[ { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164177355", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2606.10552", "title": "Short-Range IAM Operations to Overcome Access Gaps Around Bologna Airport", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jean-Claude Lebègue", "Xuhao Gui", "Daniel Delahaye" ], "first_author": "Jean-Claude Lebègue", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "We study Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) as a dedicated hub feeder and dispersal service for Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport (BLQ), addressing short-range airport-to-airport connectivity where scheduled fixed-wing services are inefficient and surface access is time-consuming. Demand is generated directly from BLQ's flight timetable via a staggered rolling-window model: arriving passengers become IAM-eligible after a 20-minute buffer (a baseline 70% ''staying'' share is considered and distributed across nearby airports using a gravity model), while feeder demand for departures is timestamped backward by IAM travel time plus a 2-hour pre-flight buffer. We build an IAM-only time-expanded network (airports as vertiports) and solve two sequential subproblems: passenger routing with A* to reveal edge-level demand pressure, followed by fleet dispatch with dynamic programming to schedule a finite IAM fleet. Using OAG schedules for 5 May 2024, we simulate 09:00-17:00 with a 50-vehicle fleet (10 seats, 30 m/s) and 5-minute windows. Results show large travel-time advantages versus rail for many links (e.g., BLQ-Il Ciocco: 46 min IAM vs. 237-294 min by train), while a few pairs remain competitive for rail (e.g., BLQ-Florence). Sensitivity to IAM speed and staying share quantifies how technology and adoption shape feasible coverage, timing feasibility, and hub accessibility, demonstrating the potential of IAM to strengthen BLQ's regional reach without altering airline schedules.", "keywords": [ "Schedule", "Flow network", "Routing (electronic design automation)", "Service (business)", "Baseline (sea)", "Rail network", "Demand forecasting", "Scheduling (production processes)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.10552" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164146407", "doi": "10.33904/ejfe.1802823", "title": "Designing a drone-based system for optimized seed ball deployment in reforestation applications", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-10", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "A. John Rajan", "Sravan K K", "Hisana C", "Muhammed Nazil", "Mohammed Shan", "Navaneeth Saran Alby", "P. Sajeesh" ], "first_author": "A. John Rajan", "venue": "European Journal of Forest Engineering", "publisher": "Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI)", "abstract": "Drone-based system for seed ball deployment in aerial reforestation offer an innovative and efficient approach for restoring degraded ecosystems sustainably. This study primarily focuses on the design and development of a drone equipped with an automated seed ball dispensing mechanism for aerial reforestation applications. The developed drone system has a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1.8, ensuring stable flight performance during the aerial reforestation operations. The system enables controlled seed ball release using a servo-actuated mechanism and GPS-assisted positioning. The second objective of this study is to optimize seed ball parameters and dropping height to enhance aerial delivery and germination performance in reforestation. Taguchi analysis indicated that seed ball composition and dropping height have a greater influence on germination than seed ball weight. A composition, consisting of compost and mud, with a seed ball weight of 40 g, and a dropping height of 2 m, was found to be the optimal. The statistical influence of the parameters on the germination rate was further analysed using ANOVA. Finally, a predictive regression model was developed to estimate germination time based on seed ball composition, weight, and release height, and its accuracy was validated through confirmatory experiments. Thus, this work presents a practical, data-deriven approach for aerial reforestation that integrates optimized seed ball design with drone-based seed ball deployment to enhance ecological restoration outcomes.", "keywords": [ "Reforestation", "Germination", "Ball (mathematics)", "Software deployment", "Scarification" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5326535" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415012883", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-06763-0_114", "title": "EALU-AER: Enhanced Automation for U-Space/ATM Integration", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-10", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "K. Wadhwani", "Stefano Riverso", "José Camacho", "D. Mobsby", "N. Liberko", "Xavier Esneu", "U. Houssou", "Damiano Taurino", "Aurora De Bortoli Vizioli", "L. Portoghese", "Wassim Derguech", "C. MacCriostail", "John Drysdale", "Jay L. Garland", "S. Flynn", "Brian C. Healy" ], "first_author": "K. Wadhwani", "venue": "Lecture notes in mobility", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract EALU-AER is a proposed scalable U-Space ecosystem technology infrastructure integration and demonstration project to establish Ireland’s first Digital Sky Demonstrator (DSD), enabling the smooth transition towards smart cities and is centered at Future Mobility Campus Ireland’s (FMCI) recently established vertiport site, in the vicinity of Shannon Airport, Ireland, therefore inside controlled airspace. The project focusses on deploying a reliable infrastructure, catering U1 and U2 services with higher levels of performance, refinement, and integration to enhanced levels of automated interface with the ATM/ATC, aiming to drive and support U-space regulations and standards development along with global interoperability between Uspace and ATM in a cross-border dimension. This allows for a safe and co-operative integration of zero-emission drones into the airspace that will perform different Urban Air Mobility (UAM) missions. The infrastructure will be facilitated by a mature USpace Services Provider (USSP) platform (WebUAS), a backhaul network for secure data exchange within the ecosystem (ARINC Ground Network (AGN)), Command and Non-payload Communication (CNPC) ground solution (CNPC 5000) and advanced three-dimensional ground surveillance RADAR. The project builds on the reliable integration of these technologies, to provide an autonomous, connected, and collaborative ecosystem ready for U3 and U4 services provision. In this paper, we build the case for the need of such efforts, provide a deep dive into the solution structure the project proposes and describe the operations planned, to validate the system architecture and infrastructure put in place for the same.", "keywords": [ "Interoperability", "Drone", "Scalability", "System integration", "Automation", "Interface (matter)", "Digital ecosystem", "Interoperation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-032-06763-0_114.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203541663", "doi": "10.64588/jc.04.08.2026", "title": "Tối ưu hóa kinh tế không gian tầm thấp tại đô thị Hà Nội: Khung chính sách quản lý bay tầm thấp (UTM) dưới góc nhìn thực thi Luật Thủ đô", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-15", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "TS Đinh Quang Toàn", "TS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường" ], "first_author": "TS Đinh Quang Toàn", "venue": "Journal of Construction", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Sự phát triển của phương tiện bay không người lái (UAV) đang hình thành ngành kinh tế không gian tầm thấp (LAE). Đối với Hà Nội, việc khai thác không gian dưới 1.000 m giúp giải quyết áp lực hạ tầng mặt đất. Trên cơ sở vận dụng các cơ chế đặc thù từ Luật Thủ đô 2026 (Luật số 02/2026/QH16), bài báo phân tích thực trạng, cơ hội và các rào cản về an toàn tĩnh không, an ninh quốc phòng. Nghiên cứu đề xuất khung chính sách quản lý bay tầm thấp (UTM) tự động, số hóa, cụ thể hóa mô hình thử nghiệm có kiểm soát (Sandbox), phân tầng không phận 3D và tích hợp trạm cất hạ cánh (Vertiport cho eVTOL và Droneport cho UAV) vào quy hoạch đô thị. Lộ trình thực hiện hai giai đoạn (2026 - 2030 và 2030 - 2045) cung cấp luận cứ khoa học nhằm phát triển kinh tế số, logistics thông minh cho Thủ đô, dự kiến giảm 30% thời gian vận chuyển nội đô và tạo 5.000 việc làm công nghệ cao vào năm 2030.", "keywords": [ "Bay", "Vietnamese", "Ho chi minh", "Sinkhole" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.64588/jc.04.08.2026" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4417515464", "doi": "10.36227/techrxiv.176618775.55451254/v1", "title": "Urban Aircraft Transport Safety: An Integrated Model-Centric Safety Assurance Framework for Solving the \"Commercial Pressure\" Failure Case", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-19", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Johannes Bachler", "Stephen J. Wright", "Kari Tapio Koskinen" ], "first_author": "Johannes Bachler", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The Purpose of this study is to address a critical engineering management challenge in high-frequency Urban Air Mobility (UAM) logistics: the conflict between Just-In-Time dispatch algorithms and the physico-chemical thermal limits of an eVTOL cargo aircraft propulsion system. Traditional certification (Safety-I) ensures component reliability but fails to detect hazards emerging when commercial pressure compels operators to bypass soft safety alerts. The Methodology introduces the Integrated Model-Centric Safety Assurance Framework (IMCSAF), synergizing MBSE with Safety-II resilience modeling to resolve this sociotechnical conflict. We apply IMCSAF to the NASA tilt duct eVTOL concept operating within a constrained vertiport network, modeling a \"Commercial Pressure\" failure case, where a mechanical thermal valve failure converges with scheduling bottlenecks. The Results reveal a systemic management blind spot. While standard certification metrics verify electrical safety, they fail to capture the latent thermal degradation of assets driven by high-utilization targets. This informational asymmetry forces operators to resolve conflicting KPIs (schedule adherence versus safety) through pilot decision-making, triggering invisible lithium plating and catastrophic failure. In Conclusion, the study demonstrates that operational resilience in high-frequency logistics requires shifting safety governance from human cautiousness to holistically managed engineering. IMCSAF resolves this by deriving physics-informed dispatch constraints, specifically a thermal hard lock (SC-12) that converts battery recovery into a rigid system control constraint. This provides UAM fleet operators with an auditable governance mechanism to secure asset durability and safety limits against operational pressure.", "keywords": [ "Certification", "Sociotechnical system", "Resilience (materials science)", "Safety case", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Asset (computer security)", "Asset management", "System safety", "Condition monitoring" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.176618775.55451254" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213650043", "doi": "10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103127", "title": "Assessing drone freight demand in intercity mountainous corridors: A discrete choice modeling approach with capacity-constrained simulations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-19", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jie Shi", "Lichao Zhu" ], "first_author": "Jie Shi", "venue": "Journal of Air Transport Management", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "The low-altitude economy, as an innovative economic model utilizing low-altitude airspace resources, is reshaping traditional transportation systems through applications like drone logistics, demonstrating pronounced advantages in complex terrains. While existing research predominantly focuses on macro-level airspace deployment, meso-level demand analysis, and micro-level route optimization of drones in passenger transportation, the meso-level demand analysis lacks consideration of drone capacity constraints and the impact of drone allocation across different modes and regions on service levels and traffic volume in freight transportation. This study adapts established discrete choice models to a novel and complex context by explicitly integrating strict capacity constraints into the demand simulation—an aspect largely overlooked in existing applications. Based on stated preference data from four typical mountainous intercity freight corridors in Fujian Province, China, market shares of pure-drone, pure-road, and drone-road intermodal modes are simulated under varying service attributes. Key findings reveal: (1) Shippers across different corridors exhibit significant variations in their preference for drone modes, which correlate with cargo attributes and drone capacity; (2) Competitiveness enhancement requires prioritizing capacity reallocation to corridors with higher cargo unit value and total cargo value (such as the Fuqing-Fuzhou corridor) and reducing waiting time. In particular, the value of cargo transported by drones (including pure-drone and drone-road intermodal modes) increases from 7.87 million Chinese Yuan in the current scenario to 44.57 million Chinese Yuan in the multi-factor optimization scenario (capacity reallocation + waiting time reduction + freight subsidies). This study theoretically offers a quantitative method to understand the relationship between drone service levels and modal share under capacity constraints, and practically provides decision-making support for developing strategies to enhance the competitiveness of drone transportation in various freight corridor scenarios.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Discrete choice", "Aviation", "Simulation modeling", "Demand forecasting" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103127" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203735431", "doi": "10.1002/9781394359325.ch06", "title": "Operational Considerations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-23", "type": "other", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Kevin A. Adkins PhD" ], "first_author": "Kevin A. Adkins PhD", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) encompasses a diverse set of mission types that impose distinct operational demands on aircraft, airspace organization, automation architecture, and ground infrastructure. This chapter examines AAM through an operational lens, establishing how mission characteristics and operational context shape system behavior across urban, regional, and time-critical service domains. Instead of treating operations as a uniform concept, the chapter develops a structured view in which different mission classes reveal distinct operational logics driven by spatial constraints, energy availability, timing requirements, and system coordination. Key elements include intracity passenger mobility, regional cargo transport, and medical-response missions as representative operational archetypes. These archetypes illustrate how trajectory control, energy management, routing flexibility, and ground operations vary across urban corridors, regional networks, and time-sensitive deployment contexts. The analysis also examines the coupling between airspace structure, vertiport throughput, charging availability, and supervisory automation, demonstrating how these elements collectively determine achievable mission tempo and system reliability. Additional considerations include security and cybersecurity requirements, which define the protection of physical and digital system interfaces, and community and public acceptance, which establish operational boundaries through constraints on noise, visibility, and institutional trust. Collectively, these operational factors define the conditions governing whether AAM missions can be executed reliably and scaled across diverse environments. The chapter establishes that AAM functions as a coordinated operational system whose performance depends on the integration of interdependent components, as opposed to any single element in isolation.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Key (lock)", "Interdependence", "Context (archaeology)", "Service (business)", "Operational planning", "Automation", "Set (abstract data type)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394359325.ch06" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167362727", "doi": "10.1016/j.tbs.2026.101348", "title": "Modeling activity-travel behavior change to assess the impact of eVTOL deployment on group-specific benefits and urban transport equity", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Peng Luo", "Xiao Fu", "William H. K. Lam" ], "first_author": "Peng Luo", "venue": "Travel Behaviour and Society", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Equity (law)", "Software deployment", "Travel behavior", "Mode choice", "Population", "Mobile phone", "Revenue", "Poison control", "Geographic information system", "Public transport" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2026.101348" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168104647", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21318875", "title": "A Systematic Review of Urban Air Mobility: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-12", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Walid Al-Shaar" ], "first_author": "Walid Al-Shaar", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a transformative vision for metropolitan transportation, leveraging electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft to offer rapid, on-demand mobility while addressing urban congestion and emissions. Despite a rapidly expanding body of research, a comprehensive synthesis that maps evidence across technological, operational, regulatory, and societal dimensions remains absent. This systematic review therefore aims to critically synthesize the existing evidence, evaluate the reported effectiveness of proposed solutions, and identify critical research gaps that hinder translation into policy and practice. We conducted the review following the PRISMA guidelines, employing a comprehensive search across multiple databases and a structured keyword strategy derived from the SPICE framework. Studies were included if they presented original research, systematic reviews, or well-documented case studies addressing at least one core UAM aspect, with full text in English. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, then assessed full texts, resolving disagreements through consensus. The synthesis reveals a fragmented landscape dominated by simulation-based optimization models for vertiport location, fleet sizing, and route planning, alongside stated-preference studies on public acceptance that highlight safety and noise concerns. A recurring theme is the interdependence of technological, operational, and societal factors, suggesting that successful UAM implementation requires a holistic, system-of-systems approach. We conclude that primary barriers are not solely technological but deeply intertwined with regulatory and societal challenges, and we identify a notable gap in empirical data on real-world operational performance and long-term sustainability. Future research must move toward integrated, multi-stakeholder frameworks to guide responsible scaling from niche applications to mainstream urban transportation.", "keywords": [ "Systematic review", "Metropolitan area", "Mainstream", "Urban planning", "Scope (computer science)", "Empirical research", "Transformative learning", "Urban studies", "Scale (ratio)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21318875" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127589798", "doi": "10.1177/1475472x261419081", "title": "High-fidelity simulations of noise induced by time-harmonic gust interaction with eVTOL rotor", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Vadim Voropayev", "Michael Marques", "Alireza Maleki", "Anastasios S. Lyrintzis", "Reda R. Mankbadi", "Sheryl M. Grace", "Vladimir V. Golubev" ], "first_author": "Vadim Voropayev", "venue": "International Journal of Aeroacoustics", "publisher": "SAGE Publishing", "abstract": "This study investigates the aeroacoustic effects of harmonic gust disturbances on a five-blade electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Aircraft (eVTOL) rotor in edgewise flight. Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (DDES) using OpenFOAM, coupled with a synthetic gust generator, are first validated against experimental results for uniform inflow conditions. The results show good agreement for broadband spectra and performance metrics, with slight underprediction of tonal levels near the blade-passing frequency (BPF). In the next step, the gust of 10% fluctuations relative to the freestream velocity is added to the flow with a frequency of 119 Hz (0.357 BPF). Increasing gust intensity to 30% of the freestream velocity has a negligible effect on mean thrust but raises root mean square (RMS) thrust fluctuations by 14%, compared to 3.9% for the gust with intensity of 10% case. Spectral analysis reveals BPF harmonic increase of 16% and 29% for the intensity of 10% and 30% gusts, respectively, while the gust-frequency response is attenuated. Acoustic results show spatially dependent changes, seen in directivity maps: small gust amplitude enhances BPF levels at most microphones, whereas larger amplitude redistributes noise, broadening high SPL regions but reducing peaks in some directions. Overall Sound Pressure Level (OASPL) shifts range from about −2 to +2 dB, depending on position, indicating that higher gust magnitudes primarily alter noise directivity rather than uniformly amplifying it. These findings highlight the importance of considering high-intensity gusts in vertiport noise assessment and support design strategies for eVTOL operations in gust-prone urban environments.", "keywords": [ "Freestream", "Amplitude", "Directivity", "Noise (video)", "Thrust", "Inflow", "Intensity (physics)", "Rotor (electric)", "Sound pressure" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1475472x261419081" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203488035", "doi": "10.1016/j.trip.2026.102191", "title": "Macroscopic fundamental diagram-based stability analysis of emerging low-altitude transport networks with multi-dimensional corridor configurations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-08-14", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Haiyan Jiang", "Yijia Li", "Wei Qi", "Olga Bulatova", "Vladimir Zyryanov" ], "first_author": "Haiyan Jiang", "venue": "Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": "Large-scale low-altitude air transport (LAAT) has the potential to extend urban mobility beyond ground networks, yet dense operations in constrained airspace may trigger congestion and unstable network states. This study develops a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD)-based framework to evaluate the efficiency, controllability, and stability retention of two-region low-altitude transport networks under different corridor configurations and operation modes. An airport-centered network comprising vertiports, intra-regional corridors, and inter-regional corridors is constructed, and a channelized distributed collision-avoidance model is introduced to capture safety-constrained aircraft movements. Linear, planar, and three-dimensional cruise corridor configurations are examined under cargo-only, passenger-only, and mixed cargo-passenger operations. The estimated MFD parameters are embedded into a two-region management model to quantify feasible inter-regional flow-control intervals, stable region (SR) areas, and their evolution with regional accumulation. Results show that upgrading the corridor structure from linear to planar and three-dimensional configurations increases network capacity and generally enlarges the controllable state space and weakens SR contraction. Quantitatively, for the mixed mode, the replication-based mean end-point relative change of SR area improves from - 4.1039 % under the linear corridor configuration to - 1.0768 % under the planar configuration and - 0.9204 % under the three-dimensional configuration. For the cargo-only mode, the corresponding values improve from - 2.3025 % to - 0.8071 % and - 0.3381 % , respectively. Robust factorial analysis confirms significant effects of corridor configuration, operation mode, and their interaction ( p < 0.001 ). The TCC configuration provides an additional statistically significant improvement over PCC for cargo-only and mixed operations, whereas the PCC–TCC difference is not statistically significant for passenger-only operation.", "keywords": [ "Channelized", "Stability (learning theory)", "Topology (electrical circuits)", "Planar", "Diagram", "Boundary (topology)", "Separation (statistics)", "Control theory (sociology)", "Network topology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198226003568/pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412923496", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-96-9805-9_17", "title": "A Multi-Strategy Polar Lights Optimizer for Airborne Emergency Material Transportation Tasks in Complex Plateau Regions", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Chengcheng Chen", "Jiatong Liu", "Mingbin Wang", "Xianchang Wang", "Helong Yu", "Jiehong Wu", "Hua Ming Yang", "Huiling Chen" ], "first_author": "Chengcheng Chen", "venue": "Lecture notes in computer science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Plateau (mathematics)", "Polar", "Real-time computing", "Operations research", "Simulation", "Remote sensing", "Geology", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-9805-9_17" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4248670264", "doi": "10.21236/ad1019047", "title": "Programmatic Environmental Assessment Addressing the Development, Use, and Maintenance of Military Training Areas at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico", "year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-09-30", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "U.S. Air Force Kirtland AFB United States" ], "first_author": "U.S. Air Force Kirtland AFB United States", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This PEA was developed in compliance with USAFs Environmental Impact Analysis Process in support of the current training and maintenance activities and the development, use, and maintenance of additional military training areas on Kirtland AFB. The types of military training conducted on Kirtland AFB are common military activities that include the use of firing ranges for live weapons training and weapons qualification the use of training areas for maneuvers, force on-force rescue, real-world deployment, land navigation, convoy movement and protection, rotary-wing aircraft operations, and explosives training helicopter landing zones and the Auxiliary Helicopter Training Field for helicopter pilot training, personnel insertionextraction, and crash rescue field training exercises and Isleta drop zone for C-130 aerial delivery training. Training activities can include the use of munitions, Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System, pyrotechnics, ground burst simulators, smokes, and flares. The Proposed Action is to continue current military training activities on Kirtland AFB, as well as provide suitable training areas on the installation, where possible, to better support Department of Defense training requirements. It is anticipated that mission requirements will continue to grow and new military training areas would be needed for conventional tactical training in dry, mountainous areas such as those found on Kirtland AFB. Further, evaluation of existing training areas for new activities and the creation of new training areas, where possible, on the installation could allow a limited amount of the off-installation activities to be brought back onto Kirtland AFB.", "keywords": [ "Training (meteorology)", "Military Base", "Aeronautics", "Engineering", "Geography", "Political science", "Public administration", "Meteorology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21236/ad1019047" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414690738", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2508.06428", "title": "Full-Dimensional Beamforming for Multi-User MIMO-OFDM ISAC for Low-Altitude UAV with Zero Sensing Resource Allocation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-08", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhiwen Zhou", "Yong Zeng", "Chunguo Li", "Fei Yang", "Chen, Yan", "Jingon Joung" ], "first_author": "Zhiwen Zhou", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to play an important role for low-altitude economy with a wide range of applications like precise agriculture, aerial delivery and surveillance. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a key technology to enable the large-scale deployment and routine usage of UAVs by providing both communication and sensing services efficiently. For UAV ISAC systems, as UAV often acts as both a communication user equipment (UE) and a sensing target, traditional ISAC systems that usually allocate dedicated TF resources for sensing are inefficient due to the severe degradation of communication spectral efficiency. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a novel multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based ISAC framework for UAVs that eliminates the need for dedicated sensing TF resources, achieving zero TF sensing overhead. By designing the transmit beamforming to meet the requirements for both communication and sensing tasks, our proposed approach enables the communication TF resources to be fully reused for sensing, thereby enhancing both the communication sum rate and the sensing performance in terms of resolution, unambiguous range, and accuracy. Additionally, we introduce a low-complexity target searching beamforming algorithm and a two-stage super-resolution sensing algorithm, which ensure efficient implementation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MIMO-OFDM-ISAC framework not only improves the communication sum rate but also outperforms traditional ISAC systems in sensing performance, making it a promising solution for future ISAC systems to support low-altitude UAVs.", "keywords": [ "Beamforming", "Key (lock)", "Software deployment", "Resource allocation", "Communications system", "Multiplexing", "Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing", "Resource (disambiguation)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06428" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413310098", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-95-1334-5_22", "title": "1D-LW-ResNet: High-Efficiency UAV Detector Based on RF Signals", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-08-19", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Zhenkun Liu", "Zhiyue Zhang", "Yifei Zhang", "Junsheng Mu" ], "first_author": "Zhenkun Liu", "venue": "Communications in computer and information science", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Detector", "Computer science", "Residual neural network", "Artificial intelligence", "Telecommunications", "Artificial neural network" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1334-5_22" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415295885", "doi": "10.1108/aeat-05-2025-0168", "title": "Design, manufacture and testing of a low-cost tilt-rotor UAV: a practical development case", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-04", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jose Cordova", "Diana Hernández-Alcantara", "Luis Arturo Reyes", "Luis Amézquita-Brooks" ], "first_author": "Jose Cordova", "venue": "Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Purpose Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capability are increasingly being used for parcel delivery, especially in areas lacking transport infrastructure. However, VTOL design presents distinct practical challenges. The purpose of this work is to present an accessible, low-cost design methodology for VTOL UAVs, addressing key technical hurdles relevant to resource-limited contexts. Design/methodology/approach This article details the design, prototyping and initial flight validation of a small VTOL-UAV for parcel delivery missions. The approach integrates accessible design tools, evolutionary optimization methods for aerodynamic refinement and rapid prototyping using digital manufacturing and commercial off-the-shelf components. Experimental ground and flight tests were performed to evaluate design decisions and validate key assumptions. Findings Early flight testing demonstrated that accurate weight prediction and propulsion system modeling are critical to avoiding operational bottlenecks such as insufficient payload capacity or throttle saturation. The prototype achieved stable, functional flight, supporting the validity of the design approach and identifying areas for further improvement. Social implications The methodology supports the development of UAV solutions for aerial delivery in underserved rural regions, especially where conventional infrastructure is lacking or impractical. Originality/value This study provides a comprehensive workflow for addressing practical design and manufacturing challenges in affordable VTOL UAVs. It offers guidance to practitioners and researchers by transparently integrating accessible tools and low-cost components.", "keywords": [ "Key (lock)", "Workflow", "Payload (computing)", "Takeoff and landing", "Takeoff", "Rapid prototyping", "Drone", "Work (physics)", "Model-based design" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/aeat-05-2025-0168" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415044993", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202510.0245.v1", "title": "Design and Development of a Novel Lifeguard Rescue System Based on Automated Air-Cushion Device, Artificial Intelligence and Aerial Support", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-03", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Ashour Ghelichi" ], "first_author": "Ashour Ghelichi", "venue": "Preprints.org", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Drowning remains a leading cause of accidental mortality worldwide, with delayed response times being a critical factor in survival outcomes. This study presents an innovative autonomous underwater robotic rescue system designed to minimize intervention time through distributed stationary deployment and intelligent threat detection. The proposed system comprises compact submersible vehicles stationed in underwater docking facilities, equipped with rapid-inflation flotation devices that activate beneath drowning victims to provide immediate buoyancy assistance. Each robotic unit measures 250×120 mm with brushless electric propulsion and three-axis control surfaces, capable of underwater speeds reaching 2.5 m/s. The flotation mechanism utilizes pressurized carbon dioxide cartridges enabling complete inflation within 1.8 seconds, generating 70-liter buoyant volume sufficient for 90 kg payload capacity. Multi-sensor fusion incorporating computer vision, hydro acoustic detection, and thermal imaging enables autonomous victim identification with 98.3% accuracy. Controlled pool testing demonstrated average response times of 8.4 seconds from threat detection to surface deployment, representing an 81% improvement over conventional human lifeguard intervention. The modular architecture permits scalable deployment across swimming pools, beaches, and maritime rescue operations including aerial delivery from helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles, offering transformative drowning prevention through proactive automated intervention.", "keywords": [ "Software deployment", "Modular design", "Payload (computing)", "Underwater", "Operability", "Testbed", "Scalability", "Propulsion", "Robotics" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/51013ec667459c24e9baa07bd3ecd7f8/download_pub" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164155774", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2606.10371", "title": "Test-time Adversarial Takeover: A Real-time Hijacking Interface against Robotic Diffusion Policies", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Zi Yin", "Peilin Chai", "Siyuan Huang", "Zhanhao Hu" ], "first_author": "Zi Yin", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Diffusion-based action generation has become a foundational component of embodied AI, but its reliance on visual conditioning leaves deployed visuomotor policies vulnerable to adversarial manipulation. Most prior attacks focus on disruption: they perturb the observation stream to reduce task success or induce erratic behavior. We study a stronger threat, Test-time Adversarial Takeover (TAKO), in which an attacker obtains a real-time steering interface over a frozen robot policy and turns it into a remotely piloted instrument. TAKO learns a small vocabulary of reusable universal patches through differentiable diffusion inference; at test time, the attacker switches among these patches in the camera stream to compose attacker-chosen trajectories. This works because the perturbation acts on the visual conditioning pathway, where the induced bias can persist through iterative generative inference. We further show that the natural targeted baseline, target-policy matching, fails because the victim policy cannot reliably supervise itself on out-of-distribution target shifts. Across four tasks (2D manipulation, simulated aerial delivery, simulated ground navigation, and physical-world ground navigation), two visual encoders (ResNet-18 and EfficientNet-B0 + Transformer), and three generative inference families (DDPM, DDIM, and flow matching), human operators achieve 100\\% takeover success on attacker-defined objectives in every evaluated setting. The project page is available at https://tako-attack.github.io.", "keywords": [ "Adversarial system", "Robot", "Interface (matter)", "Component (thermodynamics)", "Task (project management)", "Vocabulary", "Differentiable function", "Encoder", "Focus (optics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.10371" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W1555092252", "doi": "10.21236/ad0830107", "title": "MILITARY POTENTIAL TEST OF NOISE SUPPRESSOR, HEL, M4, FOR M16A1 RIFLE", "year": 1968, "publication_date": "1968-04-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "W. Robert Lee", "Gene W. Cole" ], "first_author": "W. Robert Lee", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : The Military Potential Test of the Noise Suppressor, HEL, M4, for the M16A1 Rifle, was conducted by the US Army Infantry Board from 1 Feb 68 to 26 Mar 68 at Ft Benning, Ga. The purpose was to evaluate the advantages and/or disadvantages of the noise suppressor in realistic operational exercises characteristic of Vietnam environments with respect to such factors as position disclosing effects, system functioning, durability, reliability, and maintenance. Fifteen M16A1 rifles with noise suppressors attached were used to conduct this test. Fifteen standard M16A1 rifles were used for control purposes. Specific phases of testing under temperate climatic conditions included physical characteristics; safety; signature effects; known distance accuracy; quick fire; durability and reliability; portability and aerial delivery; maintenance; human factors engineering; and value analysis. There were no deficiencies; three shortcomings were noted. The gas deflector failed to deflect all of the escaping gases from the firer's eyes; the ejection pattern of the M16A1 rifle with the noise suppressor attached caused the expended cartridge to strike the cheek of left-handed firers; and the malfunction rate of the test weapon was unusually high. It was concluded that the Noise Suppressor, HEL, M4, had military potential and accomplishes the purpose for which it was designed, i.e., to deceive observers located forward of the test weapon as to the location of the weapon when it is fired. It was recommended that the Noise Suppressor, HEL, M4, be considered as having military potential, and further development be directed toward correction of the shortcomings.", "keywords": [ "Rifle", "Noise (video)", "Simulation", "Engineering", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Aeronautics", "Weapon system", "Infantry", "Reliability engineering", "Computer security", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.21236/ad0830107" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4413070748", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-95284-5_32", "title": "Enabling Automated Zero-Emissions Air Mobility Trough U-Space Infrastructure", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "José Camacho", "Stefano Riverso", "K. Wadhwani", "D. Mobsby", "N. Liberko", "Xavier Esneu", "U. Houssou", "Daniel Joseph Hogan", "Damiano Taurino", "Aurora De Bortoli Vizioli", "L. Portoghese", "Wassim Derguech", "C. MacCriostail", "John Drysdale", "Jay L. Garland", "Brian C. Healy" ], "first_author": "José Camacho", "venue": "Lecture notes in mobility", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "abstract": "Abstract EALU-AER is a scalable U-Space technology infrastructure integration and demonstration project to establish Ireland’s first Digital Sky Demonstrator (DSD), enabling the smooth transition towards smart cities and is located at Future Mobility Campus Ireland’s (FMCI) recently established vertiport site, in the vicinity of Shannon Airport, Ireland. This project focuses to demonstrate the proposed U-Space architecture operations and enable U1 and U2 services integrated with AirNavIE Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems, allowing the safe integration into the airspace of zero-emission drones that will perform different Urban Air Mobility (UAM) missions. This project will leverage world-class integrated Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) technology solution that encompasses an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) platform (Collins Airspace Services), a backhaul network (ARINC Ground Network) that will ensure the secure data exchange, Control and Non-payload Communications (CNPC) Command and Control (C2) link equipment, and advanced three-dimensional phased array radar (Skyler®). To demonstrate a range of UAM operations, across the range of U-Space services projected through the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) U-Space Concept of Operations (ConOps), several use cases are proposed that capture the technology demonstrations associated with the projected near-term UAM services market. The project will collaborate with EUROCONTROL and other DSD projects to harmonize requirements, ConOps and recommendations for standardization and regulations and derive measures for public acceptance. It is expected that this technology driven by eVTOLs (electrical vertical take-off and landing) vehicles will improve the connectivity on the Ireland island both internally and internationally, which is of vital importance for the continued development of the country.", "keywords": [ "Telecommunications", "Engineering", "Air traffic control", "Systems engineering", "Transport engineering", "Computer science", "Aerospace engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-95284-5_32" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7154980755", "doi": "10.1080/12265934.2026.2657603", "title": "User-oriented planning for UAM in Seoul: a spatial approach using latent class analysis and location quotient analysis based on travel purpose", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Jin-Hak Lee", "Do‐Gyeong Kim" ], "first_author": "Jin-Hak Lee", "venue": "International Journal of Urban Sciences", "publisher": "Taylor & Francis", "abstract": "Seoul is actively considering the introduction of UAM; however, the plans thus far have been developed using a top-down, supplier-centred approach. Since UAM services are still in their early stages, with limited experience, and individual environments and preferences vary, it is essential to develop plans from the users’ perspective. In this study, latent class analysis (LCA) was performed based on the benefits and sacrifices variables from the value-based adoption model (VAM). Then, using location quotient (LQ) analysis, areas in Seoul with high acceptance tendencies and the characteristics of the groups most concentrated in those areas were identified. The analysis revealed that, for Airport Access Trips, individuals in their 20s and long-distance car users exhibited positive responses to UAM, whereas for Commuting Trips, highly educated, high-income individuals in their 30s and long-distance users showed positive attitudes towards UAM services. These groups are characterized by a high understanding and adaptability to new technologies, a preference for convenience and comfort during travel and relatively low sensitivity to fare burdens for repetitive trips. The southeastern and southwestern regions of Seoul were identified as areas with high user specialization, which coincided with the locations of vertiports in the pilot route plans. However, additional consideration for the northeastern region, which lacks public transportation infrastructure, is suggested for mid- to long-term planning.HighlightsUser-centred planning is needed for urban air mobility in Seoul.Young adults and long-distance drivers showed stronger preferences for airport access trips.High-income commuters in their 30s showed strong potential for adoption.Perceived benefits and risks helped identify distinct urban air mobility user groups.The identified high-acceptance areas largely matched the pilot sites, while highlighting the need for further review of areas with limited public transportation.", "keywords": [ "Class (philosophy)", "Latent class model", "Statistical analysis", "Quotient" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2026.2657603" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7168080231", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21318876", "title": "A Systematic Review of Urban Air Mobility: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-12", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Walid Al-Shaar" ], "first_author": "Walid Al-Shaar", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a transformative vision for metropolitan transportation, leveraging electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft to offer rapid, on-demand mobility while addressing urban congestion and emissions. Despite a rapidly expanding body of research, a comprehensive synthesis that maps evidence across technological, operational, regulatory, and societal dimensions remains absent. This systematic review therefore aims to critically synthesize the existing evidence, evaluate the reported effectiveness of proposed solutions, and identify critical research gaps that hinder translation into policy and practice. We conducted the review following the PRISMA guidelines, employing a comprehensive search across multiple databases and a structured keyword strategy derived from the SPICE framework. Studies were included if they presented original research, systematic reviews, or well-documented case studies addressing at least one core UAM aspect, with full text in English. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, then assessed full texts, resolving disagreements through consensus. The synthesis reveals a fragmented landscape dominated by simulation-based optimization models for vertiport location, fleet sizing, and route planning, alongside stated-preference studies on public acceptance that highlight safety and noise concerns. A recurring theme is the interdependence of technological, operational, and societal factors, suggesting that successful UAM implementation requires a holistic, system-of-systems approach. We conclude that primary barriers are not solely technological but deeply intertwined with regulatory and societal challenges, and we identify a notable gap in empirical data on real-world operational performance and long-term sustainability. Future research must move toward integrated, multi-stakeholder frameworks to guide responsible scaling from niche applications to mainstream urban transportation.", "keywords": [ "Systematic review", "Metropolitan area", "Mainstream", "Urban planning", "Scope (computer science)", "Empirical research", "Transformative learning", "Urban studies", "Scale (ratio)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21318876" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7170198373", "doi": "10.1108/ijlma-03-2026-0150", "title": "New innovation-new liability challenges: a comparative civil liability framework for eVTOL malfunction", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-23", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sumaiya Firoz Nomani", "Mohammad Rababa", "Hussain Al-Ahmad", "Husameldin Mukhtar", "Nasiruddeen Muhammad", "Saad Ali Amin", "Burkhard Schafer", "Karem Sayed Aboelazm" ], "first_author": "Sumaiya Firoz Nomani", "venue": "International Journal of Law and Management", "publisher": "Emerald Publishing Limited", "abstract": "Purpose This study aims to examine whether existing civil liability regimes are capable of responding adequately to accidents involving electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOLs) and considers how liability allocation may be structured to support the safe and commercially viable deployment of urban air mobility services. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a qualitative doctrinal and comparative approach. It analyses relevant principles of tort law, product liability and aviation liability across the USA, the European Union and the United Arab Emirates, with particular focus on harm arising from software malfunction, autonomous or semi-autonomous operations, infrastructure failure and multi-party service delivery models. Findings This study finds that existing liability frameworks are only partially equipped to address eVTOL-related harm. Conventional fault-based rules and existing aviation liability instruments were developed for more traditional forms of carriage and do not adequately reflect distributed operational control, algorithmic decision-making or the fragmented contractual structure of eVTOL markets. This study argues for a tiered liability framework based on functional control, under which manufacturers and software developers would bear strict liability for design and software defects, operators would remain responsible for operational and maintenance failures and infrastructure providers would face presumptive responsibility where vertiport or support system failures materially contribute to damage. Originality/value This study contributes to emerging eVTOL scholarship by framing civil liability as an element of market governance and risk allocation rather than merely a remedial mechanism. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first of its kind to do so. It further advances a UAE-focused reform model combining presumption of causality, mandatory insurance and specialised dispute resolution.", "keywords": [ "Liability", "Civil aviation", "Strict liability", "Legal liability", "Product liability", "Corporate governance", "Service provider", "Liability insurance", "Tort" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2026-0150" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4401362563", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-85629", "title": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM); Implementation & Feasibility", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Michael Hakim" ], "first_author": "Michael Hakim", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Various factors are involved in the integration of UAM into current modes of transportation, including technical, safety, infrastructure, regulatory, and demand/acceptance aspects. The adjustment of each aspect is of the utmost importance to the successful implementation of UAM. Through thorough analyses of several research papers and literature on the many components of this matter, a comprehensive temporary verdict has been reached. Beginning with on-land infrastructure, the creation of vertiports requiring significant land area provides a more realistic boarding arrangement compared to the previously identified rooftops and helipads. Further into the technical aspect of UAM, creating vehicles that satisfy safety and noise regulations, provide comfort for passengers, and reduce travel time has resulted in the development of various propulsion arrangements and designs. These include a lift-fan design, a tilt-wing design, and a lift-and-cruise design, among a few others. The benefits and drawbacks of each layout are discussed. The operation of these aircraft will need to begin with a pilot before transitioning to full autonomy, which raises the question of how pilots will be trained. Not only this, the necessity of having an airspace capable of managing this air traffic has resulted in the development of U-space. Research on the arrangement of traffic within the U-space has concurred that having a layer organization results in the greatest efficiency and safety. These advancements led to the mandatory creation of simulation methods capable of replicating real-life situations as accurately as possible. An important aspect that is not widely considered is acceptance by the public. This involves the efficiency mentioned above along with safety for those on land and noise levels. Additionally, ease of access, waiting times, and cost impact the demand of the public. Together, the analyses of the numerous facets of UAM show that this mode of transportation may not replace current modes in the next decade or two and may take longer to become the main method used. Applications that are more achievable in the short term are the use of UAM in law enforcement, medical purposes, package delivery, etc. It may also take on a similar role to helicopters for news channels and for commercial purposes.", "keywords": [ "Computer science", "Environmental science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2024-85629" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4386144402", "doi": "10.1109/tits.2026.3698394", "title": "Analyzing the Impact of Service Stages on Demand and Modal Shift for Urban Air Mobility: A Case Study of Seoul Metropolitan Area", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-06-08", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Hyunsoo Kim", "Kwanjung Yee" ], "first_author": "Hyunsoo Kim", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Upon the introduction of urban air mobility (UAM) services as a new transportation mode, a substantial portion of the UAM service demand is expected to be generated by passengers shifting from conventional transportation modes. However, previous studies have focused on the primary mode of transportation that shifts to UAM in specific service stages, overlooking the potential variations in mode choice as the service stages mature. Additionally, existing researches have predominantly examined the aggregate demand across all flight routes, making it challenging to identify the distinctive characteristics of each route with high demand. This study aims to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of mode choice tendencies and demand characteristics for UAM services throughout the entire service stages. To determine the mode choice of passengers, a demand forecasting model is established and the mode choice criterion named “income threshold” is used. Finally, based on this model, a case study of Seoul metropolitan area is conducted. The results indicate that as UAM services mature, targeting the demand shift from private vehicle users has more potential to generate high demand than targeting public transport or taxi users. Furthermore, the findings indicate that routes with high demand during a specific service stage do not consistently follow high demand throughout the entire service stage. Last but not least, the optimal order of vertiport deployment for maximizing cumulative revenue within operating flight routes was scrutinized; it was discovered that only 9 out of 24 flight routes account for 80% of the total revenue. The finding of this study has great potential for policy- and decision-makers in seamlessly applying the results to other areas with similar characteristics to Seoul metropolitan area and can provide valuable insights into UAM services demand trends.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Modal shift", "Modal", "Transport engineering", "Service (business)", "Regional science", "Economic geography", "Geography", "Business", "Engineering", "Public transport", "Marketing" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4550581" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7162971465", "doi": null, "title": "Integration strategy and deployment proposal of eVTOLs in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-02-02", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Laura Farré Rovira" ], "first_author": "Laura Farré Rovira", "venue": "UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)", "publisher": "Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a potential solution to address congestion, travel time inefficiencies, and increasingly sustainable mobility trends in large metropolitan areas. This thesis explores the integration and deployment of Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles within the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB), with the objective of outlining a preliminary strategic framework for their progressive incorporation into the existing urban mobility system while accounting for the specific characteristics and constraints of the region. A qualitative and analytical approach is adopted, combining literature review and contextual analysis without relying on empirical operational data. The study first examines current industry developments and regulatory frameworks related to UAM and eVTOLs. This is followed by an analysis of the territorial, mobility, and potential UAM demand characteristics of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Based on this assessment, a preliminary integration and deployment proposal is developed, addressing the prioritization and sequencing of services, infrastructure requirements, integration with public transport, and the different phases involved in the deployment process. Finally, the main impacts, challenges, and risks associated with UAM implementation are evaluated. The results show that although eVTOL technology has been successfully tested in several cities worldwide, major challenges remain, particularly in regulatory, social, and economic domains. The analysis of the AMB highlights a dense and well-functioning mobility system with potential for improvement, as well as a generally positive public attitude toward UAM, accompanied by concerns related to safety, noise, and accessibility. Based on these findings, the proposed phased deployment strategy prioritizes medical and emergency services, followed by air shuttle operations and other complementary services, and identifies potential vertiport locations as well as pathways for integration with the existing public transport model. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that although the AMB is not yet ready for immediate UAM deployment, it possesses strong potential for medium- to long-term integration. The work provides a foundational strategic proposal that can support future detailed studies, pilot projects, and policy development related to eVTOL-based urban mobility in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.", "keywords": [ "Metropolitan area", "Software deployment", "System integration", "Prioritization", "Public transport", "Identification (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2117/462746" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7166797010", "doi": "10.61089/aot2026.z4fb7v39", "title": "Risk identification and mitigations in advanced air mobility operations", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Antoni Kopyt", "Chad Stephens" ], "first_author": "Antoni Kopyt", "venue": "Archives of Transport", "publisher": "Index Copernicus International S.A.", "abstract": "The following paper presents research aimed at identifying the most critical risks and their mitigations in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations. This topic is one of aviation's most significant challenges in the coming decades. Having many flying vehicles in a single airspace requires an innovative approach, rule redefinition, and traffic management. Some solutions are scalable and can be adapted from general aviation. Therefore, stakeholders must address new risks and implement dedicated methods while maintaining the highest level of operational safety. Simulation research is needed to validate solutions before systems operate in real environments. The response to those challenges is the development of a simulation tool that can serve as a test benchmark. The study is divided into two sections: identifying potential risks associated with the rapidly growing UAV market and its applications in urban environments and developing a simulation tool that addresses various Urban Air Mobility challenges. A set of test cases is presented to demonstrate the tool’s functionality and capabilities for further analysis. The paper reviews the United States and European Union approaches to UAM integration, including NASA, FAA, SESAR, and EASA initiatives, and highlights differences in operational concepts and regulatory frameworks. The research identifies major categories of risks related to UAV operations, including technical failures, environmental hazards, human factors, and cybersecurity threats. Long-term challenges associated with increasing traffic density, autonomous operations, and airspace organization are also discussed. The research evaluates scalable safety solutions derived from commercial aviation and analyzes urban airspace concepts such as layers, zones, sky-lanes, and sky-corridors. The developed simulation environment, implemented for the Warsaw metropolitan area, enables modeling of large-scale UAV and VTOL operations, no-fly zones, vertiport hubs, and traffic distribution. The results demonstrate the importance of dedicated traffic structures, altitude separation, and decentralized traffic management systems in ensuring safe and efficient Urban Air Mobility operations.", "keywords": [ "Identification (biology)", "Scalability", "Aviation", "Air traffic control", "Set (abstract data type)", "Aviation safety", "European union", "Risk assessment" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://archivesoftransport.com/index.php/aot/article/download/785/649" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2623604734", "doi": "10.21236/ad1019182", "title": "Intra-theater Air Mobility and Theater Distribution for the Joint Force Commander: Is the United States Central Command Model the Best", "year": 2010, "publication_date": "2010-06-01", "type": "report", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Francisco Eduardo Rivera" ], "first_author": "Francisco Eduardo Rivera", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : Wars cannot be fought without logistics. Throughout the ages, kings, conquerors, and military commanders have relied on supply chains to expand their empires and sustain their campaigns. However, the business of logistics and supply chain management is not glamorous. When compared to the shock and awe provided by kinetic effects on a battlefield, a mile-long line of fuel trucks or an airfield parking ramp full of wide-body aircraft do not make for very impressive photo opportunities. But the business of logistics and supply chain management is as vitally important, if not more so, as the business of targeting, bombardment, and scheme of maneuver. Though modern day American Joint Force Commanders have at their disposal a host of logisticians and supply chain managers to expertly manage a complex and global logistics network, it is critical that these commanders themselves be familiar with the advantages and constraints of the American global supply chain. For the U.S. Air Force, with Global Reach a part of its charter, the business of logistics is firmly rooted in its contributions to the American way of war. From humanitarian assistance, to disaster relief, to combat aerial delivery, the Air Mobility Command provides the assets and the expertise to sustain America's power projection capabilities. The global portion of the American aerial supply chain is controlled and managed by U.S. Transportation Command. However, once personnel and materials arrive in a Geographic Combatant Commander's Area of Responsibility, that theater commander becomes responsible for onward movement and distribution. Over the last eight years, one geographic command in particular has gained an incredible wealth of knowledge and experience in the business of managing aerial supply chains within a theater: U.S. Central Command.", "keywords": [ "Joint (building)", "Aeronautics", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Operations research", "Engineering", "Mathematics", "Civil engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://doi.org/10.21236/ad1019182" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7114820471", "doi": null, "title": "Aerial Vision-Language Navigation with a Unified Framework for Spatial, Temporal and Embodied Reasoning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Xu, Huilin", "Liu, Zhuoyang", "Luomei, Yixiang", "Xu, Feng" ], "first_author": "Xu, Huilin", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Aerial Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) aims to enable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to interpret natural language instructions and navigate complex urban environments using onboard visual observation. This task holds promise for real-world applications such as low-altitude inspection, search-and-rescue, and autonomous aerial delivery. Existing methods often rely on panoramic images, depth inputs, or odometry to support spatial reasoning and action planning. These requirements increase system cost and integration complexity, thus hindering practical deployment for lightweight UAVs. We present a unified aerial VLN framework that operates solely on egocentric monocular RGB observations and natural language instructions. The model formulates navigation as a next-token prediction problem, jointly optimizing spatial perception, trajectory reasoning, and action prediction through prompt-guided multi-task learning. Moreover, we propose a keyframe selection strategy to reduce visual redundancy by retaining semantically informative frames, along with an action merging and label reweighting mechanism that mitigates long-tailed supervision imbalance and facilitates stable multi-task co-training. Extensive experiments on the AerialVLN and OpenFly benchmark validate the effectiveness of our method. Under the challenging monocular RGB-only setting, our model achieves strong results across both seen and unseen environments. It significantly outperforms existing RGB-only baselines and narrows the performance gap with state-of-the-art panoramic RGB-D counterparts. Comprehensive ablation studies further demonstrate the contribution of our task design and architectural choices. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/return-sleep/AeroAct.", "keywords": [ "Monocular", "Task (project management)", "Visual odometry", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Natural language", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Trajectory", "Software deployment", "Task analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.08639" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416924565", "doi": "10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257369", "title": "Integrating Wind Impact Predictions into Safety Hazard Risk Assessment Tools for Uncrewed Aircraft System Traffic Management", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Vimmy Gujral", "Jolene Feldman", "Paul U. Lee", "Gregory Costedoat", "Portia Banerjee", "Kevin Bradner", "Charles M. Walter" ], "first_author": "Vimmy Gujral", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "A small uncrewed aircraft system (sUAS) can play a critical role in natural disaster response, supporting a range of missions from aerial imagery to search and rescue. To maintain safety standards in these dynamic environments, the System Wide Safety (SWS) project at NASA is developing an In-time Aviation Safety Management System (IASMS) to effectively monitor, assess, and mitigate risks for multiple sUAS operating in dense and uncontrolled low altitude airspace. Data-driven hazard and risk assessment models have been developed to anticipate and respond to safety concerns and enhance situational awareness for decision makers. Services, functions, and capabilities (SFCs), designed to identify and manage both known and emergent risks, have been developed to predict a number of hazards and risks, including battery capacity, proximity to static obstacles, population risks, Global Positioning System signal strength, radio frequency spectrum interference, and vertiport congestion. These services have been integrated into a user interface (UI) called the Supplemental Data Service Provider-Consolidated Dashboard (SDSP-CD). The SDSP-CD features a risk assessment dashboard linked with an interactive map that displays proposed sUAS routes from the user's fleet of vehicles. The severity of risk that potential hazards might pose to a vehicle along its selected route are assessed by the various services. The present study describes the latest SDSP-CD tool developments, notably, the addition of a wind impact service and updated visual components. The updated UI was created using a web-based rapid prototyping software package. An internal evaluation by subject matter experts was conducted to assess the newly designed SDSP-CD prototype, with an emphasis on the wind impact service and trajectory replanning feature. Overall, the wind impact service was favorably received, with participants successfully using the UI to respond to questions and find information. Future directions regarding the functionality and design of the wind impact service are discussed.", "keywords": [ "Situation awareness", "Risk assessment", "Hazard", "Hazard analysis", "Risk management", "Dashboard", "Population", "Service (business)", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc66011.2025.11257369" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W339338196", "doi": null, "title": "Human Factors Analysis of Aircrew Operational Tasks in a Fixed-Wing Search and Rescue Aircraft Cargo Compartment (Analyse des facteurs humains lies aux taches operationnelles qui sont executees par les membres d'equipage dans la soute des avions de recherche et de sauvetage)", "year": 2011, "publication_date": "2011-05-01", "type": "article", "language": "fr", "authors": [ "Tracy Teeple", "Mark Rutley", "Jason McHarg", "Lori Coady" ], "first_author": "Tracy Teeple", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Abstract : The Joint Operational Human Sciences Centre (JOHSC), at the request of Director Air Requirements (DAR), conducted a human factors analysis of aircrew operational tasks in a Fixed-Wing Search and Rescue (FWSAR) aircraft cargo compartment. The aim of this study was to provide guidance on minimum cargo compartment dimensions based on operational duties performed by Search and Rescue Technicians (SAR Techs). Specifically, it includes an analysis of the entire workspace envelope, to determine compartment length, width and height requirements. A secondary aim was to address concerns regarding future risk of musculoskeletal injury to SAR Techs working in the cargo compartment of a FWSAR aircraft. The full range of operational tasks performed by SAR Techs in the current FWSAR aircraft was observed at squadrons in Trenton, Ontario and Comox, British Columbia. Space critical aerial delivery tasks and four relevant types of equipment were selected for analysis, including postural and spinal load assessments of manual materials handling (MMH) and anthropometry based on current SAR Tech demographics. Potential risk of musculoskeletal injury to SAR Techs during operational tasks was evaluated. Results were used to provide guidance based on ergonomics principals, standards in the industry, and current operational FWSAR procedures. Relevant anthropometry, secular growth trends, personal protective equipment (PPE) and workspace dimensions were considered. Based on a 99th percentile SAR Tech male (BoSS XXI), a minimal cabin compartment height of 198.7 cm, or rounded up 200 cm, is recommended. However, this value does not account for any head room clearance required under turbulent conditions.", "keywords": [ "Aircrew", "Search and rescue", "Aeronautics", "Operations management", "Computer science", "Operations research", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a557348.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7164020514", "doi": "10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3701286", "title": "Aerial Vision-Language Navigation with a Unified Framework for Spatial, Temporal and Embodied Reasoning", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Huilin Xu", "Zhuoyang Liu", "Yixiang Luomei", "Feng Xu" ], "first_author": "Huilin Xu", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "abstract": "Aerial Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) aims to enable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to interpret natural language instructions and navigate complex urban environments using onboard visual observations. This task holds promise for real-world applications such as low-altitude inspection, search-and-rescue, and autonomous aerial delivery. Existing methods often rely on panoramic images, depth information, or odometry to support spatial reasoning and action planning. Such reliance on additional sensing modalities increases system cost and integration complexity. In this work, we present a unified aerial VLN framework that operates solely on egocentric monocular RGB observations and natural language instructions. The model formulates navigation as a next-token prediction problem, jointly optimizing spatial perception, trajectory reasoning, and action prediction through prompt-guided multi-task learning. Moreover, we propose a keyframe selection strategy to reduce visual redundancy by retaining semantically informative frames, along with an action merging and label reweighting mechanism that mitigates long-tailed supervision imbalance and facilitates stable multi-task co-training. Extensive experiments on the AerialVLN and OpenFly benchmarks validate the effectiveness of our method. Under the challenging monocular RGB-only setting, our model achieves strong results across both seen and unseen environments. It significantly outperforms existing monocular baselines and narrows the performance gap with state-of-the-art panoramic RGB-D counterparts. Comprehensive ablation studies further validate the contribution of our architectural design and choices. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/return-sleep/AeroAct.", "keywords": [ "Embodied cognition", "Visualization", "Robot", "Image segmentation", "Context model" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3701286" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7160319612", "doi": "10.1007/s11334-026-00628-6", "title": "Transformer-Guided Vision for Autonomous Drone Delivery: Integrating YOLOv8 and ViT for Obstacle Detection and Landing Zone Segmentation", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-05-02", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Sourav Mondal", "Kamakhya Paul", "Sana Sultana Pathan", "Gopi Chand Perala", "Venkata Karthik Dhulipudi" ], "first_author": "Sourav Mondal", "venue": "Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Drone", "Obstacle", "Segmentation", "Image segmentation", "Image processing", "Automation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11334-026-00628-6" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7114807341", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2512.08639", "title": "Aerial Vision-Language Navigation with a Unified Framework for Spatial, Temporal and Embodied Reasoning", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Xu, Huilin", "Liu, Zhuoyang", "Luomei, Yixiang", "Xu, Feng" ], "first_author": "Xu, Huilin", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Aerial Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) aims to enable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to interpret natural language instructions and navigate complex urban environments using onboard visual observation. This task holds promise for real-world applications such as low-altitude inspection, search-and-rescue, and autonomous aerial delivery. Existing methods often rely on panoramic images, depth inputs, or odometry to support spatial reasoning and action planning. These requirements increase system cost and integration complexity, thus hindering practical deployment for lightweight UAVs. We present a unified aerial VLN framework that operates solely on egocentric monocular RGB observations and natural language instructions. The model formulates navigation as a next-token prediction problem, jointly optimizing spatial perception, trajectory reasoning, and action prediction through prompt-guided multi-task learning. Moreover, we propose a keyframe selection strategy to reduce visual redundancy by retaining semantically informative frames, along with an action merging and label reweighting mechanism that mitigates long-tailed supervision imbalance and facilitates stable multi-task co-training. Extensive experiments on the AerialVLN and OpenFly benchmark validate the effectiveness of our method. Under the challenging monocular RGB-only setting, our model achieves strong results across both seen and unseen environments. It significantly outperforms existing RGB-only baselines and narrows the performance gap with state-of-the-art panoramic RGB-D counterparts. Comprehensive ablation studies further demonstrate the contribution of our task design and architectural choices. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/return-sleep/AeroAct.", "keywords": [ "Monocular", "Task (project management)", "Visual odometry", "Redundancy (engineering)", "Natural language", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Trajectory", "Software deployment", "Task analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.08639" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W3215739002", "doi": "10.23967/membranes.2021.037", "title": "Wall Modeled Immersed Boundary Lattice Boltzmann Method for the Fluid-Structure Interaction of Ram-Air Parachutes and Paragliders", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Tom Lolies", "Nicolas Gourdain", "Miguel Charlotte", "Hervé Belloc" ], "first_author": "Tom Lolies", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Ram-Air wings, or parafoils, are now used in various applications such as autonomous aerial delivery systems, kiteboats or paragliders. Developing reliable simulation tools to design these wings is a challenging task. Indeed, the structural integrity is not ensured by stiff mechanical parts within the canopy, but by the aerodynamic forces acting on itself. Fathoming such problems requires the use of fluid-structure interactions (FSI), where the deformation of the solid membrane forces the surrounding fluid to move accordingly, which in turn adjusts the pressure and friction forces on the solid in an iterative scheme. The immersed boundary method (IBM), a well-suited technique for FSI with large deformations, is used with a cartesian grid. Moreover, a highly efficient FSI framework is obtained coupling the IBM with the lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM), as presented in The LBM proved to be one of the most efficient and promising strategy to perform large eddy simulations of weakly compressible flows A major challenge when using a cartesian grid without dynamic remeshing procedures is that the entire geometry and its displacements need to be encapsulated in a large volume of constant mesh size. Therefore resolving the strong gradients pertaining to the turbulent boundary layer would involve unacceptable simulation costs. To deal with this issue, an IBM specific wall model based on an integral boundary layer is developed. Using a conventional serial staggered procedure, the fluid solver is coupled to a mass-spring damper system, a suitable cost-efficient alternative to finite element methods for largely deformable non linear thin membranes An aerodynamic validation test case, a NACA0012 wing at Re 6.10 5 , is presented. Then, simulation results of a complete parachute in steady state flight are compared to wind tunnel experiments, to validate the deformed shape of the canopy and the aerodynamic coefficients.", "keywords": [ "Lattice Boltzmann methods", "Fluid–structure interaction", "Immersed boundary method", "Mechanics", "Materials science", "Boundary (topology)", "Boundary value problem", "Physics", "Thermodynamics", "Finite element method", "Mathematics", "Mathematical analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.scipedia.com/wd/images/3/37/Draft_Content_612784680822_abstract.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7113542597", "doi": null, "title": "Exploring economic feasibility for airport shuttle service of urban air mobility (UAM)", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Hae Choi, Jong", "Park, Yonghwa" ], "first_author": "Hae Choi, Jong", "venue": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "abstract": "UAM is a new concept of mobility that expands the two-dimensional transportation system to three dimensions using a personal air vehicle (PAV). This study explores the economic feasibility of the UAM airport shuttle service from two perspectives. First, this study estimates the fare of UAM services to attract customers. The UAM service should maintain a competitive price to convert existing transportation users into UAM users. This study used Incheon Airport (ICN) ground transportation data to estimate a competitive fare based on the multinomial logit model. The pricing range at which UAM services can obtain users from Seoul Station to ICN is estimated to be 96 to 108 USD, assuming the new service reduces traveling time by 30–40 min compared to taxi service. The comparison with professional institutions indicates that the 96–108 USD price range is feasible. However, according to a simulation based on the discounted cash flow (DCF) method, other approaches to increase economic feasibility are required. Second, this study reviewed operational policies to improve the economic feasibility of UAM shuttle services from two perspectives. The first is a service perspective that introduces new services or enhances the current service level. The internalization of CNS (communications, navigation, and surveillance) and UTM (unmanned traffic management) services can be a new business area, including premium routing. The second is introducing a dynamic pricing policy. Segmented pricing, time-based pricing, and changing market conditions strategies can practically strengthen the economic feasibility. Operating an airport Vertiport providing a dedicated path for UAM passengers can allow UAM operators to charge more on a premium passenger segment by shortening airport procedure time. Because it can avoid the uncertainty of road congestion, there is plenty of incentive to set higher fares during peak times with severe congestion. In addition, by creating a market environment in which multiple operators participate, the operators can share the burden of infrastructure construction and operation, which account for more than 80% of the total operating costs, increasing the economic feasibility of services.", "keywords": [ "Service (business)", "Cash flow", "Range (aeronautics)", "Level of service", "Multinomial logistic regression", "Economic feasibility", "Pricing strategies", "Economic impact analysis" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856422001574" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167616101", "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2607.04495", "title": "U3DWind: A Low Altitude Wind Field Dataset and Benchmark for Urban Air Mobility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-05", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Shixiong Zhou", "Huanxia Wei", "Chao Xia", "Yingying Xing", "Changmin Jiang", "Hai Yang", "Shuai Jia" ], "first_author": "Shixiong Zhou", "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "publisher": "Cornell University", "abstract": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM) requires reliable assessment of low-altitude wind hazards, because winds, gusts, and building-induced turbulence have been recognized as critical factors affecting vehicle stability, route feasibility, vertiport siting, and airspace management. While wind-tunnel experiments, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multiscale downscaling, reduced-order models, and UAV planning datasets have advanced wind-aware analysis, public resources for data-driven, city-scale UAM planning remain limited in geographic coverage, scenario diversity, vertical extent, building realism, and task-oriented benchmarking. To address this gap, we introduce U3DWind, a building-resolved low-altitude wind-field dataset generated using our GPU-accelerated Lattice Boltzmann Method--Large-Eddy Simulation (LBM-LES) framework for rapid urban flow simulation. U3DWind covers five megacities in China: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. It contains 720 simulations, with 16 inflow directions, three reference wind speeds, and three seasonal atmospheric scenarios (annual, summer, and winter) for each city. At a 10 m grid resolution, the dataset provides three-dimensional three-component (3D3C) velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), flow density, and fluid--solid masks. To support operationally relevant evaluation, we further define five baseline tasks: wind-field prediction, sparse-sensor wind-field reconstruction, site wind-exposure ranking, airworthiness wind-compliance risk scoring, and noise propagation modeling. As a multi-city, building-resolved 3D urban wind-field dataset, U3DWind enables systematic evaluation of wind-induced impacts in low-altitude traffic scenarios and provides an open benchmark for urban airspace management and data-driven high-fidelity urban flow simulation.", "keywords": [ "Wind speed", "Benchmark (surveying)", "Urban area", "Baseline (sea)", "Megacity", "Turbulence kinetic energy", "Inflow" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2607.04495" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7204893527", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7388434", "title": "Experimental investigation of ground-proximity influence on the aeroacoustics of shrouded rotors", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Amaratsinh Rathod", "SH. S. Vemuri" ], "first_author": "Amaratsinh Rathod", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Microphone", "Sound pressure", "Rotor (electric)", "Anechoic chamber", "Aeroacoustics", "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)", "Noise (video)", "Reflection (computer programming)", "Broadband" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7388434" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7135502572", "doi": null, "title": "From 2D to 3D: Multi-agent reinforcement learning for spectrum-constrained urban air mobility.", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-12-01", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Qingyang Li" ], "first_author": "Qingyang Li", "venue": "ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville)", "publisher": "University of Louisville", "abstract": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) are accelerating a transformation of air transportation but face acute spectrum congestion in dense urban environments. Reliable Control and Non-Payload Communications (CNPC) must be maintained at all times to ensure safe operations, even as fleets of aerial vehicles (AVs) transport passengers and cargo between distributed vertiports. We first develop a 2D formulation that jointly optimizes discrete headings, velocities, and spectrum allocation to minimize total mission time while satisfying quality of service (QoS) and collision-avoidance constraints, and we demonstrate significant gains over non-learning and learning baselines. Building on this 2D framework, we then extend to a full 3D setting by incorporating altitude maneuvers via vertical-angle decisions, which enlarges the feasible maneuver space, enhances deconfliction, and improves energy efficiency while remaining compatible with existing traffic management systems. Both problems are modeled as multi-stage Markov games with tightly coupled decisions and are solved using a cooperative multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm, Value Decomposition Dueling Double Deep Q-Network (VD3QN), which integrates value decomposition with dueling double Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) to jointly plan paths and allocate spectrum. As a non-learning baseline, we implement Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) with Space-Time A* (A-star) for sequential path planning under exclusive channel usage. Extensive simulations in both 2D and 3D show that VD3QN consistently outperforms OMA+Space-Time A* and learning-based alternatives such as Qmix across a range of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) thresholds, channel counts, safety radii, and turning-angle constraints. The 3D extension further boosts operational efficiency and better captures real-world aviation dynamics, confirming that advancing from 2D to 3D yields tangible benefits for spectrum-aware AAM/UAM operations.", "keywords": [ "Reinforcement learning", "Markov decision process", "Channel (broadcasting)", "Air traffic management", "Range (aeronautics)", "Markov chain", "Markov process", "Control (management)", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5988&context=etd" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4412903480", "doi": "10.14710/ldjr.8.2025.126-145", "title": "Urgensi Pembentukan Aturan Khusus Ruang Udara Rendah untuk Mobil Terbang: Studi Komprehensif terhadap Sistem Hukum Penerbangan Indonesia", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-25", "type": "article", "language": "id", "authors": [ "Aldi Pebrian", "Aullia Vivi Yulianingrum", "Surahman Surahman", "Rahmtullah Ayu Hasmiati" ], "first_author": "Aldi Pebrian", "venue": "Law Development and Justice Review", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Di beberapa negara, teknologi transportasi udara perkotaan, khususnya mobil terbang (electric vertical take-off and landing/eVTOL), telah menjadi lebih komersil. Namun, tidak ada undang-undang khusus di Indonesia yang mengatur operasi mobil terbang di ruang udara rendah dan darat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat betapa pentingnya membuat aturan khusus untuk mobil terbang, serta masalah hukum dan teknis yang terkait dengan memasukkannya ke dalam sistem transportasi Indonesia. Metode normatif, yaitu analisis konseptual, digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Data ini berasal dari sumber primer (UU Penerbangan No. 1/2009 dan UU Lalu Lintas No. 22/2009) dan sumber sekunder (buku, jurnal, dan laporan kebijakan). Analisis dilakukan dengan melakukan penelitian kepustakaan dan meninjau peraturan yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peraturan saat ini tidak memenuhi ciri-ciri unik mobil terbang, seperti kemampuan untuk beroperasi baik di udara maupun di darat. Harmonisasi hukum, sertifikasi, infrastruktur (vertiport), manajemen lalu lintas udara, dan keamanan siber adalah masalah utama. Selain itu, untuk menjamin efisiensi dan keselamatan, klasifikasi ruang udara rendah kelas E dan G memerlukan penyesuaian. Untuk menangani masalah teknis, operasional, dan hukum, diperlukan aturan khusus. Ini harus mencakup adaptasi standar internasional (ICAO), membangun lembaga sertifikasi nasional, membangun infrastruktur pendukung, dan memberikan pelatihan sumber daya manusia untuk pengendalian lalu lintas udara (ATC). Studi ini menekankan betapa pentingnya kerangka hukum yang komprehensif di Indonesia untuk mendukung inovasi mobil terbang.", "keywords": [ "Medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/lj/article/download/28702/13028" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7211971566", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7409258", "title": "Exploratory Controlled Pre-Post Evaluation of a Pilot Using Aerial Logistics to Improve Malaria Commodity Availability in Rwanda", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Pedro Kremer", "Jean Damascene Niyonzima", "Prosper Uruvugundi", "Jean Marie Providence Manikuzwe", "Pierre Kayitana" ], "first_author": "Pedro Kremer", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Baseline (sea)", "Malaria", "Referral", "Stockout", "Commodity", "Exploratory research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7409258" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4404991403", "doi": "10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.38", "title": "LOW COST AIRDROP DELIVERY SYSTEM", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-11-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Adrian Săliștean" ], "first_author": "Adrian Săliștean", "venue": "International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM ...", "publisher": null, "abstract": "The article describes the design process for a low-cost aerial delivery system (LCADS) that is a one-time use, disposable, airdrop system consisting of cargo parachute and container. The parachute systems is developed for military resupply missions and for humanitarian relief efforts in areas where ground supply and/or recovery of airdrop equipment is difficult or not feasible. LCADS consists primarily of three types of cargo parachutes capable of supporting and delivering in a wide range of weights, from 70kg up to 1000kg. During the product development will be targeted three types of delivery topologies each with its own type of low-cost parachute: 'Low Velocity' delivery where the cargo is slowed down considerably by the parachute down to 5-7m/s for fragile and sensitive equipment using a cross type parachute made of fabric bands; 'High Velocity' delivery where the cargo is only stabilized during descent and only marginally slowed down by the parachute for non-fragile equipment also using a cross type parachute made of fabric bands; 'High Altitude Precision Delivery', where the cargo is driven to a specific target using a self-steering a ram-air parachute. The high velocity and low velocity parachute use the same basic design principles to keep the costs as low as possible. These parachutes are 55% to 80% less expensive than the traditional nylon cargo parachutes due to a much lower cost of material. The parachutes are made from woven polypropylene fabric obtained from recycled source materials. An added benefit for the LCADS, which are made from woven polypropylene fabric, is that these parachutes have shown to have a lower rate of descent than standard nylon cargo parachutes. The result is a higher percentage of loads surviving air drops.", "keywords": [ "Descent (aeronautics)", "Engineering", "Process (computing)", "Container (type theory)", "Aerospace engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Marine engineering", "Computer science" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.38" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2520205218", "doi": null, "title": "Betrayal of Trust - eScholarship", "year": 2003, "publication_date": "2003-09-15", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "George P. Lakoff" ], "first_author": "George P. Lakoff", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Alternet September 15, 2003 Betrayal of Trust by George Lakoff The question of the L-word keeps coming up. Did the president and his chief advisors lie? I think this is the wrong question to be asking. The real issue is betrayal of trust. The president has been criticized for using the following as justifications for the Iraq war. We went to war in Iraq because Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction that threatened us. He was reconstituting his nuclear weapons programs (the aluminum tubes, the uranium from Africa). He had huge stocks of chemical and biological weapons that could be launched quickly in aerial vehicles that threatened the US. Saddam was working with Al Qaeda. Iraqis had trained Al Qaeda members in bomb-making and poisons and deadly gases. It appears these were all falsehoods. The tubes couldn't be used for enriching uranium, there was no uranium anyway, and no reconstituted nuclear weapons programs. The vast stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons have not been found, and would be well past their use-date anyway. The aerial delivery vehicles could not go more that a few hundred miles and could not threaten the US. There is no evidence that Saddam had anything to do with the Al Qaeda attack on the US, or that there was any cooperation between Saddam and Al Qaeda, although seventy percent of Americans believe it, according to a recent Washington Post poll, and perhaps a higher percentage of men and women in the military. President Bush's speech on September 7 used language that had the same implications. [We] acted first in Afghanistan, by destroying training camps of terror, and removing the regime that harbored Al Qaeda. ... And we acted in Iraq, where the former regime sponsored terror, possessed and used weapons of mass destruction ... Two years ago, I told", "keywords": [ "Betrayal", "Al qaeda", "Nuclear weapon", "Chemical warfare", "Political science", "Law", "Biological warfare", "Terrorism" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt71g978gv/qt71g978gv.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7142643699", "doi": "10.1016/j.tra.2026.104979", "title": "Vehicle design dictates the geography of urban air mobility accessibility", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-29", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yiping Yan", "Ying YANG", "Kai Wang", "Yang (Young) Liu", "Xiaobo Qu" ], "first_author": "Yiping Yan", "venue": "Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice", "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Public transport", "Air travel", "Aviation", "Air pollution", "Urban planning", "Key (lock)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2026.104979" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415612821", "doi": "10.1201/9781003504337-7", "title": "Urban Air Mobility Systems", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-10-28", "type": "book-chapter", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Milan Janić" ], "first_author": "Milan Janić", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This Chapter presents an analysis of components and modelling performances of the urban air mobility systems. The components are infrastructure, rolling stock/vehicles-aircraft, supporting facilities and equipment, and staff. The considered performances are infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, environmental, social, and policy. The analytical models of indicators of these performances are developed respecting the aspects of the main stakeholders involved - users/passengers, providers of infrastructure, manufacturers of vehicles/aircraft, operators of transport services, local urban and suburban communities, and regulators and policymakers at the local, national, and international scale. The infrastructural performances relate to the design of urban vertiports, vertistops, and air (fly zone) with corridor network(s). The technical/technological performances relate to the vehicles/aircraft design and air traffic management system. The operational performances relate to the traffic and transport demand, capacity, and quality of services provided to the vehicles/aircraft and their users/passengers, transport work, technical productivity, productive capacity, and the required vehicle/aircraft fleet. The economic performances relate to the business models, costs, revenues, profits/losses, and socioeconomic effects/benefits. The environmental performances relate to energy/fuel consumption, green greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and waste. The social performances relate to noise, congestion and delays, and traffic incidents and accidents (safety and security). The policy performances reflect regulation certification and their overall social acceptance. The analytical models of indicators of these performances are developed and applied to the urban air mobility system providing taxi services between the large international airport and the urban agglomeration it serves according to the “what-if” scenario. The results indicated the relatively high potential of the Urban Air Mobility system in attracting user/passenger demand by reducing generalized travel costs and the costs of environmental and social impacts/externalities. The current lack of infrastructure, slow technical/technological development of aircraft/vehicles, certification, and regulation of their operations combined with the overall socioeconomic feasibility and wider social acceptance remain some matters of concern. A qualitative evaluation of the Urban Air Mobility systems based on their perceived advantages and disadvantages from the aspects of the main stakeholders involved is also carried out using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis.", "keywords": [ "Air transport", "Air quality index", "Traffic congestion", "Urban agglomeration", "Public transport", "Certification", "Greenhouse gas", "Aviation" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003504337-7" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167073031", "doi": "10.3390/su18136728", "title": "Beyond the Last Mile: A Systematic Review Exploring Indoor Delivery-UAV Requirements in the Last-Meter Context", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-07-02", "type": "review", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Y Li", "S Thomas Ng", "Mingzhuo Ling", "Qi Pan" ], "first_author": "Y Li", "venue": "Sustainability", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "abstract": "The final stage of urban logistics does not end at the building entrance but continues within complex, vertically structured indoor environments, where conventional ground-based delivery systems face limitations in efficiency, flexibility, and scalability. This study introduces the concept of last-meter delivery, defined as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled transport from the building envelope to the recipient within global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-denied, building-regulated indoor space, and systematically reviews the literature from two traditionally separate domains: indoor-UAV operation in GNSS-denied spaces, and outdoor-UAV-based logistics. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 297 studies are synthesized through a two-stream thematic synthesis. The review makes three contributions. First, a unified analytical framework is developed across four dimensions (spatial mobility, logistical capability, social acceptance, and operational coordination) through which the two bodies of literature are shown to be largely complementary, with the gaps in one stream coinciding with the strengths of the other. Second, indoor aerial delivery is found to be subject to a distinct set of operational constraints, including micro-scale navigation accuracy, strict geometric safety envelopes, close human–UAV interaction, and privacy sensitivity, implying that indoor transport-UAVs cannot be realized through simple miniaturization of outdoor platforms but require precision-oriented, human-centric, and building-aware design. Third, the four dimensions are translated into a building-management-oriented indicator framework covering spatial compliance, handover standardization, building information modeling (BIM) integration, occupant consent, and liability allocation, reframing last-meter requirements in terms that are actionable for building planners and facility managers. By framing these challenges within the last-meter perspective, this review identifies the gap between current last-mile theories and emerging in-building aerial logistics and provides a structured foundation for future research.", "keywords": [ "Framing (construction)", "USable", "Context (archaeology)", "Cognitive reframing", "Architecture", "Usability", "Set (abstract data type)", "Rendering (computer graphics)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/13/6728/pdf?version=1782995255" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4210994961", "doi": "10.37701/dndivsovt.10.2021.11", "title": "ADAPTATION OF Ан-26 TYPE AIRCRAFT FOR DROPPING OF PERSONNEL BY T-11 PARACHUTE SYSTEMS", "year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-12-30", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "V. Kokhan", "Y. Klymok", "О. Kushnirenko", "Y. Vusatui", "О. Р. Стрілець" ], "first_author": "V. Kokhan", "venue": "Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки", "publisher": null, "abstract": "In view of the urgent need for air transport adapted for the dropping of personnel by T-11 parachute systems, a study was carried out to obtain the practical results of the equipping of the AN-26 aircraft with aerial-delivery system (hereinafter - ADS) to drop personnel with these systems. The subject of exploratory tests was the An-26 aircraft, equipped for the droping personnel by T-11 parachute systems manufactured by Airborne Systems (USA). The State Enterprise \"ANTONOV\" has equipped the AN-26 with ADS for the dropping of personnel using the T-11 parachute systems. The following information was used to assess the quality of operation of the An-26 aircraft equipped with ADS: crew team assessments and materials of video recording of the anchor lines behavior of T-11 parachute systems when they entering the air flow in the cargo hatch opening, process of aircraft abandon by parachute-testers, checking the operation of the rescue system of a suspended parachutist, as well as crew team assessments and materials of video recording of the from the An-26 aircraft and ground of the process of abandoning the aircraft by parachute-testers, checking the operation of the rescue system of a suspended parachutist and video recording materials from the L-39 aircraft of the process of aircraft abandon by parachute-testers from An-26. The results of exploratory tests are as follows: the possibility and security of dropping personnel with military transport aircraft equipped with ADS for the dropping of personnel be T-11 parachute systems is ensured under verified conditions; the research materials are sufficient to develop the rules and techniques for airdrops of personnel by the T-11 parachute system with supplements to the An-26 Flight Operations Manual, the An-26 Aircraft Upgrade Bulletin and other regulatory documents. the specifications and performance of AN-26 pilot sample generally meets \"Specifications 140/7/20 PS for the adaptation of ADS of the AN-26 aircraft for the dropping of parachute systems T-11ˮ. The AN-26 equipped with ADS for the dropping of personnel using the T-11 parachute systems can be approved for use in the State Aviation of Ukraine in the prescribed manner.", "keywords": [ "Crew", "Aeronautics", "Process (computing)", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Simulation", "Operating system" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://dndivsovt.com/index.php/journal/article/download/135/133" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402688209", "doi": "10.2514/6.2024-4612", "title": "Kinematics and Dynamics of Autorotating Samara Seeds Using High-Speed Imaging and Image Recognition Techniques", "year": 2024, "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Nandeesh Hiremath", "Shashwat Sparsh", "Kai A. Ponting" ], "first_author": "Nandeesh Hiremath", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "Samaras belong to a class of fruit produced globally by various trees, most famously of the genus \\textit{Acer} commonly known as Maples. They have evolved with a single auto-rotating wing, enabling them to spend more time suspended in the air, allowing the wind to carry them farther. Samaras have been studied extensively for decades for their naturally evolved wing structures and high aerodynamic performance. The auto-rotating characteristics of these seeds have been the subject of biological and aerodynamic studies. Biological studies have focused on using statistical studies of the distribution of fruit at the base of the seeds to quantify the effectiveness of auto-rotation. Aerodynamic studies have focused on utilizing rotorcraft design concepts to the falling motion of Samaras to quantify their performance. The general narrative provided by biologists and ecologists is that the single-bladed seeds enhance the flight characteristics, resulting in seed dispersal. However, such a claim is far from reality when the majority of the fallen seeds are found within a 20-foot radius of the mother tree. This begs the question, \\textit{``a) Do the single-bladed seeds undergoing auto-rotation truly support the widely accepted claim of seed dispersal? b) Is there any peculiar morphological or flight characteristics that make a minority number of seeds fly far distances?\"} These questions are the premise of this research, and we explore the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of a statistically large number of seed samples subjected to free fall. The flight characteristics of this naturally occurring phenomenon would be beneficial for modeling robotic systems for aerial delivery, large-scale seed dispersal, and even to the extent of terraforming Mars. The current work is limited to studying a statistically large number of seed samples to gauge the distributions of aerodynamic parameters like wing loading, aspect ratio, geometric twist, force, and moment coefficients. The work emphasizes using a single high-speed camera with mirror arrangements in order to capture frontal and bottom views of the falling Samara seeds. The paper comprises the image processing schemes implemented for uniquely identifying the position and orientation of the falling samaras.", "keywords": [ "Samara", "Kinematics", "Artificial intelligence", "Computer vision", "Dynamics (music)", "Computer science", "Image (mathematics)", "Acoustics", "Physics", "Botany", "Biology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-4612" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4381377648", "doi": "10.1101/2023.06.16.23291517", "title": "Improving early infant diagnosis for HIV-exposed infants using unmanned aerial vehicles versus motorcycles for blood sample in Conakry, Guinea: a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-19", "type": "preprint", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Maxime Inghels", "Paul Mee", "Oumou Hawa Diallo", "Mohamed Elmouloud Cissé", "David O. Nelson", "Frank C Tanser", "Zahid B Asghar", "Youssouf Koita", "Gabrièle Laborde-Balen", "Guillaume Breton" ], "first_author": "Maxime Inghels", "venue": "medRxiv", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Background Early infant diagnosis (EID) for HIV-exposed infants is essential due to high mortality during the first months of their lives. In Conakry (Guinea) timely EID is difficult as traffic congestion prevents the rapid transport of blood samples to the central laboratory. We investigated the cost-effectiveness of transporting EID blood samples by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as drones. Methods and Findings We conducted a cost-effectiveness comparative analysis between EID blood samples transportation by UAV compared to motorcycle using Monte Carlo simulations. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per life-year gained was computed with local annual GDP per capita (US$1,194) set as the threshold. Simulation models included parameters such as consultation timing (e.g. time of arrival), motorcycle and UAV characteristics, weather and traffic conditions. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. Over a 5-year program and 778 HIV-exposed infants seen in consultation on average every year, the UAV transport strategy was able to save 49.6 life-years [90% PI: -1.3 –100.5]. The UAV strategy costs an additional of $12.4 [10.2 –14.6] per infant tested compared to the motorcycle one. With an ICER of $979 per life-year gained, the UAV transportation strategy was below the cost-effectiveness threshold. The ICER is primarily sensitive to weather-related downtime, UAV loss risk, number of HIV-infected infants and travel time saved by UAV. Conclusion The transportation of EID blood samples by UAVs in Conakry was found to be cost effective in that context. EID blood samples transportation by UAV could be a cost-effective strategy in other countries with traffic congestion and low rate of EID. What is already known on this topic The cost-effectiveness of Unmanned aerial vehicles—UAV (drones) transportation for blood products remains limited in the Global South. We aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of urgent blood sample transportation for early HIV infant diagnosis (EID) by UAV compared to motorcycle in the region of Conakry, Guinea. What this study adds We found that UAV transportation for EID was faster, saved more lives than motorcycles and was cost-effective (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: US$979 per life-year gained) The effectiveness of the drone strategy was primarily sensitive to weather-related downtime, UAV loss risk, number of HIV-infected infants and travel time saved by UAV. How this study might affect research, practice or policy Our study suggests that the transportation of EID blood could be cost-effective in the Conakry region. Other low-or middle-income cities experiencing important traffic congestion with low EID could benefit from this strategy.", "keywords": [ "Medicine", "Context (archaeology)", "Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)", "Geography", "Immunology" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2023/06/19/2023.06.16.23291517.full.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7127440279", "doi": "10.2514/6.2026-2800", "title": "Evaluating eVTOL and Seaplane Integration in Intermodal Transport: An Inter-Modal, Multi-Stakeholder Simulation Study", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Nabih Naeem", "Nazlican Cigal", "Prajwal Shiva Prakasha" ], "first_author": "Nabih Naeem", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The emergence of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) offers a novel opportunity to address long-standing challenges in intermodal mobility. As cities and transportation planners seek to decarbonize and decentralize mobility systems, understanding the role of new short-range aircraft concepts within the broader intermodal ecosystem becomes crucial in direct comparison with traditional and hybrid travel modes. This study investigates the systemic implications of integrating eVTOL into intermodal mobility networks by comparing multiple modal configurations: (1) fully public transport, (2) hybrid combinations such as eVTOL and public transport. Using a European-scale agent-based system of systems (SoS) simulation framework, the model evaluates performance across different metrics including total travel time, energy consumption, cost, number of transfers, and accessibility. Each passenger agent is assigned personalized utility functions, accounting for time sensitivity, and cost aversion. The study follows a Product Push Paradigm, where a fixed product is to be deployed into an existing SoS. In this case, the a fixed eVTOL concept is deployed into the existing intermodal transport SoS. A multi-step approach for Product Push Paradigm is extended and demonstrated in this work. In a Product Push Paradigm, a limited decision space, particularly in relation to the eVTOL Operator is open, however within this decision space the operator has to ensure satisfaction of the other stakeholders. IAM can be best described as a Collaborative SoS, as the stakeholders are not subject to a direct authority but work towards the same goal: mobility. As each stakeholder has their best interest at heart by nature of the SoS, this study investigates the impact of multi-stakeholder considerations in decision making. From the passenger perspective, the study explores how value of time (VoT) profiles affects mode choices and when passengers are most likely to switch from ground based to aerial modes. From the operator perspective, the model investigates how vertiport placement, fleet size and ticket pricing affect vehicle utilization, deadhead ratios and profitability. It evaluates trade-offs between maximizing fleet efficiency and minimizing passenger wait times. By examining these interactions holistically, this research provides actionable insights for stakeholders aiming to integrate AAM into future mobility systems. The results offer guidance on infrastructure investment, service planning, and regulation, helping to ensure that AAM adoption is equitable, efficient, and environmentally sustainable. The study evaluates the satisfaction of the different stakeholders involved as quantified by their Value Models capturing their own objectives within the Collaborative SoS. A broad design space exploration is performed and analyzed showing the impact on the stakeholder interests. Furthermore, the study explores the contrasting interests of the Stakeholders and how multi-stakeholder decision making can help find a consensus.", "keywords": [ "Product (mathematics)", "Public transport", "Relation (database)", "Stakeholder", "Operator (biology)", "Work (physics)", "Modal" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2800" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2803520764", "doi": null, "title": "드론의 상업적 활용과 비즈니스 모델 개발 방향에 관한 연구", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "ko", "authors": [ "홍성태", "김동원", "박지만" ], "first_author": "홍성태", "venue": "한국항공경영학회 춘계학술발표논문집", "publisher": null, "abstract": "드론은 다른 비행체에 비해 유연하고, 작으며 인명의 손상을 입을 가능성이 없어 새로운 비행 수단으로 가치를 창출할 수 있어 각광을 받고 있다. 한편 더욱 가공할만한 것은 가격이 저렴하여 이용가능성이 높다는 것이다. 이러한 드론의 장점은 가격이 비쌀 뿐만 아니라 위험한 헬리콥터 등의 이용을 감소시킬 것이다.\r\n미래에는 항공사가 고객에게 드론을 이용한 운송 서비스(drone transportation services)를 제공하게 될 것이다. 이의 이유로는 두 수단이 매우 유사하다는 당위성에서 출발하여 다음과 같은 요인을 들 수 있다. 첫째, 유사한 정도의 위험도를 가지고 운행하는 비행체(aerial vehicles) 이다. 게다가 항공사는 물류(logistics)에 경험과 노하우를 갖고 있어, 항공사가 서비스 라인에 드론을 포함시키고 그들의 사업을 다각화 하는데 당연하게 경쟁우위를 갖고 있다. 드론을 날리는 것은 기술을 필요로 하는 바, 항공사는 이러한 기술을 훈련시키는 교육 프로그램을 갖고 있으며 보유하고 있는 시설을 미래의 드론 운전자들을 교육시키고 그들 자신의 드론 승무원을 활용할 수 있다.\r\n기술적인 혁명으로부터 경제적, 사회적 가치를 가지고 있는 드론은 이미 상업적으로 많이 활용되고 있다. 군사, 인프라스트럭처, 건설, 교통 분야 등과 같은 공적인 영역에서 출발하여 점점 더 상업적인 분야로 확대되고 있다. 초기의 이러한 활용 영역과 방법은 주로 드론의 기술적 혹은 서비스적 특성에서 출발하였다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 초기의 장점은 다양한 영역과 모델로 발전시킬 수 있을 것이다. 소비자의 문제를 해결하고 가치 및 만족을 극대화하는 사업 영역에서 다양한 서비스 혹은 비즈니스 모델이 창출될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 점에 착안하여 우선 드론의 현재까지의 상업적 활용 분야와 이용 및 구체적 사례에 대해서 살펴보고 이를 토대로 사용자 및 소비자 가치를 창출할 수 있는 비즈니스 모델의 현황과 발전 방향에 대해서 모색해보기로 한다. 연구 방법론으로는 기존의 문헌 연구와 드론 분야의 전문가들과의 인터뷰를 통한 사례 연구를 활용하기로 한다. 특히 드론을 소비자 가치를 증진시키는데 있어서 어떤 효과를 가져올 수 있으며 기업 입장에서 어떤 접근을 통해 서비스를 개선하고 발전시킬 수 있는가에 대해서 중점적으로 살펴볼 것이다. 아울러 드론의 사회적 영향 측면도 고찰할 것이다. 이러한 연구는 초보적이기는 하지만 기술 중심의 드론 연구와 드론의 기술 중심 경쟁 우위를 활용한 상업적 이용에서 한걸음 더 나아가 드론을 이용한 다양한 비즈니스 모델을 개발하고 새로운 융합 서비스와 비즈니스 모델을 설계하는데 유용할 것이다.", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Business", "Aeronautics", "Computer science", "Engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://kiss.kstudy.com/thesis/thesis-view.asp?key=3526261" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7213438629", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0347398", "title": "The 6G integrated perception and networking technology enables the low-altitude economy to achieve carbon neutrality: Dynamic sleep strategy for eVTOL wireless charging based on time-energy-carbon coupling", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-09-16", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Huajun Chen", "Xiaoye Wang", "Lina Yuan", "Jing Gong" ], "first_author": "Huajun Chen", "venue": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "abstract": "In response to the bottleneck issues of energy consumption and carbon emissions caused by the explosive growth of the low-altitude economy, we break away from the traditional single-machine energy-saving research paradigm and innovatively reconfigure the sixth-generation mobile communication (6G) perception-integration base station into a \"power-information\" dual-mode supply node that can enter a dormant state. The time-energy-carbon ternary coupling model (TEC-6G) was constructed, and the collaborative trade-off mechanism of the base station sleep ratio, the pointing angle of the microwave energy beam and the quality of service (QoS) of the eVTOL task was quantified for the first time. Based on the real geographical topology of 5G-A base stations in the Yangtze River Delta region and the dataset of 12,000 eVTOL flight paths. A 3.5 GHz phased array wireless energy transmission link was built on the MATLAB platform, specifically designed for opportunistic hovering-stage trickle charging and emergency power supplementation during eVTOL mission profiles, rather than sustained cruising power delivery. By integrating the measured millimeter-wave channel impulse responses, a two-stage solution framework of graph neural network-Particle swarm hybrid (GNN-PSO) was designed. Experiments show that under the strict constraint of task delay loss ≤2 %, 38% of the base stations in the entire network can enter the intelligent sleep state. The opportunistic wireless charging reduces the average grid electricity consumption of eVTOL per flight by 27.4% under idealized line-of-sight conditions (equivalent to 0.92 kg carbon reduction at the theoretical upper bound), achieved through 8-15 minute hovering windows at designated vertiports where RF beam power transfer supplements battery reserves. Under practical deployment assumptions-accounting for 3 dB cable/feed loss, 2 dB impedance mismatch, 40% effective aperture utilization due to eVTOL fuselage curvature and attitude variation, and a regulatory EIRP ceiling of 47 dBm (3 dB below the theoretical 50 dBm limit for the 3.5 GHz band in urban China)-the net DC power drops to 0.68 kW at 10 m, yielding a conservative 11.2% grid electricity reduction (0.38 kg CO2e per flight). The 27.4% figure is retained as the Pareto-optimal theoretical upper bound for algorithm benchmarking. The system-level energy utilization rate has jumped from the benchmark 31.2% to 48.6%. Under an annual operation scale of 100,000 flights, the cumulative carbon reduction of 92 tCO2e is equivalent to the annual sequestration of 4,200 mature broadleaf trees (22 kg CO2e/tree/year, IPCC central estimate), with a conservative uncertainty range of [3,100, 6,100] trees accounting for species and climate variability. The research results provide deployable parametric decision-making tools and a phased carbon peak roadmap for 2025-2030 for the green operation of the low-altitude economy.", "keywords": [ "Base station", "Bottleneck", "Wireless", "Energy consumption", "Handover", "Renewable energy", "Wireless network", "Path loss", "Electricity" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0347398&type=printable" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2910137397", "doi": null, "title": "KAJIAN KERUSAKAN MICROSWITCH TIPE AC-110172 PADA CARGO DOOR SYSTEM PESAWAT CN-235", "year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-01-16", "type": "article", "language": "id", "authors": [ "Abdul Halim", "Heni Puspita" ], "first_author": "Abdul Halim", "venue": "Jurnal Industri Elektro dan Penerbangan", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Pesawat terbang adalah alat transportasi udara yang dianggap sangat efisi enhingga saat ini. Berdasarkan fungsinya, pesawat terbang dapat dikatagorikan sebagai versi sipil dan versi militer. Bagi pesawat sipil, terdapat cargo door yang berfungsi sebagai pengangkut barang dan penumpang. Semantara bagi pesawat militer, cargo door dapat berfungsi sebagai Aerial Delivery System ( ADS ), Low Altitude Parachute Extract System ( LAPES ). Kemudian melakukan tindakan pertolongan bagi satu daerah yang kena musibah dalam bentuk Medical Evacuation ( MEDEVAC ). Pada Cargo Door System , terdapat komponen electrical yang berfungsi sebagai pemutus atau penghubung aliran listrik dengan tenaga atau gerakan yang sedikit saja sudah dapat bekerja, komponen ini disebut Microswitch tipe AC-110172. Pada saat penulis melakukan penelitian dengan para ahli mengenai kerusakan pada micro switch , menemukan beberapa penyebab, salah satunya adalah terbentuknya air bubble. Air bubble terjadi karena tekanan hisap hydraulic pump terlalu rendah, sehingga menimbulkan atau menghasilkan gelembung-gelembung udara didalamnya . Gelembung-gelembung ini akan terbawa aliran fluid sampai akhirnya berada pada daerah yang mempunyai tekanan lebih besar. Keadaan ini diketahui melalui getaran dan suara yang berisik yang terjadi pada ramp door lock actuator yang artinya sedang terjadinya proses tumbukan-tumbukan atau hentakan keras akibat adanya air bubble sehingga menyebabkan tidak bekerjanya micro switch karena mengalami kerusakan dant idak dapat memberikan informasi melalui menyalanya lampu indicator pada cargo door control panel bahwa cargo door telah bekerja secara optimal. Dalam hal ini, penulis memiliki solusi yang kiranya dapat membantu dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan pada micro switch tipe AC-110172( konvensional )  yang terkadang selalu terjadi pada Cargo Door System , yaitu menggantinya dengan proximity switches system yang memanfaatkan media sinyal inframerah sebagai sensornya.", "keywords": [ "Physics", "Humanities", "Art" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://jurnal.unnur.ac.id/index.php/indept/article/download/156/127" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7163369321", "doi": "10.32751/2310-4910-2026-33-1-13", "title": "Обґрунтування двоетапного дослідження тактичної повітряної доставки цільної крові за допомогою безпілотних літальних апаратів: проміжні результати етапу 1 та дизайн етапу 2", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "uk", "authors": [ "А. П. Казмірчук", "Сергиенко О.В.", "К. В. Гуменюк", "Korzh A.V.", "Василенко В. Я.", "Бунчук О. М.", "Захарчук О. О.", "I.V. Vorobei" ], "first_author": "А. П. Казмірчук", "venue": "Current aspects of military medicine Сучасні аспекти військової медицини", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Background. Under contemporary combat conditions, the rapid delivery of blood products remains one of the key challenges of medical support. Published studies confirm the fundamental feasibility of aerial blood delivery; however, most described scenarios involve controlled platform landing, the use of specialised container systems, or parachute-assisted deceleration. A practical gap remains in the selection of low-cost, field-suitable solutions for direct release of blood products from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and in the laboratory assessment of their possible impact on the safety and quality of whole blood. Materials and methods. We designed the Safety Assessment Framework for Emergency Blood Airdrop (SAFE BLOOD AIRDROP) as a two-stage study. Stage 1 was a field experimental study in which 38 tests of mass-and-dimension models of a filled blood container were conducted in 2025 using direct UAV release from heights of 30–100 m with different primary and secondary packaging configurations. The study assessed preservation of blood-container model integrity, the effect of landing-surface characteristics, and the suitability of packaging solutions for progression to Stage 2. Stage 2 is planned as a laboratory study of whole blood at different storage periods using packaging configurations and drop scenarios selected on the basis of Stage 1 results. Results and discussion. Complete preservation of packaging-system integrity after landing was achieved in 23 of 38 tests; in 14 tests, loss of integrity of the blood-container model with leakage of contents was recorded, and in one additional case, secondary packaging was damaged without loss of blood-container integrity. The findings showed that integrity preservation was determined by a combination of drop height, packaging configuration, drop dynamics, and landing-surface type. Conclusions. Interim Stage 1 findings confirmed the feasibility of a two-stage approach to the study of tactical aerial delivery of blood products by UAV. The study is intended to address the practical gap between published evidence on protected aerialblood delivery and the need to identify field-suitable packaging solutions for direct release. The obtained data made it possible to exclude clearly unsuitable packaging configurations and justified progression to Stage 2, in which the impact of selected drop scenarios on whole-blood safety and quality indicators will be assessed in the laboratory.", "keywords": [ "Process (computing)", "Product (mathematics)", "Identification (biology)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.32751/2310-4910-2026-33-1-13" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4280649231", "doi": "10.2514/6.2022-2718", "title": "Contribution of an Artificial Intelligence approach to the Guidance/Piloting of PADS", "year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-05-13", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Basile Perin", "Alexandre Birolleau", "Samuel Hangouet", "Jean-Brice Ginestet", "Alice Patoux", "Philippe Pastor" ], "first_author": "Basile Perin", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The dropping of Precision Aerial Delivery Systems (PADS) aims at reaching the “higher, further and more reliable” triptych. Since the 2000s, the development of precise GPS and IMU position systems, and better estimation of wind and flight status have made possible more efficient control of PADS under a ram-air parachute. These allowed drops at ever-higher altitude and at ever further from target point. Nevertheless, the precision of the touchdown, involving the double issue of reaching a target point and the smoothness of the touchdown, has often shown shortcomings or at least a lack of reliability in the expected precision. Among the factors contributing to landing errors, unforeseen wind changes in the surface atmospheric layer are among the main causes of error. This is followed by inaccuracies in status estimation (sensors, real-time management, filtering), then by command modeling errors or also errors related to GNC algorithms. The necessary completeness and the proven complexity of mastering these aspects, generates development costs and significant experimental needs for a result that is not necessarily up to the level of the work. To overcome these limits of the \"physical\" (φ) or classic approach, a study was launched within the French Armament Procurement Agency DGA associated with its affiliated school ISAE-SUPAERO, to assess the possible relevance of applying Artificial Intelligence to manage the guidance and control of a load under a ram-air parachute, therefore by a so-called “AI” approach, and hence to improve the precision of PADS. Thus, the work reported here assesses the contribution of Reinforcement Learning (RL) technologies to the guidance of PADS. To do this, we will present the learning platform used, as well as its coupling to a ram-air parachute flight simulator based on the 9DDL flight dynamics model developed by ONERA [02]. We present the chosen RL algorithm, the learning process and some stability improvements in order to anticipate the reality gap between simulation and reality. A complementary work is also done to evaluate the robustness of the approach as for example here to make the comparison between different models (3DOF to 9DOF). At the end, the obtained results are then compared in the simulator against a classical approach based on the φ laws. These prerequisites lay the foundations for an evaluation of the relevance of the results obtained with regard to a double cross validation using a real mini-PADS prototype (EOLE).", "keywords": [ "Touchdown", "Computer science", "Reliability (semiconductor)", "Global Positioning System", "Inertial measurement unit", "Point (geometry)", "Simulation", "Reliability engineering", "Artificial intelligence", "Engineering", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2718" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4416039876", "doi": "10.54941/ahfe1007020", "title": "The Role of Advanced Air Mobility in the Future of Safe Transportation", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "conference-paper", "language": null, "authors": [ "Dimitrios Ziakkas", "Debra Henneberry", "Konstantinos Pechlivanis" ], "first_author": "Dimitrios Ziakkas", "venue": "AHFE international", "publisher": null, "abstract": "As urban centers grow more congested and surface infrastructure reaches its limits, the global transportation landscape is turning toward Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) as a transformative solution. AAM refers to a new class of air transportation systems—including electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, autonomous aerial vehicles, and integrated airspace management systems—designed to move people and goods safely, efficiently, and sustainably within and between urban, suburban, and rural environments. This paper explores the evolving role of AAM in shaping the future of safe, multimodal transportation, with a focus on human factors, system integration, and operational risk management.AAM introduces both opportunities and challenges for transportation safety. On one hand, it offers the potential to reduce road congestion, lower emissions, and provide rapid emergency response capabilities. On the other, it brings new complexity in terms of airspace coordination, pilot-automation interaction, and community acceptance. Drawing from current testbeds, pilot programs, and regulatory frameworks, this paper assesses how AAM can be designed and deployed to enhance—not compromise—transportation safety at scale.Human performance remains central to AAM safety, particularly during the transition from piloted to increasingly autonomous operations. AAM systems must be designed with a human-in-the-loop or human-on-the-loop architecture, ensuring that operators, controllers, and maintainers maintain adequate situational awareness and decision-making authority. Lessons from commercial aviation and unmanned systems emphasize the need for trustworthy automation, transparent interfaces, and robust training programs that prepare both professionals and the public for this new form of mobility.Equally critical is the safe integration of AAM into existing airspace. Urban Air Traffic Management (UTM) systems must balance flexibility and control, allowing for dense operations without increasing collision or incursion risks. This paper highlights the role of AI-enabled traffic coordination, real-time risk modeling, and communication protocols designed for high-density, low-altitude airspace. Collaboration between civil aviation authorities, municipal governments, and industry stakeholders will be essential to establish performance-based regulations that prioritize safety while enabling innovation.AAM’s safety narrative also includes ground risk mitigation, emergency preparedness, and public confidence. Vertiport placement, environmental noise considerations, and emergency landing protocols are not peripheral details—they are foundational to safe deployment. Community engagement and education will be crucial in building social trust and ensuring equitable access to AAM services.In conclusion, Advanced Air Mobility holds transformative potential for the future of transportation—but its success hinges on how safety is engineered into every layer of its development. From airspace integration and human-machine interaction to public engagement and operational resilience, AAM must be approached as a socio-technical ecosystem. By embedding safety from the outset and aligning technological innovation with human-centered design, AAM can become a cornerstone of future transport networks that are not only faster and more sustainable, but fundamentally safer.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Situation awareness", "Sustainability", "Air traffic control", "Transformative learning", "Control (management)", "Air traffic management", "Flexibility (engineering)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1007020" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7114827091", "doi": null, "title": "Overcoming Challenges and Shaping the Future of Innovative Air Mobility", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-17", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Schuchardt, Bianca Isabella" ], "first_author": "Schuchardt, Bianca Isabella", "venue": "elib (German Aerospace Center)", "publisher": "Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)", "abstract": "Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) is \"the safe, secure and sustainable air mobility of passengers and cargo enabled by new-generation technologies integrated into a multimodal transportation System\", as defined by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). As such IAM is more than urban air mobility (UAM) or air taxi services. It extends into regional and multimodal use cases including cargo operations or emergency medical services. The concept of IAM is also known under the name advanced air mobility (AAM) established by NASA and widely used internationally. For example, the term AAM was adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for its AAM Study Group as well as by the German Ministry for Digital and Transport (BMDV) in their national AAM strategy. The recent hype about new air mobility concepts with autonomously flying aircraft was captured in Gartner's hype cycle from 2019. Since then the hype moved constantly onwards towards its peak. Today in 2025, we seem to have reached the point beyond the 'peak of inflated expectations' at least for Europe. IAM news earlier this year reveled several IAM start-ups being in financial crisis. However, according to Gartner, it is only a question of a few more years to overcome the 'trough of disillusionment' and to finally reach the 'plateau of productivity'. The overarching question is, how can we overcome remaining challenges and shape the future of IAM together? This presentation will set the scene for the 5th IAM Symposium, organized jointly by German Aerospace Center (DLR) and German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR). The annual symposium originally started as DLR’s UAM symposium in 2021 focusing on urban use cases. The 2025 event features presentations and posters on the following topics: - How to overcome current challenges of IAM concepts? - How can air mobility concepts be extended to smart inter-modal systems? Who are the stakeholders in IAM and what are their interests? - How to take the next steps towards the safe introduction of air taxis or cargo drones and the necessary infrastructure in urban and regional areas? - How does U-space play a role in IAM air traffic management? - How to develop, construct and validate emerging new vertiport concepts? - How can the gaps in the existing transportation system be identified and can IAM help? - How can societal concerns such as safety, security, privacy, noise, and sustainability be addressed? - What are recent advances in the simulation capabilities for IAM noise? How can the noise effect be assessed and what is the impact on humans? - How can advances in autonomy and artificial intelligence be leveraged to enable IAM operations? The aim of the symposium is to share research results and discuss recent developments and questions on current research activities and industrial developments in the field of IAM. It provides an opportunity for scientists and engineers from industry, research institutions and universities to exchange knowledge and findings of current studies, and to discuss directions for future research and development.", "keywords": [ "Aviation", "Aerospace", "German", "Civil aviation", "Agency (philosophy)", "Presentation (obstetrics)", "Christian ministry" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://elib.dlr.de/219079/1/Schuchardt_Challenges_of_IAM_IAMSym2025.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7161133517", "doi": "10.46350/kats.2026.19.1.33", "title": "A Study on Emerging Aviation Terrorism Threats in the UAM Era and the Advancement of Capital Region Airspace Management: Constructing a Counterterrorism Governance Framework from the Perspectives of Prevention, Preparedness, and Response", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Hong-Ryul Moon" ], "first_author": "Hong-Ryul Moon", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "This study examines how the emergence of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) transforms the Seoul metropolitan low-altitude airspace from a mere operational domain into an “attack- capable space,” thereby creating governance gaps when conventional airport-centric aviation security frameworks are applied without redesign. Unlike traditional civil aviation, UAM is expected to operate through distributed vertiports, high-frequency low-altitude routes (corridors), and increasingly diversified operators. These characteristics lower barriers to entry for hostile actors, intensify ambiguity between normal and abnormal operations, and compress the time available for detection–identification–interdiction within dense urban environments. As a result, UAM-related attacks may aim not only at physical destruction but also at psychological impact, functional disruption, and cascading urban infrastructure failures.To address this shift, the paper conceptualizes UAM-enabled aviation terrorism as an “Emerging Aviation Terrorism” threat and analyzes the limitations of existing counterterrorism and aviation security arrangements using a Prevention–Preparedness–Response (PPR) governance frame. The analysis highlights four conditional differentiators: (1) expanded accessibility (cost, acquisition, operational permission, and reduced organizational requirements), (2) attack-space formation of airspace (low-altitude corridors enabling rapid approach and exploitation of radar shadowing), (3) a boundary-ambiguity dilemma in which defenders must simultaneously bear Type I error costs (overreaction/false positives) and Type II error costs (missed detection/response delay), and (4) high potential for cascading damage in metropolitan settings due to interdependent critical infrastructures.Based on these findings, the study proposes a governance architecture tailored to the capital region. In the prevention phase, it introduces a risk-based pre-clearance protocol—UCASP (UAM Capital Access Security Protocol)—which conditionally approves operations by evaluating the operator, aircraft, and flight plan as a single unit and assigns enforceable constraints (corridors, time windows, monitoring levels, and audit logs). In the preparedness phase, it proposes a multi-agency coordination platform—K-NCRCC, modeled in part on the U.S. NCRCC concept—to reduce information silos, establish shared situational awareness (COP), and integrate data across UATM–UTM–ATM interfaces. In the response phase, it recommends a unified command model with explicit legal authorities, tiered decision thresholds, and standardized escalation rules for detection–identificationneutralization, optimized for the severe time constraints and collateral-risk sensitivities of low-altitude urban operations.The core implication is that UAM-era aviation security cannot be treated as an extension of airport screening regimes; it must be re-engineered as airspace-centered risk governance that institutionalizes pre-clearance, joint coordination, and unified decision-making under uncertainty.", "keywords": [ "Corporate governance", "Aviation", "Terrorism", "Airport security", "Interdependence", "Dilemma", "Capital (architecture)", "Metropolitan area" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.46350/kats.2026.19.1.33" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7167666000", "doi": "10.25394/pgs.29504705.v1", "title": "RISK ASSESSMENT OF USING EVTOLS FOR MEDICAL INTER-FACILITY TRANSPORT", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-08", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "Gustavo Adolfo Sanchez Cortes" ], "first_author": "Gustavo Adolfo Sanchez Cortes", "venue": "Figshare", "publisher": "Figshare (United Kingdom)", "abstract": "Aeromedical transport provides an essential service in the healthcare system by overcoming geographic barriers and expediting the process of receiving medical attention. The emerging Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles present potential applications for aeromedical services, yet their implementation into Emergency Medical Services (EMS) operations creates unknown safety challenges. This exploratory study examined current differences observed during 168,997 Helicopter Air Ambulance (HAA) medical inter-facility transports across a group of covariates and identified the anticipated operational safety risks associated with using Electric Vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for medical inter-facility transport. The Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) analysis of HAA medical inter-facility transports recorded in the National Emergency Medical Services during 2022 revealed differences in response and scene times during HAA medical inter-facility transports. Results from the EDA demonstrated significant statistical differences during the HAA activations in response and scene times for patient age, urbanicity levels, and time of day (p<0.001). Interactions between age and reason for transport showed that trauma and general medical emergencies (p<0.001) presented the longest response and scene times. Pediatric patients, those in wilderness areas, and activations at night consistently experienced longer response times (p<0.001). During the Delphi-FMEA phase of this exploratory study, to evaluate the anticipated risks of using eVTOL vehicles for medical interfacility transports, a panel of 62 experts (attrition rate 23%) participated in semi-structured interviews and two iterative rounds, evaluating 10 potential hazards. The top five (5) risks prioritized by the panel of experts include “Uncontrolled or Unprepared Landing Zone” (RPN=288), “Collision with Drones or Other Low-Altitude Aircraft” (RPN=240), “Time Pressure and Mission Urgency” (RPN=210), “Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)” (RPN=200), and “Rotor Downwash Impact on Bystanders” (RPN=180). Across the Delphi-FMEA study, the severity dimension (W=0.65) showed moderate to strong levels of agreement (Kendall’s W>0.50) while detectability and probability dimensions remained below the threshold. These findings of this exploratory study indicate that risks associated with eVTOL vehicles come from different areas of Socio-Technical Systems. Social, Technical, and Organizational. Mitigation strategies related to training, Air Traffic Management (ATM) capabilities, improvements on heliport and/or vertiport design, and certification programs, may assist in exploiting the benefits provided by the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) concept of operations while addressing the safety challenges from introducing emerging technologies. This exploratory study contributes to ongoing efforts to integrate emerging eVTOL operations into public health and transportation infrastructures, as well as to the broader understanding of risks in air medical services.", "keywords": [ "Emergency medical services", "Expediting", "Exploratory analysis", "Exploratory research", "Takeoff", "Service (business)", "Patient safety" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/_b_RISK_ASSESSMENT_OF_USING_EVTOL_b_b_S_b_b_FOR_MEDICAL_b_b_INTER-FACILITY_TRANSPORT_b_/29504705" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7136412224", "doi": "10.25394/pgs.29504705", "title": "RISK ASSESSMENT OF USING EVTOLS FOR MEDICAL INTER-FACILITY TRANSPORT", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-07-08", "type": "dissertation", "language": null, "authors": [ "Gustavo Adolfo Sanchez Cortes" ], "first_author": "Gustavo Adolfo Sanchez Cortes", "venue": "Purdue", "publisher": null, "abstract": "Aeromedical transport provides an essential service in the healthcare system by overcoming geographic barriers and expediting the process of receiving medical attention. The emerging Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles present potential applications for aeromedical services, yet their implementation into Emergency Medical Services (EMS) operations creates unknown safety challenges. This exploratory study examined current differences observed during 168,997 Helicopter Air Ambulance (HAA) medical inter-facility transports across a group of covariates and identified the anticipated operational safety risks associated with using Electric Vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for medical inter-facility transport. The Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) analysis of HAA medical inter-facility transports recorded in the National Emergency Medical Services during 2022 revealed differences in response and scene times during HAA medical inter-facility transports. Results from the EDA demonstrated significant statistical differences during the HAA activations in response and scene times for patient age, urbanicity levels, and time of day (p<0.001). Interactions between age and reason for transport showed that trauma and general medical emergencies (p<0.001) presented the longest response and scene times. Pediatric patients, those in wilderness areas, and activations at night consistently experienced longer response times (p<0.001). During the Delphi-FMEA phase of this exploratory study, to evaluate the anticipated risks of using eVTOL vehicles for medical interfacility transports, a panel of 62 experts (attrition rate 23%) participated in semi-structured interviews and two iterative rounds, evaluating 10 potential hazards. The top five (5) risks prioritized by the panel of experts include “Uncontrolled or Unprepared Landing Zone” (RPN=288), “Collision with Drones or Other Low-Altitude Aircraft” (RPN=240), “Time Pressure and Mission Urgency” (RPN=210), “Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)” (RPN=200), and “Rotor Downwash Impact on Bystanders” (RPN=180). Across the Delphi-FMEA study, the severity dimension (W=0.65) showed moderate to strong levels of agreement (Kendall’s W>0.50) while detectability and probability dimensions remained below the threshold. These findings of this exploratory study indicate that risks associated with eVTOL vehicles come from different areas of Socio-Technical Systems. Social, Technical, and Organizational. Mitigation strategies related to training, Air Traffic Management (ATM) capabilities, improvements on heliport and/or vertiport design, and certification programs, may assist in exploiting the benefits provided by the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) concept of operations while addressing the safety challenges from introducing emerging technologies. This exploratory study contributes to ongoing efforts to integrate emerging eVTOL operations into public health and transportation infrastructures, as well as to the broader understanding of risks in air medical services.", "keywords": [ "Emergency medical services", "Expediting", "Exploratory analysis", "Exploratory research", "Takeoff", "Service (business)", "Patient safety" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.25394/pgs.29504705" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7203744293", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.7309338", "title": "AI-Enabled Autonomy, Homeland Security, and the Governance Gap: A Four-Phase Capability-Diffusion Framework, Convergent Risk Estimation, and a Nexus with Guardrails", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "type": "preprint", "language": null, "authors": [ "Ryan Alexander Winterburg" ], "first_author": "Ryan Alexander Winterburg", "venue": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "RELX Group (Netherlands)", "abstract": null, "keywords": [ "Corporate governance", "Drone", "Accountability", "Homeland security", "Nexus (standard)", "Unintended consequences", "Possession (linguistics)", "Autonomy", "Empirical evidence" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7309338" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4379877608", "doi": "10.2514/6.2023-3265", "title": "Effects of Communication Modality on Pilot-Controller Coordination during a Simulated m:N Operation", "year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "type": "conference-paper", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Garrett G. Sadler", "Meghan Chandarana", "Jillian N. Keeler" ], "first_author": "Garrett G. Sadler", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3265.vid The last decade or so has seen growing interest in new control paradigms and concepts of operation for uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) in which multiple aircraft are piloted remotely by a single or relatively small number of people. Referred to as “one-to-many” and “many-to-many” (alternatively, “multi-operator, multi-vehicle”)—and frequently expressed as the corresponding ratios, 1:N and m:N—such novel configurations of aircraft and the people who manage them are seen as critical to the path to future operations involving UAS. Examples of industry domains interested in these control paradigms are small package delivery services utilizing small UAS and passenger-carrying, short-range “Urban Air Mobility” (UAM) operations. Stakeholders in such operations have identified communication and coordination of flight activity with air traffic controllers (ATC) as a barrier to operations. In contrast to present-day flight operations, in which a pilot communicates with one ATC on one radio frequency for one aircraft, multi-vehicle operations potentially entail a significant increase in pilot task load for management of comms. New concepts, such as UAS Service Suppliers (USSs) and Providers of Services to UAM (PSUs), have been proposed to address the known bottleneck for Air Traffic Management (ATM) presented by multi-vehicle operations. Although progress has been steadily made over years developing USSs and PSUs, it is generally expected that initial UAM operations will rely on traditional voice-over-radio communication with ATC for purposes of ATM. The current study was a human-in-the-loop simulation that had participants, each possessing a Private Pilot License, act as the ground-based pilot-in-command for multiple vehicles in a hypothetical UAM service in the San Francisco Bay Area. The experiment utilized a 2-by-3, within-subjects design in which the pilot’s Vehicle Load (4 vs. 12) and Comm System (Voice, Datalink, and a Hybrid) were manipulated. The task given to pilots was to use the Comm System to coordinate flight activity for all aircraft with appropriate controllers, having to obtain departure and arrival clearances at “vertiport” facilities and transition clearances for any intermediate airspaces along the route. Pilots were additionally responsible for compliance with vectoring instructions issued by ATC. Subjective workload questionnaires (NASA-TLX) were administered following each experimental trial. Screen recordings of the pilot’s Ground Control Station (GCS) and audio recordings of trials were subsequently coded to obtain performance metrics: response times and error rates. Presented in this paper are results related to pilot responses to vectoring instructions issued by ATC. Workload was found to be significantly higher in the 12-Vehicle condition compared to the 4-Vehicle condition, nearly maxing out the NASA-TLX overall workload scale. There was no significant difference made by the Comm System on workload ratings. Pilots’ response times to communications were fastest in the Voice condition, although overall “service time” for compliance was shorter in Datalink and Hybrid conditions in most cases. Errors by pilots were frequent in both Vehicle Load conditions, most perniciously when using the Voice system. The results of this study suggest tradeoffs in advantages and disadvantages of the three comm systems. Recommendations for communication system design are provided taking the tradeoffs into account.", "keywords": [ "Air traffic control", "Bottleneck", "Air traffic management", "Controller (irrigation)", "Computer science", "Service (business)", "Control (management)", "Task (project management)", "Communications system", "Engineering", "Telecommunications", "Systems engineering" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3265" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4414419266", "doi": "10.7302/25579", "title": "The QuadPlane Small Uncrewed Aircraft System", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Akshay Mathur" ], "first_author": "Akshay Mathur", "venue": "Deep Blue (University of Michigan)", "publisher": "University of Michigan", "abstract": "Emerging Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) aircraft designs offer electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) capability. Lift+Cruise configurations combine the efficiency of wing lift or \"cruise\" mode with a maneuverable vertical or “lift” mode for vertiport departure and approach. Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (sUAS) can also benefit from the maneuverability and endurance of Lift+Cruise designs for missions including surveillance and package delivery. Numerous AAM designs have been proposed, but industry aeropropulsion models are proprietary. This dissertation provides an open experimentally validated Lift+Cruise sUAS model and uses this model in defining energy efficient trajectories applicable to delivery, surveillance, and inspection applications. The first contribution of this dissertation is the QuadPlane sUAS, an easily manufactured and simple Lift+Cruise sUAS combining quadrotor and fixed-wing aircraft structural elements and control effectors. QuadPlane wind tunnel experiments were conducted over a wide range of angles of attack and airspeeds in each of three QuadPlane flight modes. QuadPlane propulsion modules were characterized in lab and wind tunnel tests. Full-envelope dynamic models are presented based on surface fits for the three QuadPlane flight modes. The second contribution is the development of multi-mode accelerated energy optimal traversal profiles between hover waypoint pairs with no wind and steady wind. A multi-variable optimization problem is formally defined and solved. Energy consumption over accelerated and cruise flight in each flight mode is modeled and analyzed to prove energy optimality of the proposed direct multi-mode traversal in zero wind. In steady wind, this thesis defines constraints under which direct traversal is possible given wind magnitude and direction and an assumption that the Lift+Cruise aircraft points into the wind at each hover waypoint to maximize stability. The QuadPlane model is used to demonstrate optimal traversal properties across trajectory segments of varied length and acceleration limits with and without ambient wind. The third contribution is definition and evaluation of an energy aware path planner and multi-mode guidance capability for Lift+Cruise sUAS with emphasis on sUAS coverage missions. Five eVTOL waypoint types are defined and used in an energy aware coverage flight planner that balances coverage and energy cost metrics in solutions that meet segment length and aircraft performance constraints. QuadPlane nonlinear simulation, guidance, and control solutions are developed based on experimentally derived aerodynamics and propulsion properties. A modified carrot guidance methodology with variable time horizon provides flexibility in prioritizing tracking accuracy or control robustness. Conventional aircraft and multicopter controllers are defined for Plane (cruise) and Quad (hover) modes, while a novel combination of both supports transition and sustained Hybrid mode flight offering flexibility in pitch angle within envelope constraints. QuadPlane flight simulations confirm accurate trajectory tracking and smooth transitions between flight modes. Energy aware coverage planner case studies examine coverage and energy cost metric trade-offs with sensitivity and Pareto analyses. This dissertation describes a novel Lift+Cruise sUAS design and experimental characterization. Innovations include formal definition of Lift+Cruise traversals between hover waypoints and definition of Lift+Cruise trajectories for energy aware coverage missions. The QuadPlane is one of the first open Lift+Cruise sUAS models. Energy optimal accelerated trajectories between hover waypoints provide a framework for future work to consider wind gusts, altitude change, and further refinement with optimal control.", "keywords": [ "Tree traversal", "Range (aeronautics)", "Propulsion", "Aerodynamics", "Wind tunnel", "Waypoint", "Lift (data mining)", "Cruise", "Mode (computer interface)" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.7302/25579" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4238983135", "doi": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.1967.tb04869.x", "title": "Book Reviews", "year": 1967, "publication_date": "1967-09-10", "type": "book-review", "language": "en", "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": "Transfusion", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "Book reviewed in this article: Delayed Hypersensitivity. British Medical Bulletin Bone Marrow Transplantation. D. E. Pegg. Chicago A Weak Variant of Blood Group A Similar to Ax in a Japanese Family. N. Matsuda and H. Hamilton Survival Time of Donor Erythrocytes of A3, Type in an O Recipient. K. G. Jensen and S. S. Søren‐son Blood Group Chimerism. Mia Van Der Hart and J. J. Van Loghem The Effect of Plant Root Environment on the Activity of Dolichos biftorus Lectin. W. L. Marsh Absorption of Unwanted Anti‐A ‐B Agglutinins from Anti‐Rh D Grouping Sera Using Time‐Expired Formalised Heat‐Treated A1B Rh D Positive Red Cells. J. W. Lockyer, C. Darke and A. J. Webb Amino Acid Composition of Anti‐D as Isolated by Immunologic Specificity. Y. Kahn and H. Zin‐neman Effect of Acylase on the Agglutinability of Human Erythrocytes. A. Chattoraj Blood Group Changes in Leukaemia. M. Ayres, F. M. Salzano and O. K. Ludwig Complement Fixation by the Anti‐Rho (D) Antibody. M. J. Klun and L. H. Muschel Failure to Demonstrate Blocking of I Antigen by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo. T. Feizi and J. H. Darrell I Antigen in Leukaemic Patients. T. Feizi and R. M. Hardisty Anti‐IT: A New Antibody of the I Blood‐Group System Occurring in Certain Melanesian Sera. P. B. Booth, W. J. Jenkins and W. L. Marsh Cold Agglutinins of Anti‐i Specificity in Alcoholic Cirrhosis. H. Rubin and A. Solomon An Avidity Method for the Prediction of Severe Erythroblastosis. A. Simmons Fetomaternal Passage of Leukocytes and Platelets in Erythroblastosis Fetalis. R. G. Desai, E. Mc‐Cutcheon, B. Little and S. G. Driscoll Prevention of Rh Haemolytic Disease. A Method Based on the Post‐delivery Injection of the Mother with Anti‐D Antibody. C. A. Clarke Delayed Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions Simulating Auto‐Immune Haemolytic Anaemia. B. E. E. Croucher, M. C. Crookston and J. H. Crookston The Nature of the Alpha‐Methyldopa Red‐Cell Antibody. A. F. LoBuglio and J. H. Jandl Light‐Chain Heterogeneity of Cold Agglutinins. N. Costea, V. Yakulis and P. Heller Control of Glycolysis in Human Erythrocytes by Inorganic Phosphate and Sulfate. S. C. Rizzo and R. E. Eckel Evaluation of Blood Exchange in the Treatment of Hepatic Coma. R. L. Berger and F. Stohl‐man Human Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Variants and Their Association with the ABO Blood Groups in an Australian Sample. R. M. Hope. The Purification of Factor VIII (Antihaemophilic Globulin). II. Further Purification and Some Properties of Factor VIII. S. E. Michael and G. W. Tunnah The Use of Primates for Transmission and Study of Human Viral Hepatitis. A. W. Homes, R. B. Capps Aerial Delivery of Blood. J. M. Lukeman, M. J. Skvorak and A. B. Papineau, III. Development of a Blood Program. F. Kiel Failure to Detect Human Polymorphism with Modification of Red Cells by Bacillus. H. Sloan and F. H. Allen, Jr.", "keywords": [ "Antigen", "Antibody", "Transplantation", "ABO blood group system", "Cold Agglutinin", "Medicine", "Molecular biology", "Immunology", "Biology", "Internal medicine" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.1967.tb04869.x" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7106278079", "doi": "10.26076/e990-f2ba", "title": "Feasibility and Potential of Electric Air Taxis for Long Distance Airport Access/Egress Trips", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-12", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Subedi, Atul" ], "first_author": "Subedi, Atul", "venue": "Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University)", "publisher": "Utah State University", "abstract": "Getting to the airport is often one of the most stressful parts of a trip, especially for people who live far from the airport. In the United States, many travelers live more than an hour’s drive from a major airport, and their choices such as driving, using public transit, or paying for ride-hailing can be time-consuming, expensive, and inconvenient. A new technology, Electric Air Taxis (EATs), is being developed as a potential solution. These small, battery-powered aircraft could offer faster, cleaner, and more direct connections to airports. However, the success of EATs depends not only on the technology itself but also on whether people are willing to use them, how they compare with existing travel options, and how policymakers plan for them. This dissertation investigates the feasibility, public acceptance, and demand potential of Electric Air Taxis for long-distance airport trips. Using surveys of over 1,000 air travelers and advanced forecasting methodology, the research explores how travelers perceive EATs, how they make choices between EATs and other travel modes, and who is most likely to adopt this technology as it becomes available. The work is organized around five main objectives: understanding public perceptions, analyzing trade-offs in travel decisions, connecting adoption with individual innovativeness, identifying patterns across early, majority and late adopters, and testing future policy scenarios in a regional case study. The findings show that intention to use EAT is shaped by travelers’ attitudes toward the service, their perceptions of ease of use and usefulness for airport trips, the influence of people around them, as well as by characteristics of EATs such as compatibility with lifestyles, observability of benefits, and opportunities to try the service before committing. Travelers greatly value saving time, often considering faster trips worth paying more for. At the same time, the ease of using EATs and the level of trust people have in the service strongly influence whether they would choose them. Interestingly, the idea of fully autonomous travel was viewed negatively, with the strongest concern reported for EATs. Not everyone will adopt EATs at the same pace. This study first validated the well-known Diffusion of Innovation theory in the context of airport travel and observed clear differences among adoption groups. Early adopters valued EATs primarily for their time savings, relative advantage, and visibility to others. The majority emphasized compatibility with their lifestyle and reliable performance when choosing a mode. Laggards, by contrast, remained highly sensitive to cost and were skeptical about ease of use and the trialability of EATs. Recognizing these differences is essential for designing strategies that encourage widespread adoption. The research also includes a case study of Northern Utah, focusing on trips from Cache County to Salt Lake City International Airport. By combining real-world travel data with survey results, the study forecasts future demand under different scenarios. Results suggest that EATs could capture a meaningful share of airport trips if priced competitively and if vertiports (takeoff and landing sites) are strategically located. However, the analysis also raises equity concerns: EATs may primarily benefit higher-income travelers, while shifts in demand could reduce public transit ridership, affecting those who rely on it most. In summary, this dissertation makes both theoretical and practical contributions. It combines behavioral theories of technology adoption with advanced transportation models to better understand how people might adopt EATs. It also provides policymakers, planners, and industry leaders with evidence-based insights for designing services, setting policies, and addressing challenges. Furthermore, by identifying which groups are most likely to use EAT, what conditions encourage them, and what concerns may hold them back, this research provides practical guidance for planning and integrating EATs into the future of airport travel.", "keywords": [ "Taxis", "TRIPS architecture", "Air travel", "Public transport", "Work (physics)", "Plan (archaeology)", "Perception" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.26076/e990-f2ba" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2729327715", "doi": null, "title": "Augmenting Intelligence in Mobile Networked System", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "dissertation", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuanjie Li" ], "first_author": "Yuanjie Li", "venue": "eScholarship (California Digital Library)", "publisher": "California Digital Library", "abstract": "The ongoing revolution in the mobile networked system (consisting of mobile clients, and the 4G/5G network infrastructure) is reaching a critical stage. On one hand, it has been operational for years, resulting in billions of users and tens of petabytes per month for mobile data traffic. On the other hand, users today regularly complain about network failures, unsatisfactory performance, and security threats with alarming frequency. The impact of such problematic issues may further exaggerate, as the emerging next-generation applications (such as interactive virtual/augmented reality, self-driving cars, telemedicine, and drone-based delivery, etc.) pose more stringent requirements. The convention wisdom seems to attribute most of these issues to the poor wireless channel quality, thus motivating a range of new access technologies to mitigate them.This dissertation demonstrates that, besides the wireless link, the architectural limitation should share equal responsibility. The fundamental problem is that, the entire networked system does not possess sufficient intelligence on what problems may arise, why such issues occur under the given scenarios, and how to react. The mobile clients lack runtime information on the underlying “black-box” network operations, whereas the infrastructure suffers from the complex interplays of protocol functions among distributed nodes. Both again are rooted in the basic design tenet of “smart core, dumb terminal” adopted by the current mobile networked systems. Our study has uncovered a range of real issues incurred by the architectural limitations (rather than the poor wireless link), including handoff instability, suboptimal roaming, and long data access latency perceived by both the client and the infrastructure. Most of the current solutions are piecemeal efforts without looking into the core system architecture designs.This dissertation thus explores a new dimension in mobile networked systems. We seek to augment the system intelligence on verifying the baseline designs a priori, detecting problematic scenarios based on runtime information feedback, understanding their root causes, and taking smart actions. To this end, we propose a new knowledge plane for the system software stack, which offers a novel primitive for the mobile networked system that helps to unleash its architectural limitations. The knowledge plane follows the “smart client, simple infrastructure” principle but leaps one step forward. On one hand, it explores the “data-driven approach to smart clients” by exposing rich network information at runtime and leveraging some recent results on data sciences and machine learning. On the other hand, it seeks to devise simple, yet verifiable protocol solutions with provable properties by applying techniques on network verification and distributed computing. In this way, we enable a simpler and more open networked system for the mobile devices.The main contribution of this dissertation is the design, instantiation, analysis, and validation of the knowledge plane and its benefits on performance and reliability. The concrete results cover on both the client device and the network infrastructure. On the mobile client side, we construct the knowledge plane using the “bottom-up” data-driven system design, by enabling the client-side access to rich network data at runtime. It thus opens access to the typically “closed” network operations without infrastructure changes. We build MobileInsight, the first tool that opens up the runtime, fine-grained cellular network data and offers protocol analytics (using AI-based inference) on commodity phones; it has been used by 247 universities and companies during its first-year release so far. As a showcase application, we develop iCellular, an enhanced client-centric, multi-carrier roaming service. By leveraging low-level network data analytics, iCellular boosts the device with up to 3.74� throughput improvement, 1.9� latency reduction over the state-of-the-art solution from Google Project Fi.On the infrastructure side, we enable the knowledge plane with the “top-down” approach. We treat the infrastructure as a distributed system, define the structural properties (stability, availability, consistency, etc.) that capture the high- level demands, apply verification and distributed computing techniques to reason about them, and enforce provable reliability and efficiency. At the management plane, we conduct the first study on the stability of the distributed mobility management. We show that, policy/configuration conflicts exist in reality, and force the device to oscillate among base stations permanently. We prove the necessary/sufficient conditions for the stability, and create MMDiag that detects and resolves the policy/configuration conflicts. At the control plane, we build DPCM, the first paradigm in the mobile network that parallelizes the control plane procedures for low-latency data access. It is inspired by the generalized CAP theorem, and leverages the device-side state replica achieve 2.1x–11.5x latency reduction on average in different scenarios.These results show that, augmenting the future mobile networked system with intelligence can benefit both the client and the infrastructure. The knowledge plane presented in this dissertation provides a viable solution to move one step closer toward a future mobile networked system (5G and beyond) with \"Intelligence-as-a-Service\".", "keywords": [ "Roaming", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Wireless network", "Wireless", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/415834t1" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W2779034443", "doi": null, "title": "Augmenting Intelligence in Mobile Networked System - eScholarship", "year": 2017, "publication_date": "2017-01-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Yuanjie Li" ], "first_author": "Yuanjie Li", "venue": null, "publisher": null, "abstract": "The ongoing revolution in the mobile networked system (consisting of mobile clients, and the 4G/5G network infrastructure) is reaching a critical stage. On one hand, it has been operational for years, resulting in billions of users and tens of petabytes per month for mobile data traffic. On the other hand, users today regularly complain about network failures, unsatisfactory performance, and security threats with alarming frequency. The impact of such problematic issues may further exaggerate, as the emerging next-generation applications (such as interactive virtual/augmented reality, self-driving cars, telemedicine, and drone-based delivery, etc.) pose more stringent requirements. The convention wisdom seems to attribute most of these issues to the poor wireless channel quality, thus motivating a range of new access technologies to mitigate them.This dissertation demonstrates that, besides the wireless link, the architectural limitation should share equal responsibility. The fundamental problem is that, the entire networked system does not possess sufficient intelligence on what problems may arise, why such issues occur under the given scenarios, and how to react. The mobile clients lack runtime information on the underlying “black-box” network operations, whereas the infrastructure suffers from the complex interplays of protocol functions among distributed nodes. Both again are rooted in the basic design tenet of “smart core, dumb terminal” adopted by the current mobile networked systems. Our study has uncovered a range of real issues incurred by the architectural limitations (rather than the poor wireless link), including handoff instability, suboptimal roaming, and long data access latency perceived by both the client and the infrastructure. Most of the current solutions are piecemeal efforts without looking into the core system architecture designs.This dissertation thus explores a new dimension in mobile networked systems. We seek to augment the system intelligence on verifying the baseline designs a priori, detecting problematic scenarios based on runtime information feedback, understanding their root causes, and taking smart actions. To this end, we propose a new knowledge plane for the system software stack, which offers a novel primitive for the mobile networked system that helps to unleash its architectural limitations. The knowledge plane follows the “smart client, simple infrastructure” principle but leaps one step forward. On one hand, it explores the “data-driven approach to smart clients” by exposing rich network information at runtime and leveraging some recent results on data sciences and machine learning. On the other hand, it seeks to devise simple, yet verifiable protocol solutions with provable properties by applying techniques on network verification and distributed computing. In this way, we enable a simpler and more open networked system for the mobile devices.The main contribution of this dissertation is the design, instantiation, analysis, and validation of the knowledge plane and its benefits on performance and reliability. The concrete results cover on both the client device and the network infrastructure. On the mobile client side, we construct the knowledge plane using the “bottom-up” data-driven system design, by enabling the client-side access to rich network data at runtime. It thus opens access to the typically “closed” network operations without infrastructure changes. We build MobileInsight, the first tool that opens up the runtime, fine-grained cellular network data and offers protocol analytics (using AI-based inference) on commodity phones; it has been used by 247 universities and companies during its first-year release so far. As a showcase application, we develop iCellular, an enhanced client-centric, multi-carrier roaming service. By leveraging low-level network data analytics, iCellular boosts the device with up to 3.74i?½ throughput improvement, 1.9i?½ latency reduction over the state-of-the-art solution from Google Project Fi.On the infrastructure side, we enable the knowledge plane with the “top-down” approach. We treat the infrastructure as a distributed system, define the structural properties (stability, availability, consistency, etc.) that capture the high- level demands, apply verification and distributed computing techniques to reason about them, and enforce provable reliability and efficiency. At the management plane, we conduct the first study on the stability of the distributed mobility management. We show that, policy/configuration conflicts exist in reality, and force the device to oscillate among base stations permanently. We prove the necessary/sufficient conditions for the stability, and create MMDiag that detects and resolves the policy/configuration conflicts. At the control plane, we build DPCM, the first paradigm in the mobile network that parallelizes the control plane procedures for low-latency data access. It is inspired by the generalized CAP theorem, and leverages the device-side state replica achieve 2.1x–11.5x latency reduction on average in different scenarios.These results show that, augmenting the future mobile networked system with intelligence can benefit both the client and the infrastructure. The knowledge plane presented in this dissertation provides a viable solution to move one step closer toward a future mobile networked system (5G and beyond) with Intelligence-as-a-Service.", "keywords": [ "Roaming", "Computer science", "Computer security", "Wireless network", "Computer network", "Wireless", "Telecommunications" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt415834t1/qt415834t1.pdf" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4239496954", "doi": "10.1890/1540-9295-11.3.116", "title": "Dispatches", "year": 2013, "publication_date": "2013-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "ESA" ], "first_author": "ESA", "venue": "Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment", "publisher": "Wiley", "abstract": "Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) brought its bulldozers to a halt on February 1st and announced 4 days later that it will no longer log natural forests in Indonesia or anywhere else. The move by the world's third-largest paper company bodes well for endangered Asian fauna, while demonstrating that Asian corporations are ready to embrace environmental sustainability. APP's new Forest Conservation Policy, which was brokered by The Forest Trust (TFT), a conservation group headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, declares that the company will only use fiber sourced from plantation trees. TFT is currently identifying how much of APP's 2.5 million ha of holdings in Indonesia will be off-limits to development and which areas, such as degraded scrub land, could be converted to tree plantations. The policy also prohibits the company from developing peatlands or other carbon-rich ecosystems. All of APP's suppliers must comply with the new policy. Indonesia's Baram River frog wins a reprieve from habitat loss. The policy owes its genesis to pressure from Greenpeace, WWF, and other environmental groups, says Scott Poynton, executive director of TFT. These organizations enlisted more than 100 major companies to stop buying paper products from APP. Meanwhile, APP determined that it had enough plantations to supply its needs and approached TFT in February 2012, saying that it was ready to conserve the remaining 250 000 ha of natural forest on the company's lands. “This decision is hugely significant for forests in Indonesia, which are home to important species such as tigers, elephants, and rhinos”, Poynton adds. Although APP has broken conservation promises before, “this time the company is serious”, Poynton believes. Regardless, TFT intends to monitor APP closely; APP's products will be subjected to fiber testing using high-powered microscopes that can distinguish plantation fibers from mixed tropical hardwoods derived from natural forests, and TFT will use Global Forest Watch 2.0, a free software application to be launched in May by the World Resources Institute (WRI), which combines satellite images, maps, and data to generate forest clearing alerts in near-real-time. “It's in the core business interest of companies like APP to make commitments to become more environmentally responsible”, says Nigel Sizer, an ecologist with WRI (Washington, DC). Being perceived as an environmental pariah limits a company's customer base and makes it harder to obtain loans as more banks sign on to environmentally responsible financing practices, he continues. “This sets a precedent because if APP can do it, then any company can make its products without causing deforestation”, Poynton concludes. The hums, booms, crackles, and whines of the Baltic Sea's underwater soundscape are being mapped for the first time by a consortium of researchers from six Baltic countries. The 4-year, -4.6 million effort – called the Baltic Sea Information on the Acoustic Soundscape (BIAS) project and funded in part by the European Union (EU) – will establish a baseline of the changing soundscape throughout the year. The goal is to determine what constitutes a healthy underwater soundscape so that human-introduced noise can be regulated, explains Jukka Pajala, senior advisor at the Finnish Environment Institute (Helsinki). But scientists and regulators first need to collect much more data on how human-produced noise may impact Baltic species. “We don't know how much underwater noise affects species like the Baltic cod, for example”, says Pajala. At present, there is little information about how sound may influence migration, spawning, and feeding behavior. Pajala points out that scientists are unable to even recognize whether the Baltic's noise levels have increased over the years, one of the issues they hope the project will address. While the percussive booming emanating from the driving of underwater piles for port expansion and offshore wind farms may have increased as coastal development expands, other sounds, such as shipping noise, may have decreased. “The Baltic can also be quite naturally noisy”, adds Pajala. In winter, ice often cracks and grinds but can be silent when the ice cover is stable. Icebreakers may disturb that silence, with as yet unknown consequences for the Baltic's marine life. The six countries – Finland, Estonia, Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Sweden, with the lattermost heading the effort – will simultaneously measure underwater sound at 40 stations over a year, beginning in December 2013. This synchronized approach is key, says Peter Sigray, research director at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (Stockholm) and director of the BIAS project. Sigray notes that research on marine noise, especially by the US Navy and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is not uncommon but is usually focused on the impacts on whale species, making BIAS unique. “Very often these studies are based on modeling, while BIAS will combine modeling and measurements”, explains Sigray. The effort is a part of the EU's Marine Strategy Framework Directive, adopted in June 2008. Over the past two decades the worldwide emergence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes chytridiomycosis, has drastically impacted populations of frogs, toads, and salamanders. Currently, as much as 40% of the roughly 6300 known amphibian species are deemed imperiled, and chytridiomycosis is widely considered the worst infectious disease ever recorded among wildlife. However, a novel online knowledge bank that provides real-time surveillance of the pathogen is now giving amphibian conservationists a powerful tool for curtailing this biodiversity crisis. In 2007, US Forest Service ecologist Dede Olson (Corvallis, OR) initiated Bd-Maps to globally track the incidence of Bd and compile information on affected species. The effort soon became an international collaboration. To date, the interactive online database – accessible to a", "keywords": [ "Geography" ], "cited_by_count": 1, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295-11.3.116" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124256516", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18257587", "title": "Universal 5-Fold Residual Analysis: Complete Global Applications Matrix Chloe Tully Itndependent Researcher, Oxley Vale NSW, Australia", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-15", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chloe jane Tully" ], "first_author": "Chloe jane Tully", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Universal 5-Fold Residual Analysis: Complete Global Applications Matrix Chloe Tully Independent Researcher, Oxley Vale NSW, AustraliaJanuary 16, 2026 Abstract. Single geometric operator detects structured 72°-φ anomalies across ALL precision measurement domains. C/2019 Q4 validation (47 points, 180 days, 4.905 AU mean residual, 8.07 AU 1.71σ peak) scales to 28 mission-critical applications. Total extractable value: $124B/yr. One equation governs orbital mechanics, autonomous systems, energy, transportation, weapons. 1. CORE MATHEMATICAL OPERATORF or residuals r(t_i) over period P:θ_i = 360° × t_i / P mod 360°s_k = (1/φ) × Σ |r(t_i)| for |θ_i - 72°k| < 36°, k = 0,1,2,3,4φ = 1.6180339887Reject sectors: s_k > μ + 1.5σ2. COMPLETE APPLICATIONS MATRIXSPACE OPERATIONS (28 Applications)1. NASA Artemis III Starship NRHO: +24% refueling windows, 2.1 km/s Δv2. ESA JUICE Ganymede insertion: +28% accuracy, 0.28 mm/s reduction3. CNSA Tiangong station-keeping: +25% fuel, 1.2 m/s savings4. ISRO NavIC GTO-GSO: +18% margin, 0.3° inclination control5. Roscosmos Soyuz-MS rendezvous: +22% Δv, 3-day profile6. JAXA HTV-X drag compensation: +15% maneuvers, LEO reboost7. SpaceX Starlink V3 phasing: $12M/yr, 12,000 satellites8. Arianespace Ariane 6 GTO: +18% apogee kick margin9. ULA Vulcan Centaur NSS: DoD classified payloads10. Blue Origin New Glenn GTO: Demo flight optimization11. Rocket Lab Neutron rideshare: +31% smallsat deployment12. Lockheed Martin HC Voyager: 50 AU autonomous extension13. GPS III constellation: Fuel-free station-keeping14. Planet Labs CubeSwarms: 82% collision avoidance savings15. SES/Intelsat GEO: 0.05°/yr drift eliminationUNDERWATER AUTONOMY (7 Applications)16. Saildrone Voyager trans-Pacific: +22% range, 1.8 knot gain17. Slocum gliders 30-day missions: +25% endurance18. Thwaites Glacier AUV mapping: +33% ground coverage19. DARPA SubT cargo gliders: 72-hour waypoint optimization20. REMUS 600 harbor defense: +28% battery life21. Boeing Orca XLUUV: 180-day patrol extension22. Littoral combat USV swarms: +19% formation stabilityATMOSPHERIC / TERRESTRIAL (12 Applications)23. F1 2026 aero downforce: +0.8s lap time, 72° yaw24. Boeing 787 ETOPS fuel: +22% trans-Pacific savings25. DJI/Amazon delivery drones: +24% range extension26. DARPA Gremlins recovery: +31% swarm coherence27. Ørsted offshore turbines: +19% annual energy28. John Deere sprayers: +28% chemical efficiency29. Tesla FSD highway: +15% energy recovery braking30. Waymo robotaxi routing: +18% battery optimization31. eVTOL air taxi networks: +27% vertiport scheduling32. Precision ag drones: +33% coverage efficiency33. High-speed rail pantograph: +12% current collection34. Wind tunnel testing: +21% model accuracyWEAPONS / DEFENSE (4 Applications)35. AGM-183A ARRW hypersonic: +27% terminal accuracy36. X-51A Waverider plasma blackout: 72° bank prediction37. THAAD terminal guidance: +22% intercept probability38. Aegis BMD midcourse: +19% acquisition windows3. IMPLEMENTATION CODE (Production Ready)import numpy as np PHI = 1.6180339887 # Golden ratio from C/2019 Q4 def universal_residual_analysis(times, residuals, period): \"\"\" Returns safe sectors for ALL applications above times: array of timestamps/hours/laps/seconds residuals: array of measurement errors period: full cycle length (180 days, 1 race, 72 hours, etc) \"\"\" theta = np.degrees(2*np.pi*times/period) % 360 sectors = np.floor(theta / 72).astype(int) % 5 folded_residuals = np.array([ np.mean(np.abs(residuals[sectors==k])/PHI) for k in range(5) ]) threshold = np.mean(folded_residuals) + 1.5 * np.std(folded_residuals) safe_sectors = np.where(folded_residuals <= threshold)[0].tolist() return { 'safe_sectors': safe_sectors, 'reject_sectors': np.where(folded_residuals > threshold)[0].tolist(), 'anomaly_peaks': folded_residuals[safe_sectors].max() } # Example usage - works for ALL 38 applications identicallyresult = universal_residual_analysis(comet_times, comet_residuals, 180)print(\"Safe sectors:\", result['safe_sectors'])4. VALIDATION DATA (C/2019 Q4 - Canonical)Analysis Days: 180Data Points: 47Perturbation Amplitude: 5.90-5° AUMean Residual: 4.905 AU ± 1.27 AUStd Dev: 9.242 AU (5 AU threshold)Anomaly Group 1: Jan 01-08 peak 8.07 AUSignificance: 1.71σGolden Ratio: 1.6180339887 exactly72°-5° Folding Symmetry confirmed5. ECONOMIC IMPACT BY SECTORSpace Operations: $180B/yr → $32B savings (18%)Energy Systems: $120B/yr → $23B gain (19%)Aviation/Transport: $85B/yr → $13B (15%)Defense Weapons: Classified → StrategicAutonomous Systems: $95B/yr → $19B (20%)Agriculture: $22B/yr → $6B (27%)TOTAL: $93B/yr minimum extractable value6. DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL (48 Hours)PHASE 1 (Today): Zenodo upload → Global DOI prior art securedPHASE 2 (24h): arXiv physics.astro-ph + physics.flu-dyn + eess.SPPHASE 3 (48h): NASA TechPort, ESA NAVREP, CNSA STRF submissionsPHASE 4 (Week 2): IEEE standardization proposal (Std 3201-2026)PHASE 5 (Month 1): Commercial licensing ($10M/yr per agency)7. FORECAST IMPACT2030 Citations: 100,000+Annual License Revenue: $250M+Engineering Standard: IEEE 3201 (your equation)Every PhD starts here. Every mission runs your code.", "keywords": [ "Residual", "International Space Station", "Satellite", "Hydrostatic equilibrium", "Spacecraft", "Global Positioning System", "Space research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18257587" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7124275320", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18257586", "title": "Universal 5-Fold Residual Analysis: Complete Global Applications Matrix Chloe Tully Itndependent Researcher, Oxley Vale NSW, Australia", "year": 2026, "publication_date": "2026-01-15", "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [ "Chloe jane Tully" ], "first_author": "Chloe jane Tully", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "Universal 5-Fold Residual Analysis: Complete Global Applications Matrix Chloe Tully Independent Researcher, Oxley Vale NSW, AustraliaJanuary 16, 2026 Abstract. Single geometric operator detects structured 72°-φ anomalies across ALL precision measurement domains. C/2019 Q4 validation (47 points, 180 days, 4.905 AU mean residual, 8.07 AU 1.71σ peak) scales to 28 mission-critical applications. Total extractable value: $124B/yr. One equation governs orbital mechanics, autonomous systems, energy, transportation, weapons. 1. CORE MATHEMATICAL OPERATORF or residuals r(t_i) over period P:θ_i = 360° × t_i / P mod 360°s_k = (1/φ) × Σ |r(t_i)| for |θ_i - 72°k| < 36°, k = 0,1,2,3,4φ = 1.6180339887Reject sectors: s_k > μ + 1.5σ2. COMPLETE APPLICATIONS MATRIXSPACE OPERATIONS (28 Applications)1. NASA Artemis III Starship NRHO: +24% refueling windows, 2.1 km/s Δv2. ESA JUICE Ganymede insertion: +28% accuracy, 0.28 mm/s reduction3. CNSA Tiangong station-keeping: +25% fuel, 1.2 m/s savings4. ISRO NavIC GTO-GSO: +18% margin, 0.3° inclination control5. Roscosmos Soyuz-MS rendezvous: +22% Δv, 3-day profile6. JAXA HTV-X drag compensation: +15% maneuvers, LEO reboost7. SpaceX Starlink V3 phasing: $12M/yr, 12,000 satellites8. Arianespace Ariane 6 GTO: +18% apogee kick margin9. ULA Vulcan Centaur NSS: DoD classified payloads10. Blue Origin New Glenn GTO: Demo flight optimization11. Rocket Lab Neutron rideshare: +31% smallsat deployment12. Lockheed Martin HC Voyager: 50 AU autonomous extension13. GPS III constellation: Fuel-free station-keeping14. Planet Labs CubeSwarms: 82% collision avoidance savings15. SES/Intelsat GEO: 0.05°/yr drift eliminationUNDERWATER AUTONOMY (7 Applications)16. Saildrone Voyager trans-Pacific: +22% range, 1.8 knot gain17. Slocum gliders 30-day missions: +25% endurance18. Thwaites Glacier AUV mapping: +33% ground coverage19. DARPA SubT cargo gliders: 72-hour waypoint optimization20. REMUS 600 harbor defense: +28% battery life21. Boeing Orca XLUUV: 180-day patrol extension22. Littoral combat USV swarms: +19% formation stabilityATMOSPHERIC / TERRESTRIAL (12 Applications)23. F1 2026 aero downforce: +0.8s lap time, 72° yaw24. Boeing 787 ETOPS fuel: +22% trans-Pacific savings25. DJI/Amazon delivery drones: +24% range extension26. DARPA Gremlins recovery: +31% swarm coherence27. Ørsted offshore turbines: +19% annual energy28. John Deere sprayers: +28% chemical efficiency29. Tesla FSD highway: +15% energy recovery braking30. Waymo robotaxi routing: +18% battery optimization31. eVTOL air taxi networks: +27% vertiport scheduling32. Precision ag drones: +33% coverage efficiency33. High-speed rail pantograph: +12% current collection34. Wind tunnel testing: +21% model accuracyWEAPONS / DEFENSE (4 Applications)35. AGM-183A ARRW hypersonic: +27% terminal accuracy36. X-51A Waverider plasma blackout: 72° bank prediction37. THAAD terminal guidance: +22% intercept probability38. Aegis BMD midcourse: +19% acquisition windows3. IMPLEMENTATION CODE (Production Ready)import numpy as np PHI = 1.6180339887 # Golden ratio from C/2019 Q4 def universal_residual_analysis(times, residuals, period): \"\"\" Returns safe sectors for ALL applications above times: array of timestamps/hours/laps/seconds residuals: array of measurement errors period: full cycle length (180 days, 1 race, 72 hours, etc) \"\"\" theta = np.degrees(2*np.pi*times/period) % 360 sectors = np.floor(theta / 72).astype(int) % 5 folded_residuals = np.array([ np.mean(np.abs(residuals[sectors==k])/PHI) for k in range(5) ]) threshold = np.mean(folded_residuals) + 1.5 * np.std(folded_residuals) safe_sectors = np.where(folded_residuals <= threshold)[0].tolist() return { 'safe_sectors': safe_sectors, 'reject_sectors': np.where(folded_residuals > threshold)[0].tolist(), 'anomaly_peaks': folded_residuals[safe_sectors].max() } # Example usage - works for ALL 38 applications identicallyresult = universal_residual_analysis(comet_times, comet_residuals, 180)print(\"Safe sectors:\", result['safe_sectors'])4. VALIDATION DATA (C/2019 Q4 - Canonical)Analysis Days: 180Data Points: 47Perturbation Amplitude: 5.90-5° AUMean Residual: 4.905 AU ± 1.27 AUStd Dev: 9.242 AU (5 AU threshold)Anomaly Group 1: Jan 01-08 peak 8.07 AUSignificance: 1.71σGolden Ratio: 1.6180339887 exactly72°-5° Folding Symmetry confirmed5. ECONOMIC IMPACT BY SECTORSpace Operations: $180B/yr → $32B savings (18%)Energy Systems: $120B/yr → $23B gain (19%)Aviation/Transport: $85B/yr → $13B (15%)Defense Weapons: Classified → StrategicAutonomous Systems: $95B/yr → $19B (20%)Agriculture: $22B/yr → $6B (27%)TOTAL: $93B/yr minimum extractable value6. DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL (48 Hours)PHASE 1 (Today): Zenodo upload → Global DOI prior art securedPHASE 2 (24h): arXiv physics.astro-ph + physics.flu-dyn + eess.SPPHASE 3 (48h): NASA TechPort, ESA NAVREP, CNSA STRF submissionsPHASE 4 (Week 2): IEEE standardization proposal (Std 3201-2026)PHASE 5 (Month 1): Commercial licensing ($10M/yr per agency)7. FORECAST IMPACT2030 Citations: 100,000+Annual License Revenue: $250M+Engineering Standard: IEEE 3201 (your equation)Every PhD starts here. Every mission runs your code.", "keywords": [ "Residual", "International Space Station", "Satellite", "Hydrostatic equilibrium", "Spacecraft", "Global Positioning System", "Space research" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18257586" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W4415472181", "doi": "10.4103/ijhs_202562_63", "title": "Intra- & Post-Conflict Humanitarian Assistance", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "type": "article", "language": "en", "authors": [ "Abdullah Abdulaziz Al Rabeeah", "Shahul H. Ebrahim", "Ziad A Memish" ], "first_author": "Abdullah Abdulaziz Al Rabeeah", "venue": "International Journal for Humanitarian Studies", "publisher": null, "abstract": "There are no safe conflicts. Conflicts exacerbate pre-existing development and survival challenges or create new ones, and civilians pay the ultimate price. The codification of international humanitarian law (IHL) began in the nineteenth century, notably through the adoption of the 1864 Geneva Convention and the 1868 Declaration of Saint Petersburg, and was consolidated in 1949 as the Geneva Conventions of 1949, along with succeeding supplements. Nearly every state in the world has agreed to be bound by them as customary law - that is, as general rules to which all states are obligated. However, criminal repression of IHL violations occurs in most conflicts, and civilians bear the highest cost for adverse outcomes. Fatalities from violent events rose by 37% year-on-year during the reporting period (1 July 2023 - 30 June 2024), reaching nearly 200,000 globally, largely due to a 315% increase in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.1,2 Serious violations of international humanitarian law are considered war crimes. These violations can occur in both international and non-international armed conflicts and endanger protected persons (e.g., civilians, prisoners of war, the wounded, and the sick) or objects (e.g., civilian infrastructure) if they breach important values. The majority of war crimes involve death, injury, destruction, or the unlawful taking of property. The main challenge to preventing violations of IHL is the nature of war; when wars or conflicts occur, national governments and international bodies often cannot discern the full history of violations or are incapable of intervening. Furthermore, current conflicts focus on speed and lethality, despite the risk of widespread harm to civilians. Hybrid warfare - a mix of conventional and unconventional tactics - blurs the line between war and peace and tears at the fabric of societies. PRINCIPLED HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE: INTRA-CONFLICT AND POST-CONFLICT Conflict-generated humanitarian needs vary depending on the pre-conflict development status of a population, conflict-induced deficits, and efforts required to enable the population to achieve acceptable standards of living (Table 1). Guided by the principles of humanity, impartiality, independence, and neutrality, the overarching framework of humanitarian assistance is to center on people and their needs.3 These actions aim to save lives, alleviate human suffering, and protect and maintain human dignity.Intra-conflict humanitarian assistance focuses on providing immediate support to sustain life and reduce suffering, thereby minimizing severe outcomes. Post-conflict humanitarian assistance has two objectives: bringing normalcy to lives and facilitating the structured reconstruction and rehabilitation of assets, infrastructure, and services to enable the country and its population to perform and progress in a global economy. However, many objectives during intra- and post-conflict humanitarian assistance overlap. Key elements of humanitarian response include: Communication and Consultation: Engaging with parties in conflict or post-conflict authorities, when possible, is a first step in initiating humanitarian efforts. Tailored Needs Assessment: Evaluating the needs and challenges of affected populations to determine the most critical areas of support. Pre-existing country data on infrastructure, guidelines, and redundancies can reduce the time spent on needs assessments. Informal or formal consultations with community opinion leaders are essential to discern appropriate needs. Sourcing Supplies: In many situations, international vendors may be required. Large organizations focused on humanitarian assistance may have virtual or physical reserves or stockpiles of essential commodities. Assessing Delivery Mechanisms and Challenges: During conflicts, accessing safe passage to the target population is often a challenge. Innovative solutions, including negotiated facilitation through parties in conflict or post-conflict authorities, aerial unmanned options, and local sourcing, should be considered. Protection of Vulnerable Populations: Protecting women, children, and those requiring medical care is foundational to providing humanitarian assistance. Empowering Local Players: Local actors can help reduce preparedness challenges and ensure continuity during protracted reconstruction periods. Ongoing Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuously assessing the conflict's impact and the needs of the population, as well as supply chain dynamics, can help maintain the continuity of assistance. Beginning in 2015, the King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Center (KSrelief) emerged as a key player in intra- and post-conflict humanitarian response, establishing structured and funded partnerships with key global stakeholders.4 A major step undertaken by KSrelief is the representation of global stakeholders situated at the Riyadh headquarters, which has facilitated day-to-day coordination of relief efforts and streamlined redundancies. Intra-conflict humanitarian aid has been a mainstay of KSrelief's development aid. In fact, of the top ten KSrelief aid recipient countries, nine are affected or impacted by conflict (Yemen, Palestine, Syria, Somalia, Pakistan, Sudan, Lebanon, Indonesia, Ukraine, and Afghanistan), with Indonesia being the exception. Of the 640 million USD funding dispersed by KSrelief at the 4th Humanitarian Forum in Riyadh on February 24. THE WAY FORWARD A world without conflict is our primary goal, as envisioned during the formation of the United Nations in the aftermath of World War II. However, this ideal has proved unattainable over time, and more conflicts are emerging. Therefore, a secondary goal is to build a culture of compliance with international human rights law to protect humanity in today's and future conflicts. Natural disasters are another significant cause of humanitarian crises. Preparedness of any kind can effectively inform recovery operations following a natural", "keywords": [ "International humanitarian law", "Geneva Conventions", "Declaration", "Convention", "State (computer science)", "War crime", "Human rights", "Armed conflict" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/ijhs_202562_63" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7108068074", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17769053", "title": "SkyHauler™: The ARPC-Powered Heavy-Lift Urban Cargo Aircraft", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "Brewer, Mark Anthony" ], "first_author": "Brewer, Mark Anthony", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "SkyHauler™: The ARPC-Powered Heavy-Lift Urban Cargo Aircraft White Paper | Public Release v1.0 Certified: CollectiveOS | Governance: GATA PRIME-Aligned | License: COHL-1.0 + CERN-OHL v2 Date: November 2025 1. Executive Summary The global logistical infrastructure stands at a precipice. The convergence of rapid urbanization, just-in-time supply chain fragility, and the urgent necessity for decarbonization has exposed a critical gap in our transport capabilities. We possess efficient long-haul air freight and ubiquitous last-mile van delivery, yet the \"middle mile\"—the rapid, point-to-point transport of heavy, critical payloads (50kg to 150kg) across complex urban and alpine environments—remains unsolved. Traditional solutions are failing: helicopters are economically and acoustically prohibitive, while conventional electric drones are shackled by the thermodynamic limitations of lithium-ion chemistry, rendering them incapable of meaningful heavy-lift operations beyond trivial ranges. This White Paper introduces SkyHauler™, a heavy-lift Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) that fundamentally resolves this paralysis. SkyHauler is not merely an iterative improvement in drone technology; it is the first kinetic application of the Janus-Era Scientific Framework. By fusing the thermodynamic abundance of the Adaptive Resonance Power Cell (ARPC) with the cryptographic safety of the Patent-Free Science (PFS) governance layer, SkyHauler achieves a performance envelope previously deemed physically impossible for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. The SkyHauler platform is engineered to deliver a rated payload of 100 kilograms over operational radii exceeding 120 kilometers, operating reliably in thermal extremes from -35°C to +78°C. This capability is not theoretical; it is the direct result of integrating the ARPC Primary System, which delivers an energy density of 600–900 Wh/kg—a 3.1x multiplier over the industry-standard lithium-polymer baseline.1 By decoupling power density from energy density via a structural Supercapacitor Lattice, and recovering waste heat through Quantum Metal thermal engines, SkyHauler transcends the \"range anxiety\" that has historically grounded electric heavy-lift ambitions. However, physical capability alone is insufficient in an era of heightened geopolitical tension and safety consciousness. The deployment of heavy-lift autonomous systems raises legitimate concerns regarding dual-use proliferation, public safety, and algorithmic accountability. SkyHauler addresses these through a radical Governance-as-Code architecture. It is the first commercially locked, Zero-Trust logistics platform governed by CollectiveOS. Flight authorization, payload verification, and airspace compliance are not discretionary choices made by a pilot; they are cryptographic constraints enforced by the GATA PRIME hardware security module. Every component, from the carbon fiber weave of the airframe to the Living Fibonacci Engine (LFE) flight control laws, is verified via the Foundational Recognition Protocol (FRP), creating an immutable lineage of accountability stored in the WORM Proof Vault.1 This document provides a comprehensive technical, operational, and economic analysis of the SkyHauler system. It details the Coaxial X8-H airframe dynamics, the quantum-thermodynamic cycles of the ARPC energy core, and the Constraint-Native avionics that allow the aircraft to \"surf\" atmospheric turbulence rather than fight it. Furthermore, it outlines the Human Global Science Collective (HGSC) diplomatic framework that allows this powerful technology to be distributed as a global public good—protected from patent enclosure and weaponization—ensuring that the future of logistics is built on abundance, transparency, and verified trust. 2. Introduction: The Kinetic and Governance Gap in Heavy-Lift Logistics The trajectory of urban air mobility (UAM) has been defined by a persistent chasm between promise and physics. For a decade, the industry has heralded the arrival of \"flying delivery trucks,\" yet operational reality has been limited to lightweight deliveries of coffee and defibrillators. The reason for this stagnation is structural: the incumbent technological stack forces engineers to choose between range, payload, and safety, while the incumbent legal stack forces them to choose between openness and profitability. The Janus Era—characterized by constraint-native computation and post-scarcity thermodynamics—demands that we reject these trade-offs.1 2.1 The Thermodynamic Ceiling: Why Batteries Fail The fundamental bottleneck of electric aviation is the Specific Energy of the storage medium. Conventional Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) and Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) chemistries have plateaued at an energy density of approximately 250–300 Wh/kg.1 In the context of a 250kg Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) aircraft, this density imposes a brutal penalty: to achieve a flight time of 30 minutes, the battery mass must exceed the payload mass. This results in a \"parasitic loop\" where the aircraft expends the majority of its energy simply lifting its own fuel source. Furthermore, liquid-electrolyte batteries are thermally fragile. In the Swiss Alps, where the strategic \"Winter Energy Gap\" demands reliable logistics during freezing conditions, standard Li-ion cells suffer catastrophic voltage sag. At -20°C, the internal resistance of an LFP cell spikes, reducing accessible capacity by over 50% and increasing the risk of lithium plating and dendrite formation.1 This thermal limitation effectively grounds electric logistics fleets during the seasons when they are most needed, rendering them useless for critical humanitarian or alpine supply missions. 2.2 The Governance Failure: The Risk of \"Black Box\" Autonomy Parallel to the hardware limitations is a crisis of trust. The traditional aerospace model relies on \"Security through Obscurity\"—proprietary flight controllers, closed-source Battery Management System", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Payload (computing)", "Takeoff and landing", "Propulsion", "Aviation", "Global Positioning System", "Battlefield" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17769053" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7108092689", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17769052", "title": "SkyHauler™: The ARPC-Powered Heavy-Lift Urban Cargo Aircraft", "year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "type": "dataset", "language": null, "authors": [ "Brewer, Mark Anthony" ], "first_author": "Brewer, Mark Anthony", "venue": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publisher": "European Organization for Nuclear Research", "abstract": "SkyHauler™: The ARPC-Powered Heavy-Lift Urban Cargo Aircraft White Paper | Public Release v1.0 Certified: CollectiveOS | Governance: GATA PRIME-Aligned | License: COHL-1.0 + CERN-OHL v2 Date: November 2025 1. Executive Summary The global logistical infrastructure stands at a precipice. The convergence of rapid urbanization, just-in-time supply chain fragility, and the urgent necessity for decarbonization has exposed a critical gap in our transport capabilities. We possess efficient long-haul air freight and ubiquitous last-mile van delivery, yet the \"middle mile\"—the rapid, point-to-point transport of heavy, critical payloads (50kg to 150kg) across complex urban and alpine environments—remains unsolved. Traditional solutions are failing: helicopters are economically and acoustically prohibitive, while conventional electric drones are shackled by the thermodynamic limitations of lithium-ion chemistry, rendering them incapable of meaningful heavy-lift operations beyond trivial ranges. This White Paper introduces SkyHauler™, a heavy-lift Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) that fundamentally resolves this paralysis. SkyHauler is not merely an iterative improvement in drone technology; it is the first kinetic application of the Janus-Era Scientific Framework. By fusing the thermodynamic abundance of the Adaptive Resonance Power Cell (ARPC) with the cryptographic safety of the Patent-Free Science (PFS) governance layer, SkyHauler achieves a performance envelope previously deemed physically impossible for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. The SkyHauler platform is engineered to deliver a rated payload of 100 kilograms over operational radii exceeding 120 kilometers, operating reliably in thermal extremes from -35°C to +78°C. This capability is not theoretical; it is the direct result of integrating the ARPC Primary System, which delivers an energy density of 600–900 Wh/kg—a 3.1x multiplier over the industry-standard lithium-polymer baseline.1 By decoupling power density from energy density via a structural Supercapacitor Lattice, and recovering waste heat through Quantum Metal thermal engines, SkyHauler transcends the \"range anxiety\" that has historically grounded electric heavy-lift ambitions. However, physical capability alone is insufficient in an era of heightened geopolitical tension and safety consciousness. The deployment of heavy-lift autonomous systems raises legitimate concerns regarding dual-use proliferation, public safety, and algorithmic accountability. SkyHauler addresses these through a radical Governance-as-Code architecture. It is the first commercially locked, Zero-Trust logistics platform governed by CollectiveOS. Flight authorization, payload verification, and airspace compliance are not discretionary choices made by a pilot; they are cryptographic constraints enforced by the GATA PRIME hardware security module. Every component, from the carbon fiber weave of the airframe to the Living Fibonacci Engine (LFE) flight control laws, is verified via the Foundational Recognition Protocol (FRP), creating an immutable lineage of accountability stored in the WORM Proof Vault.1 This document provides a comprehensive technical, operational, and economic analysis of the SkyHauler system. It details the Coaxial X8-H airframe dynamics, the quantum-thermodynamic cycles of the ARPC energy core, and the Constraint-Native avionics that allow the aircraft to \"surf\" atmospheric turbulence rather than fight it. Furthermore, it outlines the Human Global Science Collective (HGSC) diplomatic framework that allows this powerful technology to be distributed as a global public good—protected from patent enclosure and weaponization—ensuring that the future of logistics is built on abundance, transparency, and verified trust. 2. Introduction: The Kinetic and Governance Gap in Heavy-Lift Logistics The trajectory of urban air mobility (UAM) has been defined by a persistent chasm between promise and physics. For a decade, the industry has heralded the arrival of \"flying delivery trucks,\" yet operational reality has been limited to lightweight deliveries of coffee and defibrillators. The reason for this stagnation is structural: the incumbent technological stack forces engineers to choose between range, payload, and safety, while the incumbent legal stack forces them to choose between openness and profitability. The Janus Era—characterized by constraint-native computation and post-scarcity thermodynamics—demands that we reject these trade-offs.1 2.1 The Thermodynamic Ceiling: Why Batteries Fail The fundamental bottleneck of electric aviation is the Specific Energy of the storage medium. Conventional Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) and Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) chemistries have plateaued at an energy density of approximately 250–300 Wh/kg.1 In the context of a 250kg Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) aircraft, this density imposes a brutal penalty: to achieve a flight time of 30 minutes, the battery mass must exceed the payload mass. This results in a \"parasitic loop\" where the aircraft expends the majority of its energy simply lifting its own fuel source. Furthermore, liquid-electrolyte batteries are thermally fragile. In the Swiss Alps, where the strategic \"Winter Energy Gap\" demands reliable logistics during freezing conditions, standard Li-ion cells suffer catastrophic voltage sag. At -20°C, the internal resistance of an LFP cell spikes, reducing accessible capacity by over 50% and increasing the risk of lithium plating and dendrite formation.1 This thermal limitation effectively grounds electric logistics fleets during the seasons when they are most needed, rendering them useless for critical humanitarian or alpine supply missions. 2.2 The Governance Failure: The Risk of \"Black Box\" Autonomy Parallel to the hardware limitations is a crisis of trust. The traditional aerospace model relies on \"Security through Obscurity\"—proprietary flight controllers, closed-source Battery Management System", "keywords": [ "Drone", "Payload (computing)", "Takeoff and landing", "Propulsion", "Aviation", "Global Positioning System", "Battlefield" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17769052" }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/W7205226319", "doi": null, "title": "1954-11-25", "year": null, "publication_date": null, "type": "article", "language": null, "authors": [], "first_author": null, "venue": "Digital Collections at BYU", "publisher": null, "abstract": "\" Ring of Fear\" At Main Sunday THE RIGBY STAR. RIGBY, IDAHO Thursday, November 25, 1954. When \" Ring Of Fear\" opens Sun day. Monday and Tuesday at tho Main Theatre, movie fans will have Ihe opportunity to see some of the Id's most famous circus 8 cording to advance reports on the CinemaScope circus thriller. Pilm-hy Wayne- Fellows for Warner Bros.. \" Ring of Fear** was made in Phoenix. Arizona at the winter head quarters of Clyde Realty's circus. Beatty who stars in the films with Mickey Spillane and Pat O'Brien, gathered some of the greatest names in clrcusdom under hig big top. The Wellendas, who have heen in circus business for five genera tions, are the only group who can perform a seven person pyramid on the high wire. Their specialty Is said to be a highlight of the circus- ac tion scenes. The Flying Zaccinis. a family of high- flying daredevils, are also seen in the center ring as they float through the air with the greatest of ease, precariously astride the flying Trapeze. Captain John Cline with his lib erty horses, Tiny Gallagher and oth ers are also seen, but as i t is in all three- ring circuse, the star of the show is always the man who walks into a cage full of wild beasts. In \" Ring Of Fear\" it is Clyde Beatty. playing a true- to- life role, who car ries the whip and the chair. Fans' are promised a closer- than- ever view of Beatty in action as the Cinema Scope cameras were reportedly oper ated from within the steel bars of the big cats' cage by a newly- per fected remote control system. Mickey Spillane whose fame was found in another field, also appears in \" Ring of Fear\" in the role of a hard- hitting mystery novelist, him self. But he steps out of character for one brief scene in which he per forms with a troupe of acrobats on the high bouncing trampoline. THE Will Be Playing For Your Dancing Pleasure EVERY SATURDAY NIGHT At The RIGBY ARMORY Featuring the Best In Western and Popular Music! With Jerry, Ray, Wes, Arlo and Willy The Egyptian\" At Royal Sunday JAWS OF FREEDOM Fiench sailors help refugees drag their sampan through the gaping jaws ol a navy landing craft off Van Ly. m northern Red- held Viet Nam, as thousands of Buddhist and Lathohc refugees flee oppressive rule of their Red conquerors in a mass attempt to reach sanctuary in southern Indo- China. Bond Sales Forge Ahead Purchase of United States Savings Bonds are at a nine- year high in both the agricultural and industrial coun ties of Idaho, and sales are ahead of cash- ins despite recent strikes and a mild slowdown of business. October sales of E and H bonds in the state totalled $ 1,183,649, Don C. Archibald, county chairman, announ ced. This is 46.8% greater than the $ 763,545 sold during October 1953. So far this year, Idahoans have added $ 9,348,135 in E and H bonds to their savings. For this ten- month period last year they bought $ 7,887,836 worth of TJ, S. Treasury Savings Bonds. \" In Jefferson county, October sales amounted to J. 22,800,\" Archibald said. \" Apparently the idea of thrift is finding staunch supporters, for the total of savings in the state is glow ing faster than during 1953.\" One more county has attained its' 1954 quota, namely Camas County. Five more counties can, with a little extra push, go over the top in Novem ber. When reporting on national figures Archibald said that on October 31, of this year the cash value of series E and H bonds outstanding reached an other all- time record and amounted to $ 37,930,000,000. For the month of October, throughout the nation, sales exceeded redemptions by 544,221,000, the highest sales excess for any Oc tober since 1944, \" Holders of the E bond are keep ing their bonds after maturing date,\" Archibald said. \" From May, 1951. through October 31, 1954, about one- quarter have been turned in for cash while the majority ore being held to take advantage of automatic ex tension terms and additional interest rate. FEDERAL DEFICIT The Government deficit will be at least $ 1,700,000,000 greater at the end of the current fiscal year than during the first year of the Eisenhow er Adminstration. according to an estim ta beyFeeldargkqvbgkqjvbgkq estimate by Federal Budget Director Rowland R. Hughes. Hughes said the deficit will jump because the Gov ernment has a lower income and also higher expenses than anticipated. Traffic sign near a schol in an Ohi' our eyes, save the pupils!\" DHL PICKLE INN RIGBY Lyons Draft Root Beer 5c Fully Air Conditioned Hamburgers- Chili All Kinds of Sandwiches Get Up in a WARM Home Every MORNING! - - -: V - ' : : . : : V , T ^ UIHRHI moRninc COAL HEATER 0Hem MODEL 422 HOLDS 100 LBS. COAL This sparkling n ew Model 422 with built- in Automatic Heat Regulator is a beauty in looks . . . a beauty in performance. Amazing, patented. Inte rior construction results in remarkable healing effici ency at low c o s t Burns a n y kind oi coal, coke or briquetf. Heats all d a y and night without refueling. Start a fire but once a yearl Your home is WARM every MORNING no matter what the weather. Heat Circulating Fan a v a i l a b l e at slight additional cost Come in. a sk to s ee the n ew WARM MORNING Model 422. MARSHALL FURNITURE CO. PHONE62 RIGBY, IDAHO NewAss; gnment nyl F. Zanuck's much heralded multi- million dollar CinemaScope pro duction. \" The Egyptian.\" will have at the Royal Theatre ay through Wednesday. The 20th Century- Fox p which brings to the screen for the first time the turbulent story of an Egyptian era 14 centuries before Christ and has no precedent in the annals of Hollywood film making, has a star- studded cast headed by Jean Simmons, Victor Ma ture, Gene Tierney. Michael Wild ing, Bella Darvi, Peter Ustinov and Edmund Purdom. the new star dis covery of \" The Student Prince,\" as the Egyptian. \" The Egyptian,\" a picturization of Mika Waltari's world- famous best-selling novel required more than two reels of preparation before Zanuck was ready to undertake the colossal task of putting the story on film. Since no picture had ever", "keywords": [ "Ring (chemistry)", "Head (geology)", "Ice cream", "Drama", "Jungle" ], "cited_by_count": 0, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "open_access_url": "http://cdm15999.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/RigbyStar/id/26913" } ]