-prioritized UAV hub sites across 400 grid cells. All results are derived from a calibrated simulation environment and should be interpreted as model-based projections rather than empirical observations. Results Simulation results indicated that the “Digital Inverse Care Law” emerged naturally under traditional logistics models, which allocated 85% of hubs to low-vulnerability urban centers. In contrast, the EVI-driven framework strategically anchored 65% of hubs in deep rural pockets. Under the baseline parameter assumptions, this reallocation of UAV hubs reduced the simulated average rural emergency response time by 74.8% (from 45.2 to 11.4 min) in the model. The 11.4-min figure represents UAV delivery time to the incident location, not complete emergency intervention time. This modeled improvement brought an estimated 88.4% of the highly vulnerable aging population into the “Golden 15-Minute” survival window within the simulation. Conclusion By embedding epidemiological metrics into spatial planning, this framework provides a decision-support tool that is traceable and reproducible for health policymakers, based on model outputs rather than empirical field validation. It illustrates how targeted digital health infrastructure deployment could, under the model assumptions, contribute to narrowing the rural–urban emergency health divide. These findings are contingent on the specific model assumptions and require field validation and formal health-economic evaluation before real-world implementation.", "keywords": [ "Baseline (sea)", "Vulnerability (computing)", "Spatial epidemiology", "Rural area", "Epidemiology", "Catchment area", "Population", "Decision support system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1897414/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4411952050", "doi": "10.4050/f-0081-2025-0157", "title": "A Review of Proposed Enhancements to the Broken Wheel Vertiport Marking & Symbology", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-05-20", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Federal Aviation Administration", "Charles Johnson", "Federal Aviation Administration", "Federal Aviation Administration", "Lacey Thompson", "Grant Morfitt" ], "first_author": "Federal Aviation Administration", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft present a series of challenges to traditional aviation infrastructure that was designed for conventional rotorcraft. Questions have arisen within the vertical flight community as to the validity and applicability of applying current heliport markings and symbology to vertiports. Several of these questions were addressed in a previous paper from VFS Forum 80: \"A Comparison of Proposed Concepts for Vertiport Markings and Symbology\" (Ref. 6). In contrast, this paper extends that work and presents the results of additional research to enhance the visibility of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) “Broken Wheel” symbology. These notional enhancements to the \"Broken Wheel\" symbology were evaluated over the course of an experimental study using helicopter-rated pilots in the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center’s S76-D and Loft Dynamics H125 and R22 rotorcraft flight simulators.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Computer graphics (images)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0157" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168140696", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21334510", "title": "Experimental investigation of wind effects on ground-level and rooftop vertiports", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "M. A. Neshat", "Mekdes T. Mengistu", "Edward Canepa", "D. Milani", "G. Piccardo", "Maria Pía Repetto" ], "first_author": "M. A. Neshat", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "This work is part of the transnational access project \"ERIES – ERIES-WonV1\", supported by the Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES) project (www.eries.eu), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101058684. This is ERIES publication number C114.", "keywords": [ "Work (physics)", "European union", "Horizon", "European commission", "Context (archaeology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21334510" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386640303", "doi": "10.1049/itr2.12395", "title": "TLOF final approach methodology proposal utilizing dual landing pads", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Lei Yu", "Rui Qin", "Quan Li", "Daliang Chen" ], "first_author": "Lei Yu", "venue": "IET Intelligent Transport Systems", "publisher": "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "abstract": "Abstract Vertiports in economically developed areas present the operation mode of multiple Touchdown and Liftoff Area (TLOF) pads, and the intersection and overlap of the final approach airspace between two adjacent TOLF pads in the vertiports is the basic problem confronted by multiple TLOF pads. The objective of this study is to design the final approach airspace structure of dual landing pads, so as to provide reference for the future design of the airspace structure of multiple landing pads. In this paper, the design scheme of the final approach airspace of dual TLOF pads is proposed, and it includes three different kinds of airspace structure with different proximity of dual TLOF pads and the final approach path design for each kind based on the multi‐branch approach strategy. Considering the constraints of the multi‐branch approach strategy and safe operation, the airspace design model is constructed to minimize the airspace volume and to develop algorithms that can realize the airspace design with different capacities and different proximity of dual TLOF pads. The results reveal the changing trend of airspace volume under different design capacities and different proximity of dual TLOF pads. It provides reference for the site selection of vertiports with dual TLOF pads, and lays a foundation for the design of the final approach airspace for vertiport with multiple TLOF pads.", "keywords": [ "Touchdown", "Intersection (aeronautics)", "Dual (grammatical number)", "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Engineering", "Computer science", "Simulation", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 6, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.12395" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386640721", "doi": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138764", "title": "Drones in Venice: Exploring business model applications for disruptive mobility and stakeholders’ value proposition", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Federico Lanzalonga", "Michele Oppioli", "Francesca Dal Mas", "Silvana Filomena Secinaro" ], "first_author": "Federico Lanzalonga", "venue": "Journal of Cleaner Production", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Drones can play a significant role in the paradigm shift desired by several international entities. Although many attempts to transport through the technology have encountered regulatory barriers, drones represent disruptive mobility that can foster social and environmental sustainability. For the successful implementation of this new mobility model, the support of several stakeholders is critical. In this regard, the paper applies the theoretical lens of stakeholder theory embedded within the business 4.0 model for the creation of value propositions. Through several semi-structured interviews, the research analyses findings related to a single case study concerning the unique location of Venice, Italy. The city emerges as having international interest because of its singular transportation system. Specifically, Flying Aid, a start-up venture of the Strategy Innovation ecosystem of the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, uses drones to transport drugs to remote areas to promote therapeutic access for patients with chronic diseases and transportation difficulties. The paper contributes to understanding how a paradigm shift through drone transportation may improve patient engagement and overcome transportation barriers. It also expands stakeholder engagement by empowering healthcare providers and promoting knowledge translation and systems integration. Moreover, the research contributes to the investigation of environmental and social sustainability by advancing knowledge toward cleaner production and decarbonized mobility. Finally, the paper provides insights into the elements of the business model 4.0, facilitating value creation for stakeholders.", "keywords": [ "Value proposition", "Drone", "Stakeholder engagement", "Sustainability", "Business model", "Stakeholder", "Disruptive innovation", "Knowledge management", "Business", "Value (mathematics)", "Co-creation", "Business ecosystem" ], "cited_by_count": 24, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138764" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4295592551", "doi": "10.3390/drones6090249", "title": "Impact of the Integration of First-Mile and Last-Mile Drone-Based Operations from Trucks on Energy Efficiency and the Environment", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-09-11", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tamás Bányai" ], "first_author": "Tamás Bányai", "venue": "Drones", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "Supply chain solutions are based on first-mile and last-mile deliveries; their efficiency significantly influences the total cost of operation. Drone technologies make it possible to improve first-mile and last-mile operations, but the design and optimization of these solutions offers new challenges. Within the frame of this article, the author focuses on the impact of integrated first-mile/last-mile drone-based delivery services from trucks, analyzing the impact of solutions on energy efficiency, the environmental impact and sustainability. The author describes a novel model of drone-based integrated first-mile/last-mile services which makes it possible to analyze the impact of different typical solutions on sustainability. As the numerical examples and computational results show, the integrated first-mile-last-mile drone-based service from trucks could lead to a significant reduction in energy consumption and a reduction in virtual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which would lead to a more sustainable logistics system. The numerical analysis of the scenarios shows that the increased application of drones and the integration of first-mile and last-mile delivery operations could decrease energy consumption by about 87%. This reduction in energy consumption, depending on the generation source of electricity, significantly increases the reduction in greenhouse gas emission.", "keywords": [ "Mile", "Last mile (transportation)", "Truck", "Drone", "Energy consumption", "Greenhouse gas", "Engineering", "Environmental science", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Automotive engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 19, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/9/249/pdf?version=1663315895" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7196967787", "doi": "10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104345", "title": "Urban geometry as constraint: Optimizing vertiport placement for urban air mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-06", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ning Lyu", "Tao Feng" ], "first_author": "Ning Lyu", "venue": "Transport Policy", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Vertiport planning in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is critical to meet future travel demands, particularly within multimodal transportation systems. However, studies have yet to incorporate the physical constraints imposed by real-world geographical and building features. This paper presents an integrated modeling framework to accurately determine optimal vertiport locations and scales while explicitly accounting for building geometry constraints. A weighted K -means model is applied to capture multimodal UAM demand, and a service buffer zone is adopted to identify candidate sites. A geometry-based capacity estimation method employing a grid search algorithm is introduced to calculate the maximum number of Touchdown and Lift-Off areas (TLOFs) in accordance with regulatory requirements. A case study using data from Shanghai shows that vertiport siting feasibility is highly sensitive to buffer radius, while capacity constraints mainly influence construction scale and costs. Comparisons between the area-based (geometry-agnostic) and geometry-based methods reveal that ignoring building geometry leads to a 100% error rate, as none of the selected sites can accommodate the assigned number of TLOFs. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating building geometry into capacity estimation. Overall, the proposed framework offers a generalizable and practical tool to support the design of UAM infrastructure that is both cost-efficient and physically feasible.", "keywords": [ "Grid", "Touchdown", "Scale (ratio)", "Service (business)", "Level of service", "Urban planning" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X26003550/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404689710", "doi": "10.58940/2374-6793.1949", "title": "Delphi Panel for Establishing Land Use Compatibility Areas and Standards for Vertiports", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Carl Ison" ], "first_author": "David Carl Ison", "venue": "International Journal of Aviation Aeronautics and Aerospace", "publisher": "Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University", "abstract": "This study aimed to determine land use compatibility guidelines for vertiports, which are locations where vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft operate. The study employed a three-round e-Delphi panel to establish vertiport land use compatibility zones and standards. The results reached a consensus of at least 70%, providing comprehensive land use compatibility recommendations for vertiports. The study provides a foundation for vertiport land use compatibility planning, ensuring the integration of vertiports in existing communities. The findings can also increase public and local officials' awareness of the needs and requirements of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) infrastructure development. The uniformity between existing and proposed guidelines supports the recommendations of the e-Delphi panel. The findings should be useful to AAM stakeholders, VTOL aircraft manufacturers, regulators, and anyone working in a role that entails aviation or community planning.", "keywords": [ "Compatibility (geochemistry)", "Delphi", "Delphi method", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Environmental resource management", "Systems engineering", "Engineering", "Programming language", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.58940/2374-6793.1949" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4389240652", "doi": "10.3397/in_2023_0866", "title": "Change in community annoyance at a vertiport by applying different approach/departure paths", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Bauer" ], "first_author": "Michael Bauer", "venue": "NOISE-CON proceedings", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The resent research on urban air mobility and its related air traffic noise is still focused on the understanding of air taxis' noise sources but already includes studies about potential future noise situations in the vicinity of vertiports. While the assessment of noise levels on the ground is still connected to unknowns by the lack of reliable noise source data and missing numbers of real air traffic movements, questions about the potential noise impact due to these novel air transport systems are already being asked, also under the aspect of a public acceptance. This study was performed to provide first answers. A realistic UAM use-case was investigated by noise simulations for a German community, delivering an insight how the annoyance in the small-town changes when applying different paths to connect the vertiport with its neighbor communities. The grade of annoyance and the way it can be influenced through flight path optimization is also compared to the change of the population's ratio, exposed to certain noise levels on the ground.", "keywords": [ "Annoyance", "Noise (video)", "Environmental science", "Transport engineering", "Traffic noise", "Meteorology", "Computer science", "Taxis", "Noise control", "Telecommunications", "Geography", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0866" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7125982611", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-0713", "title": "Unified Framework for Scalable Vertiport Allocation with Heterogeneous Fleet Sizing", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Simone F. Veldhuizen", "Marta Ribeiro", "Lourenco T. Lima Periera" ], "first_author": "Simone F. Veldhuizen", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is expected to transform urban and regional transportation. However, its successful deployment hinges on robust infrastructure planning that balances operational efficiency with scalable growth. Current vertiport allocation models typically deliver single, static network solutions without considering phased growth or aircraft performance limitations. This gap is addressed by presenting a unified framework that generates a scalable vertiport allocation plan in conjunction with system-performance-based heterogeneous fleet sizing. First, potential vertiport networks are generated through a distance-based agglomerative clustering algorithm applied to the census-based synthetically generated demand. Second, the mean vertiport network is established, and undergoes an elimination procedure aimed at maximizing passenger km travelled, to establish phased growth of the vertiport network. In order to determine the optimal development of the fleet as the network grows, the framework employs an agent-based simulation and conducts a parameter sweep across all combinations of vertiport network size, fleet size and fleet composition. This framework is validated on a use case on the Republic of Ireland. The results demonstrate the ability of the framework to deliver a demand-driven phased network introduction and expansion strategy, while identifying the optimal fleet size and composition at each growth stage. This approach provides stakeholders with a replicable foundation for capital allocation and regulatory planning in emerging AAM markets.", "keywords": [ "Scalability", "Sizing", "Software deployment", "Cluster analysis", "Flow network", "Plan (archaeology)", "Fleet management" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-0713" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4381850955", "doi": "10.1299/jsmetld.2022.31.tl10-3", "title": "Design Method of A Turbulence Warning System at Vertiport of Urban Air Mobilities", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jin Fujisawa", "Midori Maki", "Hiroki Tadakawa", "Shuto SEKINO", "M. Tamayama" ], "first_author": "Jin Fujisawa", "venue": "The Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference", "publisher": "Japan Society Mechanical Engineers", "abstract": "This paper presents a new method to construct a nowcasting system for air turbulence at vertiport for safe takeoff and landing of UAM (=Urban Air Mobility). Since a vertiport is likely to be located on building rooftops, the effects of wake turbulence and downdrafts between structures may lead to serious accidents. A turbulence warning system at the vertiport would allow for the prior avoidance of hazards by shifting the timing of takeoffs and landings. Although direct observation by remote sensing devices and an advanced CFD analysis are expected to be useful for this problem, it is not easy to realize due to various uncertainties and physical constraints specific to complex urban spaces. In this study, we propose a technique to predict wind conditions and flight hazards specific to urban spaces using multi-point observation by distributed installation of low-cost small pressure sensor units.", "keywords": [ "Nowcasting", "Wake", "Clear-air turbulence", "Takeoff", "Computer science", "Environmental science", "Turbulence", "Meteorology", "Aerospace engineering", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2022.31.tl10-3" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4388561584", "doi": "10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311150", "title": "Vertiports Task Areas and Functional Sequences for Basic Operations in Urban Space", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-10-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Stephanos Papakonstantinou", "Daniel Schreiber", "Tom Kocks", "Uwe Wieczorek", "Volker Gollnick" ], "first_author": "Stephanos Papakonstantinou", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Technological progress in Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) enables development of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concepts and networks. These concepts rely on ground-based infrastructure that requires different vertiports with different characteristics depending on the location, tasks (from vertistops, traffic hubs to maintenance hubs) and their responsibilities. For the planning and design, task-related functional processes, their variants, the respective functions and their parameters are important key factors. The elaboration of processes and functional flows for the different task areas of vertiports has so far only been considered in a rudimentary way or at a very high level of abstraction and is not well documented in the scientific literature. This paper focuses on a solution space oriented view of functions and processes and their adaptation to individual requirements for single vertiport configurations and provides an approach to represent these functions as BPMN Swimmlane diagrams. In the scope of this paper the main contribution lies in the representation of the safety analysis and MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul) functions on vertiports.", "keywords": [ "Scope (computer science)", "Adaptation (eye)", "Computer science", "Task (project management)", "Abstraction", "Representation (politics)", "Function (biology)", "Key (lock)", "Space (punctuation)", "Dependency (UML)", "Functional requirement", "Systems engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc58513.2023.10311150" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3157568166", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0250737", "title": "A decentralized hybrid computing consumer authentication framework for a reliable drone delivery as a service", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abdul Hannan", "Faisal Bashir Hussain", "Noman Ali", "Muhammad Ehatisham-ul-Haq", "Muhammad Usman Ashraf", "Ahmed Mohammed Alghamdi", "Ahmed Saeed Alfakeeh" ], "first_author": "Abdul Hannan", "venue": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "abstract": "The thriving adoption of drones for delivering parcels, packages, medicines, etc., is surging with time. The application of drones for delivery services results in faster delivery, fuel-saving, and less energy consumption. Giant companies like Google, Amazon, Facebook, etc., are actively working on developing, testing, and improving drone-based delivery systems. So far, a lot of work has been done for improving the design, speed, operating range, security of the delivery drones, etc. However, very limited work has been done to ensure a complete and reliable last-mile delivery from the merchant's store to the hands of the actual customer. To ensure a complete and reliable last-mile delivery, a drone must authenticate the consumer before dropping the package. Therefore, in this work, we propose a consumer authentication (Consumer-Auth) hybrid computing framework for drone delivery as a service to make sure that the parcel is perfectly delivered to the intended customer. The proposed Consumer-Auth framework enables a drone to reach the exact destination by using the GPS coordinates of the customer autonomously. After reaching the exact location, the drone waits for the customer to come to the specific pinned location then it starts a two-factor consumer authentication process, i.e., one-time password (OTP) verification and face Recognition. The experimental results manifest the effectiveness of the proposed Consumer-Auth framework to ensure a complete and reliable drone-based last-mile delivery.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Computer science", "Last mile (transportation)", "Authentication (law)", "Password", "Computer security", "Service (business)", "Process (computing)", "Mile", "Business", "Marketing", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 20, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250737&type=printable" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386644856", "doi": "10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122835", "title": "Forecasting market opportunities for urban and regional air mobility", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-09-12", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Raj Bridgelall" ], "first_author": "Raj Bridgelall", "venue": "Technological Forecasting and Social Change", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Air transport", "Economic geography", "Environmental science", "Business", "Regional science", "Geography", "Transport engineering", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 28, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122835" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161041258", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.20172043", "title": "Vertiport Placement for Urban Air Mobility to Reduce Time for Multimodal Travel", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yashovardhan S. Chati", "Sharma Yamini", "Kirti Nikam", "Prasad Devkar", "Arunchandar Vasan" ], "first_author": "Yashovardhan S. Chati", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Air travel", "Field (mathematics)", "Key (lock)", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20172043" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7128787362", "doi": "10.3926/jairm.498", "title": "Passenger expectations and security perceptions at Vertiports: A survey of U.S. air travelers", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "David Ison" ], "first_author": "David Ison", "venue": "Journal of Airline and Airport Management", "publisher": "OmniaScience", "abstract": "Purpose: This study examines passenger expectations for security measures at future vertiports supporting electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. No formal passenger-level security requirements yet exist for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems, making empirical understanding of passenger expectations essential for commercial deployment.Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional survey of 1,247 U.S. adults was conducted in 2024 using an online instrument. Analyses included nonparametric tests, Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), and hierarchical clustering to identify latent attitudinal dimensions and passenger security personas.Findings: Results indicate strong support for efficient, technology-enhanced screening, with no significant differences across gender, travel frequency, or residential location. Familiarity with UAM technology was the only factor significantly associated with higher security importance ratings (H(2) = 10.48, p = .005). PCoA identified two core dimensions: physical security concerns and privacy/surveillance concerns. Hierarchical clustering revealed five passenger personas: Traditional Security Advocates (28%), Tech-Savvy Travelers (23%), Privacy-Conscious Passengers (6%), Balanced Approach Passengers (10%), and Security Skeptics (34%).Research limitations/implications: The cross-sectional methodology captures stated preferences rather than observed behavior. The online sample may overrepresent digitally literate individuals. Future research should employ longitudinal designs and field evaluations in operational vertiports.Practical implications: Vertiport operators should implement hybrid security models accommodating diverse preferences rather than uniform approaches. Opt-in biometric pathways, transparent data-handling practices, and choice-based screening may optimize acceptance. Public education about automated screening technologies may increase comfort among skeptical passengers.Originality/value: This is the first U.S.-based empirical assessment of passenger expectations regarding vertiport security. The dual-dimensional attitudinal structure and five security personas provide evidence-based considerations for vertiport planners, operators, and regulatory agencies developing passenger screening protocols for emerging UAM systems.", "keywords": [ "Biometrics", "Perception", "Empirical evidence", "Empirical research", "Cluster analysis", "Sample (material)", "Principal (computer security)", "Risk perception", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jairm.org/index.php/jairm/article/download/498/168" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7133344849", "doi": "10.1117/12.3101418", "title": "Grid-based location optimization for UAV vertiports in urban logistics networks", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-03", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Haotian Li", "Qiqian Zhang", "Honghai Zhang", "Hairu Wang" ], "first_author": "Haotian Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Global Positioning System", "Trajectory", "Process (computing)", "Work (physics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3101418" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4367315480", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsv.2023.117751", "title": "Experimental investigation of propeller noise in ground effect", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-04-28", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Liam P. Hanson", "Hasan Kamliya Jawahar", "SH. S. Vemuri", "Mahdi Azarpeyvand" ], "first_author": "Liam P. Hanson", "venue": "Journal of Sound and Vibration", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The aerodynamic propeller performance and aeroacoustic characteristics of a single two-bladed propeller subjected to Ground Effect are investigated using experiments in an anechoic chamber. A strong increase in thrust, torque and power coefficients when a propeller operates in Ground Effect is demonstrated, consistent with previous studies. A low-fidelity Blade Element Momentum Theory model adapted for Ground Effect is implemented to cross-validate the aerodynamic results. The near-field and far-field spectra and their coherence are studied for various propeller distances from the ground plane and compared with the isolated case. The far-field noise measurements indicate that additional tonal peaks appear with the introduction of the ground plane when compared to isolated configuration. While in-Ground Effect, additional high-frequency broadband humps are observed at some polar angles not seen in isolated configuration. Two discrete regions, a shielded and reflection zone, with respective reduction and enhancement of the Overall Sound Pressure levels are observed. The primary reason for noise increase within the reflection zone is a result of pure acoustic reflection from the ground surface. The near-field measurements from an array of embedded high-response microphones in the ground plane indicate that the main source of the propeller noise is in the tip region. Near-field measurements reconfirm flow results from literature with near-field and far-field acoustic results. The present study may find important practical applications within Urban Air Mobility (UAM), especially in the design of vertiport landing pads and propellers for effective noise mitigation, aerodynamic performance, and prediction during the vertical take-off and landing phases of flight.", "keywords": [ "Acoustics", "Anechoic chamber", "Propeller", "Ground plane", "Noise (video)", "Near and far field", "Aerodynamics", "Thrust", "Physics", "Engineering", "Optics", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 37, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2023.117751" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3134389706", "doi": null, "title": "Design Requirement Analysis and Configuration Proposal of a Vertiport for Domestic Applications of the Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "안병선", "Ho-Yon Hwang" ], "first_author": "안병선", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Telecommunications", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002692932" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4309708739", "doi": "10.3390/app122211858", "title": "Multivehicle Point-to-Point Network Problem Formulation for UAM Operation Management Used with Dynamic Scheduling", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-11-21", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zin Win Thu", "Dasom Kim", "Junseok Lee", "Woon-Jae Won", "Hyunjun Lee", "Nan Lao Ywet", "Aye Aye Maw", "Jae-Woo Lee" ], "first_author": "Zin Win Thu", "venue": "Applied Sciences", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In this paper, we introduce a new formulation of the multivehicle point-to-point network problem to be utilised in urban air mobility (UAM) vertiport-to-vertiport network operations. Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) and their variants have previously been studied and applied in real-world situations, but these problems require additional depot locations, and not all the vehicles can travel to all the locations. In UAM operations, additional depot locations may not be required, and all vehicles can travel to all locations, meaning that existing routing problems are not suitable for application to the management of UAMs. Therefore, we propose a new formulation for UAM vertiport-to-vertiport operation by introducing new constraints. In addition, we integrate dynamic scheduling with the flight mission by controlling cruise speed and waiting in each UAM at each vertiport location to generate an arrival and departure schedule for different vertiports that can avoid collisions and increase the number of vehicles. A computational experiment is conducted using an MILP model, and the results show that although our formulation satisfies the problem definition, the computation time increases exponentially with an increase in the problem size. A case study is conducted in the Seoul area involving five vertiports, with 10- and 15-vehicle scenarios studied. This case study shows that the cruise speed variable is active only for the lower and upper bounds under dynamic scheduling, whereas the waiting time variable can be controlled between user-defined limits that can be applied to the management of vertiport-to-vertiport UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Scheduling (production processes)", "Vehicle routing problem", "Mathematical optimization", "Cruise", "Computer science", "Schedule", "Variable (mathematics)", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Job shop scheduling", "Flow network", "Time point", "Dynamic programming" ], "cited_by_count": 4, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/22/11858/pdf?version=1669178952" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2885865811", "doi": "10.3390/s18082693", "title": "PLC-Integrated Sensing Technology in Mountain Regions for Drone Landing Sites: Focusing on Software Technology", "year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-08-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jun‐Ho Huh" ], "first_author": "Jun‐Ho Huh", "venue": "Sensors", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "In the Republic of Korea, one of the most widely discussed subjects related to future logistics technology is the drone-based delivery (transportation) system. Much (around 75%) of Korea's territory consists of mountainous areas; however, the costs of installing internet facilities for drone landing sites are very high compared to other countries. Therefore, this paper proposes the power-line communication (PLC) system introduced in the author's previous study as an alternative solution. For the system design, a number of lightning rods are used together with a monitoring system. The system algorithm performs substantial data analysis. Also, as the author found that instantaneous high-voltage currents were a major cause of fire incidents, a three-phase three-wire connection was used for the installation of the lightning rods (Bipolar Conventional Air Terminal). Thus, based on the PLC technology, an artificial intelligence (AI) which avoids lightning strikes at the drone landing site by interworking with a closed-circuit television (CCTV) monitoring system when a drone flies over the mountain regions is proposed in this paper. The algorithm was implemented with C++ and Unity/C#, whereas the application for the part concerning the integrated sensing was developed with Java Android.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Software", "Engineering", "Systems engineering", "Remote sensing", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Geography", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 16, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/8/2693/pdf?version=1534574783" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4375947075", "doi": "10.23919/aces57841.2023.10114746", "title": "Design of Chiral 4-Tiered Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) Systems for Vertiports", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-03-26", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Saeed M. Khan", "Chad Bailey" ], "first_author": "Saeed M. Khan", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operating in an urban area using electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles will benefit from a safe WPT rapid charging system that can be accomplished without human intervention. This paper expands upon a 4-Tier chiral WPT system that can operate at high efficiencies and limit unprotected lateral emissions while maintaining human safety standards.", "keywords": [ "Wireless power transfer", "Wireless", "Limit (mathematics)", "Computer science", "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Automotive engineering", "Engineering", "Telecommunications", "Physics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/aces57841.2023.10114746" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4408411752", "doi": "10.3390/en18061426", "title": "Emerging Trends in Urban Air Mobility: An Extensive Review", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-03-13", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francesco Tripaldi", "Stefano Vianello", "Nicola Bianchi" ], "first_author": "Francesco Tripaldi", "venue": "Energies", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "This paper presents a review of the main trends in the urban air mobility (UAM) sector. After an initial introduction to the key aspects driving the design of aircraft for this type of application and the main characteristics of each type of aircraft developed so far, the focus shifts to the description of the main regulatory frameworks, highlighting the essential requirements that the aircraft must meet at each stage of flight. To translate the aircraft or propeller requirements into design specifications for electric motors, an aerodynamic model is presented. Subsequently, a series of aircraft developed by major industry players is described. In the following section, the key characteristics sought in motors for UAM are outlined, along with various examples of motors developed by leading companies. Additionally, specific design considerations and recommendations are discussed, emphasizing critical aspects such as the adoption of advanced conductors and high-performance cooling systems to enhance power density and efficiency. In conclusion, this review highlights the diverse UAM designs shaping a technological shift in aviation. As prototypes evolve, greater standardization will drive industry growth and support the broader ecosystem, including vertiport providers.", "keywords": [ "Economic geography", "Regional science", "Environmental science", "Environmental planning", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 23, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061426" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4394825730", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2024.32.1.049", "title": "Analysis and Comparison of Factors to Influence the Use Behavior of Vertiport: UTAUT Research Model", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Su-Mi Lee", "Ki-Woong Kim", "Sungsik Park" ], "first_author": "Su-Mi Lee", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study used the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology(UTAUT) model to find factors that influence consumer acceptance intention toward Vertiport, a physical ground support technology required to implement AAM services. The analysis showed that among the four independent variables, Vertiport", "keywords": [ "Econometrics", "Statistics", "Psychology", "Mathematics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-32-1-49" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3194219869", "doi": "10.26078/2yh7-r736", "title": "Public Perception of UAS and Vertiports in the Wastach Front Survey Results", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-08-09", "type": "dataset", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Brent C. Chamberlain", "Katelynn Hall", "Keunhyun Park" ], "first_author": "Brent C. Chamberlain", "venue": "Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University)", "publisher": "Utah State University", "abstract": "This project aims to further understand the current public perception of UAS and their integration into residential areas for package delivery through the development of vertiports The survey also aims to identify evidence of NIMBY (not in my backyard) in these perceptions. The survey specifically asked participants about demographics, familiarity with UAV, perceptions of UAV, and perceptions of vertiports through 6 different potential vertiport placements in residential of community center focused areas.", "keywords": [ "Perception", "Front (military)", "Geography", "Psychology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/all_datasets/175" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4381672476", "doi": "10.12985/ksaa.2023.31.1.018", "title": "A Study on the Criteria for Applying the Obstacle Limitation Surface of the UAM Vertiport", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-03-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "TaeJung Yu" ], "first_author": "TaeJung Yu", "venue": "Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In recent years, UAM (Urban Air Mobility) has emerged as a solution to these urbanization problems, and many related reports and diverse prospects have been reported. UAM flights are planned to take off and land at a Vertiport located in the city center and fly along a pre-established corridor. In order for UAM to operate safely in the city center, it must ensure a safe flight path that avoids the buildings in the city center and many surrounding obstacles. Therefore, in this study, we compared and examined the installation standards of the obstacle limitation surface necessary for UAM to take off and land safely at the Vertiport. First, we analyzed the helicopter obstacle limitation surfaces in Japan and overseas, and the UAM Vertiport installation standards and obstacle limitation surface application standards recently announced at the FAA and EASA. It identified differences and similarities between heliport and Vertiport, and considered improvements to domestic helicopter obstacle limitation surfaces and criteria that could meet FAA and EASA standards.", "keywords": [ "Obstacle", "Center (category theory)", "Urbanization", "Path (computing)", "Aeronautics", "Transport engineering", "Environmental science", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.jksaa.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jksaa-31-1-18" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7172391603", "doi": "10.5194/isprs-archives-xlix-b4-2026-307-2026", "title": "A Generative Adversarial Network Framework for Vertiport Location: A Case Study in Toronto", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Naghmeh Jafarpournaser", "Songnian Li" ], "first_author": "Naghmeh Jafarpournaser", "venue": "˜The œinternational archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences", "publisher": "Copernicus Publications", "abstract": "Abstract. Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an avation-based urban transportation that enables time-efficient passenger and cargo movement within complex low-altitude urban airspace. Vertiports are the ground infrastructes of this novel transporation system. Choosing the best location for vertiports in a city is one of the main challenges in developing this system. Previous studies have suggested different methods to solve this problem. This study takes the strengths of several existing methods and integrates them with a deep learning approach called Generative Modeling to propose a new framework for optimal vertiport placement. The core component of the proposed framework is the conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), which learns complex and implicit spatial relationships between different factors and identifies highly suitable areas for vertiport construction. Subsequently, the refined suitability map created by the GAN is combined with the DBSCAN clustering technique to group feasible sites, and the resulting candidates have been optimized using a Location-Allocation model to choose the best locations with maximum service coverage and minimum travel time to Toronto airports. The results show that the proposed method can successfully integrate the UAM system with the existing transportation network and support the development of an integrated and interconnected urban transportation system. Furthermore, the identification of existing now-closed airport infrastructure as a viable vertiport location indicates that the results are coherent and aligned with real-world conditions.", "keywords": [ "Adversarial system", "Generative grammar", "Identification (biology)", "Cluster analysis", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Service (business)", "Core (optical fiber)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/307/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-307-2026.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7119315501", "doi": null, "title": "Application of eVTOL Aircraft in Advanced Air Mobility: Vertiport in Humberto Delgado Airport", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-29", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tiago Anseriz da Nave" ], "first_author": "Tiago Anseriz da Nave", "venue": "Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Technological developments allowed air mobility to enter the urban environment, expanding urban mobility to a new dimension and originating Advanced Air Mobility (AAM). The present work explores the potential of a vertiport, AAM's ground infrastructure, associated with Humberto Delgado Airport, allowing its connection to the new Luís de Camões Airport. There are still many obstacles in the path to implementing a route taken by a recent category of aircraft, eVTOLs, in an industry that does not accept safety compromises. Various aeronautical authorities have released documentation to guide the development of vertiports. Yet, their transitional nature alongside the uncertainty around accordingly expanding air traffic control (ATC) and other operational uncertainties leads to significant doubt of the longevity of the models used so far. Aiming to reduce the impact of the many uncertainties, a vertiport implementation was sought while pondering proper specifications and public exposure to the negative side of AAM, pointing out identified sources of uncertainty and explaining the decision process for each step. Reaching a recommended layout for the case of study, a simulation model was then elaborated to estimate its performance, identify bottlenecks and confirm assumptions made during the layout design phase. The reached conclusions reflect a lack of validation of the claims surrounding AAM, translated on rigorous EASA guidance material for vertiport design, restricting the options for a vertiport associated with Humberto Delgado Airport. Considering data from August 2024, the developed vertiport, under various limitations such as visual flight rule (VFR) conditions and considering Volocopter’s VoloCity as the eVTOL, proved capable of serving 0.398% of the airport's daily processed passengers. The proposed vertiport’s performance can be seen as adequate for the expected demand on this initial stage, with few passengers seeking a direct connection between the airports and not taking another means of transport. On the other hand, expansion options are lacking, compromising the capacity of ground infrastructure in case of the concept's success. Additionally, as soon as infrastructure projects seeking an expansion of ground transport capabilities are completed, while still many years in the future, AAM may face serious competition from the more conventional transport means.", "keywords": [ "Documentation", "Process (computing)", "Work (physics)", "Dimension (graph theory)", "Control (management)", "Air traffic control" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/19305" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4410115195", "doi": "10.1109/icns65417.2025.10976907", "title": "Integrity Framework of Camera-Based Navigation for Take-Off and Landing at Vertiports", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chen Zhu", "Young-Hee Lee", "Antonino Triolo", "Michael Meurer" ], "first_author": "Chen Zhu", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Urban air mobility (UAM) aims at transporting passengers or cargo in urban and suburban areas using electric vertical take-off and landing aircrafts (eVTOLs) in low altitude airspace. A reliable and resilient navigation system is essential to the safe operation of UAM applications. The take-off and landing at vertiports is arguably the most challenging phase of operation for the navigation system due to the stringent performance requirements and the complex environment in urban areas. Cameras can be applied as an alternative navigation sensor to GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and other radiobased navigation systems at vertiports due to its resilience against radio interference and high accuracy at low altitudes. However, the integrity quantification and monitoring of camera-based navigation remains a challenging topic, blocking visual navigation methods from being certified for safety critical applications. In this work, an integrity framework is proposed for applying camera-based positioning during take-off and landing operations at vertiports.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Computer vision", "Computer graphics (images)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/icns65417.2025.10976907" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401600345", "doi": "10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118210", "title": "Validation of site-less strategies and long-distance drone-based delivery and collection system to promote access to innovative treatments for patients with rare or severe dyslipidemias", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-08-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Marie-Claude Morissette", "François Provencher", "Margit Kaesser", "Laurie-Anne Charest", "Miriam Larouche", "Daniel Gaudet", "Diane Brisson" ], "first_author": "Marie-Claude Morissette", "venue": "Atherosclerosis", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Delivery system", "Computer science", "Medicine", "Operations management", "Engineering", "Biomedical engineering", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(24)00777-9/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4400645416", "doi": "10.1109/iv55156.2024.10588875", "title": "Investigating eVTOL Passenger Preferences in South Korea: Safety, Vertiport Location, and Weight", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-06-02", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Patricia B. Appel", "Ye Eun Song", "Andreas Riener" ], "first_author": "Patricia B. Appel", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "As the industry advances towards the technical realization of passenger drones, there is a noticeable trend where the wishes and acceptance factors of future users are not given primary consideration. Although several companies are progressing with prototype development and market-entry preparations, ongoing research on the requirements for electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles remains crucial. For such a novel form of aerial transportation, understanding passenger needs is key, as their acceptance and willingness to use these services will ultimately drive revenue for manufacturers and airlines. To this end, our study, involving 51 participants in South Korea, delved into three key areas of user acceptance: safety considerations of eVTOLs, preferred vertiport locations, and concerns about weight. The findings indicate that piloted passenger drones are acceptable to the public, particularly when they assure safety and offer sufficient luggage storage, among other factors. These insights are vital for the engineering design and development of eVTOLs, highlighting opportunities for weight and energy savings by aligning with passenger preferences and requirements.", "keywords": [ "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Aeronautics", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iv55156.2024.10588875" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2315993935", "doi": "10.2514/6.1973-488", "title": "Several computerized techniques to aid in the design and optimization of parachute deceleration and aerial-delivery systems", "year": 1973, "publication_date": "1973-05-21", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Johannes Reuter" ], "first_author": "Johannes Reuter", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering", "Systems engineering", "Aeronautics", "Simulation", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1973-488" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4405705297", "doi": "10.1007/s13272-024-00796-w", "title": "A collaborative system of systems simulation of urban air mobility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-12-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nabih Naeem", "Patrick Ratei", "Prajwal Shiva Prakasha", "Lukas Asmer", "Roman Jaksche", "Henry Pak", "Karolin Schweiger", "Asija Velieva", "Fares Naser", "Majed Swaid", "Jan Pertz", "Malte Niklaß" ], "first_author": "Nabih Naeem", "venue": "CEAS Aeronautical Journal", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": "Abstract The implementation of urban air mobility represents a complex challenge in aviation due to the high degree of innovation required across various domains to realize it. From the use of advanced aircraft powered by novel technologies, the management of the airspace to enable high density operations, to the operation of vertiports serving as a start and end point of the flights, urban air mobility paradigm necessitates significant innovation in many aspects of civil aviation as we know it today. To understand and assess the many facets of this new paradigm, a collaborative simulation is developed to holistically evaluate the system of systems through the modeling of the stakeholders and their interactions as per the envisioned concept of operations. To this end, models of vertiport air-side operations, unmanned/manned airspace management, demand estimation and passenger mode choice, vehicle operator cost and revenues, vehicle design, and fleet management are brought together into a system of systems simulation of urban air mobility. Through collaboration, higher fidelity models of each domain can be integrated into a single environment achieving fidelity levels not easily achievable otherwise. Furthermore, the integration enables the capture of cross-domain effects and allows domain-specific studies to be evaluated at a holistic level. This work demonstrates the collaborative simulation and the process of building it through the integration of several geographically distributed tools into an agent-based simulation without the need for sharing code.", "keywords": [ "Domain (mathematical analysis)", "Aviation", "Systems engineering", "Fidelity", "Process (computing)", "Computer science", "Transport engineering", "Air traffic control", "Engineering", "Telecommunications", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 11, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13272-024-00796-w.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417523391", "doi": "10.7771/2158-4052.1752", "title": "Application of Reinforcement Learning to Precision Aerial Delivery System Control in Adverse Wind Conditions", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Radman Zarbock" ], "first_author": "Radman Zarbock", "venue": "Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research", "publisher": "Purdue University Press", "abstract": "Precision aerial delivery systems (PADS) are a subset of airdropped parachute-leveraging package delivery systems that use autonomous guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) to reach targets with high degrees of accuracy. This technology emerged in the 1990s, and strides have been made since to improve the reliability of traditional physics-based controllers that guide PADS. However, these algorithms still struggle to deliver acceptable performance results when PADS are subjected to austere operating environments, such as those with unpredictable wind. Building on a foundational study in 2022 that used artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to improve PADS GNC performance, this study aims to expand on this research and apply reinforcement learning to address the wind problem directly. AI agents enabled to observe simulated wind conditions in real time are trained in three-degree- of- freedom (3DOF) computer simulations and iteratively improved in phases. In the first phase of this study, wind-observing AI agents are developed to navigate PADS in simulation environments with “specific” wind conditions. Then, takeaways from this process are used alongside new training techniques in the second phase of this study to train and test AI agents in environments with “general” wind conditions. The results show that AI agents capable of observing environments’ wind conditions can successfully improve PADS accuracy by one half to one whole order of magnitude, depending on operating conditions.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Process (computing)", "Control (management)", "Control system", "Wind power", "Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1752" } ]